JPRS ID: 9913 JAPAN REPORT

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10171
- 9 December 1981
_ lJ SS R Re ort
p
- EARTH SCIENCES
(FOUO 8/81)
_ FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFOR~VIATIO[V SERVICE
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_ JPRS L/10171
9 December_ 1981
- USSR REPORT
EARTH SCIENCES
(FOUO 8/81)
CUNTENTS
METEOROLOGY
- Collection of Articles on 'Musson-~77' Experiment 1
Monograph on Use of Hydrometeorological Data in National ~
Economy.......~ 3
OCEANOGRAPHY
Automating Processing of Shelf Survey Materials 7
Synoptic Experiment in the Indian Ocean l~
lligital Processing of Echo Signal,3 in Mapping of Bcttom
Deposits..................... 17
- Oceanographic Studies of Caribbea~n Sea 23
Theory of Dependence of Low-Frequency Oceanic Noise on Depth..... 26
Experimental Investigation of Non.linear Interactions in th2
Wind Wave Spectrum 32
Interrelati.onship of Fine Structui�e~ Internal Waves and
Small--Scale Turbulence 38
_ Articles oc~ Marine Electromagnetic Reaearch 48
TERRESTRIAT GEOPI-iYSICS
- Magnetic Anomalies in Oceans and New Global Tectonics............ 51
Methods for Automating Geophyaical Reaearch 53
_ - a- [III , USSR - 21K S&T FOUO]
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i~ i'l;~i o^~~: , - ~ - ~ w - ~
�y, t,.,..iu .~11Y..
Ab:;r..racts oi ~.Yticles on Seismic Instruments 60
Seismicity nlld Focal Mechanisms of Far Eastern Earthquakes....... 7Z
Experimental Studies of Seismic Coda.....~ 73
Collection of Articles on Ggophysical Instrumentation............ 75
_ Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 79
FfIYSIC5 OF ATNiOSPHERE
Articles on Space Exploration 84 "
*ionograph on Scattered F.adiation in th~ Earth's Upper
~ ~~tmosphere 86

i
_ b
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METEOROLOGY
UDC 551.553.21
COLLI'sCTIUN OF ARTICLES ON 'MUSSON-77' EXPERIMENT
Moscc~w METEOROLOGICHESKIYE ISSLEI)OVANIYA, NO 24: EKSPERIMENT 'MUSSON-77' in Russian
1981 (signed to press 17 Mar 81) pp 4, 108
(Annotation and table of contents from collection of articles "Meteorological Inves-
tigations, No 24: 'Musson-77' Experiment", responsible editors B. S. Chuchkalov and
- Ye. P. Veselov, candidates of geog:aphical sc~ences, Izdatel'stvo "Nau:ca", 900 cop--
ies, 108 pages]
[Text] Annotation. The articles give the results of the international experiment
"Musson-77," carried out in the Indian Ocean in 1977. The authors examine the
ci.rculatory mechanisms For the forming and development of the summer southwesterly
monsoon of South Asia, migration of the ICZ, air transport across the equator and
conditions for the development of tronical cyclonic disturbances during the devel-
opment of a monsoon. Studie~ were made of the structure and energy characteristics
of the troposphere, the conditions for the development of cloud cover and precipit-
ation and the distribution of the temperature of the surface water layer in the
.Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The collection is intended for geophysicists,
meteorologists, oceanologists, climatologists and geographers.
Contents
Preface 5
Chuchkalov, B. S. "r~rst Results of the 'Musson-77' (Monsoon-771 Experiment 6
Veselov, Ye. P. "On R~.lationship of the Indian Southwesterly Monsoon and the
ICZ, Equatorial. Divergence Zones and Tropical Cyclones" 19
Zhelnin, A. A., Kol.chitskiy, N. N., Lisogurskiy, N. I., Petrichev, A. Z. and
Petrova, L. I. "Transportation and Evolution of Air and Water Vapor Mass in
the Troposphere Over the Indian Ocean" 32
. Lebedeva, N. V. "Conditions of Formation of Clouds and Precipitation Over the
Waters of the Indian Ocean" 39
_ Martinov, M. "Peculiar Features of Vertical Movements Over India, the Arabian
Sea and the Bay of Bengal During the 1977 Summer Monsoon" 45
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~;~~,r;.,-..:, A, Space-Time Variations of Long-Wave Radiation Flows and Heat
Infl~~w~- Ur~d~r Conditions of a Monsoonal Circulation" 52
;'etro�.~z, L. I. and Danev, E. "Meteorological Elements Spectra in the Atmo-
;;pherir_ Near-Water Layer of the Tropical Zone in the Indian Ocean" 59
Pr:bis, I. "Analysis of the Tropospheric Structure Over the Indian Ocean in
t:~~r First Stage of the 'Musson-77' Expedition From Data of the Research
t~'eather Ship 'Priliv"' ` 65
Veselov, ~'e. P., Belskaya, N~ N., Petrova, I. I. and Papez, A. "Peculiar Fea-
tures of. Development of a Tropical Cyclone Over the Arabian Sea in the
Period of the Monsoon 'Burst' in June 197Z"
Chuchkalov, B. S., Belskaya, N. N. and Vlasova, I. G. "Singularitie~s in the
- Temperature Regime of the Surface Water Layer in the Arabian Sea and Bay of
i3engal. in the Summer of 1977" 79
Golovastov, V. A. "The Somali Current and the Thermal Structure of Waters in
the Northern Part of the Indian Ocean During the Southwesterly Monsoon Sea-
son of 1977" 84
Golovastov, V. A. "Heat Content of Waters and Its Space-Time Variations in
tt~e ~destern Part of the Tropical Zone of the Indian Ocean" 91
Vollcov, Yu. N., Kovshov, V. A. and Trumba, A. D. "The Role of Radiation and
Dynacnlc Factors in Short-Term Variations of Heat Content of Waters in the
Upper Layer of the Arabian Sea" 99
~ Zheln~n, A. A. "Changes in the Size of the Polygon With Altitude During
Radiosounding of the Atmusphere" 104
COPYRIGtIT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1981
5303
CSO: t865/14
. 2
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UDC 551.509.59
MONOGRAPH ON USE OF HYDROMETEOROLGGICAL DATA IN NATIONAL ECONOMY
Leningrad GIDROMETEOROLOGICHESKAYA INFORMATSIYA V NARODNOM KHOZYAYSTVE in Russian
� 1980 (signed to press 9 Dec 80) pp 2, 166-167, 174-175
[Anaotation, conclusion and table of contents from monograph "Hydrometeorological
Information in the National Economy", by Eduard Isaakovich Monokrovich, Gidrometeo-
izdat, 2600 copies, 176 pagesJ
[Text] Annotation. Timely allowance for hydrometeorological information u?akes it
possible to lESSen ttie losses from dangerous weather phenomena and make better use
of favorable weather conditions in production: save fuel, increase the yield of
agricultural crops, reduce the time required for the delivery of freight, etc. How
is it possible to estimate the economic effect from the use of this infor.mation,
and therefore arrive at a r.easonable measure of expenditures for collecting these
data? What reserves exi~t for increasing the effectiveness of production by taking
such itaformation into account in planning and control? Such questions are examined
in this book wtiich is intended for specialists of the Hydrometeorological Service
and a wide range of users of hydremeteorological information.
Cor;clusion. Thus, we have examined so~ne economic results of hydrometeorological
support of the national economy, one of the several directions in activity of the
USSR State Committee on Hydrometeorol~gy and Environmental Monitoring. Othe~ htgh-
ly important directions (ensuring human safety during dangerous weather phenomena,.
~ monitoring environmental contamination, further study of the atmosphere, ocean,
waters of the land and mechanism of climatic change) are not c~nsidered here. The
social importance of these problems is clear to everyone, although for the time
being it is stiil impossible to evaluate the results of their 5olution in monetary
tPrms.
_ However, in order to judge the prof itability of operation of Hydrometeorulogical
Service agencies it is sufficient to compare the expenditures on maintaining
these a~;encjes with the total economic effect which is attained in branches of
the economy highly dependent on the environment due to allowance for hydrometeor-
- ological information.
According to the approximate computations made by the author, taking in (by no
means completely) only those branches of the national economy of Kazakhstan which
are examined in Chapter 2, tltis effect with the level of productive forces in
1976-1977 was 47-SO million rubles annually. This exceeds the annual expenses in
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ir~:in~nini-~t~ '.he Kazakh Administratinn of Hydrometeorology and Environmental Mon-
itc;rink~ by factor gr~~ater than 3.*
There is reason for believing that the total effect of hydrometeorological ser-
v.i.cing of the national economy of the countr}r and the expenditures on maintain-
in~; ull. the agencies of the State Committee on Hydrometeorology and Environmental
,-:onitoring are approximately in the same relationship.
By branches of the national economy of the republic the mentioned sum in millions
~f rubles per year is distributed in the following way:
Agriculture 22-25;
Civil aviation 7.0;
}ligt~way tr.affic and highways 5.0;
Electric power 4.0;
Construction-erection work 1.5;
Railro:~~l r.ransportation 1.0;
Water transportation and f ishing 1.0;
Str.ip.mining of minerals 0.5;
Savin~; in engineering field work and construction planning 5.0.
Thus, in Kazakhstan about half of all the economic effect of hydrometeorological
servicing is attained in agriculture. Accordingly, it is fitting to recall that
in a number of decr~~es of the Party and the government, issued in different years,
the need Iias been emrhasized for impxoving the hydrometeorological support of
precisely this branch.
As indicated by computations, the most valuable kinds of information for the agri-
culture of Kazalchstan is information relatir~g to available soil moisture reserves
at the tirne of s~wing of spring crops, gre3ictions of the last spring and first
autumn frosts, weather forecasts during the period of harvesting of grain crops
and storm warnings for migratory grazing. In those regions of the country where
large areas are occupied by wintnr crops summaries on the state uf winter crops
after wintering and recommendations on the areas of their resowing are extremely
effective.
A major national economic effect is also obtained by taking into accowit aviation
forecasts fo~� the landing point and the use of regime matPrials (climatological,
hydrological, agroclimatic) in construction planning and in regionalization of
the territory of ~he country.
The de~ermined advantages/expe.iditures relationship assumes particular importance
:if still an~ther important circumstance is taken into account. It is well known
that the productivity of. labor and the profitability of production are dependent
to a high degree on the capital investment in the branch, that is, the amount
*
In the economy oL ot.her regions of the cour.try an important role is played by
. forestry, r.ourism and other branches which are also highly dependent on the en-
vironment.
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invested per worker. T,~Thereas in machine building, metallurgy and the chemical in-
_ dustry the capital investment is tens, and in the power industry even hundreds
of thousands of rubles per worker, for the Kazakh Administration of Hydrometeor-
ology and Environmental Monitoring it is only 2,500 rubles per worker (it is ap~
proximately the same for the other Administrations of Hydrometeorology and En-
viron~ental Monitoring). For branches with such a low capital investment such a
ratio of the economic effect to operational expenditures is extremely high.
As indicated in the last chapter af this book, the reserves for increasing the ef-
fectiveness of use of hydrometeorological information are sti'l1 very great.
With the .realization of these resPrves ar~d increase in the volume of product3.on
in the serviced branches of the national economy the socioeconomic importance of
hydrometeorology wjll also increase in the future.
- Contents
Introduction 3
- i. Methodological Problems in Evaluating the Effectiveness of Use of Hydro-
meteorological Information by Users 8
1.1. Profit and loss functions 10
1.2. "Payment" ;natrices 17
1.3. Two initial concepts in computing the effectiveness of hydrometeorolog-
ical forecasts 20
1.4. Algorithms for computing the economic effectiveness of hydrometeorolog-
ical forecasts 21
1.4.1. Forecasts containing quantitative data 22
1.4.2. Alternative and phase forecasts 25
2. Ilse of Hydrometeorological Information in Branches of the National Economy
(Principal Directions, Methods, Results) 32
2.1. Agriculture......~ , 33
2.1.1. Forecasts of state of winter crops by the onset of renewal of the
growing season 36
2.1.2. Information on soil moisture reserves by onset of sowing 37
2.1.3. Forecast of frosts 42
2.t.4. Servicing of migratory pasturing of animals 44
2.1.5. Servicing of silkworm industry 48
2.1.6. Agroclimatic materials 49
~ 2.2. Electric power 50
2.2.1. Allowance for hydrological forecasts in the operation of hydro-
electric power stations 52
2.2.2. Use of temperature and wind forecasts in regulating the regime of
heat supply systems..... 53
2.2.3. Use of f.orecasts of ineteorological elementa for refinement.of elec-
tric load curves 58
- 2.2.4. Aliowance for warnings ~f dangerous weather phenomena in the
operation of high-tension lines 61
2.2.5. Use of regime hydrometeorological data for computing and choosing the
technical parameters of structures and equipment 63
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2.3. Civil aviation . 72
2.3.1. Method for ~omputing losses from interruptions in flight regularity. 75
2.3.2. Economic effectiveness of use of aviation weather forecasts......... 79
2.3.3. Economic effect from allowance for meteorological conditions along
flight route.. ' 85
2.3.4. Tie-in of flight.schedules to.climatic characteristics of airports.. 87
2.4. Highway transportation 89
2.4.1. Use of hydrometeorological information in operation of highway
transportatior? and highways 90
2.4.2. Evaluation of economic effect of hydrometeorological support of
highway transportation 95
2.4.3. Meteorological information and traff ic safety 99
2.5. Railroad transportation 103
2.5.1. Use of hydrometeorological materials in the operation and construc-
tion of railroads 104
2.5.2. Economic effectiveness of hydrometeorologfcal servicing of
railroads 106
2.6. Ldater transportation and f~shing 111
2.6.1. Use of hydrometeorological information in the operation of water
transportation and the fishing fleet 113
2.6.2. Computation of the economic effect of recom�nended courses.......... 118
2.6.3. Computation of the effect of forecasts of water levels and
discharges.. 119
2.6.4. Effectiveness of�forecasts�of�times�of�opening-up.and�freezing of
water bodies 122
2.6.5. Methods for computing the effect of short-range weather forecasts
and storm warnings,for fishing and navigation 125
2.7. Construction, erection work and producl:ion of raw materials.......,.... 127
2.7.1. Computation of effect from short-range meteorological forecasts
= and storm warnings 130
' 2.7.2. Effect from use of hydrological forecasts 133
~ 2.7.3. Use of climatological and hydrological materials 135
3. Problems in Increasing the Effectiveness of Use of Hydrometeorological
- Data 140
3.1. Choice of an optimum strategy for using hydrometeorological information 141
3.1.1. Criteria of optimality of different strategies 141
3.1.2. Principles for choice of optimum strategy 143
3.2. Optimum solution of problems of branch economics with allowance for
hydrometeorological information 1~0
3.3. Improvement of hydrometeorological support with allowance for techno-
logical characteristics of users 158
3.4. Measures for protecting economic structures and facilities against
dangerous weather phenomena .........................e..... 163
Summary 166
Bibliography 168
COPYRIGNT: Gidrometeoizdar, 1980
5303
CSO: 1865/23R
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OCEANOGRAPHY
UDC 528.932.:681.3
AUTOMATING PROCESSING OF SHELF SURVEY MATERIALS
Moscow GEODEZIYA I KARTOGRAFIYA in Russian No 7, Jul 81 pp 39-41
[Article by V. M. Kamornyy]
[Text] The automation of processing of survey materials from the continental shelf
is one of the timely problems in geodetic work. Now a number of programs have been
developed which make it possible to solve individual problems in off ice processiing
[S]. However, it�is preferable to have successive solution of several problems, es-
pecially determination of the plane coordinates of depth measurement points and
correction of depths and automated compilation of maps of the shelf with use of
modern electronic computers in a unified series and automated curve plotters. Such
a programmed complex is being developed at Enterprise No 2 in collaboration wi~th
one of the institutes of the USSR Ac,3demy of Scieiices. One of the well-known pro-
grams, the "Shel'f," developed at the enterprise, is used in obtaining the coordin-
ates and correcting th~ depths of ineasurement� points. Another, developed at the in-
stitute, is employed in computing and then drafting contours on an automated YeS-
7054 curve plotter. Both programs are employed usir~g the RL-1 and FORTRAN-4 algo-
rithmic languages respectively and are used independently of one another.
The basis of the "Shel'f" program is five subprograms which ensure solution of the
following problems:
input froni punched cards and magnetic tape, checking, editing, regrouping and
~ supplementation of initial information;
computation of plane coordinates of depth ~easurement points;
correction of depths with the necessary corrections;
sorting of the depth measurement points by grfd squares and forming of an ini-
= tial bank of geodetic data for their processing under the second program of the
complex a program for the plotting of contours;
printout of a catalogue of coordinates and depths, transf~r of the bank of ini-
tial information for each grid square onto magnetic tape.
Simultaneously with the maximum filling of the initial tables with data, the
"Shel'f" program makes it possible to process up to 80 000 exposures for 68 grid
squares in the course of 10-14 hours.
The initial data used in the computations is the information represented in the
form of a three-dimensional matrix A={Ai k} measuring 400 x 5 x 200, which cor-
responds to the data for 200 runs, each wi~h 400 exposures. Each row of the A matrix
' represents a set of f ive parameters
. ~
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Q= {i, Si, S=, Z, ~p},
where i is the number of the depth measurement point an tt!e run; S1, S2 are measur-
ed navigation parameters characterizing the location of the depth measurement poi~lt;
Z is the measured or corrected depth; 5G is reference information for computing the
echo sounder corrections for the zero position, calibration and for deviation of
the rpm of the electric motor or instrument speed of sound in the water to which the
" echo sounder is adjusted from the nominal value.
The upper plane of the A matrix, that is ~Ai�k contains reference information
for each run, representing a set of values ~ Ng, Tbeg, Tend� where Ng is the
number of the run (the control runs are given with a minus sign); Tbeg+ Tend are
- the times of beginning and end of the measurements on the run respectively; V is
an index characterizing the method far determining the coordinates of the depth
measurement points.
Tr~e coordinates of the depth measurement points are determined by solution of lin-
- ear, direct, r~verse and polar intersections.
The plane coordinates are determined by the iterations method by solution of the
system of equations
- ( a,Ax-~-6iAy-~-1~ ~ 0;
_ l asAx-}-6~Ay~-1~=0;
xr=z~-~-}-Ax; ~
y`=y~-~-~'~!h

~ where xi, yi are the coordinates of the depth measure~n~nt point obtained in the
i-th iteration; a�, b~ (j = 1, 2) are the coefficients and free terms, determined
by the position l~nes method for each type of intersection (3].
- ~n determining the coordinates corrections are computed for centering and their re-
duction at shore posts, and for linear and polar intersections meteorological
corrections and corrections for reduction of the measured distances to a plane in
a Gauss projection. The determined coordinates of the depth measurement points are
- reduced to the center of the echo sounder vibrators and the accuracy of the plane
positian of each polnt is evaluated.
In the office processing pxocess the need frequenCly arises �or plotting the depth
at an intermediate point situated ~n an echogram between the working readings on
the survey sheet. An oblique nomogram is used for thi3 purpose. The program pro-
vides for computation of the coordinates of these points from a reading taken from
the nomogram.
After computing the coordinates an analysis is made of the determined values. This
makes it possible to check and re~ect erroneous data using all tihe initiai inform-
ation intended for computing the plane coordinates. The constanc:y of the ship's
speed on a ruYi in this case is checked using the condition
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V, j~ VoE[0,75 : 1,5],
- where V1� is the ship's speed between the measurement points i, j; Vp is the ship's
cnea?i speed on the run.
The subprogram for the correction of depths provides for obtaining the total echo-
sounder correction, determiried by both the calibration method and by computations
on the basis of hydrological data, and also computation of the level correction us-
ing data from observations at one, two or three level posts. The c~rrected depth
va.Lue Z is computed using the formula [2]
_ Z = Z~ + ~ZeS + L~Zf,
where is tlie measured depth value; Q ZeS is the total echo sounder correction;
'!.f ts the level corr.ection.
1'f~e currection Q Zf for the moment of depth measurement is determined using the ar-
gument of time Ti fr~m tf : function F(T, n), obtained by the parabolic interpola-
tion mettiod [1] on ttie basis of observational data for the level post: readings of
sea level n from the adopted zero height and the corresponding moments in time T.
ln the case of simu].taneous observations at two or three level posts the correction
~ Zf i.s computed using the method adopted in hydrography [2J with the sole differ-
ence th~it the region oF depth measurement is not broken down by zones. This is
done usi.n'g a coefficient representing the ratio of projection of the length of a
' line from one of the posts to the depti~-measuring point on the base connecting the
posts to the length of the base itself.
_ In the case of computations on th2 basis of hydrogeological data the corrections .
for tlie deviation of the ac[ual vertiGal speed of sound in water a ZV from the com-
p;~ted value t~~ th~~ tuta:l eclwsounder correction ~ZeS includes corrections for the
zero position d Z~,,10, deviation of the echosounder elect.ric motor rpm from the nom-
inal value Q Zn and settling Q Zb; the latter takes into account the correction
for the se~tling of the ship or small boat during moveme�nt [2].
The correction L~ Z~ is computed separately for the hori~~on carr.espondinb to tlie
value of the measured depth according to data from obsF:rvations at two hydrolog-
ical stations situated in the region of the point of d,~pth determination on the
run. Such operations are carried out for several stations, and especially for
tl~ose where the interval between the days of observations and the days when depth
nieasurements are made on a particular run is short. Then interpolation is carried
o~~t for the point a~~d the moment of ineasurement of depth. The law of linear inter-
~~ol.ation is selected in connection with the fact that the nature of ineasurement
of the vertical speed of sound in the water remains unknown with respect to both
time and area.
When deterr?ining corrections to the echo sounder readings by the calibration meth-
od L~ ZT, as in the f irst case the corrections Q Zss, a, Z~ are applieci to d ZeS
[2~. 'i'I~e correction Q ZT for the horizon Zi, corresponding to the measured depth,
is determined f.rom the argument Zi from the function ~0(ZL, Z), obtained by the
potynomial appro:cim~ition method [1] on the basis of the results of calibration:
sounding lead readings ZL and echo sounder readings Z.
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TLIC t~ ~:a : e:_',~: ~ounder error ca~ be obtained both separately and jointly by calib-
ration mc~:t~~~ds to the stipulated horizon and by computations using hydrological
(~~l tA �
~1~; a r~.s~il~ of processing of the initial information for each run exposure it is
f,nssible to obtain the set of values
~ Q2 =~NB~ i. X~ Y~ Z~ Q Zes~ dZf~'
Then the depth-measurement points are sorted by survey sheets
K C Kss'
wl~ere 1: is a final set, representing the coordinates of the depth measurement points
for a11_ the runs in th~ work region; KSS is the final set, limited tiy the frames
of th~� survey sheets.
As a result of sorting, for each survey sheet a set Q2 is formed which represents a
summarized catalo ue for all the runs falling within the grid square zone and the
set Q~ x, y, Z~, used in implementing the program for drafting the isolines in
the programmed complex. Simultaneously with the set Q3 a determination is made of
the rectangular coordinates of corners of the grid square frames~~~ith the points of
intersection of the kiloriieter grid with the frames of the survey sheet being deter-
mtned in the same operation. In both cases the grid square designation (letter and
- number) is deter,nined and recorded.
On the basis of the set 42, obtained for the survey sheet, a statistical analysis is
made of the differences in depths at the points of intersection of the principal and
control runs. The depths at the points of intersection of the runs are determined
by the linear interpolation method. As a result, for the entire survey sheet the
mean square value of the difference in depths at the points of intersection m
is deterr~~ined and the number oi points of intersection at which the discrepancies
in cie~~tt~s (expressed in percent) fall is established (0 to 1%, from 1 to 2%, etc.
and more than 4%). AC tii~~ ~~nne ttme, usin; the formula
mh-md~1~2
it is possible to make an approximate estimate of the mean square error in the ver-
tical position of the isolines (contours) mh for the particular survey sheet, since
the differences in depCl~s a at the points of intersection of the runs can be repre-
sented in the f.orm
Q = L~Z +~p + Q~o - ~~~Z +~~0 +dreo)~
~ohere /1 ? and Q'Z are the random errors in determining the depth readings on the
mai.n ~nd cc~ntrol runs respectively; ~0, are the random errors in the reading
- ar_ the point ot intersection due to the generalization of relief obtained on the
considered runs; d~o, ~'~o are the random errors in vertical displacement of tl-.e
_ reading for a point of intersection caused by errors in determining the ship's co-
~rdinates on runs.
Assum:in~ the considered errors to be independent with mathematical expectations
equal to zero, it can be written [4] that
,11~1~)=2n,,,a. ~
1~
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In order to check operat ion of the "Shel' f" program we carried out a great volume
of comparative computations and established that there was a good convergence of
the results of manual and computer calculations. Both the coordinates and the
depth values converged in the limits established by the current instructions. The
"Shel'f" program was used in the process~ng of several work areas. The introduction
of the program for plott ing contours for maps of the shelf was initiated.
Accord~ng to preliminary computations the annual saving from the automated process-
ing of sur~ey materials f or the continental shelf under this program is more than
' S0,000 rubles.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.. Zhurkin, I.G., Krasikova, M. V., et al., VYCHISLIT~L'NAYA MATEMATIKA (Computa-
tional Mathematics), Moscow, Nedra, 1976, 225 pages.
2. Kolomiychuk, N. D., GIDROGRAFIYA (Hydrography), Leningrad, GUNiO, 1975.
3. Kougiya, V. A. and Sorokin, A. I., GEODEZICHESKIYE SETI NA MORE (Geodetic Net-
works at Sea), Moscow, Nedra, 1979, 270 pagPs.
_ 4. Sorokin, A. I., GIDROGRAFICHESKIYE ISSLEDOVAidIYA MIROVOGO OKEANA (Hydrographic
- Investigations of t h e World Ocean), Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1980, 285
pages.
5. Yakhman, V. V., "Complex of Programs for the Automated Processing of Shelf
Survey Materials," REF. SB. No 69, SER.: SOVERSHENSTVOVANIYE TEKHNIKI I TEKH-
NOLOGII TOPOGRAFO-GEODEZICHESKIKH RABOT (Collection of Abstracts No 69, Ser-
ies: Im~rovement in Technology and Methods for Topographic-Geodetic Work), Mos-
cow, TsNIIGAiK, pp 1 5-20, 1979.
COPYRIGFIT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", "Geodeziya i kartograf iya", 1981
5303
CSO: 1865/12 ~
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UDC 551.465
SY'NOPTIC EXPERIMENT IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
Moscow DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian Vol 258, No 5, 1981 (manuscript re-
ceived 30 Oct 80) pp 1216-1219
[Article by B. A. Nelepo, academician, Ukrainiar~ Academy of Sciences, V. Ye. Zaika,
V. K. Kosnyr.ev and V. A. Urdenko, Marine Hydrophysical Institute and Institute af
Biol.ogy of the Southern Seas imeni A. 0, Kovalevskiy, Ukrainian Academy of Sci-
ences, Sevastopol'] ~
[Text] Continuing tt~e investigations of synoptic variability of the ocean carried
- out by the Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences over a
number of years, during the period March-August 1980, in the northwestern part of
the Indian Ocean, specialists carried out a large-scale multifactor experiment
under the "Program for Multisided Investigation of the Fishing Resoures of the
Indian Ocean With Allowance for the Synoptic Eddy Structure" (KIPRIO Programma
Kompl.eksnogo Issledovaniya Promyslovykh Resursov Indiyskogo Okeana s Uchetom Sir~--
opticheskoy Vikhrevoy Struktury). Six ships participated in the experiment: "Akad-
emik Vernadskiy," "Mikhail Lomonosov," "Professor Vodyanitskiy," "Chatyr-Dag,"
"Admiral Vladimirskiy" and "Faddey Bellinsgauzen." The need for investigations of
this type was dictated by the following circumstances.
Investigations made under the international POLINiODE program [1J made it possible
to establish that as a result of the disturbance of the upper layer of the ocean
- by moving eddy formations there can be formation of zones of increased biological
productivity. Without question, the determinat.ion of the quantitative and quali-
tative relationships between the dynamic characteristics of eddy formations,
their energy and capacity to transport substances suspended in solution, on the
~ne }~and, and the str~~cture of biocoenoses, on the other hand, will afford a pos-
- sibil.ity for using information on the synoptic vari~tbility of the ocean in the
_ I~roblem of the rational organization of sea fishing in the interests of the
nat.i.onal economy.
In order to solve the formulated problem, in March 1980 five ships were used in
m60
-2 ~ ~
~.,y~n.vl'-'i�: _ G
BOcm ~ y ) 0
-a Fig. 2.
-e
u' s6 s~ 9.
/y0 ly~
p -
Fig. 1. ~
KEY:
/7 /y /SO
A) "Akademik Vernadskiy"
118 stations _ B
B) "Admiral Vladimirskiy" ~
4$ stations IS J60~
C) "Professor. Vodyanitskiy"
60 stations
D) "Acimiral Vladimirskiy"
20 stations Fig. 3.
E) "F I - V(B2)exp(-2aS) ~ '
V( 82) is the energy coefficient of reflection from the bottom.
We note that here we have presented a simple derivation of the results in [6, 7].
in which the authors calculated the anisotropy of noise by the summation of an in-
finite series of sources of surface noise experiencing a different number of re-
flections from the surface and bottom. In more complex cases, for example, in de-
termining scattering, such an approach leads to insuperable difficulties, at the
same time that use of the transfer method for computing the ray intensity makes
it possible to solve the problem.
_ Now we wi11 proceed to a determination of the dependence of noise E(z) on depth,
integrating expressions (3), (4) in accordance with (1). Using postulate 5 con-
cerning the smallness of attenuation in the length of the cycle., we will neglect
the difference exp(-2ocS) from unity, whereas the denominator of expression (3)
_ will be represented approximately as 2otS. Then
2~ ~ ( 1+ V(B2) J(6~)sinBdB�
E~Z~ ~~(Z~~ lf ~ - v~e=~ ~(e~)s;~eae + I �s(e) ~ � (5>
The denominator of the first term is the energy coefficient of sound propagation
to the bottom and this value is of the order of 1, at the same time that 0~ S can
be very small for low frequencies due to the smallness of absorption. According-
ly, for the low frequencies the water rays (rays not experiencing bottom reflec-
tions) must give the main contribution to the noise field. Using postulate 3, it
is possible to obtain a further simplification, assuming that the beam of water
rays is quite narrow and the lengths of the half-cycles S(e) have little depend--
ence on the e angle; this makes it possible to remove the mean value S from be-
neath the integration sign. Next, we proceed in formula (5) from the angular var-
iables 8 at the depth z to the el angles at the surface and we will also use pos-
tulate 1 on the dipole character of the sources: J( 0 1) = Jp cos eI. Then
F~Z~ - 2~ ~o f 2 cos~B~ �sinB~ d9~ . (6)
c(z) ~cS B. 1-(c(z)/c~ ) sin B~
Here is the angle of deflection from the surface for the ray touching the
bottom (sin 8' = cl/c2, c2 is the speed of sound at the bottom). Formula (6) is
suitable for depths z less than the critical depth zp; for depths z~ zp the
upper limit is equal to 8", where sin = cl/c(z). The integration of expres-
sion (6) is reduced to elementary functions:
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z
a1o ~i ~i
E(z) = acS ~Z 1-( ~z ) Fi , s~x)~
F,(x) = 1 +x _ x~~ 1 + 1 +x ~
x ,
x= [\c(z)}~ - 1,/ll ~s/'J z~ zo,
Fz (x) = 1- x= + x~ ln 1- x ~
x
x= I 1-(~~Z~)=J/ll z> zo.
~
Curves of the universal functions Fl(x) and F2(x) at a logarithmic scale (in db)
are shown in Fig. 2. Using these curves, it is easy to obtain the dependence of
noise intensity on depth for an arbitrary speed-of-sound profile c(z). As can be
seen from (7), the dependence on depth enters into E(z) only through c(z); hence
follows the "law of conjugate depths" [4]: at depths with equal speeds of sound
the noise intensities are equal. Figure 3 gives the dependence of noise levels on
- depth computed using formula (7) according to hydrological data from an experi-
ment carried out by Morris [2] and normalized to the level value at the surface.
It should be noted that the results of the numerical experiment, according to for-
mula (5), taking into account the dependence of the length of the half-cycle S(8
differ from the computations using formula (7) by not more than 0.2 db. As indi-
cated by Fig. 3, the minimum noise cor.~responds to the depth of the sound channel
axis and the maximum noise corresponds to a depth of the sound channel axis some-
what below the critical depth. Such a behavior is easily explaina.ble by simple
physical considerations: due to the smallness of absorption in the length of the
cycle rhe intensity flux W is constant and there is an inflow of the constant en-
ergy WL~t during a unit time d t through the horizontal surface for any depth z;
this energy penetrates to the depth (j z= c ~ t cos 9(A is the mean direction
of the beam of water rays). On the axis of the channel cos 9 is maximum and there-
fore the energy is distributed through a greater volume, that is, the volume den-
sity E(z) is minimum:
f500 i5~,0 -3 -k -J -1 -I 0 I Ehl,g6 db
0 -
~ clz) x
, IOlgf~tlsl ~ I x
- I
0 ~
2 ~
1
1
-1 J ~ x
1
-y F,(s) ~
F=Isl �y - I
-6 i~' 4,42 ~t'-
__i i 3
0 I 1 s NM
Fig. 2. Fig. 3.
29
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_ Wl~en the depth becomes greater than the critical depth, cos e decreases and the
_ energy density increases, but with a further increase in depth there is a great-
er influence from the opposite factor: a decrease in the total intensity flux
through the horizon due to bending of the ~ays arriving from the surface. It also
follows from the considerations expressed here, in accordance with formula (7),
that the closer the critical depth is to the bottom depth, the narrower will be
the beam of water waves and the greater will be the difference in the noise levels
at the surface and on the axis of the channel. It should be noted that source [4]
- gives curves similar to those in Fig. 3 and evidently obtained by the modeling
' of propagation of the sound of distant sources.
At the present time there is definite experimental data supporting the described
model. The small crosses in Fig. 3 represent the results of ineasurements made by
Morris (2J at a frequency of 500 Hz. Although the number of points is obviously
inadequate, the general behavior of the dependence is qualitatively described by
the theory. There is less attenuation of noise on the channel axis than is predict-
ed by theory, but this can be attributed to the contribution of bottom rays, which,
as indicated by numerical integration using formula (5), can make a contribution
to the noise at frequencies above 200 Hz, but have no dependence or. depth. Meas- .
urements of the direction of noise at different depths [2, 3, 8J show that in the
upper layer of the ocean noise arrives at angles 13� to the hori2on, whereas near
- the bottom these angles decrease to 4�, which corresponds completely to geometric
computations of the angles of arrival of wat er rays. The systematic excess of the
noise levels on the axis of the channel, observed with simultaneous measurements
of noise at two remote points with diff erent hydrology [1] and attributed by the
authors to different attenuation of noise along the navigated track, can be explain~
ed simply within the framework of a model of homogeneous surface noise, attributing
it to purely geometric distributions of the speed of sound at these points.
However, the model considered here is inadequate for explaining some observed char-
acteristics of noise. The experiments described in [1-3] show that at frequencies
below 200 Hz the decrease in the noise level also continues at depths below the
axis of the channel; in addition, on the axis of the channel there is noise in
horizontal directions [3], which contradicts the described model and can be at-
tributed to sound scattering. Scattering can also be taken into account by trans-
, fer theory metliods.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
l. Kibblewhite, A. S., Shooter, J. A. and Watkins, S. L., 3. ACOUST. SOC. AM.,
Vol 6U, 1040, 1.976.
2. Morris, G. B., IBID., Vol 64(2), 581, 1 978. ,
3. Anderrson, V. C., IBID., Vol 66, 1446, 1979.
4. Weston, IBID., Vol 67(2), 530, 1980.
5. Chandrasekar, S., PERENOS LUCHISTOY ~NERGII (Transfer of Radiant Energy), Mos-
cow, IL, 1953.
30
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6. Talham, R. J., J. ACOUST. SOC. AM., Vol 36(8), 1541, 1964.
7. Furduyev, A. F., "Ocean Noise," AKUSTIKA OKEANA (Or_ean Acoustics), Moscow,
"Nauka," 1974.
_ M~rris, C. .T. ACOUS'T. SOC. E1M., Vol 64(1), 166, 1978.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
- 5303
CSO: 1865/5
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UDC 551.446
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF NONLINEAR INTERACTIONS IN THE WIND WAVE SPECTRUM
Moscow DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian Vol 258, No 5, 1981 (ma.nuscript re-
ceived 27 Jan 81) pp 1212-1215
.[Article by A. B. Leybo and I. A. Leykin, Institute Qf Oceanology, USSR Academy
of. Sciences]
[Text] At the present time extensive use is ma.de of a representation of wind waves
as bcing a stationary Gaussian random process: a surface rise is regarded as the
sum of t~ncorrelated harmonic components with random amplitudes and phases [lJ.
Howc:ver, experimental data obtained during recent years [2, 3] give basis for as-
suming that nonlinear processes play an appreciable role in forming the wave
spectrum. In sources [4,.5] the authors proposed nonspectral models in which waves
are regarded as a narrow-band nonlinear random process in which all the spectral
components are st~tistically related to the main component.
In this article we describe a quite general method for investigating the interre-
lationship of the spectral components of waves based on a model of a nonstation-
ary harmonizable random process. As an example we analyzed records of wind waves
obtained in a laboratory aerohydrodynamic apparatus.
It is assumed that wind waves can be described as a harmonizable random process
X~l~ = f etwrZ~dw~~ ~1~
-
where t is time, ~ is the cyclic frequency, Z is a random complex function of
frequcncy. Assuming that the mathematical expectation MX(t) = 0 and examining,
witl~ (1) taken into account, moments of higher orders, we introduce a multispec-
trum of the n-th order
S(w, wi,...,wn_~)dwdw~...dw�_~ ~ M[Z(dwl)...Z(dw2)Z'(dw), ~2~
where the asterisk denotes complex con~ugation.
If nonlinea: interactions occur in the process, this is manifested in some sort
of dependence between its harmonic components. By insignificantly restricting the
universality of the reasonings, we will represent this dependence in the form of
- a series
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Z~ _ /f! 'I.~ + H~"'Z~ Zfi + . . . +
(3)
Here Zi = Z(dcJi), Hi and H~m are constant complex coefficients, Si is random
noise and summation is carr~eci out for and m. In order to clarify what terms
dominate in expansion (3), we will examine the normalized multispectra or multi-
coherences, for example
~ I S(wl. w~)12 ~4)
Co (:~r~ w/) � S~wt, wt)S~~/, wj) ~
I S (wt, c,~r. )I ~
- Co~ ~wl, wl~ wm~ _ , ~5~
S~wl~ w(~S~wi Wm~
where S(u~~, ~m) = MIZ ~ Zm I2.
S~W~
~n �
in -
~p l Q9S% ~
1
JO
1 Wm ~ 2 4!T
0 ! 7. 3 4 3 6
~,/2x,fu Hz .
Fig. 1. Frequency spectrum of wind waves.
Similarly it is possible to introduce multicoherency of any order. The multico-
herency values indicate the relative role of the corresponding terms in (3). For
example, if Co2 (~i, ~,Q, c.J~) = 1, then Zi = H L1IIZ ~ Z~. With high multicoherency
values .it is possible to evaluate the coefficients in the expansion (3). In addi-
tion, arg S (cJi, ~ - `~J - `~i~ arg S( ~i, c,~J.Q. + wm~ - ~m + 5~Q ' ~i~ etc.
(~i = arg 7.i). The physical sense of the multispectrum argument is dependent on
the coherent form of the investigated process.
� The second-order multicoherence (4) with equal values of the arguments is equal
to unity and is symmetric relative to the permutat~.on of its arguments. The third-
order multicoherence (S) does not have the property of symmetry and its values on
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the ~iagon3~ characterize the asyctanetry of the probable distribution of the ran-
dom process.
,~/zxru Hz
~,~1x,~u Hz 6
� 6
O1 s
~z s O~ O
0t
~J ~ y ~3 !
J
/ ~ � �
, G~ ' � o ~ � .
~
m Z o ~ � z
o o� 0 p O
o 0 0 �o o ~ ~
0
~i ' i t J v .t s~ a 1 z 1 y s B
(vm ZWm w~~Zxr~4 L12 WI1 Z41~ fY~~l~rr4 RZ
- ~ Fig . 2. (at left) Second-order multicoherence function. 1) 0.2,~Co2 0.4.
Fi{~. 3. (at right) . Third-order multicoherence function. 1) 0.3~ Co2 ~ 0.5; 2) 0.5 <
Co`; 0.7; 3) Co2 % 0.7.
In tl?is article we will limit ourselves to an investigation of the correlation
- between all possible pairs of spectral components, that is, we will examine a mul-
ticoherence in the form
z ~ M ~Zx ~ ~Z1 ~ ~
Co (w~, WI~ - M~ Zr~ zxM~ ZI~ zN ' ~6)
- where K and N are natural numbers, (K + N) is the multicoherence order.
Some of the characteristics cited above were exa.mined earlier. For example, in [6J
a study was made of the second-order multispectrum (bilinear spectral density). In
[7] use was made of second- and third-order multicoherence functions for analysis
of a seismogram. However, the bispectrum [8, 9] has come into the widest use; it �
is obtained from a third-order multispectrum with a�stationarity of the process.
The bispectrum makes it possible to study only three-wave interactions of the com-
ponents whose frequencies are related by the condition c~J= c.~l + C~2. Accordingly,
probably, attempts to apply the bispectrum to an investigation of wind waves did
not give appreciable results [10, 11], although the bispectrum is used successfully
in tt~e study of turbulence [12J. We note the following: if the small effect of use
of the bispectrum is related to an absence of intensive nonlinear interactions in
the process [13], the proposed method will evidently also be ineffective.
~ If the investigated process is stationary in all sufficiently narrow frequency
bands (that is, the components adjacent in frequency are not correlated with one
another and energy is transmitted discretely through the spectrum), an evaluation
of the multispectral characteristics can be made by analogy with the evaluation of
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the characteristics of stationary processes. In this case it is possible to use
ordinary statistical evaluation methods: construction of confidence intervals, de-
termination of the significance level, etc.
As an illustration of the possibility of the proposed method we processed several
records of wind waves obtained using an aerohydrodynamic apparatus with a wind
velocity V= 5.5-8 m/sec (wave fetch 13 m, water depth 0.7 m). A record with a
duration of 1 minute (3000 readings with a discretpness interval of 0.02 sec) was
broken down into successive segments each with 250 readings, from which ae comput-
ed periodograms. An evaluation of the frequency energy spectrum S(cJ), as well
as the multispectra and multicoherence values, was accomplished by averaging by
segments. The number of degrees of freedom was v='24 (with a frequency resolution.
0.4 Hz), which gives a 95% significance level 0.16 and 0.25 for second- and third-
order multicoherence values respectively.
Figures 1-3 show t}ie S(uJ) frequency spectrum (in arbitrary units) and the second-
and third-order multicoherence functions for one o~ the records. In the S(w)
spectrum, in additinn to the main peak at the frequency of the spectral maximum
there is a peak in the region of the doubled frequency 2303
CSO: 1.865/15
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UDC 550.344.3
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SEISMIC CODA
Moscow EKSPERIMENTAL'NYYE ISSLEDOVANIYA SEYSMICHESKOY KODY in Russian 1981 (signed
to press 7 Apr 81) pp 2, 142
_ [Annotation and table of contents ~rom collection of articles "Experimental Invest-
igations of the Se.ismic Cod~a", by T. G. Rautian, J. I. Khalturin, M. S. Zakirov,
A. G. Zemtsova, A. P. Proskurin, B. G. Pustovitenko, A. N. Pustovitenko, L. G. Sin-
- el'nikova, A. G. Filina and I. S. Shengeliya, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1550 copies,
143 pages]
[Textj Annotation. The articles describe the results of investigation of the seis-
mic coda on the basis of earthquake records obtained with long-period (SK, SKD),
_ short-period (SIQ~i, VEGIK, SKh) and frequency-selection (ChISS) instruments for a
number of seismically active regions: Crimea, Caucasus, Central Asia, Altay, Bay-
kal, Kamchatka, Kuril~s and Cuba. The authors have obtained evaluations of the
quality and turbidity for the uppar layers of the crust (sedimentary layer), lower
crust and lithosphere, and mantle. The dependence of these parameters on frequency
was obtained. Stable regional characteristics of coda envelopes were def ined. Cor-
relations were obtained between the coda level and the magnitudes MLg, mp~ and the
� energy class K for different regions and the fundamental principles of the method
for classification of earthquakes on the basis of the seismic coda are examined.
A method has been developed for determining the focal spectra of earthquakes on the
basis of the spectral composition of the coda obtained using ChISS records. The
~ spectrz~ were determined for earthquakes in different regions of Central Asia. There
. are three types of f.ocal spectra and these are associated with definite zones. The
problem of interpretation of focal spectra is discussed from the point of view of
- different focal models. Also examined are the methods employed and the results of
study of the attenuation of direct waves by means of their norma.lization to the
coda level. The book is intended for seismologists concerned with the problems in-
~ volved in wave propagation in real media, the method for magnitude classification
of ear.thquakes, seismic regionalization, determination of the focal spectra of
earthquake~ and the problem of physics of focal processes. Figures 171, tables 20,
references 135.
Contents
Preface 3
Chapter I. Structure oE Coda Envelopes of Different Frequencies Determined
From ChISS Records and Evaluation of Medium Quality and Turbidity. 7
1. Observation methods and materials used 7
2. Parameterization of oscillations and measurement methods 10
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- 'i. Coda ~nvel;,pes or different frequencies 14
Mc~{e1~ of c~da torr~ation 23
5, P,raiiches of coda ~nvelopes and evaluation of quality as a function of
fre~uen~y 30
h. Fvaluation of seismic turbidity 33
7. Kegioaal and ]ocal features of coda env~elopes of different frequencies..... 37
Chapter II. Coda Envelopes Based on Records of SKM and SKD Instruments and
F.arthquake Calibration 44
1.. Earthyuake magnitude and coda level 46
2. Instrumentation and processed earthquakes 48
3. Periods of oscillations in coda 51
4. Station peculiarities 55
5. Mer.r~c~ds for constructing composite coda envelopes using records of wide-
band instruments and investigation of their stability 58
6. Striicture of SIQ~i coda envelopes for different regions 70
7. Str.ucture of SKD coda envelopes for different regions 74
8. Correlation of coda level with magnitude or energy class 78
9. Construction of system for classification of earthquakes on the basis of
coda level 83
Chapter III. Focal Spectra of Earthquakes and Their Determination From ChISS
Coda Spectra 88
l.. ChISS coda spectra and their properties 88
2. Computation of spectra of focal radiation from ChISS coda spectra.......... 91
3. r^ocal Spectra of Central Asian Earthquakes 96
4. Correlation of K and magnitudes with seismic energy 104
5. Correlation of seismic moment Mp and magnitude 108
6. Spectral characteristics of earthquakes of different seismically active
zones 111
7. Use of registry of coda by SK(SKD) and SK.h(SKM) Instruments for approxi-
utilte evaluation of spectral characteristics of earthquakes 117
Chapter IV. Set~dy of Attenuation of Direct Waves by Method of Normalization
to Coda 121
1. Attenuation according to observations of ChISS stations 122
2. Attenuation accorriing to records of wide-band SKM, SKh, SKD instruments... 125
Sumtnarv 129
BiblioKraphy 136
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1981
- 53~3
CSO: Lgf~S/253
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_ COLLECTION OF ARTICLES ON GEOPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Leningrad GEOFIZICHESKAYA APPARATURA in Russian No 72, 1981 (signed to press
- 13 Mar 81) pp 188-190

r [Table o� contents from collection of articles "Geophysical Instrumentation", tech-
nical editor A. B. Yashchurzhinskaya, Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", Leningradskoye otdelen-
iye, 2150 copies, 199 pa ges]
[Text] Contents
Magnetometry
Andrianov, B. A., Petukhov, Yu. M. and Studentsov, N. V. "Instrumental Errors
in the Single-Component Hanley Magnetometer " 3
- Veynberg, A. K. and Kvachevskiy, 0. A. "Demagnetization Coefficients for Bodies
of a Cubic Configuration" 12
Electrometry
Molochnov, G. V., Radionov, M. V. and Sorokin, V. V. "Apparatus and Results of
I'requency Sounding by the Method of Matched Loops of a Conducting Layer With a
Spherical Inclusion in a Model" 19
Kuznetsov, A. N. and Moroz, I. P. "Apparatus for Physical Modeling of Problems
in Magnetotelluric Sounding and Profiling" 22
Komarov, V. N. "Comparative Characteristics of Soundings by Rectangular and
Triangular Pulses in the Transition Processes Method" 33
Nuclear Geophysics ,
Borisenko, Yu. N., Portnov, V. S. and Polkovniko~a, Yu. V. "Two-Ray 4'n -Probe
With Stepped Excitatio n" 36
Nazarov, I. A. and Burdygin, A. P. "Investigation of the Influence of the
Geometrical Measurement Conditions on the Intensity of Secondary Gamma
Radiation" 39
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Lt~l~~t:~'_~~:_~ i~, V. and Leman, Ye. P. "Evaluation of Threshold of Response
;;�-ra}- Radiomelric I.ogging and Testing Under the Conditions of Katural
- :;eddin~, u: Gres" 43
Ruichalo, 0. P. "One Component in the Statistical Error of Gamma-Spectromet-
ric i~i~asurements" 47
Sokolo~~, .1. N., Khentovskiy, S. M., Sinel'nikov, M. B., Rusinov, M. B, and
V~znesenskiy, L. I. "Experience in Use of a Differential Automatic Volume
Cont.rol System in Nuclear Geophysical Apparatus for the Continuous Testing
of Ores and Their Enrichment Products in a Technological Scheme" 52
Vo:'fshteyn, P. M., Kireyev, V. A. and Peskov, V. N. "Instrument for X-ray
P.adiometric Logging with the PRK-1-36 Controllable Extensible Device" 57
Kastin, Yu. I., Zaycher~kov, B. D., Ibatullin, R. A., Gulin, Yu. A. and Tugar-
tnov, L. N. "Transportable Activation Apparatus for Preparation of Radio-
~~ctive Sodium Under Production Conditions for the Purpose of Investigating
Boreholes by the Isotopes Method" 63
Sidenlco, V. V., Grabovskiy, A. V., Gerling, V. E., Vasil'yev, A. V. and
Zgnrdovskiy, V. I. "Vacuum Semiconductor Spectrometer With p~ -Excitation" 68
Leman, Ye. P., Zolotnitskiy, V. A. and Mats, N. A. "Interpretation of X-ray
Radi.ometric Protiling With Probes of Different Designs" ~1
Seismometry
Kozlov, L. G., Lukashin, Yu. P. and Mitrofanov, V. N. "Apparatus for Checking
and Adjusting the Computation Block of the VSK-1 Vibroseismic Apparatus Com-
plex" 81
Lukashin, Yu. P. and Pushkin, A. G. Analysis of Noise Immunity of Analog
Vibroseismic Apparatus" " 85
hozlov, L. G. "Dynamic Ranges of Seismic Waves and Apparatus Used" 95
Iiaykov, N. V. and Mukhamedzhanov, A. B. "Device for Tie-in of UPR Apparatus
tu the Small M6000, M7000, SM1 and SM2 Electronic Computers" 100
Anis.imov, A. A. and Karayev, N. A. "Apparatus for Ultrasonic Seismic Model-
in~;" 105
C~ophysical Investlgations in Boreholes
t'yatetskiy, Ye. M. and 5hclierbakov, Yu. D. "Influence of the Curvature of a
Borehole on the Readings of a Rotating Ferrosonde" 109
Tarasov, V. A. and Greyner, A. L. "Borehole Instrument for Determining the
Thermal Conductiv~ty of Rocks Under Natural Conditions" 112

~
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Bragin, A. A., Gol'dshteyn, L. M., Fedoriv, R. F. and Shikt~an, A. S. "Stan-
dardized Electronic Unit for a Small X-ray Logging Apparatus" 121
Krapivskiy, Ye. I., Sergeyev, L. Ya., Kovalev, A. A. and Artamonov, S. V. "Appar-
atus for Neutron-Neutron Logging With Automatic Processing of Measurement
Results" 124
Gutorov, Yu. A. "Choice of Working Parameters for Complex Apparatus for
Acoustic Monitoring of Cementing and Technical Condition of Cased
Boreholes" 129
Lomachev, Ye. P. "Determination of the Actual Scale of Regi~try of Amplitude
Curves of Acoustic Cement Meters" 141
Sarkisov, I. K., Pugachev, V. P. and Mikhaylov, V. V. "Development of Autono-
mous Digital Instruments for Borehole Logging in the Drilling Process" 146
Artsybashev, V. A., Volkov, A. A. and Dugin, V. V. "Instrument for Nuclear
Geopliysical Testing of Open-Pit Boreholes" 151
Innovations in Geophysical Instrument Making
Gritsenko, G. V., Gulyayev, G. N., Kornilin, S. A., Krasyukov, V. A., Stavrov,
B. V. and Stepanov, B. S. "Semiautomatic Apparatus for the Read-out of
Graphic Information the 'Shifrator-3 155
Veselovskaya, N. P., Gulyayev, G. N., Gritsenko, G. V., Kovalenko, P. I.,
Krasyukov, V. A., Novikov, M. Ya. and Stepanov, B. S. "'Grafik-1' Field
Digital-Analog Recorder" 158
Sarkisov, I. K., Pugachev, V. P., Mel'nikov, A. G. and Granovskiy, M. P.
"Apparatus for Electric Logging for Investigating Deep Boreholes Using
a Multistrand Cable" 163
~xchange of Experience
Ivanyukovich, G. A. and Nazarov, A. R. "Choice of a Design for a Gamma-X-ray
Source" 167
~
Artsybashev, V. A. and Volkov, A. A. "Investigation of the Influence of the
Intermediate Zone in Gamma-Gamma and X-Ray Spectral Analysis Logging of
Open-Pit Boreholes With Inversion Probes" 173
Abolesl~in, V. M. "Use of a Secondary Source in X-Ray - Radiometric Logging
- for Tin and Antimony" 177
Reutov, Yu. Ya. "Magnetic Properties of Radio Parts of Magnetometric Appar-
atus" 179
Sarkisyan, R. Ye., Mkhitaryan, S. A. and Gevorkyan, L. A. "Field Electric
Prospecting Instrument for Studying the Primary Fields of Stray Currents" 182
_ 77
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T~alyuk, M. V., Chelok'yan, R. S., Mel'tiser, A. K. and Reznik, P. D.
"Metho~ for Redu~ing the Electric Noise Level in the Logging of Deep
Boreholes" 184
~OPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1981
5303
~.50: 1865/250
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UDC 621.371+535.2(571.54)
PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMACNETIC WAVES
L'l~:n-Ucie RASPROSTRANENIYG EL~K'I'ROMAGNITNYKH VOLN i:? Russian 1980 (signed to press
14 Apr 80) pp 2, 112, 114-119
[Annotation, table of cor.rents and abstracts f.rom collection "Electromagnetic Wave
- Propagation", edited by N. Ts. Gomboyev, Ch. Ts. Tsydypov and N. B. Chimitdorzhi=
yev, Uchastok operativnoy po~.igrafii BF SO AN SSSR, 500 copies, 119 pagesJ
- [Text~ Annotation. T}lis collection of articles is devoted to investigations of the
pr~p