JPRS ID: 10342 USSR REPORT POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS

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• Sequence Number: 51
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10342
~ 19 February 1982
USSR Re ort
p
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGIC~,L AFFAIRS
CFOUO 6/82)
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JPRS L/10342
19 February 1982
,
USSR REPORT
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
(~OUO 6/82~
CONTENTS
- INTERNATIONAL
~ Book Critiques Bourgeois Theories on International Conflict
(N. I. Doronina; MEZHDUNARODNYY KONFLIKT, 1981) 1
NATIONAL
- Interrepublican I7ifferences in ~eatment of Economic Crimes Scored
(A. A. Baxbinyagra; IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK MOLDAVSKOI SSR;
SERIYP. OBSHCHE~TVENNYKH NAUK, No 3, 1981) 3
.
New Tasks, Procedures for Social Scientists Outlined
- (P. N. Fedoseyev; VESTNIK AKADE~III NAUK SSSR, Nov 81) 9
Labor Productivity Tied to Social Conditions
(VOPROSY FILOSOFTI, Nov 81) 15
Conference on Propagandizing Soviet Way of Life Held in
Belorussia
~Ye. M. Babasov; VOPROSY FILOSOFII, Nov 81) 17
~
- a - [III - USSR - 35 FOUO]
rnn l1CT~!`T ~ T r Tcc nuT v
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L~
INTERNATIONAL
BOOK CRITIQUES BOURGEOIS THEORIES ON INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT
Moscow MEZHDUNAROD;'YY KONFLIKT in Russian 1981(signed to press 16 Jun 81)pp 1-2,
181-183
[Table of contents and brief description of book bq N.I. Doronina]
[Excerpts] 'ritle Page:
, Title: MEZHDUNARODNYj' KONFLIKT (International Conflict)
Publisher: Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya
Place and year of publication: Moscow, 1981
Signed to Press Date: 16 June 1981
Number of Copies Published: :~,000
Number of Pages: 183
Brief Description:
The author critically analyzes bourgeois theories on international conflict and examines
Western scientists' ideas on managing conflict-crisis situations. Some of these
questions are examined in Soviet literature for the first time. The author intro-
duces a number of materials that had not been used previously. The book is intended
for specialists in the field of international relations and other branches of social
scicnces.
Table of Contents Page
Introduction 3
_ Part 1. Methodological Bases of Bourgeois Research on International Conflict 18
Chapter 1. The Concept of International Conflict. Contradiction
a.nd Conflict 19
Chapter. 2. Working Out a Systemic'Approach. "The General Theory of
Conflict" 35
1
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- Chapter 3. Typolagy and Classification of International Conflicts 58
part 2. The Problem of Managing International Conflicts and Crises 94
Chapter 1. Theoretical Ideas on Managing Conflict and the Practice of
"Crisis Management" in the Near East 108
Chapter 2. The Study of Concrete Ways and Means To Resolve Conflict-
Crisis Situations 134
Conclusion 161
Bibliog:caphy ~.64
COPYRIGHT: "Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya", 1981
CSO: 1807/45
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NATIONAL
INTERREPUBLICAN DIFFERENCES IN TREATMENT OF ECONOMIC CRIMES SCORED
Kishinev IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK MOLDAVSKOI SSR: SERIYA OBSHCHESTVEN:~i'~Fi NAUK in
Russian No 3, 1981, pp 46-50
[Article by A. A. Barbinyagra: "An Improvement of the Legislation on Responsibi-
lity for Petty Theft"]
[TextJ The Soviet state carries out the comprehensive safeguarding of socialist
~ property and wages a consistent struggle for strengthening it. The USSR Constitu-
tion which was adopted on 7 October 1977 established that the basis of the USSR
economic system is made up of socialist ownership of the means of production in
the form of state (public) and kolkhoz-cooperative property (Article 10). "For
- it is in the field of economics," the General Secretary of the Central Committee .
_ of the Communist Party comrade L. I. Brezhnev noted in the Summary Report of the
CC CPSU to the 26th Party Congress, "that the foundation for the solution of
social problems is laid the foundation fQr an active foreign policy."1
The effectiveness of the legal protection of socialist property depends upon
improving the legal regulation of the social relations which develop in the field
: of the production and distribution of material goods and the state of the practice
~f the application of the legal norms which are aimed at struggling against
encroachments of socialist property.
One of the most widespread and dangerous encroachments is represented by petty
thefts of state and public property which cause socialist society considerable
economic anci moral damage. This is why it i~ necessary Co constantly improve the
criminal, idministrative, and public means of influer.ce for their perpetration.
In order to struggle against petty theft in recent years the Presidiums of the
Supreme Soviets of the union republics have changed the cont~nt of the laws
dealing with responsibility for this type of encroachment on public property.
- Thus, by virtue of the 17 March 1978 Ukase of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
P4oldavian SSR, Article 124 of the Crimix~al Code of the Moldavian SSR is set forth
in the L~llowing redaction: Tiie ~etty theft of state or public property by
means of larceny, misappropriation, embezzlement, abuse of one's official posi-
tion, or swindling, committed by a person against whom, because of the circ;um-
stances of the case and of personality, measures of public or administrative
influence cannot be applied is punished by deprivation of freedom for a period of
_ up to six mon~hs or by corrective labor for a period of up to one year, or by a
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fine of 100 rubles. The same act committed by a person who had been previously
convicted of petty theft, or had previously committed a theft of state or public
property or of the personal property of citizens as stipulated by Articles 119-123
(1), 145-147, 149, 225 (2), and 227 (1) of the Criminal Code of the Moldavian SSR
is punished by deprivation of freedom for a period of two years or by corrective
labor for one year, or by a fine of 200 rubles."
The laws on criminal responsibility foi~ petty theft have also been changed in the
" Criminal Codes of the RSFSR, Belorussian SSR, Kirghiz SSR, and Uzbek SSR. For
example, according to Artic~e 85 of the Criminal Code of the Ukranian SSR, a person
who has committed a petty theft of state or public property can be brought to
criminal account if during the course of a year he has been subjectecl twice to
administrative punishment or measures of administrative and public influence for
the same actions. For the perpetration of petty theft with aggravating circum-
stances the guilty party, i.n accordance with Sanction Part II, Article 85 of the
Criminal Code of the Ukranian SSR, may be subjected to deprivation of freedom for
a period of one year, correcti.ve labor for the same period, or a fine of 100 rubles.
Ln order for a perpetrator to be brought to criminal accountAin accordance with
Article 96 of the Criminal Code of the Turkmen SSR^it is also required that the
guilty party has been subjected during the course of a year to measures of admin-
istrative or public influence for petty theft. The sanction of the above articles
stipulates the punishment in Part I--deprivation of freedom for a period of ane
year, corrective labor for the same period, or a fine of 100 rubles, and in Part
Il--deprivation of freedom for a period of two years.
Punishment by corrective labor is not provided for in the sanctions in Part II,
Article 87 of the Criminal Code of the Azerbaijan SSR, Article 95 of the Criminal
Code of the Kazakh SSR. Article 77 of the Criminal Code of the Cossack SSR.
Article 94 of the Criminal Code of the Estonian SSR established the maximum and
minimum limits of the fine which may be exacted: Part I--from 30 to 50 rubles,
Part Il--from 50 to 100 rubles.
ArticJ.e 98 of the Criminal Code of the Lithuanian SSR consists of one part which
states that the petty theft of state or public property committed for a second
time in a year either by a person who has previously been convicted for such a
theft or for the theft of the personal property of citizens as stipulated by
_ Articles 90-95, 232 (2), 146-148 or 151 of the Criminal Code of this republic is
punished by deprivation of freedom for a period of two years, corrective labor
for one year, or a fine of lU0 rubles.
There are also other differences in the disposition and sanctions of the articles
of the Criminal Codes of the union republics which stipulate responsibility for the
petty theft of socialist property. The most succeseful is the disposition of
Article 96 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, Article 124 of the Criminal Code of
the Moldavian SSR, and of other union republics in which in order to bring a
guilty party to criminal responsibility it is not possible to apply to him (in
- keeping with the circumstances of the case and of person) measures of public or
administrative influence.
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With this kind of construction of the law the agencies of preliminary investigation
and inquiry have more possibilities for giving comprehensive, full, and objective
consideration to the circumstances of the deed which has been committed, to collect
- and evaluate data about the personality of the guilty party, and after r,his to
decide to which form of responsibility to bring the person who has committed the
theft.
- To tie the question of the initiation of a criminal case to the fact that the
guilty party must have been subjected twice durin~ the course of a year to admin-
istrative punishment or measures of administrative and public influence does not
correspond to the goals of the effective defense of socialist property. The dis-
tinctive characteristics of the construction of the norms of the law which have
been noted lead in court practice to different judicial evaluations of the very
same criminal encroachments on socialist property and to the setting of different
measures of puni~shment.
Tlie above-noted differences in the Criminal Codes of the union republics are hardly
to be explained by reasons of a local, national, or territorial character, and,
of course, do not help to strengthen socialist legality at the current stage of the
construc~ion of developed socialism in the USSR. The laws on petty theft have to
b~ uniform, for, as V. I. Lenin wrote, law cannot be Kaluga and Kazan'
law, but has to be uniform for the entire federation of Soviet republics."2
In our view, not all of the circumstances which aggrevate guilt in connection
with the perpetration of petty theft are provided for by the legislation in effect.
Thus, the commission of a petty theft by an especially dangerous rec~idivist (if
he was not prev~ously convicted for a theft) will not be considered as a circum-
stance aggrevating his guilt and his actions are subject to qualification in
accorclance with Article 124 Part I of the Criminal Code of the Ploldavian SSR. In
such a case the guilty party will bear a punishment in the form of deprivation of
freedom for a period of six months, corrective labor for a period of one year, or
a fine of 100 rubles.
'ihe role of aggra~ating circumstances manifests itself in a different manner when
what is involved is theft of personal property, including thefts of insignificant
dim.ensions. A larceny committed in preliminary agreement with a group of geople or
witti the use of technical means is punished by deprivation of freedom ror a period
of f~ve years, while a larceny committed by a dangerous recidivist is punished by
deprivation of freedom for a period of ten years. Here, in accordance with the
sanction in the article, there is no place either for corrective labor, or for a
fine, or, espc~cially, for the use of ineasures of public influence. But the re-
peated pe~ty theft of state or public property, regardless of the means used for
committing ttie crime or of the fact that the person who has committed this act is
recognized as an especially dangerous recidivist, is of no legal significance at
all. Ttius, when repeated thefts are committed by an especially dangerous recidi-
vist in one case (the theft oE personal property) the legislator recognizes this
as an aggL~avating circumstance, while in another case (petty theft) this circum-
stance plays no role.
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The legislation on responsibility for petty theft shoulci stipulate additional
responsibility for the existence of aggravating circumstances (the commission of
the theft in preliminar.y agreement with a group of persons or with the use of
technical means).
The necessary conditions for an improvement of the legal regulation of the relations
whict? take shape in the process of ensuring the safekeeping of sociali~t property
_ are: a reflection in the legal norms of socialist property's true significance in
the life of society; complete coverage by legal regulation of the social rela-
tions which take shape in the sphere of dealings with socialist property; the
punctual improvement of legal norms in accordance with the economic and social
procesGes occurring in the life of society; and the accessibility of the legis-
lation to officials and citiz~ns.
Thus, the following formulation of Article 1~4 of the Criminal Code of the Moldavian
SSR, in our view, would be the most correct and in accord with the goals of
socialist legislation:
The petty theft of state or public property by means of larceny, misappropriation,
embezzlement, the abuse of an official position, or swindling which has been
perpetrated by a person to whom, in view of the circumstances of the case and of
personality, measures of public or administrative influence cannot be applied is
punished by deprivation of freedom for a period of one year, corrective labor for
a period of one year, or a fine of 200 rubles.
The same act committed in preliminary agreement with a group of persons or with the
use of technical means, and alse by a person who has previously co~itted a theft of
state or public property or of the personal property of citizens as stipulated by
Articles 119-123 (1), 145-147, 149, 225 (2), and 227 (1) of the present Code is
punished by deprivation of freedom for a period of three years.
The same act committed by an especially dangerous recidivist is punished by
deprivation of freedom for a period of five years.
The relationships of sociali5t property are also regulated by the norms of adminis-
trative law. Administrative responsibility for the petty theft of state and public
properry was established for the first time by the 29 April 1969 Ukase of the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Lithuanian SSR "on strengthening responsibility for
the petty theft of state and public property."3
With the introduction of administrative responsibility for the petty theft of
socialist property the struggle against such violations of law grew stronger and
its forms and methods were improved.
Thus, Article 1 of the 17 March 1378 Ukase of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
Moldavian SSR "On Administrative Responsibility for the Petty Theft of State or
Public Property" states: "Be it established that a person who has committed a petty
theft of state or public property, if his actions do not entail criminal responsi-
bility, is subjected to administrative responsibility in the form of a fin.e of
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from 10 to 50 rub~es, or measures of public influence including compensation for
material damage."
An analysis of the administrative law of the union republics on responsibility for
petty theft shows that there are important differences in the legislation which has
been adopted. Thus, one of the measures of administrative responsibility being
employed at the present time for petty theft is an administrative fine: from 10
to SO rubles in the RSFSR, Moldavian SSR, and the Ukranian SSR, and from 10 to 30
rubles in certain other union republics. In addition, corrective Iabor for one or
two months is provided for in tne Lithuanian SSR, the Georgian SSR, and other union
republics.
The existence of so many serious differences in the legislation of the union
republics regarding thxs type of violation of law is hardly justifiable. The
success of the struggle against encroachments on public property demands a further
improvement of this legislation.
_ The legal basis for the application of ineasures of administrative punishment
against People who have committed petty thefts is their release from criminal
rPSponsibility on the basis of Article 48 (1) of the Criminal Code of the Molda-
vian SSR. In accordance with the latter, a person who has committed a crime which
does not represent any great public danger and for which the law provides a
punishment in the form of deprivation of freedom for not more than one year or
some otner milder punishment may be released from criminal responsibility if it is
acknowledged that administrative influence is sufficient for his reformation.
The following measures of administrative punishment may be applied to people who
have been released trom criminal responsibility ~n accordance with Part I of the
above article: A fine of 50 rubles, corrective labor at the guilty party's wark
site for a period of from one to two months with 20% of earnings withheld, or
arrest f.or a period of 15 days. This law has the task of ensuring a more differ-
entiated approach to the responsibility and punishment of persons who have commit-
ted crimes which do not represent great public danger. Thus, the legislation on
pet*_y theft is a complex of different types of responsibility which are frequently
not identical in their content in the union republics.
Present-day conditions objectively demand a greater role for law and the well-
orbanized juridical regulation of social relations. A strengthening of legality
and law and order and an improvement of tne legislation represent one of the lawful
processes of a mature socialist socier_y and are a necessary precondition for
accomplishing the tasks of communist construction.
FOOTNOTES
1. "Materials of tne 26th CPSU Congress," Moscow, 1981, p 31.
'L. V. I. Lenin, "Complete Works," Vol 45, p 198.
_ ~ 7
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3. "Bulletin of the Supreme Soviet and Government of the Lithuanian SSR," No 12,
~ 1969, p 114.
4. "Bulletin of the Supreme Soviet and Government of the Moldavian SSR," No 3,
1978, p 30.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatzl'stvo "Shtiintsa", 1981
2959
- CSO: 1800/199
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, NATIONAL
NEW TASKS, PROCEDURES FOR SOCIAL SCIENTISTS OUTLINED
- Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR No 11, Nov 81, pp 24-41
[Article by Academician P. N. Fedoseyev: "The XXVI CPSU Congress and the
Important Tasks of the Development of the Social Sciences"]
[Excerpts] The XXVI Congress of the Co~unist Party of the Soviet Union
opened up a new period of active social and political life in our country. Th~
Summary Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU which was delivered by the
General Secretary of the CC CP~U, eomrade L. I. Brezhnev, and the decisions of
the Congress give a theoretical substantiation of the prospects for Communist
construction and world develorment which makes it possible to carefully collate
the plans and methods for our work with the aims of the Party forum which
concern all of the areas of the domestic and foreign policies of the CPSU and
the Soviet state.
The importance of the documents of the XXVI Congress for intensifying and in-
creasing the effectiveness of the resparch work of Soviet social scientists is
exceptionally great.
- The results of the work uf humanitarian i.nstitutions were discussed in suffi-
cient detail at the General Meeting of the Academy of Sciences, at meetings of
its branches and at a session nf the Social Sciences Sectian which took place
immediately after the XXVI Congress.
For this reason, consideration should be given chiefly to the tasks of social
scientists which have to be accomplished by them in the next few years.
Tlie greater integral and overall nature of social development under mature
socialism gives rise to the necessity for a deeper study of the spiritual life
of ~~ciety, of the basic tendencies and factors in the strengthening of the
material and spiritual foundations of the socialist way of life, and of the
problems of the formation of the new man. .
In recent years there have appeared quite a few works in which the essence of the
socialist way cf life, its structure, and certain laws of its formation and
development are revealed. However, the practical value of these works is sub-
stantially lessened by the f:ct that they do not have in them a clear system of
- indicators which reflect all of the aspects of thE~ deve].opmE:nt of Soviet society
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and which are essential for the needs of social planning and management. The
questions of the interconnection between the material well-being an.d spiritual and
moral wealth of people and of a growth in their culture and political conscious-
ness are also in need of theoretical interpretation. Especial importance is also
being acquired by the question connected with the cultivation of reasonable needs
and interests in the individual, for, as was noted at the XXVI Congress, "our
party sees one of the important tasks of its social policy in their active and
directed formation."
In the present situation a more sober and scientific approach to the formation of
social expectations is needed; for life convinces us of the fact that the
propagandizing of unrealistic promises engenders exaggerated social claims and
social delusions.
Social scientists have to make a deep analysis of the state of public opinion
and of the mass consciousness and behavior of people, following Lenin's
instruction regarding the necessity for "soberly keeping track of the real state
of the consciousness and preparedness of precisely the entire class (and not only
its Communist vanguard), of precisely the entire toiiing mass (and not only its
advanced people)."1
In the field of the social sciences, as in other areas of knowledge, scientists
possess a large potential which has to be used efficiently and fruitfully.
Substantial work is being performed in the Academies of Sciences of the Union
Republics on studying the important problems of the economic, socio-poli~ical,
and spiritual development of socialist society and of international relations.
The decisions of the XXVI Congress have become a powerful stimulus for increasing
the effectiveness and quality of the work of the Republic academi~s. With
regard to the tasks posed by the Congress, the Republic academies have decided
to deepen their study of the basic tendencies which are changing the social
structure of Soviet society and perfecting the political system and spiritual
life of developed socialism.
Steps are being taken in the Academies af Sciences of the Union Republics for a
scientifically substantiated development of a long-term program of overall
_ development and scientific and technological progress for their republics for the
period until 2005-2010. A study of the problems of the socialist way of life, of
the education of youth, and the formation of the family occupies an important
place in the republic scientif ic research plans. Attention is merited by the
initiative in organiaing a study of the principles, ways, and forms of realizing
- the constitutional rights of citizens and labor collectives, of the legal prob-
lems of the organization of production and labor, and of the realization of the
rights and duties of workers and emplcyees in the sphere of labor activities.
In the light of the theses which were worked out at the XXVI Party Congress, the
- problems of the scientific and technological revolution and of its social
consequences will be studied on a deeper level. During the Eleventh Five-Year
Plan, it is planned to intensify the opposition to various bourgeois ideological
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conceptions, and to develop on a broad front the criticism of nationalism and
of religious and other survivals in the consciousness of people. Attention to
the international education of the workers and to a development of the principles
of socialist internationalism will increase.
It has to be noted, however, that there are still considerable reserves for
increasing the effectiveness and quality of scientific work. It still does not
happen often enough that the research of republic scientists rises to a high
all-union level of generaliza~cion and to the level of results which are of
general importance for all ol Soviet science. For example, in the academies of
certain republics, quite meticulous studies are going forwaz�d of tne processes
oL the social and spiritual life of the village, but this question, unfortunately,
is not posed sufficiently broadly--the coming together of town and country--and
- it does not bring the scholars out to the problems connected with it.
= Nor should it be for~otten that much of the work on important sciPntific
problems is being conducted ir~ the country's leading vuzes, b~th in 1:he center
and in the localities. This work must, without question, flow into t:he common
stream of the research by the~ social scientists of the entire country.
The realization of the program of scientific research in the light of the
decisions of the XXVI CPSU Congress depends, to a large extent, on the level
of ttie scientific organization of the labor of social scientists and upon the
state ot- the coordination of scientific research work.
'Today Soviet social science possesses a large detachment of qualified organizers
- of science: axound 40 scientific councils and corrmlissions on the most important
_ problems have been created in the system of social sciences. However, it is not
yet possible to say that everythin.g is in good order with the coordination of
research, ensuring its overall nature, and in the concentration of the efforts
of social scientists on the creative solution of the most urgent problems.
~ There are still quite a few cases of duplication, petty topics, and completely
unjustified tendencies to direct ef.forts toward the solution of local problems
- which have no significance for theory or practice. This was discussed, in
particular, at the 1981 General Annual Meeeing of the USSR Academy of Sciences
- and at the sessions of the Coordination Council (including at a recently held
~ travelling session in Tashkent).
The work to clarify and improve the system of scientific councils is far from
completed. The Social Sciences Section and its divisions have to take all of
the necessary measures to complete this work as rapidly as possible. The
necessity for a further imprcvement of the coordination of research and for
creative cooperation is dictated by the overall character of the problems being
studied which require unification of the efforts of not only the different
detactiments of social sciences, but also of representatives of the creative
unions, natura~. scientists, and technicians. Let us recall that last year, when.
tkiere was a discussion of the ideological educational role of historical sciences
at a meetinb of the Social Sciences Section, the Division of History of the
USSR Academy of Sciences was urgently recommended to establish strong contacts
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with the USSR Union of Writers, the Union of Cinematographers, and with other
creative unions and organizations.
The insufficiently wide introduction of the results of research into prac~ice
remair.:: a weak point in our work; moreover, relations with, so to speak, clients
are still insufficiently �r.ermanent, and frequently the orders themselves are
poorly grounded.
in planning any kind of work in the field of sciences, it is necessary to know
by whom and for what it is needed. In a word, the l:ind of system of organizing
- scientific work has to be conceived which will make it possible to approach an
overall problem being studied concretely and by subjects.
We already have a certain amount of experience in this kind of organization and
planning of scientific work within our institutes (for example, in the Institute
of Economics, in the Institute of World Economics and International Relations,
and in the Institute of the History of the USSR of the USSR Academy of Sciences).
Attention should be given, for example, to the experience in realizing jointly
- with the sections of the bioscow City Committee CPSU of a long-term plan for the
participation by the humanitarian scientific institutions of the USSR Academy
of Sciences in solving the problems of the socio-economic and cultural develop-
ment of Moscow. We have to try to achieve the same kind of situation in other
spheres of scientific activity also. The practice of creating authors'
collectives for the writing of major scientific works became established long
ago. However, it is clear that it would be useful in necessary cases to create
creative collectives for the development of important topics with the partici-
pation of representatives of the appropriate party and state agencies. The
system of contracts with ministries and other practical organizations which is
practiced by natural scientists produces palpable positive results both in
revealing the level of the effectiveness of t.he research being performed and in
the efficient introduction of its results. We have to actively struggle for the
realization of the results of scientific research and for the recommendations
worked out on their basis (if, of course, they are deserving of this).
The development of science is a fruit of collective common labor. For this
reason, a regular creative exchange of opinions among scientists is an urgent
need for science today. In April of this year an All-Union Conference on the
Philosophical Problems of Contemporary Natural Science took place with great
success. Suggestions on holding a new All-Union Conference of Historians (the
last conferencs took place more than twenty years ago) merit attention. In
considering the important tasks of social science we are fully aware of the role
of historical research and generalizations for science and social practice, for
the ideological arming of our cadres, and for the spiritual life of society and
the education of the masses.
The work of inethodological seminars is an important form of Marxist-Leninist
education, and of scientific intercourse and of the creative exchange of opinions.
At these seminars scientific workers and vuz teactiers discussed the philosophical
problems of scientific knowledge, of the contemporary scientific and technological
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revolution, and of economic and social progress, the important pr~blems of the
social, natural, and technical sciences, and the dialectics of their inter-
connections and interaction. The representatives of the artistic intelligentsia
should be enlisted in the work of the seminars which have been created in
- institutes and which are enga~ed in studying the problems of literature and art;
a broad discussion could be organized here of the problems of the development of
socialist culture and literature and art and of the creative improvement and
application of the method of sQCialist realism. A critique of bourgeois ideology
has to be an important direction in the work of the seminars.
Without greater activeness by the scientific public, science cannot become a
genuine "disturber of the peace," to which the XXVI Party Congress called
scientists. The academic journals in the social sciences have to fully become
"disturbers of the peac~." In addition to treating the achievements of science
and providing a scientific information service and a coordinating role, they
have to be a kind of "instigator" for the holding of creative discussions,
discussions of important problems, and for the organization of "round table"
meetings. ~
Unfortunately, in recent years, such materials have become much rarer. Quite a
few reviews on the pages of our journals, unfortunately, are more reminiscent of
simple notations: it is extremely rare that one can find a detailed analysis of
the content of the books being published, not to speak of the fact that reviews
of weak works have altogether vanished (and such works, unfortunately, are also
published).
In order to overcome the complacency which exists in certain scientific
collectives, resolute measures have to be taken so that every academic sub-
division is dominated by an atmosphere of creativity, mutual comradely exacting-
ness, and ardent searches.
During the past five-year period, the USSR Academy of Sciences and the academies
of sciences of the union republics continue to deepen and perfect their multi-
lateral and bilateral scientific relations with the academies of science and
other scientific organizations of the socialist countries, which made it possible
~ to achieve important scientific results.
However, the process of socialist integration which is being dictated by law is
setting the task of seeking qualitatively new forms of. cooperation and of
singling out top-priority topics. In this connection, the work plans of the
bilateral commissions on the social sciences have to be clarified. The fulfill-
ment oE the long-term cooperation program of the scientific institutions of the
socialist countries in the social sciences is of great importance.
The rather complex situation in international politics and international
scientific cooperation has in recent years somewhat reduced the intensity of
scientific relations with the capitalist countries.
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For this reason, an increase in the effectiveness of scientific assignrnents
abroad is becoming even more important. As a result of the difficulties which
have arisen in the development of scientific cooperation with American scientists~
it would be useful to take steps aimed at a certain reorientation of our
scientific relations toward the scientists of those countries which have a
favorable attitude towards scientific cooperation with the USSR.
It must not be forgotten that scientific research in the field of Marxist
social knowledge has to always contain a powerful aggressive ideological and
propagandistic chaLge.
- FOOTNOTES
1. V. I. Lenin, "Complete Works," Vol 41, p 42.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
2959
CSO: 1800/168
1~
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IJATICfdAL
LABUR PRODUCTIVITY TIED TO SOCIAL COKDITIONS ,
f�ioscow VOPR05Y FILOSOFII in Russian No 11, Nov 81 pp 51-63
~Article by I. T. Levykin, T. M. Dridze, Z. A. Orlova~ and Ya. V. Reyzema: "Theo-
retical-Priethodological Foundations for the Comprehensive Study of the Socialist
'~fay of Life"; In a 10,000-word axticle, the four authors define "way of life"
(obraz zhizni) as a"'definite system of stable and repeating modes of life activi-
ty ti~hich possesses an internal unity. Drawing on the writings of Maxx, Engels,
Lenin, and Soviet social scientists, they analyze this concept into its vaxious
constituent parts and discuss its applicationcat such different levels of analysis
as the individual~ class, and society as a whole. In conclusion~ they emphasize
that all parts of this system axe interrelated and that investigations in this area
_ should proceed "from the individual to the social-typical.'J
~ExcerptJ In organizing the "environment of his own habitation" and constantly de-
ciding questions of vital importance for him, a person over the extent of his en='. :
tire life expends on this his own mental, emotional~ and physical energy. Moreh
over~ the "environment of habitation" can scarcely be reduced to this cr that
sphere of activity; like the way of life this is not just a simple set of uncoor-
dinated spheres (types) of activity, existing, as it were~ outside of the social
subjects. ~;~lay of life is an integrated system of acti,vity, a person's communion
and inter-action with his social and natural environment~ ~in boldfaceJ, and hence
extraordinary expenditures of his energy in one unit of this system will immediate-
l,y (or after a certain amount of time) inevitably affect its other units~ knock the
_ system out of kilter, and bring about stoppages somewhere. It may be assumed that
potentials for a growth in labor productivity and quality, as is also the case for
an increase in labor resources, are concealed not only in the~sphere of labor (al-
though also there) but likewise in freeing up and retaining those energy expendi-
tures which ~o into forms of activity which, at first glance~ are not directly con-
nected with labor. In other words, only a complex of ineasures with regard to im-
proving the entire system of activity~ communion and inter-action between people,
taking into consideration all the vitally important problems demanding everyday at-
tention, answers the demands of the times.
A more profound study of the nature of the vital problems confronting various peo-
ple and the ways chosen to solve them will facilitate in the future a more precise
formulation of the tasks to be done in working out the most adequate methods of
controlling and re~ulatin~ social relations~ both on the level of social groups as
well as on the level of soclety as a whole.
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'.lithin thi~ schema tt;e informational capacity of the concepts "concrete-historical
situation," "social situation~" "life situation~" and "problematical life situation"
is ve.ry ~reat. On the basis of these concepts we can formulate an entire series of
con~ents-type and methodological hypotheses, allowing us to empirically study the
way of life in its real dynamic connections. These concepts are essential for the
classification and typology of the way of life, for revealing the principal tenden-
cies of its development. ,
~ ~ ~
The theoretical-methodological principles set forth above allow the authors to make
the transition from a general analysis of the concept "way of life" to an analysis
of its components and the inter-connections between these components within the
- frameriorIc of certain situations and, consequently~ to a further differentiation of
the categorial appaxatus of study. In the course of the empirical stud,y of the so-
cialist way of life they will facilitate the solution of a whole ran~e of general
and specific problems. In particular~ they will a11ow u.: to discover the general,
type-formin~ factors of the socialist rray of life~ the chi.ef traits and tendencies
of its development, as well as the factors determining the differences in the
types of the 4ray of life of classes, other social groups and communities 4rithin a
- socialist society. They will help us to work out the typolo~y (fixation, manifes-
tation of structure, and description~ of the social situations ~~~hich axe the most
characteristic for various groups of the population, as well as the li~e situations
of individuals rrho are members of these groups; to detezmine the nature of the con-
nection betareen the type-forming factors of the socialist way of life, the social
situations of diverse groups of the population, and the life situations of indivi-
duals Frho are members of these groups; to caxry out a composite ana.lysis of suuh
situations for the purpose of findin~ the general and the specific in their struc-
ture a.nd contents. All this ~.ill help us to discover the most urgent socio-econo-
mic, socio-cultural~ and ideological-educational problems connected with fnrther
perfecting the socialist ~~ay of life.
As follo~�rs from rrhat has been set forth above, the basic principle of the ~iven ap-
proach to studying the socialist rray of life has proved to be the principle of ~as-
cending from the individual to the social-typical:~ ~in bold.face,J from studying
the life and problem life situations at the level of the individual perJonality to
an analysi~ of social situations at the level of cla.sses~ other social groups and
communities~ and to the discovery of the type-forming factors of the socialist rray
of life at the level of the concrete-histc rical situation of society as a 4rhole.
~~OPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo TsK KPSS "Pravda". "Voprosy filosofii" I~o 11, ly~l
238~+
C:iG : 1800~ 178
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Fc~R ~FF~c~:~~ t~tiN' c~!vi.~'
NATIOivAL
CONFERENCE ON PROPAGANDIZING SOVIET WAY OF LIFE HELD IN BELORU5SIA
l;oscow VOPROSY FIIASOFII in Russian b1o 11, P1ov g1 pp 165-166 ~
~Article by Ye. t~`. Babasov, corresponding member of the BSSF, Academy of Sciences,
and L. A. Gutsalenko: "Methods of Studying and Propaganc~izing the Advantages of
the ~oviet Way of Life'J
~Text~ The theoretical conference entitled Methods of Studying and Propa.gandiz-.
ing the Advantages of the Soviet Way of Life in the Light of the Decisions of the
, 26th i:PSU Congress" was held in May 1981 in Minsk. Like its two predecessors, it
was or~anized by the Minsk Obkom of the CP of Be~orussia:~ the Belorussian State
University imeni V. I. Lenin, the Institute of Philosophy and Law of the BSSR Aca-
demy of Sciences, the Belorussian Divisions of the USSR Philosophical Society,
and the Soviet Sociological Association.
The conference was opened by the secretary of the Ninsk Obkam of the CP of Belo-
russia, A. I. 'Lhil'skiy. He noted the great theoretical and praetical importance
of the questions which were posed at the conference. The joint efforts of scho-
lars~ all rrorkers of the ideological front in studying and propagandizing the his-
torical advantages of developed socialism will facilitate the execution of.the
tasks set forth by the 26th CPSU Congress with rEoard to further developing the ma-
terial and spiritual foundations of the socialist way of life, as well as the for-
mation of the new man.
The materials and decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress, noted R. P. Platonov
(Minsk), constitute the theoretical-methodological basis for studyi,ng contemporary
social development, its contents and principal directions; they ~rovide the key
for examining the problems of perfecting the Soviet way of life.
- ~xtremely important for the activity of the paxty, the state~ and public organiza-
tions rrith regard to strengthening the material and spiritual foundations of the
socialist way of life is the conclusion that the establishment of a classless so-
cietal structure wili take Flace within the historical framework of mature social-
ism. Of great methodological i:nportance for a scientific understanding of the
~rounds for the development of the Soviet way of life axe the conclusions of the
26th CPSU ~on~ress concerning the inter-relationship between education and the par-
ty's social policy, an increase in the role of labor in the life of Soviet society,
perfecting distributive relations and the unceasing observance of socialist princi-
ples therein~ the place of interests and needs within the multi-faceted development
of the individual personality~ and the necessity for overcoming negative phenomena
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which axe alien to the socialist ~~ay of life. The ideolo~ical-theoretical rich-
ness contained in the materials of the 26th Congress is today a powerful weapon in
_ the stru,gle of the party and the people to ensure a well-pla~nned and harmonious
development of all aspects of social life on the path to building socialism.
The report by corresponding memoer of the BSSR Academy of Sciences Ye. Ni. Labosov
examined the socialist way of life as a specific means of vital human activity.
This way of life has developed under concrete socio-economic, political, and spiri-
tual conditions of socialism and is directed at caxrying out those forms of vital
activity ~hich~ within their own dialectical inter-action, lead to the formation of
a universally developed personality. Of importance for this approach is the use of
the method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete--from the most general laws
of societal formative movement~ as embodied in the specific chaxacteristics of de-
veloped socialism, through the study of the special grounds for the development of
this system's separate spheres--the means of production~ the basis, spiritual life
of saciety~ everyday life, etc.--to the concrete manifestations of socialism's uni-
versal activity in various modes of vital activity, as expressed not only in their
c~mmon traits but also in the specific, individual forms of the man~festation of
these traits in specific personalities~ in their value orientaticns, interests~ in-
cl~.natians, and acts.
L'y utilizing the methodological principles of this approach, the author considers~
rre can more concretely and precisely pictur}-~ to ourselves the contents, structure,
and dynamics of this way of life~ as well as differentiate the most important the-
oretical and practical cross-sections of its structural-funetional analysis--with
respect to its ~nodes and forms of vital activity, its conditions and spheres~ sub-
jects of vital activity~ specifics of the socio-spatial organization of vital ac-
- tivity~ etc. ~tructural-functional analysis as a component paxt of a systemic stu-
dy of a way of life should be ~rganically combined with a contents analysis of this
complex and multi-faceted social phenomenon.
' Academician of the BSSR Academy of Sciences K. P. Buslov noted that social rela-
tions~ class relations~ and the establishment of a homogeneous way of life consti-
tute dialectically inter-connected social phenomena. A change in the socio-class
structure determines the dynamics of the Soviet way of life. This is conditioned
by the following objective characteristics of ~oviet society at the contemporary
stage of its development: 1) the complexity, integ~'t~s~'na~ure., and multi-faceted
development of socialism; 2) the increased inter-relationship of economic~ socio-
political~ and spiritual pro~ress; 3) furth.er development of the class a.nd natio-
nal structure and~ accordingly, their increasing reciprocal influence; 4) perfect-
socialist statehood, democracy~ and fonr?ing the culture of an integrated Soviet
people. The Soviet people's way of life~ based on an integrated socialist econo-
my~ ideology, and culture~ in turn, facilitates the drawing together of classes
and of all social groups.
C. F. Davidyuk noted that among the criteria chaxacterizing way of life~ along
rrith economic~ moral, and world-vie~r elemE~nts~ political criteria must be present;
it must be indicated that the way of life pertains to a specific class.
The report by L. A. Gutsalenko (Minsk)~ entitled "The I~eca Man as a Subject of the
Soviet Way of Life, noted that in the way of lif e~ which represents primarily the
activity aspect of historical development, what is central is the subject of the
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~;iven process. Ya. I. Rubin (;~iinsk) spoke about the important theoretical and prac-
tical significance of the pcsition taken by the 26th CPSU Congress in advocating the
activization of a demographic policy in tne cc~untry.
L. F'. Yevmenov (P:insk) thorou6nly analyzed the vaxious types of contemporary bour-
- g~ois ideology, ~~hich distort the Soviet way of life and falsify the spiritual
trai t~ of ;~oviet ma.n.
'I'here were several sections operating at the conference. The participants in the
section entitled "p;ethodological Problems in Studyin~ and Propagandizing the Advan-
ta~es of the Soviet Way of Life" examined the following questions: the specifics
of development, correlations, and inter-penetrating influences at the stage of de-
veloped socialism of objective conditions and the subjective factor of the Soviet
way of life; the grounds for forming a well-rounded and harmoniously developed per-
sonality, the characteristics of the principles and social norms of the Soviet way
of lif e; the enhancement of the ideological-moral principle:~ of the Soviet way of
lif'e and the chaxacteristics of the development of a philosoghical, political, and
moral culture; the socio-psychological and humanistic aspects of the way of life;
the development by the 26th CP3U Congress of the Leninist ideas ~f propaganda, a
comprehensive approach to propa.gandizing the advantages of the SoviPt way of life;
ar, ei~hancement of the role played by literature and art in forming the new man and
in propagandizing the values of the Soviet way of life.
At the se~sions of the section devoted to the topic "Criticism of Bourgeois Con-
cept~ and I'ropaganda of the Way of Life" the spca.kers ~aen~ioned the need to step
up the a~gressiveness and argwnentativeness of the criticism directed a.gainst bour-
~;eois falslfications of' the Soviet way of life.
'Phe F~ork of this conference facilitated the detailed analysis of the methodologi-
cal foundations of studyin~ the advanta,ges of the Soviet way of life and the me-
thods of propagandizing it; it also stimulated the further development of this,
one of the most important problems of contemporaxy social science and the practice
of building communism.
CUi~YI~TGHT: Izdatel'stvo TsK iCPSS "Fravda". "Voprosy filosofii" No 11~ 1981
23FS4
C:;O : 1800~177 END
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