JPRS ID: 10245 USSR REPORT POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000500020014-9
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 14
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10245
8 January 1982
- USSR Re~orfi
J
~ PC)LITIC~L AND SOCiOLOGICAI. AFFAIRS
(FOUO 1/82)
FBIS ~OREIGN BROA6CAST INFORMATION SERVIC~
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JPRS L/10245
8 January 1982
USSR REPORT
POLITICAL AND SOCI~LtlGICAL AFFAiRS
(FOUO 1/82)
CONTIciVTS
INTERNATIONAL ~
Book Critiquea China's Policy Toward Aaia, Africa, Latin America
(M. I. Sladkovakiy; GEGEMONISTSKAYA POZITIKA KITAYA--
_ UGROZA NARODAM AZII, AFRIKI I.LATINSKOY AMERIKi, 1981) 1
Book on Detente and.Ideological Struggle of Ideas
_ (V. I. Gantman; RAZRYADKA MEZHDUNARODNOY NAPRYAZHENNOSTI
I IDEOLOGICHESKAYA.BOR'BA, 1981) 4
REGIONAL
_ Development of Induatry in Azerbaijan
(M. Allakhverdiyev, S. Gabuzova; VOPROSY ERONUMIKI, Oct 81) 7
Estonian Komsomol Must Stress Conservation of Fuel, Resources
(Ya. Saarniyt; MOLODEZH ESTONII, 17 Nov 81)
15
Estonian Vocational Education in llth Five-Year Pian
(Elmar Alas; NOUKOGUDE KOOL, Oct 81) 24
a - [III - USSR - 35 FOUO]
~ ~~/~n ATn~/`~ ~ ~ � ~I~~ t7 ~ I
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- INTER1~iiT IONAL ~

~
BOOK ~RITiQUES CHINA'S POLICY 1'OWARD ASIA, AFRICA, LATIN AMERICA
Moscow ~EGEMONISTSKAYA POLITIKA KITAYA--UGROZA NARODAM AZII, AFRIKI I LATINS?:OY
AMERIKI in Russian 1981(signed to press 31 March 81)pp 1-2, 287-288
[Table of contents and bri~ef description of book edited by M.I. ~iladkovskiy]
[Excerpts] "Pitle Page:
Title: GEGENIONISTSKAYA POLITIKA KITAYA--UGROZA NARODAM AZII, AFRIKI I LATINSKOY
AMERIKI (China's Hegemonist Policies--a Threat to the PeoplES of Asia, Africa and
Latin America) Publisher:. Isdatel'stvo politicheskoy literatury. Place and ye:ar
of publication: Moscow, 1981 '
Signed to Press Date: 31 Mar.ch 1981
Number of Copies Published: 42,000
Number of Pages: 288
Brief Description:
This book sheds light on China's current strategy and tactics in Asia, Africa and
Latin America; it exposes the alliance of imperialism and Beijing`s hegemonism in
the world arena against the forces of peace and socialism and the national-libera-
tion movement. The book is based on materials of the all-union scientific-theoreti-
cal conference on the theme of "China's Policy with Respect to Developing ~ountries,"
which was held on 25-27 March, 1980 by the USSR Academy of Sciences' Institute of
the Far East together with institutes of ori.ental studies, Africa and Latin America
of the USSR Academy of Sciences, with the particination of scientists from a number
- of brotherly countries.
Table of C~ntents
The Partnership of Imperialism and Beijing's Hegemonism--a New, Dan~erous
Phenomenon in World Politics by O.B. Borisov (USSR) 3
The PRC's Anti-Socialist Course in Asia, Africa and Latin America~by
V.A. Krivtsov ~USSR) 20
_ .1
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A criticism of Chinese Policy with Respect to Liberated States by Fam D,yk
Zyong (Vietnam) 38
~n some of China's Anti-Marxist Foreign Policy Concepts by B.A. Soborov
(USSR) 4'
Toward the Question of the PRC's Foreign Policy Strategy and Tactics by
_ B.. Kaufman (GDR) 54
The Pro-imperialism of Beijing�s Hegemonist Strategy by A.G. Kruchinin
- (USSR) 67
- The Evolution of Maoist Ideas on the Nationo~.-Liberation Movement by
B.N. Strizhakova (USSR) 84
Traditions of Expansionism and Hegemonism in Contemporary China's Border
Pol.ich by Ye. D. SLepanov (USSR) 92
- Chii~a ~nd the Non-aligned Movement by R. Xa. Rysinova (Bulgaria) 104
China's nolicy Regarding ~*ates of Sccialist Orientation by A.S. Krasil'nikov
(USSR) 110
mhe PP.C's Position on ~uestions Tied to the Restructuring of International
Ecotiomic Relations by G.A. Bogolyubov (USSR) 119
The Struggl~. of Developing Countries for a New International Economic
_ Order and the PRC's Policy by L. Khaysanday (Mongolia) 129
Beijing's Cooperation with Chinese Bourgeoisie Beyond its Borders by T.M.
Kotova (I1SSR) 137
The PRC's Economic Relations with Countries of Asia, Africa and Latin
America by A.V. Skorodumov (USSR) 150
China's Expansionist Policy--a Threat to Asia's Security by V.N. Baryshnikov
(USSR) 161
Aggressions and Interference of China's Reactionary Gresp in the Countries
of Indochina by Fam Nguyen Long (Vietnam) 175
China's Policy with Respect to Kampuchea by D.M. Pospelov (USSR) 181
The PRC's Great-power Course in South-East Asia by V.K. Abyshayev (USSR) 192
Some Aspects of the Chinese Leadership's Policy in South-East Asia by
P. Roman'ski (Poland) 203
China's Foreign Policy Maneuvers in South Asia by A.V. Pedin (USSR) 211
Chinese-Indian Relations by Ya. Tsesar (Czechoslovakia) 221
2
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China's Alliance with Imperialism Against the Nationa]-Liberation :~tovement
in Africa by T.L. Deych (USSR~ 233
China's Policy in Africa by B. Talash (Hungary) 243
Chinese-Zaire Relations by R. Ya. S~bolev (USSR) 250
Beijing's Rapproachment wi.th Imperialism and the Forces of Reaction in
Latin America by E. Rey (Cuba) 25~
Countries of the Caribbean in China's Policy by A.V. Kudruavtsev (USSR) 270
Beijing's Great-khan C~urse--a Direct Threat r_o the Independence of
I,iberated Co~intries by M.I. Sladkovskiy (USSR) 2~9
COPYRIGHT: POLITIZDAT, 1.981
CSO: 1807/26

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INT F1tNAT IONAL
BOOK ON DETENTE AND IDEOLOGIG.~L STRUGGLE OF IDEAS
Moscow RAZRYADKA MEZHDUNARODNOY NA~RYAZHENNOSTI T IDEOLOGICHESKAYA BOR'BA
in Russian 1981~signed to press 2 May 8~ pp 1-2, 389-392
[Table of contents and briPf description of book edited by V. I. Gantman and
publi~hed under the auspices of the Scientific Council for Researching Problems
of Peace and Disarmament"] . '
[Excerpts] Title Page:
Title: RAZRYADKA MEZHDUIV~RODNOY NAPRYAZHENNOSTI. I IDEOLOG~ICHESKAYA BOR'BA
~ (Th e Relaxation of International Tension and the Ideological
Struggle)
- Publisher: "Nauka"
Place and year of publication: Moscow, 1981
Signed to Press Date: 2 May ?981 .
Number of Copies Published: 7,500
Number of Pages: 392
Brief Description:
The present monograph is devoted to the investigation of features of the ideo-
logical struggle in the conditions of relaxing international tension. On
concrete, historical material, it analyzes ideological aspects of the most
urgent problems of contemp~rary international relations, which are.inseparably
linked with the process of relaxing international tenGion.
Table of Contents ~
Introducrion by V. I. Gantman, doctor ~f historical aciences 3
Chapter 1. Contemporary International Relat3ons and the Ideological
- Struggle by V. I. Gantman, doctor uf h:~storical sciences........ 13
1. The formation of ideology in capitalist society and its mean3ng
for the ideological struggle on the international scene 14
2. The ideological struggle on the international scene: levels and
forms 31
~ 4
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3. The relaxation of international tension and maneuvers of imperialist
policy: from "de-ideolization" to "ideolization" 35
- 4. Foreign policy ideology and foreign policy propaganda of imperialism
in the conditians of relaxing tension 65
Chapter 2. Casses for the "Ideolization" of U.S. Foreign Policy in the
'7as by N. A. Kosolapov, candidate of histrrical sciences........ 74
1. Bourgeois ideology and U.S. foreign policy 76
2. Ideological factors and components of the democratic administra-
tion's foreign policy 86
Chapter 3. Ideological Aspects of Contemporary U.S. Military Policy and
_ Strategy by S. P. Fedorenko, candidate of historical sciences.... 106
1. The role of ideological factors in forming and realizing U.S.
military policy 105
2. U.S, policy in the field of arms control and disarmament and its
- ideological basis 126
Chapter 4. Soviet-American Rela::ions and the Ideological Struggle by
I. L. Sheydina, candidate of historical sciences 143
l. The ideological struggle in the United States on questions of
Soviet-American relations 144
2. U.S. attempts at an ideological offens3ve on the in ternational scene
in the secon.3 half of the '70s and the development of Sov3.et-
American relations 151
Chapter 5. Ideological Aspects of U.S. Foreign Policy With Respect to East
European Socialist States by Ye. D. Volkova, candidate of
historical sciences...........~ 171
1. Detente and new approaches ty the United States toward problems
in relations with the countries of East Europe 174
2. "Moralism" and traditions of "peaceful interference" in U.S. policy
with respect to East Europe 181
_ 3. The influence of some domestic policy fact~rs on th e formation of
_ the U.S. "East Europe" course 200
Chap~er 6. The Ideological Strugg]e About Proble~,~s of Secur ity and
Cooperation in Europe by Ye. S. Volk and D. G. Tomashevskiy,
doctor of historical scie_zces 207
= 1. Basic factors of diversity in Western conceptions of European
security 209
. 2. The evolution of bourgeois ideologists'�appr.oaches to questions of
detente 221
3. Western ideological conceptions of detente in the course of pre-
paring for and carrying out the all-European conference 230
4. Problems in realizing the Final Act and imperialists' attempts
to assume the offensive on the ideological front 244
5. Urgent problems of security and cooperation in Europe and the
_ current stage of the ideological struggle 254
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Chapter 7. Interimperialist Relations and the Foreign Policy Ideology of
Developed Capitalist Countries by G. Baranovskiy,
candidate of histbr~.cal sciences 267
1. Interimperialist contradictions and the ideology of."consolidating"
imperialism 26~
2. The ideology and practice of "Atlanticism"�and "Europeanism"....... 273
3. The ideology and policy of "trilateralism" and "interdependence"... ~279
Chapter 8. Maoist Foreign Policy "Theory" in the Ideological Struggle
on the International Scene by V. V, Razmerov, candidate of
historical sciences 291
l. The evolution of Ma4ist foreign policy ideology and foreign
policies 293
2. The apology for war in the center of Be3~ing's political-
ideological concept 300
3. The theory of "three worlds" as an 3deological basis for the
Maoists' foreign policy. . 308
4. The "experience" of Maoist ideology and policy ~~nd the ideological
struggle of imperiali.sm on the international scene......~........... 317
Chap;.er 9. Developing Countries, the Relaxarion of Tension and the
Ideological Struggle by E. M. Fedotova, candidate of historical
sciences and Yu. Ye. Fedorov, candidate of historical sciences.. 326
1. Basic ideological prerequisites ~f developing countries' foreign
policy 327
2. Developing countries in the ideological struggle on problems of
international relations 333
3. The relaxat~on of international tension and revolutionary
transformations in developing countries 341
4. The ideological struggle on questions of the interdependence of
relaxing international tension and the economic development of
liberated countries 349
Chapter 10. Global Problems of Today's World, International Relations and
the Struggle of Ideas by Yu. Ye. Fedorov, candidate of
historical sciences 358
' 1. Global problems: the perception and prescription of bourgeois
ideology 358
_ 2. Forms of international cooperation in the mirror of bourgeois
ideology 367
3. Global problems and the relaxation of international tension........ 375
Conclusion by V. I. Gantman, doctor of historical sciences 384
~
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," 1981
CSO: 1807/25 ~
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REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY IN AZERBAIJAN
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 10, Oct 81, pp 135-140
[Article by M. Allakhverdiyev and S. Gabuzova: "An Improvemei?t of the Structure of
Azerbaijan's Industrial Production"]
[Text] An improvement of the structure of industrial prociuction--the leading .
braneh of social producti~n in the national economic and regional plans--has a
special place in the solution of the problems posed by the 26th CPSU Congress of
- the overall propo�rtional development of thQ economies of the economic regions.
- An improvement of the branch structure of the industry of a ragion is based on the
' overall development of its branches. An increase in the productivity of social
labor is the chief criterion in the choice of any economic decision. The concept
of overall nature should be understood not only as zhe many-sided and proportional
development in any territorial subdivision of those branches of the economy for
which there are favorable natural and economic conditions, but also as the fullest
use of the raw material, production, and labor resources of a region on the basis
of the latest achievements of science and technology.. The overall development of
an economy based on the best combination of branches and productian, the compre-
hensive use of resources, and the development of progressive forms of the organ-
ization of social production leads to the economic blending of its heterogeneous
parts and to the development of rational relations within a region. On the basis
of the overall nature of the economy of a region and, above all, of its industry,
an equalizatior~ of the levels of economic development of the country's regions is
achieved no~ only for the indicators of material well-being, but also for the con-
ditions of production.
Overall development and the degree of the social division of labor in an economic
region depend to the greatest extent upon the degree to which the level cf devel-
_ opment of the basic group of branchPs of production specialization is coordinated
with the level of development of the branches that supplement the former into form-~
ing an economic-production complex, and also upon the development level of the
branches which meet the production net~ds of the enterprises of the former and lat-
ter groups. Branches which satisfy the material and spiritual needs of the popu-
_ lation are also an essential component of a region's production potential.
In the end, an improvement of the siting of productive forces makes it possible to
increase national economic efficiency and, at the san~e time, to speed up the accomplish-
ment of economic tasks in a ca~icrete region.
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At the present time around one-half of fixed producti~e capital a;id more than
19 percent of the people employed in the economy are concentrated in Azerbaijan's
industr4~. In 1979 its share in the structure of the republic's gross social pro-
duct came to 65.7 percent, compared to 62.2 percent in 1970, and, corresgondingly,
- its share of national income was 48.3 and 44.8 percent. These indicators are very
close to the all-union ones: in 1978 industry's share in the USSR's gross social
product came to 66.8 percent, and 51.7 percent in national income.
' In the7960's and early 1970's the average annual development rates of the social
production of the Azerbaijan SSR were behind the corresponding average union ones.
The proportion of the branches which determine scientific and technological pro-
gress was on the whole quite low. For example, the proportion of machiMe building
came to only 11 percent of gross output and seven percent of the fixed productive
capital of industry. After the October (1976) Plenum of the CCCP of Azerbaijan
measures were taken to accelerate the development of the republic's industry and
to improve its structure. At the present time the conditions have been created
in Azerbaijan for the development of a highly industrial structure for industrial
- production.
The branclies of the fuel (petroleum, gas), chemical and petrochemical, and light
and food industries occupy a leading place in the structure of Azerbaijan's in-
dustry. In these branches there has been a substantial increase~in final outpt~t
and a rise in the level of production intensif~tcation on the basis of a more ef-
ficient processing of initial raw materials. Thus, by the en3 of 1980 the pro-
portion of output in the regublic with the Token of Quality exceeded the average
union level. In 1975 2U9 types of output were produced with the Token of Quality,
and in 1980--1,343. There are high output quality indicators in such very im-
~ portant branches as the electrical engineering industry, nonferrous.metallurgy,
machine building f~r the.light and food industriP.s, petroleum machine building, the
~ chemical and petroleum refining industries and others. The number of products in
the highest quality category that are being produced has increased, and the range
and geography of enterprises have expanded. The improved quality of t.he output
- which is being produced im the republic is also testified to by exports which in
1980 increased compared to 1970 by almost 1.5 times.
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Proportion of Output of Individual Branches in Total ~
Industrial Output, of Fixed Productive Capital, of
Number of Industrial Production Personnel in 1970-1980
(In Percentage of Total)
Gross Output Fixed Productive Number of Industrial
~ Capital Production Personnel
= 1970 1975 1980 1970 1975 1980 1970 1975 1980
Total Industry...... 00,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 ~
?ncluding:
Elec trical . Engir.-
eerin~....:....... 4,4 3,8 2,8 13,1 13,,7 12,6 3,6 4,0 4,0
Fuel Industry....... 20,5 14,8 10,2 45,1 40,9 40,6 11,9 8,9 7,0
- Ferrous Metallurgy.. 2,4 1,8 3,6 3,1 2,8 3,1 2,6 2,4
Nonferr.ou~ Metal-
lurgy............ 1,6 2,2 2,6 2,7 2,9 1,9 1,6 2,1
Chemical and Petro-
- c?~emical Indus-
try 7,2 8,2 8,3 9,6 9,2 9,1 7,4 7,1 7,2
Machine Building and
Metal Working.... 11,0 12,7 17,0 7,0 9,8 10,7 22,7 24,9 27,9
Timber, Woodworking,
and Cel]ulose and
~ Paper In3ustry... 1,7 1,8 1,5 1,0 1,0 1,2 3,5 3,9 3,4
Construction Mater-
ials Industry.... 3,6 3,3 2,7 4,3 4,0 3,9 6,3 6,0 6,2
Light Industry...... 22,2 22,2 25,9 3,6 3,8 4,4 25,5 25,6 25,1
_ Food Industry....... 24,0 27,5 25,3 5,3 7,0 7,5 10,7 11,4 10,9
The petroleum and gas industry is one of the leading branches of the republic's
economy. During the lOth Five-Year Plan two billion rubles were invested in this
branch, which is 1.4 times more than during the Ninth Five-Year Plan, 17 petroleum
and ga~ deposits werP opened, and a substantial increase in the industrial stocks
- of hydrocarbon raw materials was achieved. The five-year assignment for gas ex-
traction was fulfilled with its volume increasing by 1.4 times. The country re-
ceivzd a large amount of high quality Azerbaijan petroleum. Progressive well'ex-
ploitation technologies were introduced more widely and more than 80 percent of the
petroleum fields have been automated.
A great deal has been done for the reQquipping of offshore petroleum and gas ex-
traction. Petroleum workers have obtained new highly efficient equipment for the
performance of work at a sea depth of more than 80 meters. In 1980 the average
daily level o.f petroleum extraction in offshore fields incre;ssed. However, the
assignments of the five-year plan for petroleum extraction in the sea were not
fulfilled.
During the llth ]Five-Year Plan the importance of the petroleum and gas industry as
a supplier of raw materials for the petroleum refining, petrochemical, and chemical
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industries will become even greater. For this reason, the task consists not only
in stabilizing the~production of petroleum, but also in increasing it on the basis
of a wider introduction of progressive methods to r the intensifi~ation of extrac-
tion and of the development of new deposits on land a:~d at sea. A fundamental
improvement has tc be achieved in drilling and geological surveying ai:d prosp~cCing
work has to be strengthened in the central and western regions of the =epublic~and
in the deep waters of the Caspian Sea. The technical base of offshore petroleum
and gas extraction has to be thoroughly strengthened, work on the construction of
stationary platforms and hydroengineering installations has to be speeded up, and -
there has to be a wider.introduction of secondary and tertiary methods of producing
- petroleum on land. Petroleum refining is one of the oldest branches of the repub-
lic's industry. Since 1971 overall programs have been carried out for the recon-
struction and modernization of the petroleum ref ining industry which are aimed at
increasing production and improving output qualit y, incxeasing labor productivity,
- solving a number of social problems, and strengthening environmental protection.
During the lOth Five-Year Plan twice as much capital investments were used as dur-
ing the Ninth Five-Year Plan for the reconstruction of Baku petroleun~ refining en-
terprises. All of this makes it possible to improve prc,duction processes,~deepen
the refi.ning of the petroleum, and to increase the production of high octane gaso-
lines by almost 1.5 times and of high quality lubricating oils b;~ 7.5 times.
However, the petroleun? refining industry did not fulfill its assignments of the
lOth Five-Year Plan. Of 27 ~tems in its basic products list, the plan was fu1-
filled for only 15. The basic reason is in the breakdown of raw ma.terials deliv-
eries for this branch. It is also essential to achieve more efficient processing
of the raw materials that come in, including a sharp decrease in the loss of pet-
roleum. Reconstruction has to continue there and all�petroleum refining has to be
concentrated basically at two pl~ants--the Novo-Baku Petroleum Refining Plant imeni
V.I. Lenin for the production of high octane gaso lines and fuel, and the Baku
Petroleum Refining Plant imeni the 22nd CPSU Congress for the production of high
quality lubricating oils.
Under present-day conditions a change is occurr.ing in the republic in the relation-
ships between groups "A" and "B" of industry in favor of the latter, which is in
~ complete correspondence with the course adopted by the 26th CPSU Congress which is
aimed at achie:~ing a substantial improvement of public well-being.
One of the factors which is promoting an improvement ~f the structure of Che re-
public's industry is the availability of labor resources. In the Azerbaijan SSR
~ there is a favorable tendency toward an increase in labor resources. In this con-
- nection, it is essential to develop industrial production even more intensively in
medium and small cities and in rural areas. Here, the path has to be taken both ~
= of creating in them a wide network of branches of operating enterprises in ~he non-~
- metal-intensive branches and of the construction of new productions, espec~.ally
branches which produce consumer goods and process agricultural output. Calculat-
ions show that there are real opportunities in the republic for doubling the pro-
- duction of output in these regions during the for thcoming decade. This, in part-
icular, will make it possible to change the correlation.between the raw material
and processing branches cf industry. At the pres ent time the republic's raw mater-
ial branches produc~ 13-14 percent of the output of industry compared to 7.6 per~
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cenr in tlie USSR. An increase in the processing level of initial raw materials,
first of all in th~ chemical, petrochemical, light, and food industries, will
make it possible to increase the proportion of final output which goes directly
for production and non-production consumption.
In the future the republic will see high development rates for the wine�-making
industry which will became the country's largest area for the production and pro-
- cessing of grapes. In order to realize this goal it is necessary, in narticular,
to create a national economic grape growing complex which will include not only the
production and processing of grapes and its by products, but also the construction
of enterprises which produce machinery and equipment for these branches.
There are large reserves in the republic for increasing and improving outp~it in
other branches of group "B." Light industry enterprises are producing an insuf-
ficient amount of goods which meet the requirementsof can~orary fashion. The
- proportion of output which is produced from local raw materials comes to only three
percent of the production of local industry. Incomplete use is being made of the
opportunities for expanding the assortment of table wines and of the conditions
for developing fishing ~.n fresh waters.
On the whole, the light and food industries produce 50.5 percent of the republic's
total industrial output. However, the share of the production of consumer goods
= is only 28 percent. This is connected with the fact that a substantial part ~f
li,~*,ht industry's output is made up of technical products. Heavy industry enter-
prises do not produce enough consumer goods. For example, at many machine building
_ and metallurgicalplants this output comes to only 1.5-5 percent of total production.
The accelerated development of the branches of group "B" is a task of paramount
economic and political importance. As a result, during the llth Five-Year Plan it
is planned to increase the production growth rates of group "B" by 35.2 percent
compared to 29.3 percent for group "A."
- The machine building of the Azerbaijan SSR is constantly increasing the production
- of the machinery and mechanisms needed for the overall development of the economy
- of the republic and of the other ~conomic regions of our country. During the year~
1970-1979 the share of the republic's machine building and metal working increased
from 11 to 16.9 percent. Its output increased by 3.1 times compared to two times
in industry as a whole. In addition; during four years of the Ninth Five-Year
Plan alone machine building production increased by ~.8 times, including instru-
ment making--by almost two times, and machine building for the light and food in-
dustries--by seven times. The high development rates for machine building have
been accompanied by the creation of a multi-branch and progressive structure for
this branch.
Investment policy in the republic has been directed toward the development of
electrical engineering, instrument making, radio engineering, and others whose
- growth rates have outstripped not only the corresponding rates in the country`s
- branches, but also the average branch rates of the republic and of the country as
a whole. Thus, from 1970 through 1979 machine building output increased by 3.5
times, electrical engineering output by 2.2 times, and instrument making output
by 2.9 times.
~ ' 11
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- At thE same time, calculations performed on the basis of the materials of an inter-
branch balance show that in 1977 approximately 56 percent of the republic's need
for implements of labor caas covered by other economic regions of the country whose
proportion in the total amount of in~porte` industrial output in Azerbaijan came to
24.2 percent, and 13.4 percent of t'.e exported output. The volume of finished out-
put production in the production of the means of production in the re~ublic is .
still insufficient. A change in the structure of social production on the basis
of an accelerated development of machine building will promote a rise in the level
of the overall nature of the region's economic development.
A large role is being assigned in the llth Five-Year Plan to the development of the
republic's machine building and metal working whose growth rate5 are planned to
be two times greater than in industry as a whole. This will promote a rise in the
level of specialization and a further improvement of branch structure of Azerbaijan's
industry. By the end of the five-year plan the proportion of machine building and
metal working output in the total amount of the republic's industrial production
_ will come to around 20 percent, compared to 16.9 percent in 19~i0. In the future
this branch will become one of the leading ones which wili determine the special-
ization of the Azerbaijan SSR in the all-union division of labor. ~
_ It is planned to expand, reconstruct, and reequip the "Azerelectromash," "Azerelect-
roterm," and "Azerelectrasvet" associations. .
It is planned to carry out a complex of ineasures to increase the efficiency of the
_ use of capacitj.es and the shift coefficiQnt of equipment~ to bring about an exten-
sive introduction of the automation and mechanization of labor intensive processes,
to reduce the metal intensiveness of out.put, and to improve the technical level
and the reli~bi~ity and service life of output.
Ferrous metallurgy whose production volume will increase b~y 1.5 times during the
- five-year period is a promising branch of Azerbaijan's industry. It is planned
to further improve the technology of processing alunite ores into final products
and to make full use of the capacities at the Kirovabad Aluminum Plant, which will
make it possible to increase the production of alumina by almost 1.5 times, pot-
_ assium sulfate--five times, rolled non-ferrous metals--three times, powder metal-
lurgy output--three times, and cultural and domestic goods--1.4 times. The pro-
ducts list of non-ferrous metallurgy will be expanded. ~
The republic's ferrous metallurgy will meet basically the production needs of the
- petroleum and gas extraction branches basically for piping and for the extraction
and enrichment of iron ore. ~
During the llth Five-Year Plan the reequipping of the Azerbaijan Pipe Rolling
Plant imeni V.I. Lenin will continue. The production of high-strength thermally
processed piping for the petroleum and gas extraction industry will increase by
- 1.5 times. It is planned to build a large new shop for the thermal zincing of
pump and compressor piping. It is planned to put new sections of the iron ore
deposit into operation a,t the Azerbaijan Concentrating Combine.
The industrial growth rates require the rapid development of the republic's power
engineering and construction bases. Meanwhile, the growth rates of electric power
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Y
engineering and the construction materials industry have lagged behind their over-
all growth. ~
At~the present time the republic produces two billion kilowatt-hour~ of electric
energy less than is ~ecessary for the economy's needs. The shortage of electric
energy is compensated for through acquisitions from the United Transcaucasian Sys-
- tem. ~
"Azglavenergo" is being slow in eliminating the~shortcomings in its work. The use
- l~~vel of electrical energy equipment is low, losses of electric energy.in the sys-
t~ams are great,asis the specific expenditure of fuel at electric power stations,
and reliable electric energy supplies have not been achieved for the republic's
- economy during the fall-winter period.
The task of Azerbaijan'~ po:~er engineering workers is to ensure an outstripping .
~rowth for capacities during the llth Five-Year Plan, to~put new stations into
oF;eration which will increase the capacities of the republic's power syste~ by 1.5
times, and to begin the reequipping ofthe ent~re branch. Along with this, work on
effective methods of transforming solar, wind, and geothermal energy has to be act-
ivated.
"No matter how rapidly we develop power engineering, the saving of heat and energy
will continue to be a highly important state taska" L.I. Brezhnev said at the 26th
CPSU Congress. A search has been developed in the republic for reserves for de-
creasing the expenditure of fuel and energy resources, and the policy of developing
non-energy intensive branches of industry has justified itself. .
It is planned to bring the production of electrical energy in 1985 to 20 billion
kilowat-hours. The increase in the production of electric energy will be achieved
on the. basis of the commissioning of the Azerbaijan State Regional Electric Power
- Station and the Shamkhor State Electric.Power Station.
A further construction program is planned for hydroelectric power s~ations on the
River Kur and its tributaries on the basis of an overall use of the republic's
water resources. The construction of the Yenikendskaya, Kirsanskaya, Alazanskaya,
and Ismaillinskaya hydroelectric power stations is being planned.
The slow development rates of the construction materials industry is to a large ex-
tent explained by shortcomings in capital construction, a lack of coordination in
the work of the individual construction ministries and serious defects in the or-
ganization and management of capital construction and in the development of its
material base. Thus, for example, the ylinistry of the Construction I~Iaterials In-
dustxy fulfilled its five-year plan for gross output, but did not meet its assign-
ment for products list. There are shortcomings in material and technical supplies
for construc*.ion sites the responsibility for which rests basically with Gossnab
and the material and technical supply services and ministries and departments. On
- account of the unsatisfactory work of a number of ministries and departments and
- of contractors and clients, during the lOth Five-Year Plan around 500 million ru-
bles worth of capital investments were not utilized and more than 700 ~illion ru-

J bles worth of fixed capital was not commissioned. At the beginning of this year
~ 13
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incompleted construction came to 1.6 billion rubles, which is more than 500 mil-
lion rubles in excess of the established norm. The five-year plan for contract-
ing work was underfulfilled by 105 million rubles.
During the llth Five-Year Plan the scope and rates of capital construction wi11 in~
crease: 10.5 billion rubles in capital investments will be assigned for the econ-
omic and social development of the republic, including five billion rubles for con-
structi.on and installation work, which is 40 percent more than during the lOth Five-
Year Plan. The construction industry and the construction materials industry will
be further developed. During the five-year period the amount of contracting work
- will increase by an average of 1.5 times.
During the llth Five-Year Plan it is necessary to carry out a complex of ineasures
- to increase the effectiveness of capital investments and to achieve the accelera-
ted commissioning of production capacities and objects and a consistent decrease
- in the number of newly begun construction projects in order in the near future to
bring the amount of incompleted construction to the esti~blished norms. Certain
positive results have already been achieved in the republic in this direction.
During the last three years of the lOth Five-Year Plan the number of production
purpos construction projects decreased by 33 percent, including by 42 percent for
newly bedun ones. The level of incompleted construction de~creased from 116 per-
cent in 1975 to 98 percent in 1980. The policy aimed at the concentrated use of
material and technical and labor resources in capital construction will continue.
By the end of 1985 it is planned to bring the level of incompleted construction to
the nor~s which have been estimated at 65 percent.
Proceeding from the necessity for maintaining the high industrial production devel-
- opment rates which have developed in the republic during the last decade, the fol-
lowing directions of improving the structure of Azerbai,jan's industry are, in our
view, advisable: an optimal combination of the branches of production specializa-
tion, the branches of the infrastructure, and of the production of consumer goods
'which will ensure economically effective dimensions for the development of the
.production and non-production spheres of the republic's economic complex; the pre-
ferential development of such labor intensive branches as ensure a maximum return
. from invested resources with the least needs for water, fuel, metal, and capital
- outlays; a maximum concentration of capital investments which are allocated for
the development of industry in the rayon centers of the republic for the concen-
tration in them of large industxial complexes, the rational use of labor, material,
and natural resources, and so forth.
The task of further increasing the socio-economic effectiveness of Azerbaijan's
economy.as a component part of the country's single national economic complex is
objectively producing the necessity for moving on to a qualitatively new level in
the development of the productiv~ forces in the interest of ensuring the balanced
and proportional growth of the economy and of strengthening its social directions.~
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda," "Voprosy ekonomiki," 1981
2959
CSO: 1830/94 ~
~ 1~
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REGIOPdAL
ESTONIAI~T KOM50MOL NUST STR~SS CONSERVATION OF FULL~ RESOURCES
Tallinn NOLODLZH ESTONII in Russian 17 Nov S1 p 3
~Report by Ya. Saa.rniyt~ secr~ta~y of the Komsomol of Estonia CC: "On the Tasks
of the Republic's Komsomol Organizations Regarding Mobilization of Komsomol Membei~s
and Youth to Struggle for the Cconomical and Rational Utilization of Raw-Materia,~,
_ Puel-~{,nergy, and Other hlaterial Resources"J
~TextJ The ~asic Directions for the Ec~nomic and Social Development of the USSR
during the Years 1981--i985 and the period to 199o state that the principal task
of the 11th I'ive-Yeax Plan is to ensure the further growth of the 5oviet people's
well-being, based on the steady development of the country's national economy, an
acceleration of scientific and technical progress, and the conversion of the na-
tional econom,y to the rails of intensive development~ a more rational utilization
of production potential~ multifaceted economizing on resources~ and an improvement
in work quality. In the center of particular attention by party policy are the
problems of rational and economical resource utilization.
~Proceeding from the decisions of the 26th party congress, a joint dec'ree was adop-
ted by the CPSU CC and the L'SSR Council of Ministers, entitled "On Stepping Up Work
With Regartl to Economizing a.nd Rationally Utilizing Raw-Iiaterial~ Fuel-Energy, and
Other Piaterial :?esources."
Basing their efforts on the congress materials and the given decree~ the bureau of
the K~mosomol discussed the tasks of the Komsomol organizations in the light of
these documents. A comprehensive plan was rrorked out to ensure the active partici-
pation of Komsomol members and youth in the campaign for conservation.
f~~nsuring an energy supply~ together with outlays'on raw ma~erials and fuel, com=
. prise 73 percent of the total amount~of expenditures for the production of indus-
trial output. Just one perc:ent of the savings on these outlays would allow us to
increase the national income by 6 billion rubles. Approxima-;-.ely as much could a1-
so be obtained by means of increasing the return on investment by one kopeck for
each ruble of fixed-capital costs. The total sum which eould be obtained in such
a manner tirould en~ure by almost one-fourth the amount of annual capital investL
ments in the development of the country's agriculture. Hence, it is obvious how
important it is to be economical.
The successes in the development of our republic's national econemy during the
years of the Soviet power axe well known to all. Now~ during a period of 8 days~
~ 1~~
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our industry produces just as much as throughout a11 of 19~0. During the last 5
~ years alone fixed capital increased by a factor of 1.3, and its total value amount-
ed to 13 billion rubles. During the past year Estonia's national economy consumed
more than 8 billion kW-hrs of electric power, 5.7 million Giga-cals of heat~ 2.6
million tons of petroleum products, '~9 million tons of shale,.316~500 tons of fer-
rous metals, 9~2,000 tons of mineral fertilizers, and many other material and raw-
material resources. It is not hard to imagine how much our national economy would
gain if a one=percent savings could be made on a11 these expenditures. In order to
do this~ we must cut down all possible losses~ make more rational use of raw mate-
rials, and produce less waste~materials which are unsuitable for re-processing.
The republic's Komsomol CC, the Estonian Komsomol's gorkoms and raykoms, the lead-
ing officials of enterprises and departments, party and trade-union organizations
axe constantly conducting explanatory work among the youth and Komsomol members,
applying all their efforts to mobilizing it for a caxeful and rational expenditure
of all materials and resources. During the past five-year plan our republic's Kom-
somol organizations took part in the All-Union campaign for conservation. A great
deal of work in conducted inspections.was done by the Kohtla-Jarve and Narva Komso-
mol gorkoms, the Komsomol committees of the Estorislanets Production Association and
the Kiviyli SKhL ~expansion unknownJ, the Il'maxine Plant~ the Tartu Control-Appa-
ratus Plant~ the Vilyandi D~.iry Combine, and the Komsomol members of the Bambola
Kolkhoz in Vilyandi Rayon.
The Komsornol-Youth 13rigade from the Vivikond Mine Pit, under Sergey Popo'v's leader-
ship, is actively working to lower the production cost of a ton of shale by one ko-
peck. ihe brigade.has fulfilled its socialist pledges, and since the be~inning of
the year it has already saved 1~247 rubles worth of materials.
The Komsomol-Youth Section of the October Mine Pit (Georgiy Kassen, chief~ this
year made savings on materials amounting to 4~280 rubles. And the members of the
- Komsomol-Youth group of BelAZ heavy-duty dump-truck dxivers from this same mine pit
during the thircl quarter alone conserved 31~500 liters of fuel. A~ a result of the
common efforts of a11 the association's workers~ Estonslanets reduced the produc=
tion cost of one ton of shale by an average of 3 kopecks. Taking part in the move-
ment entitled "Nlore Sha1e for Less Outlays" axe more than 20 Komsomol-Youth groups~
while only 40 percent of the youth are here~ The association could operate for an
en~tire month on the electric power which was saved. during the past five-year plan.
Remarkable yrork within the framework of the campaign for conser-~ration has been ac-
complished by our electric-gower engineers. The staff of the Baltic GRES's Komso-
mol ~potli~ht conducted a monitoring~ fact-findi.ng trip. During the course of
checking up on the rational utilization of equipment it was discovered that on one
. of the compressors there had been installed not a 250-kW motor~ as was supposed~
but rather one of twice that capacity. The Spotlighters addressed a request to the
station's administration to replace this motor. As a result of this~ several thou-
sand kW-hrs of electric power have been saved. During the course of another trip
it was revealed that every hour the~station was "eating up" excess tons of shale.
This information was also brought to the attention of the authorities. And now
the actual consumption of raw material has been reduced. to the norm.
The railroad ~rorkers' group is paying a great deal of attention to economizing on
fuel and energy. i~:ore than 2~000 Komsomol members and youths are employed there.
~ 16~
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~ The youn~ transport workers actively participate in drawing up Komsomol-Youth
routes. Trains are made up of nominally economizec3 caxs, and they are hauled. by
, diesel and electric locomotives operating on conserved fuel and power.
Komsomol members of the~Tallinn Transport Complex also actively paxticipate in the
- struggle for an economical and rational expenditure of ?n~terials. As a result of
joint efforts~ they.have managed not only to reveal bottlenecks in the organization
of hauls and freight-handling operations but also to develop agitation among the
youth in the largest enterprises of the republic's capital for the rational utili-
zation of transport means, savings in time~ and reduction of idle times. Thus, at
the tirood-processing plant, at the Maa.rdu Chemical Plant~ as well as at several
other groups, t.he Komsomol committees have enrolled youth into freight-handling
r~ork, while at the Vol'ta Pla.nt a special brigade for urgent work has even been
created within the Komscmol committee. One feels that these orga.nizations under-
stand ho~r profitable it is to speed up cax turnover on the railroad.
At the same time there axe considerable unutilized resources in the work of a sin-
gle transport complex. Ties between the Komsomol orgaxiizations of the city's en-
terprises require further expansion and strengthening. Al1 work on increasing the
efficiency of tran~port operations must be put on a~rell-organized basis.
Hlon~ with direct ~avin~;s~ the rational expenditure of power and fuel depends in
_ large measure on nerr technical decisions~ the newest achievem~nts of science, and
- the effectiveness of proposal~ by efficiciency experts. We must note the achieve-
ments o~ the comprehensive youth creative group, headed by V. Vasil'yev in the Sci-
entific Research Institute on Shales. For its fruitful work in this field this
group has been awarded the Ninistry's Certificate of Good Work and Conduct for
three years in a row.
~Jell-taxgeted ~.*ork on developing rational methods among youth have been engaged in
by the Kohtla-Jarva gorkom, the October and Parnu raykoms of the Komsomol~ the pri-
maxy IComsomol organizations of the Tihemetsa Sovkhoz Tekhnikum~ the Kuusalu Kol-
khoz, the Baltic GRES, and the Fishing Kolkhoz imeni Kirov.
- But~ at the same time~ it should be noted~that the Komsomol organizations axe not
paying enough attention to such factors in ti~orking with young efficiency experts
- as rendering them multi-faceted aid~ as well as moY~al and material incentives.
= For their hi~h achievements in economizing on raw materials, fuel, an3 other re-
sources during the last five-yeax plan the Krengol'mskaya manufaktura Combine; the
i~orma, l~stonslanets, i;strybprom Froduction Associations, and another entire series
of ~;roup~ rrere awaxded Certificates of Good 'rlork and Conduct by the ~1UCCTlJ, the .
Kom~omol CC ~ and 'J:~~:t Cossnab.
As you can see~ r~e do have our achievements. i3ut there are still reserves. Suf-
fice it to say that in comparison with the most developed countries we are still
lagging behind in outlays of raw materials and power to produce a conventiona.l
unit of national income. The material consumption of certain types of output is
still too great. As before~ we axe still not fully extracting minerals from the
depths of the earth. Utilization of scrap metal and waste paper has been insuffi-
ciently developed. 1'here are still considerable losses of finished goods in sto-
rage and in transport.
� 17.
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Al1 these shortcomings axe cited in the above-mentioned party documents, and they
also pertain to our republic.
- Unfortunately, in many city and rayon Komsomol organizations during the period be-
tween the reports and the elections questions of economies and conservation axe
discussed. neither at the bureau sessions nor at the plenums. As a result~ in these
rayons and cities the youth and Komsomol members have not been drawn into the cam-
paign for conservation and economies. Nor axe these questions reflected to a suf-
ficient degree in the socialist pledges, and they axe not considered in the course
of the Leninist accounting. In the final a.nalysis, instea3 of economies, we have
to deal rrith an overexpenditure of materials and resour~es~ as happened in the sub-
divisions of the republic's Ministry of Construction: an above-norm expenditure oi'
reinforced concrete, glass, linoleum is often permitted in the `rallinstroy Trust,
as well as in the Ivarva and Kohtla-Jarva Construction Trusts. And the Komsomol ur-
ganizations of these trusts have not even considered it necessary to examine these
problems among themselves.
The Komsomol organizations of transport rrorkers daily encounter the problems of ra-
tionally expending fuel and lubricating materials. If in Tallinavtotrans an~i the
Viljandi Motor Pool Ivo 9 the Komsomol committees and "searchlighters" have taken
. upon themselves the task of monitoring their rational utilization and have already
, achieved consic~erable successes, this cannot be said of the remaining Komsomol or-
ganizations of transport enterprises. Too little attention is being paid to these,
problems in the taxi and bus pools of Tallinn. And it turns out that they either
have a large over-expenditure of gasoline, or they sell the e~tra amounts at
bl~ck-maxket prices.
= I think that the examples cited above axe sufficient for the staffs and posts of
the Komsomol Seaxchlight of the motor-transport workers to understand wha,t tasks
they axe confronted with and to get to work on the matter in ea,rnest.
It is well known that in our country every second ton of steel and cast iron is
smelted from scxap metal. Utilization of secondaxy raw material in metallurgy is
15 times cheaper than using ore. But in ma,ny organizations and enterprises the
collection and conveying of scrap metal is considered to be an excess burden. And
~ what a laxge amount of this old metal is still lying about and rusting in dumps,
along roads, and at plant and factory areas: Mea,n'wni_le tlae Komsomol gorkoms and
raykoms chronically fai7. to fulfill their plans for turning over scrap metal, and
~he Komsomol CC must remind them of this ~very quarter. For several yeaxs in a
row already the Komsomol members of Ta111nn's Norskoy ~MaritimeJ Raybn~ on the ter-
ritory of which large industrial enterprises axe located., have not been able to
fulfill their plans for turning over raw materials. Things are also unsatisfactory
in the Valga Ra~on. tievertheless, a number of organizations do ma.nage to cope with
their plans year after year~ for example~ the Viljandi Rayon and th~e Leninskiy Ra-
yon of the city of Tallinn. Could it be that the Komsomol members of the Leninskiy
- Rayon have more supplies of scrap metal than their neighbors from the P~torskoy Ra-
~ yon? 41e simply must pay more attention to these problems here. We would also ad-
_ vise our comrades from the N:orskoy Komsomol Raykom to turn to their neighbors for
- experience. It is not fax to go for such benefits--700 meters.
- � 18
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The I'ioneers and other schoolchildren have also made their contribution to the col-
lection of secondaxy raFr material. ~ During the third quaxtex the young l~arvans col-
l~cted 35 tons of scrap metal, i~hile their fellows from the Kalininskiy Rayon of
our republic's capital collected 46 tons. t3y the way, the Pioneers and other
schoolchildren of Tallinn's I~~orskoy Rayon did not collect even 100 kg of scrap me~
~ ta.l. The Komsomol committees have serious complaints against the Vtorchezmet As-
sociation, yrhich is not always capable of ensuring the on-schedule reception of raw
material. Thus~ on 18 September a truck-driver from the Estkolkhozstroy SrN ~Con-
, struction and Installation AdministrationJ had to spend considerable time and ef-
fort to turn over the scrap metal which he was haulin~. Although it is well known
that from 0800 to 1830 hours scrap metal collected by Komsomol members is received
on a non-scheduled basis. But on that particu~ar day only one out of five cranes
zyas in operation at the warehouse in Paaskula. To unload the truck, the .
- crane operators demanded payment from the driver in the form of gasoline ~r an a1-
coholic drink. At that time there was no one from the head office in the waxehouse
axea. Inasmuct~ as such complaints as this have come in on mare than one occasion
from the Komsomol committees and schools~ we expect from the management of Vtor-
chermet a more principled attitude toward the situation which has been created and
the adoption of specific measures.
The business of collecting waste paper has been fairly well organized in our repub-
lic's schools. On an aver~e last year each schoolchild accounted for 16.6 kg of
this valuable secondasy raw material. We should note the work of the Kohtla-Jarve
and Parnu Kom~omol ~orkoms on mobilizing Pioneers and other schoolchildren to col-
lect secondary raw material. And we would ad.vise that their example be followed
by the Komsomol organizations of the Jogeva and Morskoy Rayons.
One of the most acute problems remaining in our republic is that of the rational
consumption of electric poi~er. Last yeax 57 industrial enterprises pern?itted an
, over-expenditure.
- It should be said that savings on electric power axe~ perhaps, the most widespread
form of economics, and the Komsomol Searchlighters are paying sufficient attention
to this. But each person must be made awaxe of the need.for a rational expendi-
ture of kW-hrs so that everyone will be caxeful not to leave on lights, machine
tools~ or instruments r;ithout necessity.
- And we must d~rell particulaxly on the problems of economics and con.servation in
agriculture, ~r~ the use of products of livestock raising an~3 plant cultivation. In
this present year~ which has been very difficult for agriculture, the field workers
by their self-sacriiicing toil have ensured a satisfactorily full winter period for
the livestock. The harvest s~as gathered in. It was necessary to work by using
every single minute suitable fer field operations. This summer the Komsomol mem-
bers and youths~ the ~~aD ~expansion unknownJ and ~~Sh ~expansion unknownJ "fight-
ers" actively pasticipated in the Sunday and Saturday work to procure the hay;
they also made their contribution to picking fruit~ vegetables~ and potatoes. '
Glorking iaith the slogan, "Gather the haxvest without losses~" remarkable r~sults
were achieved by the youn~ combine operators--the Komsomol Members Yuri Vyaen from
the ICamb'ya ~ovkhoz, Aaxe Kade from the Akh'ya Kolkhaz~ Yuri Kappe from the Rida]a
~ovkhoz, and others.
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~ I~;arching in the front ranks of the young agricultural workers~axe such machine-
operators as the third-yeax student~of the Tihemetsa Sovkhoz-Tekhnikum, A;ati Tamme-
org (who threshed 720 registered tons of grain, averaging 20 quintals per hectaxe).
The rationalization movement i.s spreading among the rural youth. Yuri Sep~ from
the Alliku Sovkhoz of the Paide Rayon replaced the reax wheels ori hi.s Niva with
, large ones. As a result, the tilt of the entire vehicle was altered., and this al~-
~ lowed a considerable reduction in grain losses during +.:^e reaping process.
~ ihe name o~ Imre Laas~ a driver from the Vykhma Kolkhoz, Viljandi Iiayon has already
for many years now been listed among the leadin~ dxivers in the republic-wide com-
petition for hauling a~ray grain. Caxeful maintenance ~of the vehicle entr,usted to
him and an accurate attitude have allowed him to work without losses in ~�ransport-
ing grain and to have a solid savings in fuel.
Unfortunately, however, matters do not stand well everywhere or always. It is
painful to see ~rain which has been gmi;n with such d.ifficulty spilling out onto
the grour.d throu~h the cracks of the truck bodies and to see.it spoiling in storage
facilities which have not been prepaxed for grain. Thus~ on the Lembitu and Khallis-
te farms of Viljandi Rayon several tons of grain spoilt just bECause they h~d. been
placed for storage in areas which tirere unsuitable for this purpose. In the Haapsa-
lu Rayon fire destroyed 149 tons of hay and in Rapla Rayon--60 tons. And through-
out the republic in toto as much hay burned as could have fed about 600 head of
cattle during the ~~inter. Such losses--the completely wasted labor of some per-
sons because of the caxelessness of others--means that tons and quintals of live-
stock products will not be obtained. It is necessaxy that the farm Kamsomol orga-
nization.s and the Komsomol raykoms draw serious conclusions for themselves and deal
harshly rrith those who are guilty.
Prom the viewpoint of strengthenin~ the savings cycle we must maintain in the field
of vision not only the rational expenditure of raw materials and derived products
but also the accounting artd economical consumption of r'inished goods.
Thus, at several dairy-product complexes in the republic above-norm losses of milk
axe ~ein~ permitted. At the enterprises of the riinistry of the Timber~ Pulp and
_ Paper, a:nd i+food-Processin~ Industry a significant partion of the wood is still go-
ing to t�ra,ste. To be sure~ at the pro~ressive enterprises efforts are being made
to utilize the i�raste products as well, to turn them into revenue-producers~ and
here there~are possibilities for the l:omsomol to show itself to good advanta,~e.
;~conomizin~ should affect each of us on a purely personal level as well. Take our
attitude totirard bread. How much of it grows stale here and then is thrown away:
Yes~ despite the increase in outlays for the production of bakery products~ they
are just as cheap as before; the price policy,remains that of former times. But a
conservationist attitude toward bread must become a cause for the entire nation;
, ?�~idespread~ explanatory irork must be conducted everywhere. It is no secret that
it is most frequently schoolchildren Frho treat bread in a most imperraissible man-
ner. Iti the school cafetsrias torn-up~pieces of bread lie around on the tables,
on the plates, or are thrown back and forth. Here is where the Pioneer organiza-
tion and the ~chool's Iiomsomol ought to say something. Positive experience in
working in this direction has been accumulated in Parnu. Kohtla-Jarve, and Narva.
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A large role in strengthening the savings cycle has been delegated to the propa-
ganda or~ans. In accordance Y~ith the nEw structure of Komsomol political educa-
tion, 122 schools have not~ begun classes on the topic "Conservation is a communist
trait," h~hile 4~4 schools have begun cl~.sses on the topic "The development of so-
cialist competition is the inculcation of a communist attitude toward work."
- Committees and Komsomol propagandists should pay particulax attention to the or-
ganic ties between methods of economic management at each work place. In order to
do this, it is necessa.ry to provide the students with more practical assignments~
then to correct their analyses and bring the topics of their reports and these as-
_ signments closer to the life of the specific group.
i~;ore attention ou~ht to be paid to the problems of economizing and conservation by
the lecturers rrho speak before an audience af young persons. Analysis of the ques-
~ tions asked by youth testify to the fact that specific economic problems represent
considerable interest for young fellows and girls. i3ut we do need to tie in the
theoretical calculations more clcsely with the practice, with the problems rrhich
confront specific groups.
P~o sma11 contribution to the cause of economizing on and the rational expenditure
of materials~ rarr materzals~ and resources is being made by the 5~500 sta,ffs and
~ post~ of the Komsomol :~earchlight which have been created in our republic; they
comprise a total complex of 17,000 persons. During the course of their "raids"
~fact-findin~ trips~ they discover shortcomings and monitor their elimination. In
1979 and 19~~ 3~5~~ such "raids" were conducted in order to check up on the utili-
zation of fuel and electric power. The "searchlighters" of Goskomnefteprodukt
have put under their constant monitoring the operation of gasoline service sta=
tions. In Tallinn alone last yeax 12,000 liters of gasoline were returned. to the
state; the coupon stubs for them had in some mysterious way wound up in the hands
of the owners of private vehicles. Goskomnefteprodukt's Komsomol members invite
~ Searchlighters from other ministries and departments to participate in raids so
that they in turn can tal:e over the task of mon~toring the distribution and utili-
zation of assets bein~ allocated for fuels and lubricating materials. Taking an
active part in these check-ups are Komsomol activists from the Ministry of Light
Industry, communications, and Tallinavtotrans.
In the sprin~ of this year the republic's.Seaxchlighters conducted a"conservation
raid~" the ~oal of which was to check up on the utilization of production wastes
and secondary raw materials at industrial enterprises and to discover possibili-
ties for using these oraste products in industry. Proposals were madp to a number
of enterprises to ~et up production from the waste products or to find other pos-
sible uses for them.
One of the shortcomin~:, of the Komsomol ~earchlight's work is that often the pat-
- rols are limited to the role of pointing thin~s out and criticizing them. Thus,
the Komsomol members of the Iiorskoy Rayon discovered a pile of rusting scrap
metal in Lasnama~i. They noted it do~�Tn and turned in the information. This was
in the spring. But the metal is still lying there to this very day under the open
sky~ needed by nol~ody. Dut ~he Norskoy Rayon did not even come close to fulfill-
ing its plan for turning over scrap metal.
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:~lthough or. the 4~hole the staffs and posts of the KP ~Komsomol SearchlightJ have
been operatin~ quite ti~rell in the republic, ~~e must also dwell on some other short-
comings. The Seaxchlighters in the organizations with fewer members operate inef-
fectively and passively. Often the young people are not sufficiently demanding;
they lack a sense of purpose and persistence. Here and there aid on the part of
the Komsomol committees is tireak~ tize results of the work are not discussed at
meetings~ and representatives of the administration who would be able to inform
the young people about the course of eliminating the discovered shortcomings are
not invited. to these meetings. .
It must be acknowledged that the rayon staffs are not always the genuine leaders
of the aeaxchlighter~. ~taff work has been very rreakly set up in the city of Tax-
tu, a:: r~ell as in the Va16a and Ftapla Rayons; the Tallinn city KP staff has also
lo~t it~ former po~ition.
The ta~k of the l:omsomol Searchli~ht does r~ot consist solely of discovering short-
coming~. The KF staffs and~posts should become a school of economic management
for everyone.
Guided by the deci:;ions of the 26th CP~li Congress, the~decrees of the paxty and
the ~overnment about s~tren~thening the savings cycle and the rational utilization ,
of resources, the republica.n Komsomol organization has outlined its most important
tasks, and it understands i�:hat an enormous amount of work it is confronted with.
It is necessary to thoroughly and multi-facetedly analyze~the state of affairs at
industrial enterprises and to provide a principled evaluation of instances of poor
mana~ement .
In perfecting the mechar~ism of the economical expenditure of materials, raw materi-
als~ and resources~ c~e must rnake fuller use of the possibilities wl~ich socialist
competition accords us. '1'his should be done so that the reduction of the propor-
tionate expenditure of raw materials, other materials, and resources per unit of
output produced become~ the principal indicator in summing up the results of the
labor compe~ition amon~ the young people. It is necessasy to develop on a broader
- basis the movem ent entitled "Every young worker should maintain a personal account
of the economies~effected by him"; its goal is,the maximum reduction of production
~�rastes, the decrease of losses, and_the utilization of secondary raw materials.
In 19II0 the I:omsomol members of Viljandi Rayon became the initiato~~ of this move- ~
ment. It ~ained ~:ide~pread acceptance amon~; the young rural workers and transport
l~forkers of tht:~ rayon. 'i'his has also been recognized on an All-Union scale. ~ut
here ~rithi.n the ~orcier~ o!' our republic it has still not found its followers
everytirhere.
SJe must propa~andize more ~�~idely the progressive experience of the economical ex-
penditure oi ra~.~ ;naterials and resources. Piore attention should be paid to the ~
problems of c.onservation in organizing and conducting c.ompetitions in vocational
skills and the exchan~;e of experience.
In accordance with the decision of the I~:omsomol CC~ during the yeaxs 1981--1985 ~
the country jJill conduct an ~lll-Ur,ion contest for the effective utilization of
. raw materials, other materials, and energy resources. Komsomol organizations
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mu~t discu~~ the problems of conc3ucting the contests in their own localities,
achieve the most t�idespread and mass paxticipation in it by the young people.
To activate their own ~rorI: is a matter of honor for the young efficiency experts.
_ Their creative thou~ht ouoht to be directed at seeking out new ways of economi~-
- ing. It is also necessaxy to attract groups of youn~ scholaxs into this work.
~Je must animate the tirork of the IComsomol Seaxchlight staffs and posts, enrich its
active struggle aga.inst manifestations of negligence~ thefts of socialist pro-
perty, and enlist operative l~omsomol detachments fbr raids.
E1t present accounts and elections are takin~ place in the komsomol organizations.
The culmination of the campaign irill be the congresses of the republi~'s 1{omsomol
and the ~11-Union i;omsomol. It is necessaxy that the questions of economizing, as
ur~ent questions of our party's policy~ become the subject of concerned cunversa-
_ tion at the accounts and election meetings in tirorkshop, primary, rayon~ and city
or~;anizations. It i~ necessary that the serious and concerned conversations be
follo~: ed by :~~ecific: deed~.
Comrade Alloi�: me ~.o expre~s cor.fidence that the republic's Komsomol organiza-
tions ;~rill do everythir~~; to inculcate in youth the inner need for a conservation-
- ist attitude to~�ard the riational good, confidence that the young people will make
a ti~orthy contribution to the economy and to the rational utilization of rail mate-
rials~ fuel, other materials, and resources, fulfilling thereby the decisions of
- the 26th C?'aU Congress in th'e fields of economic and social development.
238~
cso: laoo/13z
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- REC InNAL
ESTONIAN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION II~ 11TH FIVE-YEAR PLAN
Tallinn NOUKOGUDL KOOL in Estonian No 10, Oct 81 pp 4-7
[Article by Elmar Alas: "Implement Party Decisions: Vocational Education in
the llth Five-Year Plan"]
[Text] The "Basic Directions for 1981-1985 and the Period Until 1990" approved
- by the 26th CPSU Congress regarding the economic development of the USSR stress
that the new decade will be a major step in the establishment of communism's
material-technological base, the development of social relationships and the
- shaping of a new~man.
The CPSU will in the 1980's steadily continue to implement its economic strate-
gy whose highest aim is the irrevocable raising of the people's standard of
living and cultural level, and the creation of most favo.rable conditions for a
comprehensive development of a person on the basis of further increases in the
effectiveness of social production, labor productiv~ty,~ and the social and
labor-related activity of the Soviet man. The success of solvitig these economic
and sociopolitical tasks, it was noted at the 26th party congress, is most
directly connected to the~level of the education and working skills of our
youth, the growth in the social and labor-related activity of Soviet people.
At the 26th CPSU Congress it was stressed that the labor class in our society
, has grown and will continue to grow. This is due not only to its numerical
growth but also to the increases in its ideological-political maturity, its
education, and skill levels. Consequently, the preparation of vocational school
students must be perfected, the responsibility of the vocational school to the
society for fulfilling these tasks must increase. �
From this there follow specific tasks for state vocational education systems, for
the educational staffs of the yocational schools, for the party and other social
organizations of the educational institutions--for all who have been entrusted
with training the young workers, the new relief of the glorious worlcing class
of our country.
In meeting directives of party and government the personnel of the vocational
education system of the republic have accomplished a remarkable job during the
lOth Five-Year Plan in broadening and perfecting the preparation of young skilled
workers. During the last five-year period the vocational education network was
expanded by three institutions, and the number of youths studying in vocational
schools increased by 21 percent. The vocational schools met the tasks of the
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lU~l~ f.ivc-year period: In 1976-1980 almost 35,000 qualified workers were pre- . "
pared and employed ir. the national economy, including 8,500 in industry, 5,5~J0
in construction, 6,000 in agriculture. At courses offered by the vocational
schools, 13,500 persons received training or incr.eased their skills. This year
5,630 persons graduated from vocational schools.
In addition to these facts, qualitative changes must be stressed. During the
five-year period the reorganization of the schools znto vocational secondary
schools and technical schools was accomplished. Currently more than 15,300
youths are studying in the 28 vocational secondary schools and 6 technical
schools of the v~cational education network.~
The comprehensive success of the system has occurred thanks to the constant
attention and practical assistance of the Soviet organs and the selfless work
of the teaching staffs of our schools. It can be said that one result has been
a r.ise in the prestige of the vocational education system and in its importance
in solving socioeconomic problems in the republic.
Even thou~h we accept almost 9,000 persons into vocational schools, it is by
far not enough to meet the requirements of the national economy for labor.
This has been taken into account in compiling the llth Five-Year Plan. Thus,
38,600 skilled workers must be prepared in 1981-1985, including 29,000 in the
day courses of vocational schools. Admittance to technical schoals will in-
crease markedly. ~
Meeting this goal will not be easy, considering employment and shortage of
labor in our republic, and the limited youth cadres. It requires that youth
be precisely distributed among the educational systems and that the vocational
counseling and assignment be improved markedly. This need was underscored in
the speech of Comrade K. Vaino to the ECP CC congress, and in the decisions of
the congress. We have begun to establish the necessary material base for meet-
ing the task. More precisely, preparations began 2 years.ago wlien the ECP CC
and the ESSR Council of Ministers adopted a directive regarding the vocational
training of the republic's youth. That directive approved a specific voca-
tional sci~ool construction schedule for 1981-1990. According to this directive
- 8 new vocational secondary schools with 720 spaces each are to be constructed
in the llth Five-Year Period, to be followed by 5 new ones, and construction is
to begin of 4 more vocational schools. The construction of new vocational schools
and expansion of existing ones will increase the capacity of the system by more
than 11,000 spaces in the two five-year periods, almost doubling the capacity.
- At this very time six new vocational school complexes are being built. The 33d
- vocational school at Sillamae opened its doors on 1 September to train skilled
metalworkers, machinebuilders, and laborers for local needs. Intensive con-
_ struction is underway to begin training personnel for the~Tallinn light industry,
the "Talleks" and "Volta" plants, and the Machine Construction Plant imeni J.
Lauristin. A rural vocational school is being built at Kose in Harju Rayon to
train machine operators and rural construction personnel. Construction has be-
gun on vocational schools at Kohtla-Jarve and Tartu~to train personnel for,
respectively, the oil shale complex and the staffs of the Ministry of Meat and
Dairy Industry, and the Ministry of Food Industry. Construction of two more
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- vocati.onal schools in Tal].inn is scheduled for the llth Five-Year Period to
tr~iin personnel for the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry for ~ommunal ~
Industry.
Wide-ranging tasks concern the expansion of existing vocational schools and the
creation of the lacking material base, the improvement of student-teacher living
conditions. Since an expansion of student bodies in most of the existing voca-
tional schools is impossible, it is obvious how important the completion of the
outlined construction program has become. On the basis of the decisions of
party and government we must markedly improve cooperation between planning
organs, the concerned ministries, the local party and soviet organizations and
other builders so as to guarantee the unswerving fulfillment of state construc-
- tion plans for vocational schools.
~ A considerable increase in new students in vocational schools will result in
� marked c}?anges in the distribution of young people between the various educa-
tional systems. Tt~us the percentage~of 8th grade graduates entering vocational
schools rose from 20 to 25 in this year alone. This number will steadily grow
in future years and should by 1990 rise to 32-33 percent. Admittances to tech-
riical schools will increase to 2,500 by 1985.
This fact must be taken into account in the work of our vocational and general ~
educational schools. These questions must be explained to the parents, they
must be an important focus of attention of base enterprises and plants.
The implementation of general secondary education has made secondary education
universal, more precisely, it has becon~e the educational level of the ma~ority
of workers. It is known that almost 70 percent of graduates of secondary
schools will start work in the industry of our republic. For this reason the
correct vocational information, guidance, and skill selection of the youths in �
- conformance with the needs of society have become of crucial importance. Un-
fortunately, there are s�till great differences between the needs of society and
t-.he interests an~!. wishes of youth. For this reason we must make the counseling
much more effective, especially concerning orientation of laboring vocations.
Vocational guidance in itself is a large complex of ineans that includes a con-
siderable portion of a youn~ person's life. The main emphasis is of course on
the general educational school.
Undoubtedly the home and kindergarten play an important part, but the primary
task lies with the teacher who has immediate contact with the youth, evaluates
vocations and trains his students to respect the work of a laborer and the work-
ing man. The teacher's example and his word is often decisive. We all are fac-
ing a wide field of work in giving the teaching body a correct overview of
vocational education, provide it with the most necessary information and mater~,
ial~ for vocational guidance. This will provide the preconditions for an active
participation on the part of the teachers in these processes.
Vocational guidance within vocational schools consists primarily of increasing
the interest, respect and love of each student for the subject being taught.
In addition, a trainee must often and for various reasons be transfered to
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another specialty or into another school, considering the trainee's personality �
and the specific needs of the national economy.
Considering the.plan for development of the national economy the ESSR State Voca~
, tional Education Committee and the vocational schools have compiled yearly pZans
of admission according to the type of school, length of study and specialties in
cooperation with the ministries and central organs. We provide information to
vocational guidance institutions abost specialties and class sizes within the
plans of towns and rayons, and make the necessary vocationai propaganda.
The t~aching staffs of the vocational schools are steadily striving for goals
that are posted by the party and government to train the students of the voca-
tional education system and to further perfect the education.
Teaci~ing staffs have done a breat job in constructing and furnishing training
facilities that meet tlie rayuirements of the programs and are completely mechan-
ized. One should poirit out espacially the 3d vocational school imeni A. Muurisepp,
the lst vocational school, the lSth technical school (in Tallir~.n), the 30th
vocational school (in Helme), the 14th vocational school imeni A. Grivtsov (in
Narva), the specialized vocational school No 34, etc. The departmental system
_ has been implemented in vocational schools. ~
The cooperation of several sponsoring installations--the "Dvigatel" plant, the
Estonian Railway Department of the Baltic Railroad, the "Punane Ret" plant, the
Tallinn Residential Construction Combine--with the corresponding vocational
schools in improving the training base and practical training has itnproved.
Many teachers and masrers conduct productive pedagogical work. New effective
teaching methods, training aids and handouts, interdisciplinary connections and
technical teaching methods are constantly used by, for example, S. Torri of the
lst vocational school, a Redkin of the lOth vocational school, M. Tae of the
vc~cational school imeni K. Karber, G. Batina of the vocational school A. Kreis-
berg, A. Sinisalu and V. F.isen of the lSth technical school, H. Ahven of the
13th vocational school, H. Vajakas of the 31st vocational school, and many
otl~ers. A1] of the above l~as positively influenced the training in vocational
schools. 'i'lic connections between education and raising the student have been
strengt:~ened, success in learning has improved, as has the quality of training:
- the knowledge, skills, and experiences of students have improved. The number
~ of distinguished graduates of vocational and technical schools has increased;
_ they can enter higher institutions of learning immediately after vocational
5chool. There were almost 100 such youths in 1980.
- One cannot be satisfied with the results by any means. A new directive about
plannin.g, teaching and training will come into force this year, a new method of
- experiments and tests has been put �in force. Several new recouQnendations about
a perspective-thematic planning of general subjects have been issued to effect
. a better connection between specialized subjects and productive training. All
of this should contribute considerably to further improve teaching management
and to raise the effectiveness of training. This requires that teaching staffs
pay greater attention to the unity of teaching and raising, general and voca-
tional training and tt~eir organic connection, to the improvement of labor train-
- ing, to effective teaching methods and facilities, to learning from and implement~
ing exemplary educational experiences.
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'fhe training of l~iglily skilled workers demands that production-rela~ed training
be further improved and better planned, that training and productive work be ~
selected correctly and comprehensively, anc: that it be taught on the basis of
complex production. Our aim is that the teaching facilities in the training
shops of vocational schools be as similar as.possible to the working conditions
- in industrial enterprises,that they will proyide for the use of various work
methods, modern technology and equipment.
The acquisition of specialized knowledge, skills, and experiences is enhanced by ~
the students' secure grasp of general educational subjects. For this reason we
must pay greater attentiori to increasing the effectiveness and quality of general
- education, and to improve the connections between it and vocational training.
The training and education of students takes place primarily in classrooms. For
that reason we will attempt to further improve preparation for lessons, to vary
the forms and methods, to shape a student's habit for independent work, to im-
prove the activity of the students.~ It is in the classrooms that a young per-
sonality must be shaped, one characterized by co~nunist conviction, preparedness
for self-denying work for the benefit of the society. Therefore each lesson must
meet its educational objective, and vouchsafe the unity of the youth's ideologi-
cal-political, vocational, and moral education.
We have begun to devote more attention to removing the gaps in the knowledge of
graduates of the eighth grade, to individual attention for poorly progressing
students, to a systematic arrangement of teachtng materials.
The collegium of the ESSR State Vocational Education Co~nittee has approved the
experiences of several school staffs and teachers. Their distribution and im-
plementation has contributed to improving the level of education and training of
vocational schools. �
A creative attitude to work, the implementation of exemplary experiences must
become a daily habit for all teachers and vocational training masters.
- It must be said that there are many unused reserves for this work. The experi-
ences of those teachers and schools who constantly achieve perfect success in
training, where student attrition is low and work discipline high are still
little known and generalized.
Today's vocational ~:hool is not merely a place to acquire a skill. Here a young
~ worker's character ~nd willpower. are shaped, here he acquires his ideological and
moral conviction~, here a base is laid for a socially active personality. In view
of these requirements the school's educational, ideological f unction broadens.
The goal of school work during the llth Five-Year Period is the achievement~of a
new level in the communist education of the youth, especially in the fields of
ideological-political and internationalist education, moral and skill-related
education.
The improvement of the schools' educational wcrk must first of all be realized
by making the educational work performed in the classrooms more eff ective. Se-
cure knowledge of the basics of science is a precondition for acquiring the
Marxist-materialist world view. But it must not be forgotten that the student's
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I~Oft OI~M1('IAt. lltil�: ON1.1'
world view does not come into being by itself as a byproduct of' acquiring
knowledge. To that end each lesson must have a definite direction.
Lducation through subject teaching has been in the center of attention during
the past years. A majority of the teachers accomplish this as a matter of
course, consistently, and~according to the specialized nature of each sub3ect.
I would especially like to point out the great job in this field done by Rus-
sian teacher L, Laidla of the lst vocational school, the social studies teachers
V. Tchukina and L. Gross of the lOth and 25th vocational schools, mathematics
teacher N. Belova of the 3d vocational school imeni A. Muurisep, and many others.
These teachers rely increasingly on student presentations, debates, various forms
of individual ~and group work that enable the youths to solve creative tasks, and
_ to evaluate life phenomena from the position of the Soviet society's value stan-
dard, In the current school~ year a great part will be played in raising the
ideological aspect of teaching by discussion of the materials of the 26th CPSU
~Congress, by ~aining a knowledge of all the ideological richness of the con-
gress and the developmental perspectives of our country, including the home
republic, town and sponsoring plant. This work began a~lready in the last school
year and it must be continued skillfully and in a thought-out manner. The con-
gress' ideas and the gaals established should enri.ch the subject matter in each
lesson, so that education will be organically tied to a conception of the great
tasks facing society, and that they be communicated to each student in an under-
standable and concrete way. Of course, the contents and specifics of each sub-
ject must be taken into account, as well as the applicability of the presenta-
tion. Attempts must be made so that the students will not only be passive
listeners but that they present information, lectures and speeches in the
classes, seminars, student conferences, that they prepare appropriate exhibits,
etc.
The meaningful organization of free time plays a great importance in shaping a
young personality and its comprehensive development; it must complement worK
done in classes, it must increase the students' activity. We have much that is
positive in the fie].d of technical creativity, art and hobby circles, and sports.
For ~evera] years this republic has hel.d the rotating red flag of the All-Union
Voluntary S~+orts P'ederation "Labor Reserves" for massive sports involvement.
There are no minor matters in educational work. Teachers and principals must
in their practical work pay more attention to the achievements of science and
of exemplary achievements, they must create the necessary atmosphere of this and
establish a demanding creative environment. The successful achievement of goals
for the schools depends greatly on the leve? and style of school management. The
main task of our school 'principals is the creation of an environment of creative
work, mutual assistance, and high requirements in cooperation with social and
party organizations. This demands a considerable improvement in school manage-
ment, a delegation of specific tasks, a consistent organizing task and constant
~ supervision of problem solving. The weakest area in our school work is internal
control, an exchange of experiences, a discovery of better work experiences.
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- Our school managers and teachers must understand that the school is primarily
an ideological organization that cannot be removed from life. We often organ-
ize educational mass events but forget the need for individual attention to ~
tlie student, especially problem students.
The young must be taught to evaluate social phenomena from class positions; this
is a primary task that demands constant excelling and consistency, a broad knowl-
edge and dedication from each teacher, shop supervisor, educator and principal.
For years shortages of shop supervisors and counselors have been sources of
_ serious concern.
In this field we are helped little by sponsoring enterprises.
One of the most important tasks must remain the constant improvement in the pro-
fessional training of teachers and shop foremen. In the future we want to con-
tinue to rely on the most recent achievements of pedagogics.
Means to successful.ly meet the above tasks of vocational education have been in-
corporated into action plans of the system's sta~f to implement the decisions
of the 26th CPSU Congress.
COPYRIGHT: Kirjastus "Periodika," "Noukogudekool," 1981
9240
CSO: 1815/12 FND
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