JPRS ID: 10287 USSR REPORT METEORLOGY AND HYDROLOGY NO.11, NOVEMBER 1981

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• Sequence Number: 56
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10287
28 January 1982
I~SSR Re ort
. p
METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLO~Y
No. 11, November 1981
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JPRS L/10287
28 January 1982

r~
- USSR REPOP,T
METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY
No. 11, November 1981 �
_ Translations or abstracts of all articles of the Russian-language
mczthly journal METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA published in Moscow by
Gidrometeoizdat.
CONTENTS
Influence of Upper-Level Clouds on Atmospheric Thermal Regime and Circulation.. 1
~Dendroclimatology t4ethods in Studying liistory of Clitnate ................o...... 16
Empirical Analysis of Influence of C02 on 24odern Changes in t4ean Ann:~al Air
Surface Temperature in Northern Hemisphere 17
_ *Temperature Distribution in Turbulent Near-Wall Currents With Allowance for
Airflow Stratification 35
_ *Evaluation of Statisticai. Interrelationship of Horizontal and Vertical
Resolutions in Geopotential Field 36
Charge Separation With Partial Coalescence of Droplets 37
*Evaluating Spatial-Temporal Variability of Heat and Water Balance Componen~~
in Eastern Sector~of Baykal=Amur Railroad Route 43 =
New Methods far I~e Forecasts for the Northwestern Atlantice 44
Mechanisms of Formation of Upper Quasihomogeneous Layer 3.n Ocean 51
*Derivation of. rxpres4ions for Predicting Maaimum Tce Jam (Ice Run) Water
T.evels ir, tlie Bre~kup of SiUerian Rlvera 59
lt;itc of Gr~wth and Development of Winter Wheat During Winter Thaws 60
*Computing Wind Velocity During Gusts in Narrow Cold Front Zones 66
* ~
Interaction of Sweli Wa;;es With Head Wind 67
*llenotes items which have been abstracted.
- a- [III - USSR - 33 S&T FOUO]
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*Joint Evaluation of Intraannual and Long-Term Probability of Exceeding of Mean
Daily Water Discharges............,, 68
*Sd~ri~.Problems of Visibility ~hrough Clouds and Fogs 69
*Experiment~i. and Synoptic Studies of Atmospher~ in Publications of 0. G.
Krichak (On the Seventieth Anniversary of His Birth) 70
Review of Monograph 'Earth's Atmosphere From the 'Salyut-6 "(Atmosfera Zemli
s'Salyuta-6'), by A. I. Lazarev, V. V. Kovalenok, A. S. Ivanchenkov and
S. V. Avakyan, Leningrad; Gidrometeoizdat, 1981 .............................o.. 71
*Seventieth Birthday of Boris Grigor'yevich Rozhdestvenskiy 74
Activities at the USSR State Committee on Hydrermeteorology and Environmental
Monitoring............~.,.~ ...............................................o..... 75
Conferences, Meetings, Seminars 78
*
Notes From Abroad 91
*Obituary of Yevgeniya Samoylovna Rubinshteyn (1891-198~) 93
*Memorial to Feofan Farneyevich Davitaya (1911-1979) 94
Denotes items whict~i have been abstracted.
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i ~
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~ .
UDC 551.576:551.511+551.513
INFLUENCE OF UPPER-LEVEL CLOUDS ON ATMOSPHERIC THERMAL REGIME AND CIRCULATION
Moscow METEORGLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 11, Nov 81 (mar~uscrigt received
23 Feb 81) pp 5-17
[Article by Ye. P. Borisenkov, professor, V. P. Meleshko, candidate of physical and
a~athematical sciences, and A~ P. Soicolov, Main Geophysical Observatory]
[Text] Ab~tract: A study was made of the response of
components of tlie radiation balance of the
earth-atmosphere system to changes in cloud
cover at difLerent levels. Numerical experi- ~
ments were made with use of a model of genzral
circulation of the atmosph~re in which there
- was no upper-level cloud cover and its forma-
tion in the region of an anticyclonic disturb-
~.nce was reproduced. A detailed analysis was
m~::3e of the changes caused by cloud cover, the
~thermal regime and atmospheric circulation.
, Computations show tfiat during the formation of
~ upper-level cloud cover there is a change in
the thermal regime of the atmosphere, which re-
sults in an attenuation of the anticyclonic dis-
turbance tn the lower half of the troposphere
lncl ~Lts Insignificant intensification in the
upper troposphere and lowez~ stratosphere.
1. Introduction. As is well knc-~an, the development of a number of negative phenomena
over great areas and over the course of a prolonged time is related to the formation
of a stable anticyclonic circulation. Over the territory of the USSR quasistationary
rinticyclon~c formutiona in winter lead to the setting-in of anomalnusly cold weather,
:incl in summer tl~e development of arid conditions is associated with them. Cloud cover
_ i:; u~ua.il.ly ~ib:~ent in .i region of anticyclones. , a~?r
`['he authors of [2] mentioned some f.actors of natural and anthropvgenic origin which
are capable of leading to the formation r~f an upper-level cloud cover over an anti-
cyclonic formation and causing its evolution. In this connectioti it is of interest
to investigate to what degree these pressure formations ~lre responsive to possible
changes in the thermal regime caused by the formation of a claud cover over r,hem.
~ 1.
. . ~'~3t i~~'F~~[AL US~ 4D1VL1~
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MUK UMM'1(:IAL U~~: UNLY
There arc~ ~i Kre~it m~ny studic.~ Ln which an attempt has been made to evaluate the
effect5 caused by tt~e influence of cloud cover and radiation both on individual
I~eteorological elements and on the tfiermal regime of the atmosphere as a whole
(fdr example, see jl, 13] and othE~s). In most of them the evaluations have been
made without allowance for feedback mechanisms between the principal interacting
physical processes and this circumstance makes very difficult the interpretation
of the results applicaUle to the real atmosphere.
As is well known, cloud cover exerts a dual effect on radiation transf er in the
~tmosphere. As a result of the fact that the albedo of clouds on the average for
l:lze earth is considerably greater than the albedo of the underlying surface, an
' ~increase in cloud cover leads to a great reflection of solar radiation into
space, a decrease in its absorption by the atmosphere and the underlying .,urface.
This favors a cooling of the earth-atmosphere system. On the other hand, an in-
crease in cloud cover causes a decrease in long-wave radiation passing into uni-
ver~al. space as a result of a decrease in the effective temperature of radiation
from the boundaries of clouds in comparison with a cloudless case. Thereby the
sec~nd effect favors a relative heating of the atmosphere.
In the example of a one-dimensional radiational-convective model of the atmosphere
Mution5 of differences between reflected solar radiation (a), long-
w,ivc~ rridi.:ition (1~) :ind tot:~l r;idiation balance (c) of earth-atmosphere system (W/
- ~nl) uhL.iined usIn~; d~it.~ frum tli~ experiments C~X A~~d C1EX (C1~X-C~Y) ~for 5th-lOth
~Iny:-c ~,I' I'c~r~c.~st.
~ 'Cllcrmal regime of atmospliere and underlying surface. Figure 3 shows the distrib-
uti.ons of differences in reElected solar radiation, outgoing radiation and the total
radiation balance, computed using data for two experiments (CEX-C1EX) for the 5th-
- lOth days of� the forecast.
9
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rvK vrr~~,~p?~ a~ac ~i~Ly
ir follows from Fig. 3a that a~ a result of formation of total upper-level cloud
cover the re~lection of short-wave radiation into universal space was increased
by 3~-40 W/m , which is approximately 50% of tile total radiation balance of the
9j?Stem over the polygon in the control experiment. On the other hand, the lono-
wa~e radiation changed Uy a value approximately twice as great as the reflected
~ radiation (Fig. 3b). Since these two effects have different signs, the resultant
influence of upper cloud cover on the radiation balance is some~ohat less and causes
a heat influx to a colur.?n of the atmosphere equal to 40-45 W/m2 (Fi~. 3c), which
corresponds to a change in the r�diation heat influx by 0.3�C/day. With an in-
crease in cloud cover there is a decr~ase in tlie value of the radiation balance
- at the earth Uy approximately 10 W/ri2.
Table 2
Mean Chan~es in Radiation Heat Influxes (�C/day) in Atmosplieric Layers Caused by
Change in Upper-Level Cloud Cover in "Clear-Total Cloud Cover" Interval
Atmos}~lieric layer Change in heat influxes
due to solar due to long-wave full
radiation radiation influx
Above-cloucl layer 0.09 -0.84 -0.75
(:loud layer 0.59 -1.10 -0.51
Under-cloud layer 0.16 2.02 2.13
~ntire column of atmosphere 0.2~ 0.03 0.31
Ttius, analysis only of the components of the radiation balance at the boundaries of
the atmosphere ~rlthou~ altowance for. mechanisms with feedbacl:s shows that an in-
crease in upper-level cloud cover should cause heating of the atmosphere.
Now we will examine how heating of the atmosphere is distributed vertically and
what contribution to it is made by heat influxes as a result of short-wave and
long-wave radiation in the polygon r.egion. For this purpose we made cumputations
of heat influxes in three layers of equal mass for the conditions of cloudless
- sl:ies ,ina a complete upper-l.evel cloud cover. The computations were made usin~ data
un temperature, humid3ty ~ind ~ilb~do of the underlying surface characteristic for
tl?e considered region. The uppc:r layer of the atmosphere is situated above the
cl.~~ud cover, the middle level is si[uated in the cloud layer and the lower layer
i;, i.n Clic re~;lon laelow tl~e cl.ouds.
'fr~hle Z~;ives the mean changes in the ileat influxes caused by an increase in upper-
level clo~ids. With an increase in cloud cover the heat influx due to short-wave
r.adiaLLon increases in all layers: in the upper layer as a result of the addi-
I:i