JPRS ID: 10149 USSR REPORT METEORLOGY AND HYDROLOGY NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1981

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10149 ~
1 December 1981
USSR Re ort
p
METEOROLOGY AND ~HYDROLOGY
No. 9, September 1981
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JPRS L/10149
1 December 1981
- ~SSR REPORT
METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY
~ No. 9, September 1981
Translations or abstracts of all articles of the Russian-ianguage ~
monthly journ.:~l METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA published in Moscow by
Gidromet.e~izdat.
CONTENTS
; *Seasonal Restructurings of Circulation in the Meteor Zone (80-100 km) and
I Their Relationship to Stratospheric Processes......~ 1
i
I *Analysis of Very Simple Zonal Models of Circulation of the Equatorial
Atmosphere....... 2
~ *
~ Numerical Investigation of Frontogenesis With Allowance for Phase Transitione.. 3
~
- *Use of Observational Data on Clouds in Nuanerical Forecasting of Surface
Air Temperature 5
Some Features of Structure and Evolution of Hail-Generating Cumulonimbus Clouds 6
i
*Prediction of Radiation and Radiation-Advective Fogs 17
I *Prediction of Evaporation Fogs by the Quadratic Discriminant Analysis Method... 18
I
I *Numerical Model.9.ng of Tropical Cyclone Landfall 19
i
*Allowance for Heat Receipts From Soiar Radiation on Slant Surfaces 20
Spatial Variability of Current Fields in the Shallow Water Part of the Shelf... 21
*Heat Runoff of Rivers in European Territory ot USSR .................e.......... 28
,
*Use of a ProbaUilistic Travel-Time Model in Computing the~High-Water Hydrograph
(In the Example of the Chulym River) 29
*Spatial-Temporal Variability of Current Dischar~es in the FGGE Atlantic
Equatorial Polygon 30
~ Denotes items which have been abstracted.
- a- [III - tJSSR - 33 S&T FOUO]
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>
*Considerations on Determining Mean Watershed Slopes 31 ~
*Further Considera~ions on Mpan Watershed Slopes 32
Work of an Unofficial Conference of WMO Experts on Long-Range Weather
Forecasting 33
*Si;ctieth Birthday of Givi Gedeor~ovich Svanidze 40
* 41
Sixtieth Birthday of Arkadiy Yefremovich Cherenkov
Awards Given to Soviet Meteorologists and Oceanographers 42
*Obituary of Fetr Karpovich Yevseyev (1911-1964) 58
~
* Denotes items which have been abstracted.
- b -
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~ UDC 551.513(215-17}
SEASONAL RESTRUCTURINGS OF CIRCULATION IN THE METFAR ZONE (80-100 KM) AND THEIR
RELATIONSHIP TO STRATOSPHERIC PROCESSES
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYp in Russian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received
20 Feb 81) pp 5-11
[Article by L. S. Minina, doctor of geographical sciences, M. A. Petrosyants,
professor, and Yu. I. Portnyagin, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences,
USSR Hydr~ometeorological Scientific Research Center and Institute of Ex.perimental
Meteorology]
[Abstract] The authors, on the basis of an analysis of the results of long-term
- wind measurements by the method of radar observation of ineteor trails, endeavored
to clarify the most important patterns of the wind regime at altitudes 80-100 ?an
for periods of seasonal restructurings of circulation. A steidy was also made of
the problem of the relationship between the characteristic times of development
of seasonal restructuring processes at the altitudes of the meteor zone and in the
stratosphere. It was found that the sprfng restructuring of circulati~n occurs
rather consistently at different altitudes. Characteristic changea in some wind
regime para~neters are observed in the middle latitudes at altitudes 80-100 km
as early as March, that is, substan.tially earlier than in the corresponding lati-
tude zone of the stratosphere. This is possibly associated with low atmospheric
density at the altitudes of the meteor zone, and as a result, its low inertia. In
- such a case the considerably earlier spring restructuring in the meteor zone oF
the temperate latitudes in comparison with the stratosphere is evidence of its
more rapid reaction to radiation conditions changing during the spring. In the
meteor zone the transition from a stable sum~~:r regime of circulation to a winter
regime is briefer and is expressed less clearly than the transition from winter
to summer. In contrast to the sprina regime, the autumn restructuring of circul-
ation in the meteor zone lags by almost 1 1/2 months in comparison with the
stratomesospheric circulation. The process of spring restructuring of circulation .
in the meteor zone is therefor~ of the greatest interest from the prognostic point
of view. It can be surmised that a determination of the date of the spring re-
structuring at altitudes 80-100 lan on the bas~s of data from radiometeor sta~:ions
will be extremely useful ~n predicting the restructuring of stratospheric circul-
ation and for further improvement in long-range weather forecasting methods. Fig-
ures 4; references: 10 Russi.an.
1
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UDC 551.513.1(-062.4)
- ANALYSIS OF VERY SIMPLE ZONAL MODELS OF CIRCULATION OF THE EQUATORIAL ATMOSPHERE ,
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Ssp 81 (manuscript received
5 Mar 81) pp 12-22
[Article by Ye. M. Dobryshman, professor, Institute of Atmospheric Physics] ~
[Abstract] One of the features of atmospheric dynamics in the equatorial zone,
where the role of nonlinear interaction and vertical movements even in the small
terms of Coriolis acceleration is great, is a great diversity of possible circul-
ation mechanisms. If there is a more or lesa clearly expressed zonal flow, the
zonal velocity compnnent u(usually easterly in the troposphere) varies with time
and coordinates more weakly than the meridional v and vertical w components. With-
in the framework of zonal models, that is, with discarding of the derivatives of
x(along the equator), there can be different regimes for v and w with one and the
same zonal component u. Taking this into account, the author presents a qualita-
tive analysis of a nonlinear system of equations describing very simple zona3.
models of circulation mechanisms in the equatorial zone. It is shown that the sys-
tem has two staCionary points. One; corresponding to a stationary geostrophic zon-
al flow, is an unstable saddle point, whereas the second, corresponding to a sta-
tionary easterly zonal flow ir the presence of the meridional velocity component,
is a degenerate node. Tl'ie node is stable if fn the case of an easterly flow the
meridional componen~ is directed toward the equator. This can be interpreted as
~stability of the Northeast Trades in the northern hemisphere and the Southeast ~
Trades in the southern hemisphere. These findings are compared with data collected
during the GATE program. There is a good agreement between the theory and observa-
tional data. Figu~es 5; references 9: 8 Russian, 1 Western.
2
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~
UDC 551.515.8
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FRONTOGENESIS WI1'H ALLOWANCE FOR PHASE TRANSITIONS
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Rusaian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received
24 Feb 81) pp 23-34
[Article by B. Ya. Kutsenko, Central Aerological Observatory]
[Abstract] The article describes a numerical model of formation of a front and fron-
tal stratiform cloud cover in the entire thickness of tihe troposphere, including the
tropopause layer and the stratospheric layer ad~acent to it. The described model was
_ formulated on the basis of a j oint solution of a system of nonlinear equations of
motion, heat transfer equations, equations for the balance of humidity and liquid
water content. It is shown that the degree of influe�zce of the phase transitions of
moisture on circulatiori in Che frontal zone is dependent on atmospheric stratifica-
tiorc. With a decrease in the stability of a warm air mass the frontal zone is inten-
- sified. The region of increased gradients o� temperature, specific moisture content
and also vorticity has a much greater vertical extent. The following explains.the
influence of the heat of phase transitions on the formation and evolution of a
frontal zone in dependence on atmospheric stability. As a result of temperature ad-
- vection, under the influence of tHe macroscale deformational wind field there is
formation of a corresponding vertical di~tribution of macroscale divergence, and ac-
_ cordingly, of ascending air movemente. In addition to the macroscale wind field,
a contribution to convergence at t,he lower levels of the atmosphere is also made by
the boundary layer. Ascending movements lead to the appearance of a frontal cloud
system with release.of the heat of condensatiion. The degree of inf luence of phase
transirion processes on the characteristics of the frontal zone is dependent on at-
mospheric stability. In the case of a very stably stratified warin air mass the phase
transition processes exert virtually no influence on circulation in the frontal zone,
forming under the influence of the macroscale velocity field. With a'decrease in at-
mospheric stability the influence of release of the heat o� condensation on the dy-
namics of frontal processes increasea. The ascending movements, creating a condensa-
tion zone, favor the appearance of a large additional energy source. This gives rise
to a secondary closed transverse circulation~which in the lower layers intensifies
- the effect of the macroscale wind field, creating an additional influx of heat and
specific humidity. This leads to a considerable intensification of convergence, and
accordingly, the velocity of ascending movements, as a result of which the release
of the heat of condensation is intensified. The increasing temperature gradient
causes an increase in the pressure gradien~t and a deepening of the disturbance. As
a result, the frontal zone with time becomes increasingly sharper, there is an in-
crease in the rate of its formation and an increase in the nonuniformity of ineteor-
ological elements in this zone. The intensification of the frontal zone will persist
~ 3
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until the influence of turbulence is counteracted by the influence of frontogenetic
factors. Transverse circulations in the frontal zones lead to the for~ation of re-
gions of strong cyclonic and anticyclonic wind shears in the zone of maximum temper-
ature contrasts. A sharp front appears in the field of specific moisture content,
whose position coincides with the region ~f maximum gradients of other characteris-
tics of ineteorological elements. The heights of the zones of incrPased gradients of
temperature, specific moisture content, and also divergence and vorticity according-
ly ~.ncrease vertically upward with a decrease in atmospheric stability. Figures 3;
references 11: 6 Russian, 5 Western.
4
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UDC 551y50~i.313+551.509.323+551.576~
USE OF OBSERVATIONAL DATA ON CLOUDS IN NUMERICAL FOItECASTING OF SURFACE
AIR TEI~ERATURE
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received
17 Feb 81) pp 35-40
[Article by I. A. Ale~:seyeva-Obulchova and I. A. Petrichenko, candidate of physical
and mathematical sciences, USSR Hydrometeorological Scientific Research Centerj
' [Abstract] Data from visual and satellite observations of cl~uds are used extensive-
' ly in synoptic work in short-range weather forecasting as necessary information in .
an examination of the thermal and humidity transformation of air massea. Despite
this, observations of cloud cover are not used in a number of So~iet numerical
~ schemes for the forecasting of ineteorological elements. Certain numerical synoptic-
hydrodynamic schemes are exceptions. However, in the latter data on the quantity of
clouds are replaced by dew-point spreads by use of empirical expreasions The use
Af this indirect method for taking cloud cover into account reduces the accurac;~ of
' the corresponding computations and this naturally has a negative effect on the fin-
al results of synoptic-hydrodynamic forecasts of ineteorological elements. In order
to determine the possible errors aseociated with the indirect method for taking
data on the qua~itity of clouds into account fn forecasting schemes the authors carr-
ied out numerical experiments for predicting air surface temperature. Among the dif-
ferent types of averaging of dew-point spreads at different levels.in the atmosphere
in the prediction of surface air temperature the best result was from a variant of
use of the dew-point spread at the single level 850 gPa. The use of initial data on
cloud cover in the ~rediction of air surface temperature during the summer gives an
advantage of 11% and in winter even 4.OX in comparison with the use of the dew-pont
spread at the 850-gPa level for these purposes. During the summer the accuracy in
predicting air surface temperature increases considerably with the use of data on .
~ cloud cover or the dew-point spread for two observation times (0300 and 1500 hours)
' in comparison with one of these observation times. These and other data indicate
' the possibility of increasing the accuracy of short-range numerical forecasts of
meteorological elements by including cloud cover in�ormation in the initial data.
Under operational conditions the volume of data on cloud cover will be approximate-
ly twice as great as the volume of data used in the numerical experiments and ac-
cordingly it would be possible to obtain more precise results.than obtained in thi~a
study. Figures 2, tables 1; references: 13 Russian.
5
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UDC 551.509.616:551.509.617
SOME FEATURES OF STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF HAIL-GENERATING CUMULONIMBUS CLOUDS
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received
5 Jan 81) pp 41-49
[Article by L. A. Dinevich, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, Mol-
davian Republic Adninistration of the Hydrometeorological Service]
[Text] Abstract: Statistical observational data were
used in determining the polarization character- .
istics of a radar signal reflected from droplets
of shower precipitation and hail. It is demon-
strated that it is possible to detect hail on
. the basis of depolarization of the reflected
signal. On the tasis of signals detected from
cumulonimbus clouds in shower, hail-threaten-
ing and hail stages of development it is shown
that it is possible to determine the hail-for-
mation process with a reliability of 95Y 10-15
minut~s prior to the falling of hail to the
ground. The collected data and the patterns es-
tablished on ttieir basis were uaed in develop-
ing a method for determining the danger of hail
falling from clouds and modification schemes.
Formulation of Problem and Volume o� Experimental Data
Numerous inveatigations of convective clouds carried out in the USSR and abroad ~
applicable to the problems involved in the artificial modification of hail clouds
have considerably broadened our knowledge concerning cloud physics and the pro-
cesses transpiring in them [5, 6, 10, 14]. However, there is also a whole series
of problems requiring further inveseigation. The most important of these is ob-
taining detailed infarmation on the mechanisms of formation and growth of hail, as
well as on differences in the structure of haii, hail~bearing, shower and cumulo-
nimbus clouds.
Such a problem is related to the fact that despite the relatively high effective-
ness of antihail protection, attempts at the modification of hail clouds in many
cases are fruitless.
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An analysis of cases with negative modification results indicated tha.t tt~~eir
causes can be reduced to methodological and organizational-technical. The ar-
ganizational-technic:al factors, despite their complexity, for the most part are

- understandable and in principle ~an be eliminated. The methodological factors ~
for the most part are related to an inadequate knowledge of the structure of
shower and hail clouds, which makes difficult the unambiguous determination of
the degree of hail danger of clouds in an early stage in the hail-formation pro-
cess and the places in the cloud where it is best to introduce artificial crys-
tallization nuclei. A solution of these problems requires a deeper knowledge of
the structure of clouds in diff~rent stages of their evolution.
SPVeral models of cumulonimbus clouds have now been developed [S, 14, 17, and oth-
- ersJ. However, despite considerable succESSes in the field of study of cumulonimbus
hail clouds, there is still no final clarif ication of the problem as to the part
of the cloud in which the processes of farmation, growth and �alling of hail be-
gin and how they transpire.
In this article we give new data on the differences in structure of shower, hail-
dangerous and hail cumulonimbus clouds. In order to clarify them we used the re-
sults of ordinary radar observations of these clouds in Moldavia, aupplemented by
a polarization analysis of radar signals reflected from clouda [9]. Supplementing
the radar data wQ used the results of investigations of fe~tures of intracloud
air currents using radioactive tracers [4, 15].
These data make it possible with a great accuracy to solve the problems involved
in routine detecti~n of the moment of transition of clouds from the nonnail-danger-
ous stage to the hail-dangerous stage and to find the places in a cloud into which
it is most desirable that a reagent be introduced.
I The essence of the polarization method for tracing the evolution of Cb for the most
part is reduced ta the following [18]: if the electric vector of an incident plane-
; polarized wave is parallel to one of the axes of the ellipsoid of the hydrometeor,
i a dipole moment component is excited only along this Rxis and there is no cempon-
ent along the axis perpendicular to the radio wave polarization plane. Accordingly,
in this case the scattered wave will have the same polarization plane as the in-
' cident wave and there will be no transveraely polarized component o� the electro-
magnetic field scattered by hydrometeora.
II, If the ellipsoids of the hydrometeors are arbitrarily oriented relative to the
' polarization plane, a depolarized signal component also appears in the scattEred
f ield .
~ In general, the scattered energy is determined by the polarization plane of the
incident wave, the spatial position of the reflecting particles and the deg�r.~e of
their asphericity, phase state and dielectric inhomogeneity.
- In the case of a random distribution of particles in apace
SPh~ ' ~ ~ ~ ; g'g~ 3 g~j _ ~ Jgc (P - b'~)~.
1,~p~~p
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Here I~~ is the intensity of the energy scattered in the polarization plane of the
incident wave, I y is the intensity of the energ~ andttera~eithe functionsrof~ellip~
to the polarization plane of the incidPnt wave, g $
ticity of a particle and its dielectric constant.
At the same time it is known that cloud droplets, hailstones and raindrops di~jer
considerably with respect to form and are oriented differently in space [1,
Cloud droplets are spherical and their predominantly horizontal orientation in
space remains characteristic for raindrops. According to the experimental data of
Henry and McCormick [20J, large flattened dropa are oriented for the mos*_ part in
the horizontal plane and the deviation of their vertical axis does not exceed 10-
15�. At the same time, the hailstones have a random orientation.
Accordingly, the difference in the form of raindrops and liailstones, as well as
anisotropy (change in density and size along the radius) of the latter hydrumeteor
should differently reflect a plane-polarized wave, creating an orthogonal compon-
ent. Therefore, knowing the quantitative values of the orthogonal component of the
reflected radar signal for hailstones and droplets, it is possible to solve the
inverse problem, that is, determine the presence df hail in clouds.
' On the basis of the data cited above, over a period of years radar stations of the
' ARS-3M and "Uragan" types and a polarimeter developed at the Central Aerological
Observatory [19] have been used in carrying out investigations of the character~Ls-
tics of hydrometeors in shower and hail clouds. The observations involved obtain-
ing vertical and henradarsradiatediwavesuwithihorizontalapolarization and50received
from the radar. T ,
both orthogonal comp~nents.
The method for such observations was described in detail in [9]. 'Ihis complex of
observations and registry of the signal occupies a time interval of not more than
`l minutes, that is, the time during which there are virtually no significant
changes in cloud structure. The matching of series of photographs made it pos-
sible to determine the ineconicalfornvertical cloud sectionsd signal and its de-
polarization structur
_ The described methionwof 50ecloudsawasgconsider~d withftheirhtransition7from er
clouds; the evolut
shower to hail-dangerous and hail stages.
Characteristi~s of Structure of Cumulonimbus Rain and Hail Clouds and Their Evolu-
tion According to Data Obtained by the PolariZation Research Method
An analysis of the experimental data indicated that in all cases of the falling
of hail in the vertical sections of Cb there were channels with an increased de-
- polarization value Q p~-10 db, whereas among the 117 verticai sections of shower
- clouds there were only 5 such cases, accompanied by heavy showers without hail.
Here the depolarization d p= 10 lg Pl/P~~ ia the ratio of the intensity of the
orthogonal component of the reflected signal to the main component ~r '
:.p_n, -n~~~
' whPre n 1 and n~~ are the values of theae components, db.
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It st~ould be noted that the maximum depolarization is created by water-encased
aspherical hailstones. Although with a definite orientation of an individual par-
ticle the transverse component for~it may be absent, it~ general for a cloud or
zone of precipitation consisting of a great number of randomly arranged par-
ticles the mean depolarization value for the echo signal attains considerable
levels.
In the experiments which were carried out the actual place of the falling of hail
dn the ground always coincided with the stirface projection of an enhanced (char-
acteristic for hail) zone of depolarization in a cloud, determined using a polar-
ized radar. The typical vertical sections of hail and shower clouds arF, shown in
Fig. 1, where R is the distance to the radio echo, H is the altitude of the radio
echo, lg z is radar reflectivity, T�C is temperature read from the radiosonde
measurement closest in time; the dashed lines correspond to the lg z icolines
and the solid lines correspond to depolarization isolines.
Accor.ding to research data, in hail clouds with a channel of increased depolariz-
- ation extending to the earth's surface there was. in almc~t all cases, falling of
hail to the ground. In shower clouds of a region of increased depolarization
with Q p i-10 db the falling of hail was observed in only 10% of the cases. How-
- ever, these regions, being situated randomly, that is, in different parts of the
cloud above the 0�C isotherm,did not undergo transition 3nto a form chdracteris-
tic for hail clouds. In 5% of the cases in shower clouds there was a channel of
increased depolarization which touched the earth, but hail was not forthcoming
from the clouds.
Thus, an analysis of the cited results of the investigations indicated that mak-
' ing joint use of the depolarization characteristics of signals reflected from
the clouds and the radar reflectivity value it is possible to classify clouds as
hail and shower clouds. The zone of ambiguity (that is, the Q p and lg z values
at which both showers and hail can be observed) is extremely narrow and with a
radar reflectivity lg z)3.2 falls in the limits from -10 to -15 db. (The meas-
urement accuracy is Q P f2 db.)
- The results served as a basis for determining the hail danger of clouds on the ba-
sis of the polarization characteristics of the radar signal reflected from them.
Then, for solving the formulated probler it was necessary:
to find an adeq�ate method for predicting transition of a cloud .from a nonhail
state to a hail stage not less than 10-15 minutes in advance;
to find a method for routine radar determination of the region in the cloud in
which the process of formation and growth of hail ~ranspires most rapidly and in-
_ tensively.
In order to solve these problems we used the data which we had accumulated on the
evolution of the structure of cumulonimbus clouds in the course of their "life-
time." Experience in routine work on the modification of hail processes gives
basis for speaking of the absence (with existing technical apparatus) of.criteria
which at any specific moment in cloud development would make possible an unambig-
uous determination of its hail danger. The radar criteria [2] adopted at the
present time can only divide clouds into hail and nonhail or with a def inite
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accurricy evaluate tlie probability of their transition into a hail state. Even
in those cases when the thermodynamic and aeros}moptic characteristics of the
atmosphere are favorable for the falling of hail,~it falls only from some of the
clouds observed in these cases. It is possible to cite many examples when during
the most intensive hailfalls in the group of clouds there were those which al-
though having the same hail danger criteria did not yield any hail at all.
NKa T'C .
1?
i ~
-50 Q~ ~i ~p~,~- i
10 ~ !
~ ~ ~ i�~~ . 1 /
30 j ~ ~ 10 ~ ~
s ~0 ' ~ k ~ / j %
~ ~~-I/7,S 1 /
S D 2/10>S ~D/ 40J ~ 100
f 0 ; i ;r , ~
-S I t i' ~ i~
r
's f0 i i j~~ i
i ilgi-.~? ~1~
~ 10
1? a)
S , .
SO ; ~
10 -40 / i ~
-JO ~ ~
10~ ~
ZS -20 ~ ~~2~1T ~ - 1
~
-10 ~ ~..15 ~ ~ i
5 :s 1 ; j~ ; .'~�'t 1
_ ~ 0 10 iJ i~~
N~pp~i~ 2
S i ~s ~ i ~ 4
. ~ lg; ~ ly;-J,2~ ~
~
i0 . R KM
Fig. l. Typical vertical sections of hail (aj and shower (b) clouds according to
- ' depolarization data. 1) isolines Q p; 2) isolines n, db; 3) isolines lg z= 3.2;
4) region with ~ p=-10 db.
On the basis of the possibilities of detecting hail particles by means of depolar-
- ization characteristics of the echo signal we anaTyzed data on the evolution of
cumulonimbus clouds with their transition from shower to hail stages. The results
of these investigations indicated that zones of increased depolarization are
usually formed in clouds 10 or more minutes prior to the onset of the falling of
hail. However, it is highly difficult to evaluate the dynamics of the life cycle
of a cloud prior to ttie beginning of hail formation in it on the basis of the de-
polarization characteristics of reflected signals. Moreover, in multicell clouds
the different cells can be in different stages of development. Some of these may ,
be in the hail stage already, whereas others may only be developing. Accordingly,
prior to the onset of hail formation in clouds, in addition to the depolarization
characteristics ft is desirable that the hail danger of clouds be evaluated by
the stochastic-statistical method [2, 6J.
Thus, the method for determi.ning the hail danger of clouds is ba3ed on the follow-
ing:
~ 10
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1. The principal initial data for determining the hail danger of clouds are data
on evolutian of the structure of clouds, determined by changes in the degree of
depolarization of radio echoes from regions within which lg z~ 3.4. Reference is
to the appearance in the radio echo region where lg z) 3.4 of considerable sec-
tors of increased depolarization and the dropping of their lower boundary below
- the level of the isotherm 0�C. The value lg z~ 3.4 was selected because the inves-
tigations revealed the absence of cases of the falling of hail from clouds in
which there are no regions with a value lg z~ 3.4.
2. Data on the values of six radar parameters HuPper boun' ~Iz~X~ THu r boun'
T ; lg z; h_/h [2] should serve as additional characteristics in de~~~min-
HZmax +
ing the stage of cloud development in the prehail perio~. These criteria are used
in determining the complex hail danger criterion Kp% and P% the total probabil-
. ity of the hail state of a cloud: -
- N n
~~p ~ n -4-~R � 1 ~"I p?
[ f = ha il ; J~ = shower ] ~ ~l
where nhaili~ nshowi are the :iumbers of cases of the falling of hail or showers
respectively for a given value of the i-th parameter. The P= f(KP) value is de-
' termined statistically. Far this purpose, on the basis of experimental radar data
for a specific orographic region and simultaneous visual surface observations of
falling precipitation a statistical series of KP values is prepared.
During the initial period of cloud development, when the clouds still contain no
regions with a value L1p ~-10 db, it is possible to trace the dynamics of the
cloud or cell in it using the method set forth in [2, 6]. by means uf one of six
paramet~rs, the most convenient c?f which are Hupper boun~ Hzmax~ lg z(recently
in practical antihail protection work use has also been made of the H parameter
at the level lg z= 4.0) and the temperature at this level.
If the value of at least one of the parameters is not characteristic for an unam-
' biguous determination of the stage of cloud development, it is necessary to employ
the entire set of parameters.
3. In order to obtain the depolarization characteristics of a signal it is neces~
sary to use a radar set with the possibility for radiation of a plane horizontally
polarized electromagnetic wave, reception of two orthogonal components of the re~
flected signal and discrimination on the circular-scan display screen and "range-
i altitude" indicator of regions of isoechoes with stipulated devels of depolariza-
tion and radar reflectivity exceeding the values
~ p~-10 db, lg z j 3.4 .
In order to study the evolution of the depolarization structure of a cloud in the
region of maximum radar reflectivity we constructed series of horizontal and ver-
tical sections each 1-2 minutes. An increase in the region with radar reflectivity
- lg z~ 3.4 in the zone with L~p 10 db, a decrease in its lower boundary, an in-
crease in the horizontal gradient L1p with a simultaneous decrease in the vertical
gradient Q p constitute a basis for assuming that the focus is hail dangerous.
11
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_ _ ~~K~ ~
NKn 110
~o , - ~ a~ ~
o)
, a) ~ = ~ , c) ~
, _ , ~
i i
.
r ~ ` ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
.
~ � ; / a' b ? ~ ~
~f ' ~ ~ i
I ~ ro~ . ?i ~ ' i .
10 10 IO
yt !!r
/
, d)
~ -
.
- ~
~ i ~ i~~ _ 1 ~
- i ~ dt� . . '
~ ~ 7.p ~
i
~ ' ~ - � - 3 . io�~r ~ _ ~
n, ~ .r i ~
- ~ ' i~ ~S' ~ _ ~ (
~ ' , `~1 ii ~
~ ~
; ~ ~ ~ r rt , i ii
~ r . : i ii
n f/ !0 ,
Fig. 2. Diagrams of development of cloud from shower to hail stage. 1) isolines
n db; 2) isolines nl db; 3) isolines lg z= 3.2; 4) region ~p ~-10 db, the fig-
ures denote the depolarization values.
~ _
- ,r:� ' .
a~e o ~ s s ~
0,160 6) ' ,
Qygp a~ . 42 .
Q600 a,~ d
0,720
- O,B40 ~ s Z
~ooo �
2 ~ 6 Q NM ~
d p/M % 1,0
9,8/JD
PS 4 t Kn
7/PD - t , ? j e
15 1 rcM
~0/f0 E~ a4 - ~ -
1J/S - O,e
1 2 S 10 ~ p~~; ~ ~
~rs ~
0 ~ _
' p.R
0
Fig. 3. Dimensions of axes of droplets freezing in the nucleus of a hailstone as
a function of their diameter (a); nomograms for computing hailstone melting time
(b) and dependence of coefficient of depolarization of a reflected signal on the
configuration of ellipsoidal particles (c).
12
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A typical scheme of development of a cloud from the shower to the hail stages
is represented in Fig. 2. We note that alreadq on the basis of the position of
the zone Q p~-10 db, shown in Fig. 2b, with a guaranteed probability of 95~ and
with an advance time of 10 minutes it is possible to conclude that there is a
transition of the cloud into a hail stage.
The advantage of the proposed method for determining hail danger of clouds is that
it makes it possible to solve this problem with a high guaranteed probability 10-
15 minutes prior to the beginning of falling of hail to the ground. The adequacy
of such an advance time for practical artif icial modification work can be demon-
strated by using Fig. 3.
Figu~~e 3a is a curve of the dependence of the ratios of the axes of droplets (a/
b) freezing in the nucleus of a hailstone on their dianeter D(constructed by G. S.
Bartishvili).
Figure 3b shows the nomograms of E. A. Geyvandov and I. P. Mazin [7] for computing
the melting time of hai.lstones during tYieir falling in the warm part of the atmo-
- sphere (T ~�C) and under the condition that all the water forming during the
melting is blown from it, as is characteristic, in the opinion of the authors, for
= hailstones with a radius exceeding 0.3 cm. Using the nomogram there is graphic so-
, lution of the equation
I -
FcF~ _(1 - p1~~) - ka~~ - Ps~{) = k~N-~k~N=~
3,~�10-eda + 8,3�lU-2 (d�-df )
k~ _ ~ - " (ll~.it),
0
k-~ _ 1,7�10-87 -1� 4~2�1~-2a ~1 ~Cac2~~
ro
7 � 10'4u
ka = Y~o ,
iahere fJ = r/r~ shows by how many times there was a decrease in the radius of the
hailstone during falling; H is the upper level from which hailstones, falling,
begin to melt; aG and are the humidity ~nd temperature gradients respectivelq;
e 0 and d~ are the temperature and humidity at the cloud base; ds~ is vapor elas-
ticity at the hailstone surface; u is the velocity of ascending currents.
Using these nomograms and the computation method cited in [9], it can be demonstrat-
ed that a hailstone with a radius 10 mm, with falling from an altitude of 3 km, a
- temperature at this altitude 0�C, a velocity of the vertical flow 5 m/sec and with
the meteorological conditions most frequently encountered during hail processes,
wo~~ld have a radius 7 mm. With these same atmospheric parameters a hailstone with
a radius of 6 mm, falling from an altitude of 3 km, at the earth will have a
radius r = 4 mm.
If we also take into account the increase in heat transfer as a result of turbulent
exchange, it can be expected that hailstones with a diameter of 1 cm falling from
an altitude of 3 km will reach the earth having a diameter less than 5 mm.
13
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It is known that hailstones with a diameter of less than 5 mm will not inflict
substantial damage on agricultural crops [10]. Accordin~ly, we will use ~ dia-
- meter d= 5 mm of hailstones falling to the earth as the minimum size of danger-
ous hail. As stated above, at an altitude of 3 lan these hailsrones have a c~ia~
mete~ d= 1 cm. According to the G. S. Bartishvili curve, such hailstones are
aspherical and the ratio of the axes of the droplets freezing in their nucleu~
can exceed 0.3-0.4. With a random spatial orientation of these freezing droplets
- and assuming correctness r~f the wet growth hypothesis, using computations and
the A. B. Shupyatskiy curve, taken from [9] and shown in Fig. 3c, it can be dem-
onstrated that the depolarization coefficient for the reflected signal is M=
15-17%, where M= P,l /P I~ , whictt corresponds to Q p~-10 db. According to this
same curve, the minimum ratios of the axes of ellipsoidal particles, for which
L`,,p remains greater than -10 db, is approximately equal to 0.7, which according
to Fig. 3a corresponds to a hail diameter d= 4 mm. It follows from these approx-
imate computations that in a cloud it i~ sufficient for there to be hailstones ,
with a radius greater than 2 mm and by means of polarization techniques and the
developed method it is possible to detect them and proceed to modification with-
out awaiting an increase in the hailstones to dangerous sizes (d~ 10 mm).
Using information on cloud structure, employing data on the depolarization of re-
flected signals it is possible to determine the region of formation and growth of
hail, and on the basis of the results of the investigations cited in [3, 6, 8],
select the optimum scheme for introduc~ng the reagent tn order to prevent large
hail.
The generalized schemes for introducing the reagent can be represented in the fol-
lowing way:
1. With the discovery of individual small foci in a cloud in the region of the
i5otherws -10,..., -15�C with the value ~p ~-10 db the reagent must be intro-
duced at the level of the isotherms -4,..., -6�C in the entire region described
by the isoline lg z~ 3.4.
2. If the zone of increased depolarization is situated in the leading or central
part of the cloud lg z> 3.4, and its lower boundary has reached the level of the
isotherm 0�C and continues to drop, the reagent must be introduced directly into
this region, at the level of the isotherms -10,..., -15�C, closer to the level of
the maximum rate of the ascending flow. The lower the lower boundary of the re-
- gion Q p>- 10 db drops down, the more important it is to introduce the reagent
under the level of the maximum velocity of the ascending flow, determined as the
level of maximum radar reflectivity.
3. If the zone of increased depolarization takes in the entire region lg z) 3.4,
including its rear part, and reaches the ground level, it is not necessary to
introduce reagent into such a cell, since hail is already falling from it and
the hail formation process ceases.
- In this case it is very important to note the formation of new cells near the
decaying cell. These new cells are usually formed in a leading part of the cloud
(relative to the direction of movement), but sometimes they can develop in the
rear. If such cells, described by the isoline lg z~ 3.4 appear, and especially
at the level of the isotherms -10,,...,-15�, the reagent must be introduced
14
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directly into them, without awaiting the appearance of regions of increased de- ~
polarization.
In conclusion the author expresses sincere appreciation to Doctors of Physical aricl
Mathematica~ Sciences A. B. Shupyatskiy and S. M. Shmeter for valuable advice in
the work and to R. P. Tychin and T. Ye. Sizova for assistance given in the col-
lection and processing of data.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Bartishviii, G. S., "Irregular Forms of Hailstones," TRUDY ZakNIGMI (Transac-
tions of the Transcaucasian Scientific Research Hydrometeorological Insti-
_ tute), No 25(31), 1969.
2. Borovikov, A. M., Kostarev, V. V. and Shupyatskiy, A. B., "Instrumentation
and Method for Radar Obaervations of Evolution of Well-Developed Cumulus
and Cumulonimbus Clouds," TRUDY VSESOYUZNOGO SOVESHCHANIYA PO AKTIVNYM VOZDEY-
STVIYAM NA GRADOVYYE PROTSESSY (Transactions of the All-Union Conference on
- Artificial Modification of Hail Processes), 1964.
- 3. Buykov, M. V., Possibility of Formation of Large-Droplet Zone of Accumula-
t~on of Cloud Moisture on the Periphery of the Ascending Flow in a Cumulo-
I nimbus Cloud," TRUDY UkrNIGMI (Transactions of the Ukrainian Scientific Re-
I search Hydrometeorological Institute), No 179, 1980.
i
4. Vebrene, B. K., Styro, B. I., Dinevich, L. A., et al., "Washing-Out of Radio-
activity by Rain Droplets of Different Size," TRUDY MEZHDUNARODNOY KONFER-
ENTSII PO FIZICHESKIM ASPEKTAM ZAGRYAZNENIYA ATMOSFERY (Transactions of the
International Conference on Physical Aspects of Atmospheric Contamination),
Vil'nyus, 1974.
5. Veylanan, Kh. K., "Progress in Investigation of Hail Clouds,"~TRUDY VIII VSE-
SOYUZNOY KONFERENTSII PO FIZIKE OBLAKOV I AKTIVNYM VOZDEYSTVIYAM {Transac-
tions of the Eighth All-Union Gonference on Cloud Physics and Artificial
Modification), Leningra3, 1970. ~
6. Voronov, G. S., Gayvoronskiy, I. I. and Seregin, Yu. A., "Investigations of
Artificial Modification of Hail Processes," TRUDY VIII VSESOYiiZNOY KONFER-
ENTSII PO FIZIKE OBLAKOV I AKTIVNYM VOZDEYSTVIYAM, Leningrad, 1970.
i 7. Geyvandov, E. A. and Ma~in, I. P., "Simple Method for Computing the Melting
of Hailstones During Falling," TRUDY TsAO (Transactions of the Central Aero-
logical Observatory), No 51, 1963.
8. Gromova, T. N., Dinevich, L. A., Nikandrov,, V. Ya., Sveshnikov, G. B., Toro-
pova, N. B., Ungerman, T. M. and Shishkin, N. S., "Investigation of Chlorine
Content in Precipitation in the Region of .Implementation of Antihail Work
and Analysis of Several Cases of Modification for the Purpose uf Hail Pro-
tection," VESTNIK LGU (Herald of Leningrad State University), No 12, Vyp 2,
1980.
9. Dinevich, L. A. and Shupyatskiy, A. V., "Polarization Investigations of Hai]
Clouds in Moldavia," TRUDY TsAO, No 126, 1977.
15
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10. Zaychenko, N. M., Gayvoronskiy, I. I. and Dinevich, L. A., "Investigations
of Hail Processes and Results of Antihail Protection in Moldavia," TRUDY
MEZHDUNARODNOY KONFERENTSII p~ ~erVnationalEConferenceAonEAr~ti~fi~CialHModifE ,
PROTSESSY (Transactions of the Int Tashkent 1973. ~
ication of Meteorological Processes), ~
11. Leskov, B. N., "Method for the Modification of Winter Orographic Clouds in
the Basin of Lake Sevan, TRUDY UkrNIGMI, No 137, 1975.
12. Litvinov,.I. V., STRUKTURA ATMOSFERNYKH OSADKOV (Structure of Atmospheric
Precipitation), Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1974.
13. Minervin, V. Ye., Morgunov, S. P. and Shupyatskiy, A. B., "Polarization In-
vestigations of the Structure of Cumulonimbus Clouds," TRUDY TsAO, No 95,
1971. ~
14. Sulakvelidze, G. K., "Mechanism of Hailran actionsaof thenHigheMountainfGeo-
tion of the Hail Process, TRUDY VGI (T
physical Institute), No 14, 1g69.
15. Shalaveyus, S. S., Vebra, E. Yu., Dinevich, L. A., et al., "Investigation
of Cnaracter of Propagation and Washing-0ut of Polonium-21Q and Phosphorus-
32 Introduced Into a LpOaFIZICHESKIMaASPEKTAMiZAGRYAZNENIYA ATMOSFERY~,UY ,
- NARODNOY KONFERENTSII
Vil'nyus, 1974.
- 16. Shmeter, S. M., Stages in the Development of Cumulonimbus Clouds and Char-
acteristics of Distribution of Meteorological Parameters in Their Zone,"
TRUDY TsAO,~No 53, 1964.
17. Shmeter, S. M., FIZIKA KONVEKTNNYKH OBLAKOV (Physics of Convective Clouds),
Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1972.
18. Shupyatskiy, A. B. and Morgunov, S. P., "Use of Elli~pt~'ic~aYlANPSSSRi(Reports~
Waves for Investigating Clouds and Precipitation,
of the USSR Academy of Sciences), Vol 140, No 3, 1961.
19. Shupyatskiy, A. B., Dinevich~ L. A. and Tychina, R. P., "Remote Sensing of
Hail in Clouds From the Polaxization Characteristics of a Radar Signal,"
TRUDY TsAO, No 121, 1975.
20. Henry, A. and McCormick, G. S., "Polarization Properties of Precipitation
Particles Related to Storm Structure," Radio and Engineering Division,
National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 1973.
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N'OR 4FF(CIAL USE ONLY
UDC 551.509.314+551.509.325
PREDICTION OF RADIATION AND RADIATION-ADVECTIVE FOGS
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Ruseian No 9, Seg $1 (manuscript received
24 Dec 80) pp SO-57
[Article by P. K. Dushkin, candidate of physical and mathematical scien~es~
[Abstract] In an earlier article (METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA, No 2, 1980) the auth-
or developed a method for the atatiatical alternative forecasting of radiation and
- radiation-advective fogs at Moscow. Independent observational data were used in
checking the success of the forecasts for various Moscow airports. On the average
estimates of the forpcasts were at the level Q= 0.60, where Q= 1-OC- O(.and ~
are errors of the first and second kinds. A ma~or aeries of observations has now
~ made it possible to separate the sample data into three groups, rather than into two
~ groups, as in the earlier study: No 1-- January, November, December, No 2-- Feb-
' ruary, October, No 3-- March, April, May, September. The number of the group is in
~ essence a com ~nent of the vector- redictor. The other co onents used are: uantit
i P P ~P Q Y
of clouds in tenths in the form of two gradations N< 5 and N~ 5, where N is the mean
total quantity of clouds during the period from 1800 to 0600 hours; dew-point spread
Qlg at 1800 hours; averaged wind velocity V22 = 0.8 V22 + 0.16 V20 + 0.04 Vlg, V20,
V22 are the wind velocities at the height of the vane. The alternative f.orecast of
_ fog is made using the discriminant analysis method. The analysis shows that the pro-
posed method has a clearly expressed regional character; for example, the graphs con-
structed for Moscow cannat be used for Khar'kov and Minsk. At present the methods e~
ployed in predicting fogs are based on initial data for evening observatio:ls. It is
important to have a method making it poseible to predict fog formation on the basis
of initial data obtained at eaxlier observation times. This problem is so11�ed. It was
found that the series of hourly meteorological observations necessary for construct-
- ing the discriminant functions graphs should be approximately 15 years. As a first
approximation it is possible to uae a s~mple of a lesser volume: 5- and 10-year ser-
ies, combining groups Nos 1 and 2. Thia and other simplifications iessen the qualit~
of the forecasts by 10-15%. The necessaxy accuracy in measuring air temperature must
i be 0.1�C. The area for which the forecast is valid is dependent on the physiographic
i character of the region. It must be determined experimentally. Figures 1, tables 7;
~ references: 3 Russian.
~
'
I 17
I
( FOit OFFICIAL USE ONLY
i
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. '
- UDC 551.509.325+551.573(268.3)
PREDICTION OF EVAPORATION FOGS BY THE QUADRATIC DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS METHOD
_ Moscow t~TEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received
2 FEb 81) pp 58-66
[Article by A. P. Polkhov and F. S. Terziyev, candidates of geographical sciences,
Murmansk Affiliate, Arctic and Antarctic Scientific Research Institute, and State
Oceanographic Institute] ;
a t The author proposes a new approach to the prediction of ~vaporation i
[Abstr c ]
fogs based on the use of asynchronous correlations between the effect (the meteor-
ological phenomenon) and its cause (thermodynamic state of the atmosphere). As the ,
initial data for the forecast this makes it possible to use data t~ken from actual
weather maps characterizing the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere (synoptic
situation) on the eve of the considered phenomenon. Quadratic discriminant analysis
is used as the mathematical approach. The investigated region was the northern
coast of the Kola Peninsula, where during the cold half of the year (October-
March) evaporation fogs are formed rather frequently. The study was based on the ,
meteorolagical archives of the 65 ands1975m1979tintthe form ofHsurfaceeandlhighal
Service for the periods 1960-19
altitude weather charts and also TM-1 meteorological tables. In the formulated
problem synoptic situations are divided into two classes: class of fog-forming sit�
uations and class of non-fog-forming situations. In turn, there are subclasses: a
subclass of situations causing a strong fog with a horizontal visibility < 50 m;
a subclass of situations causing moderate or weak fogs with horizontal visibilities
~ S00-SO m and ~ 1000-SUO m. Such a forecast, involving preparation of initial in-
formation, its input into ~he computer, forecast and printout, is completely auto~
- mated and requires 5 minutes. This fog forecasting scheme provides for operations
similar to those performed by a weatherman. The weatherman, like the "decision
- rule" derived in this study, analyzes the initial and future synoptic situations,
scrutinizing the actual and predicted information for the fields P, H850, H500~ ,
~ Tsurf' T850 in order to draw a cc~nclusion concerning the possibility of develop-
r,ient of an evaporation fog. However, the possibilities of the weatherman are more
limited because he is unable to make an objective evaluation of the enormous vol-
~ime of data handled by the computer. Figures 1, tables 3; references: 17 Russiano
18
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i
i FOR OFF7C[AL USE ONLY
I
i
i ~
~
~
~
~
i
UDC 551.515.2
~ NUMERICAL MODELING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE LANDFALL
il .
Moscow METEORO~.OGIYA I GIDROLOG7.YA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received
~ 12 Jan 81) pp 67-74
I [Article by A. P. Khain, candidate of physical and mathematical aciences, USSR Hy-
~ drometeorological Scientific Research Center]
~
~ [Abstract] A study was made of the reaction of a model tropical cyclone to a change
in surface roughness. The model was based on the solution of primitive equations in
z-coordinates. It includes a parameterizatian of convective and macroscale precip-
itation, convective transport of heat and moisture and parameterization of the
I boundary layer. Macroscale precipitation falls when the mixing ratio at the points
, of intersection of the finite-difference grid exceeds a saturating value. The mois-.
~ ture excess is condensed and form~ macroscale precipitation. Convective precipita-
� tion is caused by condensation in cumulus clouds. Boundary layer parameterization
= was carried out by the Deardorff inethod, whose suitability for the conditions of a
tropical cyclone has been confirmed. The method makes it possible, using the mean
values of potential temperature, mixing ratio, velocity in the mixing layer, its
~ height, surface temperature and roughness parameter to determine the fluxes of hest,
moisture and momentum at the surface. It was found that the principal reason for
attenuation of the model cyclone was a lim9.tation of evaporation from the land sur-
face. Attex~uation of a tropical cyclone (TC) occurs when the moisture flows from
the land surface do not exceed the moisture flows from the ocean surface which pre-
vailed in the TC zone prior to ita movement onto land. The attenuation of the TC
occurs the more rapidly the lesser the quantity of evaporation from the land sur-
face. Without a limitation on evaporation an increase in rougi�aness leads to an in-
crease in the flows of heat and moisture~ an increase in the convergence of mois-
ture into the eye of the TC, and thus, an intensification of the TC. At the time
of movement of the TC onto the land there is a brief increase in precipitation as
a result of moisture convergence in the lower troposphere. In the first few hours
after the TC moves onto the land the eye of the TC disappears and ascending move-
ments develop at the center of the TC. With movement of the 1C onto the land the
radius of the maximum winds somewhat increases. An increase in pressure, decrease
in integral moisture flows and attenuation of the TC begin when the land occupies
the central zone under the TC. The ~entral region therefore plays a decisive role
in the attenuation of the TC over the land..Figures 6; references 13: 3 Russia~,
10 Western.
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UDC 551.521.1
ALLOWANCE FOR HEhT RECEIPTS FROM SOLAR RADIATION ON SLANT SURFACES
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received
2 Dec 80) pp 7~5-78
[Article by V. A. Pataleyev, Far Eastern Scientif ic Research Institute of Hydro-
engineering and Land Improvement]
[Abstract] In connection with construction of the Baykal-Amur Railroad and the in-
creased volume of construction in the northeastern part of the country a precise
allowanc~ for the solar radiation balance on slopes is becoming especially impor-
tant. Radiation computations are also necessary for determining photosynthetical-
ly active radiation used by the plant cover in the photosynthesis process, that
is, in evaluating the suitability of the territory for cultivation of agricultural
crops, since in the northern regions the southern slopes, in contrast to a hor-
izontal surface, often receive the quantity of photosynthetically active radiation
necessary for the harvesting of stable yields. The author therefore has developed
a method suitable for practical application which makes it possible to ascertain
the quantity of heat from solar radiation incident on slant surfaces. The basis
for the method is a generally accepted expression for the radiation balance of a
slope which by means of the heat transfer coefficient and the temperature compon-
ents for the slant surface is transformed into a linear algebraic equation with
- an unknown value of heating due to the effect of nolar radiation. The solution of
~ this equation is a formula making it possible to campute the receipts of solar en-
ergy on the slant surfaces of artificial structures. Figures 1; references: 6 Rus-
sian.
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UDC 551.465.5
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF CURRENT FIELDS IN THE SHALLOW WATER PART OF THE SHELF
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9~ Sep 81 (manuscript received
22 Dec 80) pp 79-84
[Article by Yu. G. Z~tov and Yu. F. Masterov and S. Ye. Saks, candidates of tech-
nical sciences, SoyuztekhmorneftegazJ
[Text] Abstract: A study was made of tlne Frob-
lem of determining the spatial variabil-
ity of current fields constructed on the
basis of data from a survey of currents
' in a polygon in the coastal zone of the
~ sea. The method for evaluating the vari-
i ability of the current fields is based
on an analyais of the random vectors,
which are represented in a complex form
Recommendations are given on the choi,ce
~ of an optimum network of hqdrological
stations when carrying out geological
engineering work in one of the regions
of Sout~ern Primor'ye, and an evaluation
of the proposed method is presented.
The matter of validating methods for hydroengineering work is assuming a timely
importance in connection with the exploitation of mineral resources in the shelf
zones of USSR seas. The results of such engineering field work are necessary both
for the designing of petroleum and gas atructures and in supporting construction
I and diving work and measures for preserving the environment. Waves and currents
; are the most important hydrological factora for technical work on the shelt. Due
' to the lack of reliable computation methods for studying the characteristics of
currents, the principal method in specifi~ sectors �s in situ measurements.
The problem of choosing the optimum distance between atations for observing cur-
rents is the most difficult in the planning of hydrological field work in the
coastal zone of the shelf. This zone is characterized by an extremely differen-
tiated and complex pattern of circulation of water masses with considerable spatial
and temporal variability. A statistical analysis of the spatial characteristics of
currents in characteristic polygons is the most acceptable method for validating
the optimum distance between stations.
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At the present time the State Oceanographic Institute [4-6], on the basis of aer-~
ial photographic survey work for the measuremer_t of currents by means of dyes,has
discovered some statistical patterns of change in c.urrent velocity in regions with
straight shorelines far from capes and bays in the absence of islands and banka.
In particular, in the coastal zone (up to 4 km from the shore) it is recommended }
that observation.points be placed at an interval of 2 km in order to obtain a syn
chronous pattern of distribution of currents [4]. Directly near capes it is common
to discover small circulatory systems (with a scale of about 10 km) [5].
These recommendations and conclusiflns were based on a correlation analysis of abso-
lute current velocity values [4] without allowance for change in current direction.
Such an approach is legitimate when determining absolute current velocities but
the mathematical approach employed by the authors does not make it possible to
evaluate the variability of current directions.
Other methods are also known for evaluating the correlation and spectral character-
istics of the current fields [7]. For example, in [1], for evaluating the spatial
variability of the vector field the authore propose that the cosine of the angle
between the v~ctors ~1 and ~2 be used as the parameter of degree of correlation.
However, this p rameter determines only the degree of variability of the directions
of the vectors ~1 and ~2 and does not take into account the variability of the ab-
solute values. Accordingly, for obtaining more generalized characteristics of var-
iability of the vector field it is desirable to carry out processing of the para-
meters of currents not separately by components (direction, absolute value or two
projections), but on the basis of the total velocity vectors.
In this article we examine one of the possible variants of this evaluation and the
~ first results of its testing in specific polygons. The linear variability of the
current was determined by evaluating the correlations between two time series of
observations carried out at two stations situated at different distances L~ L from
one another. An evaluation of the spatial variability of currents was made by find-
ing the correlations for all possible pairs of stations. ,
The basis for the method is an analysis of random vectors represented in complex
form [2J. This makes it possible, using one complex correlation coefficient, to
express the degree of interrelationship between current direction and velocity.
The current vector can be represented in complex form as
j/~ _�~i cos a! + lvi stn ai,
where vi is the absolute value of the current vector, ~i is current direction.
The correlation moment of the two complex variables V1 and V2 is represented as
1~.. = K.t~ x: f~y~ y~ l(1l~yi x~'' /(x~ y~)~ ' (1)
V1V1 ' _
where ~Yi - vi Cos a~; Y~ = v~ sln a~~ x~ ='~s ~os rZ; Y: = v~ sin a=, ,
and KXlXz , Ky y2, Kylx2, KXly2 are the correlation moments of the values (xlx2),
(Yly2>, (YlY2~, (YlX2), (X1Y2).
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The dispersion of the complex value is determined as
D~ = Da~~ + Dvl~ D Dx, Dy~ (2)
~ ~
Expanding formula (1) by parts, we obtain
[cp = mean] ~ _
~ v,i u.i cos (z~t - a:t)1 ~ '
~
K.r, X, k y~ y1- r_t rt � - I Vicp I I Vup I COS (at~p - azcp).
. ~
: rt . . . �
~ vu ~:t sin (a~t - s~~) . ~ � .
` ~ K>~~ - K.?~ y_= j_ t n - ~~l~cp I I I~Z~P ~ sin (a~~N - a=~P),
where ~~i meanl is the modulus of the mean current vector, ~i mean is the mean cur-
rent direction.
The correlation coefficient is . _
K.. ~ ' �
; r Yny oy,
~ ~ = Re-~~, ~ ~ (3)
~ ~.3 ~ . .
-I where R is the modulus of the complex correlation coefficient; ~ is an argument
I characterizing the mean deviation of current directions with transition from one
station to another. . _
. / ~ Z ' Mtiq::
3
�
/ 0 . .
~
j ~ � 0 QO 0 Q~
~ 0 f
~ ~ O
~ ~
~ m
~ ~
(A ' � ~ , ~ . . ; ,~V~q~/'~0 O ~
:'7~
~ Fig. 1. Polygon of current measurements and diagram of zones of coastal circulation.
I 1) boundaries of circulation zones; 2) hydrological stations.
I A numerical experiment was carried out for obtaining a physical understanding of
the essence of these complex correlation coeff icienta. The dispersion Cf 2 of the
random value of the angle between two current velocity unit vectors was a vari-
- able. We selected the following o'gradations: 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120�. It was
assumed that the random value of current direction was distributed in conformity
to a normal law. Belo~a we give the relationship between the modulus R and the
standard deviation 4' obtained in a numerical experiment:
. , - (4)
~ ~ 7039
, e � .
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It can be seen from (4) that, for example, with R= 0.6 the standard deviation is
0"= f60�, but with R= 0.1 Q'= +127�.
The method presented above was tested in the coastal zone of the Sea of Japan. l~s
the experimental polygons we selected two morphologically d~.fferent parts of the
shelf. The first sector (Southern Primor'ye) is characterized by a complex configur-
ation of the shore (Fig. 1), whereas the second sector (southwestern coast of Sakh-
alin) is characterized by a straight shore.
In evaluating the spatial variability of currents in the first sector we used the
method of a survey of currents at fixed points situated at different distances
from one another. We used: a) squares with sides 250, 500 and 1000 m~(the surveys
were made at the corners and centers of the squares); b) profiles perpendicular to
- the shoreline, the distances between which were 250~ 500, 1000 and 2000 m(on each
profile there were three measurement points: at depths 10, 20 and 30 m). The total '
number of ineasurement points for variant (a) was 11, and for variant (b) 18.
It was impossible to set out the appropriate number of automatically recording in-
struments. Accordingly, we used the method of single depth measurements at fixed
points with the VI~I current meter. The network of profiles or squares was broken
down by means of theodolite tie-~n with the shore. A high-speed boat was used in
making the measurements. The full cycle for surveying one square (with depth meas- ,
urements at each of five points) required from 2 to 2.5 hours. It was assumed that ~
during this period the general pattern of currents does not essentially change and ;
the collected data can be interpreted approximately as the results of a simultan-
eous survey. . ;
� R
OQ ~ ` � � , - -
0 90 %i '
y~
00
~ ~ ; ~ ~ fs ~ � t
�oo ~ , . 2 � ? .
0,4 oo , o~ . . .
. . ' � Q � � , � �
~o � � ~ s" "'Tr
00 ~
0,1 � ~ '
-t e_o ~ ~ _ ~ � ~ ~ ~ ~ i '
?00 ~00 600 900 L M
O 1 T dL N~l
Fig. 2. Dependence of modulus of correl~ Fig. 3. Dependence of ~ argument of
ation coefficient on distance Q L between complex correlation coefficient on
oUservation stations. 1, 2) values of R distance Q L.
modulus for variants (a) and (b) reapec--
tively; 3) value of R modulus R1(2...5)'
In accordance with variant (a), in each square we carried out 20 measurement cycles
and in accordance with variant (b) 18 cycles. We studied the characteristics of
bottom currents, which are especially important for geological engineering prob?ems
and at the same time are the least studied.
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In the second sector (Sakhalin) there were six measurement cycles, each with 14
points. The distances between profiles were 10 km, and between points on the pro-
f ile up to 4 lan. ~
- The results of processing of the series of observations of currents for three
squares for the sector shown in Fig. 1 are represented in Figures 2 and 3. The
moduli of the complex correlation coefficients vary in the range 0.16-0.72 and
the corresponding values of their argument ~ vary from 10 to 80�. The series of
observations of currents at points situated not more than 200 m from one another
are most closely currelated. The correlation coefficient modulus is 0.6 for this
same distance. Its variation characteristic does not exceed 2%. ~
Figure 2 also shows the results of processing of current measurements along six
profiles (variaiit (b)). With an increase in the distance d L between profiles
the modulus of the correlation coefficient R decreases and at a distance greater
than 2 km attains 0.1-0.15. With such distances between observation stations it
is impossible to determine the presence of an interrelationship between individual
points of the current field, that is, discriminate zones with a traneport of water
masses which is sustained in direction.
Using the curve of the dependence of the correlation coefficient modulus R on dis-
tance L~L, similar to the graph shown in Fig. 2, and expression (4), it is possible
i to select the optimum distance betwePn stations in accordance with the required
; accuracy and engineering prob'lem. For example, in the considered sector in the case
-I of large-scale reconnaissance work in order to determine positions on the plan o~
- circulatory movements of water masses the distance between adjacent stations must
~ not exceed 200-300 m. On the other hand, when it is necessary to clarify the qual-
i itative picture of the field of currents, that is, to determine the general direc-
tion of transport of water masses (the standard deviation of current direction is
~ about �60�), it is possible to hold the interval between stations in the range
600-700 m.
In this same sector, using the R value, it is possible to discriminate characteris-
tic zones of interrelated movement of bottom water masses (circulation, eddies,
stationary currents). Two such zones are located in the region of capes (Fig. 1)
j and are evidently determined by the influence of the shoreline. A third zone; sit-
il uated in a seaward direction, is in a region ad~acent to the stationary Primor'ye
~ Current. ~
i
' The spatial and alongshore variability of currents in the second sector (Sakhalin
= Island) differs considerably from the variability of the coastal zone of Southern
Primor'ye and is characterized by a transport of water masses which is susta:Lned
over the entire polygon. The correlation coefficient modulus R is not below 0.6
with a distance between measurement points up to 30-40 km.
- In addition to the proce~sing of results by the method described above, in order to
determine the reciprocal influence of the entire group of ineasurement points we
carried out processing of observations using the multiple correlation approach [3].
As the experimental polygon we selected a sector in accordance with variant (a).
The multiple correlation coefficient [3] is
_ ~
R~~z . . . n~ - I ~ - (1 - Ri.z~I 1 - Ris.l) . . . RIp.23 . . . ~P-~>>~ ~ '
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where p is the number of variables; Ri~~ is the special correlation coefficient
between the variables Xi and X~ with exclusion of the influence of Xk and XL.
Special coefficients of three or more variables are determined using the formula '
- R17.4...p-R13A...p'R23.4...p ~ ~5~
RI2.31, . .p= ~~1-Rj3.4. . .p~~~-Rt3.4. . .p~~'6
It can be seen from formula (5) that the special correlation coefficient of p vari-
- ables is determined by the coefficients of p- 1 variables. Accordingly, knowing
- the coefficients of two variables, it is possible to determine all the special cor- .
relation coefficients of three or moreevcombinationseofPseriescofrobservations at
f icients of two variables among all th
- the corners and at the center of the square were computed using the formula (3).
The values of the total multiple correlation coefficient R1~2,,,,5) are given in
Fig. 2. The correlation coefficients computed earlierfu~~i~hefca elP (32~cit canrbe
- garded as special coefficients relative to R1~2,,.5)
seen from Fig. 2 that the total coeff icients give an upward limit of the field of
lete informa-
scatter of the specia7. coefficients, whereas the latter give more comp
tion on the spatial variability of the field of currents. Due to the great amount
of work involved in ~~P~eiuiresefurtherlstudyrandttestingfoncthetbasis of~adquate-
the need for using th q
ly representative data.
Thus, after analyzing the results, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The necessary density of the network of pnnaissanceeisucarriedaoutobserved is es-
- sentially dependent on the region where reco
2. In each new region when determining the method for carrying out hydrological work
it is necessary to perform preliminary work for decermining the optimum network of
hydrological stations in dependence on the tasks to be executed and on the require-
ments for final information.
3. The described method for studying the spatial variability of currents is the ba-
sis for carrying out preliminary work for validating the density of hydrological
stat~ons in ~eological engineering work on the shelf.
4. An evaluation of theasPlicabilityaoflmultiple correlationimethods~ requires fur-
ther investigations of pp
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Bugayets, A. N. and Dudenko, L. N., MATEMATICHESKIYE METODY PRI PROGNOZIROVANII
MESTOROZHDENIY POLEZNYKH ISKOPAYEMYKH (Mathematical Methods in Predicting Min-
eral Deposits), Leningrad, Nedra, 1976.
2. Venttsel', Ye. S., TEORIYA VEROYATNOSTEY (Theory of Probabilities), Moscow,
Nauka, 1964.
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3. Kendall, M. and Stuart, A., STATISTICHESKIYE VYVODY I SVYAZI (Statistical
Conclusions and Correlations), Moscow, Nauka, 1973.
4. Konovalova, I. Z., "Spatial Discreteness of Observations of Currents in the
Coastal Zone of the Sea," OKEANOLOGIYA (Oceanology), Vol IX, No 6, 1969.
5. Konovalova, I. Z. and Lagutin, B. L., "Some Statistical Characteristics of
Coastal Currents According to Results of an Aerial Photographic Survey,"
TRUDY GOINa (Transactions of the State Oceanographic Institute), No 95, 1968.
6. Konovalova, I. Ye., Lagutin, B. L. and Ovsyannikova, 0. A., "Determination of
Regime Characteristics of Currents in the Coastal Zone of Seas," TRUDY GOINa,
No 112, 1972.
7. Yampol'skiy, A. D., "Some Problems in the Method for Statistical Processing
of Current Observations," OKEANOLOGIYA, Vol IX, No 1, 1969.
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~
UDC 551.482.2(47)
HEAT RUNOFF OF RIVERS IN EUROPEAN TERRITORY OF USSR
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received
19 Dec 80) pp 85-93
[Article by Yu. A. Yelshin, Murmansk Territorial Adminiatration of Hydrometeorology
and Environmental Monitoring]
[Abstract] Until now proper attention has not been given to the heat runoff in
rivers. In the territory of the USSR the heat runoff characteristics have not
been determined and have not been published, nor are there any special studies
. in this field. During 1979-1980 the author made computations of heat runoff in
all the studied rivers of the Kola Peninsula and many rivers in Karelia, Arkhan-
gel'skaya, Vologodskaya Oblasts and the Komi ASSR, rivers of the Baltic SPa hasin
and a number of rivers in the lower Volga region, Moldavia and Western Ukraine.
For rivers in the White Sea basin, in addition to for individual rivers, the total
heat runoff was computed for consolidated regions (Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Sever-
nyy Kray) and for the basin as a whole. The total heat runoff for Lake Onega and
Lake Ladoga was also determined..Heat runoff was computed for 248 hydrological
posts on rivers with a little-impaired regime ha~ing long (more than 10 years)
observation series. It was possible to ascertain the dependence of the mean long-
term heat runoff and the influence exerted on the heat runoff by a series of fac-
tors; a formula is derived for computing the heat runoff; methods are given for
computing the long-term variability and intraannual distribution of the heat run-
- off of rivers. The dependence of the mean seasonal water temperature of rivers on
their volume is established. Figures 3, tables 4; references: 10 Russian.
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UDC 556.16.01(571.14)
USE OF A PROBABILISTIC TRAVEL-TIME MODEL IN COMPUTING THE HIGH-WATER HYDROGRAPH
(IN THE EXAMPL~ OF THE CHULYM RIVER)
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Rusaian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received
28 Nov 80) pp 94-100
[Article by N. Ge Inishev, Tomsk State University]
[Abstract] In this article, in the example of the Chulym River basin, the author
develops a method for computing the high-water hydrograph. The method is ba~~d on
an evaluation of lateral inflow on the basis of observations of water discharges
and tiie transformation of lateral inflow into the discharge at the lowest-lying
gaging station with the use of a probabilistic interpretation of travel zime. For-
mulas are d~erived for the travel time distribution moments which are convenient for
use with an electronic computer. Other formulas are proposed for the lateral inflow
probability density function along the length of the stream, taking into account
the peculiarities of structure of the channel network, on the basis of which ex-
pressions are obtained for the travel time moments. The degree of detail consider-
ed for different parts of a basin is determined by the uniformity of the conditions
_ for the formation of runoff and the pattern of the hydrographic net. The greater
the detail for the parts of the basin (segments of the channel network), the more
complete is the allowance for the peculiarities of the channel net. However, if
only a limited volume o� information is available for the basin as a whole, it
makes no sense to break the basin down into any detailed scheme. Thus, for each
river basin an individual judgment must be made concerning the detail of basin
breakdown. The solution of this problem for the Chulym River, which has mountain-
ous, hilly and lowland reaches, is discussed. A model for computing the hydrograph
of spring high water is formulated on the basis of the total inflow of water into
the channel network with the use of the derived expressions. The validity of the
formulas was checked on the basis of data for 12 high-water periods (1962-1973).
There was found to be a satisfactory agreement between the computed and actual
high-water hydrographs. The same parameters of the model can be used in years with
different water discharge. Tables 2; references: 14 Russian.
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UDC 551.465.53(263)
SPATIAL-TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF CURRENT DISCHARGES II3 THE FGGE ATLANTIC
EQUATORIAL POLYGON
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received
16 Feb 81) pp 101-108
[Article by V. A. Burkov, doctor of geographical sciences, A. B. Zubin and V. B.
Titov, candidates of geographical sciences, and A. I. Kharlamov, Institute of
Oceanology, USSR Academy of Sciences]
[Abstract] In 1979, during the FGGE, the Institute of Oceanology and its divisions
carried out extensive hydrophysical measurements in an Atlantic equatorial polygon.
ihe basic ob~ective was a further investigation of the variability of currents
(Southern Trades Current, Lomonosov Current and Westerly Equatorial Intermediate
Current) and associated oceanological characteristics. The observatians in the
polygon included current measurements along the merdians 23�30'W and 18�30'W in
spring (10 March-2 May) and in sumaner (20 June-12 Aug~st) in the northern hemi-
sphere, hydrological sections along these meridians and a summer hydrological sur-
vey within the polygon and beyond its limits to the west and east. All the observa-
tions were made on the spring and su~ner voyages of the scientific research ships
"Akademik Kurchatov" and "Professor Shtokman." Both in spring and in summer the
total duration of current measurements at automatic buoy stations was about 50 days
this being one of the longest such series of equatorial currents in the Atlantic.
This article gives an analysis of the spatial-temporal variability of discharges
and some other current characteristics. The mean daily values of the zonal and mer-
idional components of currents were computed for each observation horizon. Then
these values w~re used in computing the mean discharges of zonal and meridional cur-
rents. The zonal discharges were determined along t~e meridians 23�30' and 18�30'W
for sections bounded by 1 1/2 degress north and south latitude and the horizons
15 and 250 m. The meridional discharges were determined along the parallels 1�30'S,
0�40'S, 0�00, 0�40'N and 1�30'N for sections bounded by 23�30' and 18�30'W.and the
t~orizons 15 and 250 m. It was found~that the discharges of zonal currents vary ir-
regularly with time and asynchronously along the flow with periods exceeding 30
days. The discharges of ineridional currents with periods close to the periods of
meandering of the Lomonosov Current vary consistently along the meridians. The ~
computed vert~~al velocity values do not exceed 1000�10'S cm/sec. The role of iner- ;
idionz~l flows in the weakening or strengthening of the Lomonosov Current is demon-
strated. Figures 4, tables 3; references 11: 10 Russian, 1 Western.
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UDC 556.011+556.515
CONSIDERATIONS ON DETERMINING MEAN WATERSHED SLOPES
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received
15 Sep 80) pp 109-111 .
[Article by A. P. Kopylov, candidate of geographical sciences, State Fiydrological
Institute] ,
[Abstract] The inadequate mathematical validity of the formulas proposed in the
UN~SCU publ~.cation RLPRESENTATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL BASINS (1971) and in various
studies published by G. A. Alekseyev has been clearly pointed out by the author
= of this critical communication in his article in METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA, No
7, 1978. The principal reason for the negative evaluation of the formulas was
that they do not take ~nto account the degree of dissection of the watershed sur-
face. The hypsographic curve for a watershed and the equivalent rectangular water-
shed used in connection with these formulas do not carry information on slopes and
- therefore their use in computations is without ~ustification. Nevertheless, this
matter has been raised a,new in an article by Do M. Kudritskiy in METEOROLOGIYA I
GIDROLOGIYA, No 1, 1980. This author endeavored to defend these poorly substantiat-
ed formulas on the basis of assumptions for which there is no backing and sought
to discredit the Kopylov formulas on the basis of false assertions. Accordingly,
this communication deals with the most important of these errors in Kudritskiy's
article. The communication appears to successfully refute the Kudritskiy thesis.
References: 9 Russian.
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- UDC 556.011+556.515
- FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON MEAN WATERSHED SLOPES ,
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received ~
13 Feb 81) pp 111-114
[Article by N. A. Bagrov, prof~ssor, USSR Hydrometeorological Scientific Research ~
-
Center]
[Abstract] This article supplements the article by A. P. Kop.ylov in this same num- '
ber of METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA (pp 109-111).~The author outlines several
schemes for which the mean slope of a watershed is easily computed. The examples ~
cited are for clarifying the geometrical concept of inean slope. The author fua.ly
supports the thesis presented by A. P. Kopylov with respect to the validity of I
his concepts. He completely rejects the arguments presented on this subject by i
D. M. Kudritskiy in METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA, No 1, 1980; he feels f urther i
that debate on the subject should come to an end. In this short communication the
author notes that mean slope characterizes well only uniform basins. He stresses 'I
t:at if the parts of the basin differ from one another with respect to orography,
forest cover, etc., the examination of slopes must be made separately for uniform
parts of the basin; these individual findings can then be brought together by use
of a special parameter characterizing the orographic non~xniformi.ty of the basin..
The problems involved in obtaining such a parameter are discussed. Figures 3.
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- UDC 551.509.33
. WORK OF AN UNOFFICIAL CONFERENCE OF WMO EXPERTS ON LONG-RANGE WEATHER FORECASTING
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 (manuscript received
6 Feb 81) pp 115-118
[Article by Sh. A. Musayelyan, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences,.USSR
- Hydrometeorological Scientific Research Center] .
[Text] Abstract: The author briefly examines mat-
erials from an unofficial conference of
WMO experts on long-range weather forecast-
ing (Geneva, 1-5 September 1980). This report
' gives some data on the status of research on
this problem in a number of countries. Infor~
mation is given on the measures which will be
carried out in the futurQ for further develop~
ment of investigations of the considered prob-
lem. ,
An unofficial c~nference of WMO experts on long-range weather forecasting (LRWF)
for a month and a season in advance was held in Geneva during the period 1-5
September 1980. The conference, organized by the WMO, was attended by the follow-
ing persans: the General Secretary of the WMO Wiin-Nielsen, Miyakoda, Somerville,
Epstein and Gilman from the United States, Bengtsson from the European Center for
Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Parker from the Meteorological Service of Great
Britain, Koflan from the Meteorological Bureau of Australia~ Kikuchi from the
.Tapanese Meteorological Agency, the Director of the Department of Scientific
Research at the WMO A. S. Zaytsev, the Director of the GARP Joint Planning Group
Deyes, a consultant of the jJMO World Climate Program Beauville, and also special-
ists of the WMO Secretariat Bozhkov and Suzuki. Sh. A. Musayelyan of the Soviet
' Union par.ticipated in the work of the conference.
The conference was opened by the General Secretary of the WMO Wiin-Nielsen, who in
his opening address stated, in particular, "Despite the fact that significant re-
sults have not been obtained in the field of LRWF up to the present time over the ~
course of a number of decades, nevertheless there is hope that long-range weather
forecasting is possible. When we speak of a limit of predictability of 1-2 weeks,
reference is to existing models. If it is found that this is actually so, one
must proceed in another direction: develop a new, more realistic strategy and
for attaining the final ob~ective travel a long and difficult path. The LRWF
problem is a problem which must be solved by all working together. The repre-
sentatives of. the governments of many countries are very interested in the
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development of new, more perfect LRWF methods. We have met in order to discuss
the present status of the problem, to evaluate existing methods and outline ,
further research and formulate a new strategy."
The principal objective of the conference was a discussion, on the basis of re-
view reports of WMO experts, of the status of the LRWF problem and the formula-
tion of preliminary measures which are necessary for the further development of re-
_ search on the considered problem. With respect to these measures, it was decid-
ed to plan a publication TECHNICAL NOTES OF THE WMO on LRWF which should deal
with the following problems: empirical, statistical, dynamic and combined methods
of LRWF, interaction between the c~cean and atmosphere and allowance for these in
the development of LRWF methods, and also the ~~roblem of atmospheric predictabil-
ity. In addition, it was decided to organize and carry out a research conference
on LRWF.
_ Then the floor was given to Deyes. He told of the World Climatic Research Program
in precise conformity to the report of the first session of the special committee
which met in Amsterdam during the period 26 March-3 April 1980. He noted that a
number of factors (cloud cover and radiation, ocean processes, sea ice, hydro-
logical processes, etc.), playing an important role in the genesis of climate,
are also exceptionally important in developing LRWF methods.
Then the review reports of the experts were presented.
Gilman told of the work of the Climatic Research Center of the United States
National Weather Service. The Center gives monthly and seasonal (fo~r times a
year) weather forecasts. Numerical forecasts for five days, and also forecasts
for intermediate times are used in determining the onset of the period for the
preparation of monthly forecasts. These forecasts are disseminated to the United
States Department oE ~nergy and other organizations. In the preparation of month-
ly forecasts use is made for the most part of inean five-day pressure pattern
charts (surface charts are used less frequently). Particularly great attention
is given to AT~p~ pressure pattern charts. Sometimes on these charts there are
macroscale peculiarities of ineteorological fields which change little with time.
This makes it possible to employ the extrapolation procedure. The seasonal
peculiazities of ineteorological elements and f ields are also taken into account.
Temperature and precipitation anomalies are predicted. This year the predictions
for summer were very poor. Earlier almost always oaly the kinematics of pressure
formations was used. Investigations are now being made for taking other factors
into account. Particularly great significance is being given to checking of the
Namias hypothesis. Work is continuing on a detailed study of the relationship
between anomalies of water temperature at the ocean surface and deviations of
the altitude of the 700-mb isobaric surface from the norm.
- Kikuchi presented a review of investigations made by the Japanese Meteorological
Agency. In Japan experimental LRWF were first prepared in 1907 in order to supply
interested organizations with information on summer weather conditions in the
northern part of the country where rice fields are situated. Since 1942 LRWF have
been compiled for the entire territory of the country and are published almost
regularly (the only excepti~~n being 1949-1952).
The .lapanese Meteorological Agency regularly, on a routine basis, is issuing the
following LRWF: monthly, three-monthly, for the cold and warm half-years.
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The monthly forecasts for each month are issued on the tenth day of the preced-
ing month and are made more precise on its last day.
Predictions are made for anomalies of inean temperature and the quantity of pre-
cipitation for each of the regions in Japan and the synoptic situation is pre-
dicted for each subsequent 10-day period.
Three-month forecasts are issued on the 20th of each month. These same el.ements
and mean weather conditions for each of the three subsequent months are predict-
ed, including summer and winter respectively. A forecast for the warm half-year
is issued on 20 March, and for the cold half-year on 10 October. These forecasts
give the general characteristics of the anticipated weather, such as late spring,
early autumn, etc. ~
The following methods are used at the present time in the preparation of LRSJF:
Analogues Method
The forecast is prepared in two stages:
1) Selection of analogues for circulation conditions at the 500 mb isobaric sur-
, face.
i
~ In choosing the analogues as a measure of similarity use is made of the percentage
of coincidence with respect to the sign of the AT500 anomaly in the current field
~ and in the archival fields during this same calendar period of past years (a geo-
~ graphical grid for the northern hemisphere with a uniform interval in latitude
and longitude equal to 10� is used). Three groups of such evaluations are consider-
ed:
a) for hemispherical mean monthly fields this evaluation must be greater than the
critical value;
b) for fields averaged for 2., 4 and 6 five-day periods this evaluation must be
over 50% ((only those points of intersection at which the current values of the AT
AT500 anomalies are greater than 1.28o'are used (d is computed on the basis of ar-
chival data at the selected point of intersection during this same calendar period
j' of past years)];
~ c) this evaluation must be greater than the critical value for the mean monthly
fields when the computations incLsde only points of intersection exerting an in-
' fluence on the specific ob,ject of the forecast (the asynchronous correlation co-
efficient between the AT500 anomaly at this point of intersection and the devia-
tion of the mean monthly temperature or the precipitation total from the norm at
a st~3tion in the considered region for the considered calendar period and a stip-
ulated timc in advance: one, two or three months more than 0.3).
The best variant of all the three enumerated analogues is used in the final stage
of the forecast.
2) Preparatian of monthly forecasts of temperature and precipitation anomalies.
In predicting the mean monthly temperature or the monthly sums of precipitation
in a stipulated region use is made of data on the above-mentioned characteristics
with a time shift of one, two or three manths, after the analogues of atmospheric
circulation have been selected for.this case.
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Correlation Method ,
Use is made of asynchronous relationships with a time shift of one, two and three
months between the mean monthly values of the altitude of the 500-mb isobaric sur-
face at each point of intersection of a 5� geographical grid for the northern hemi- ;
sphere and the anomaly of inean monthly temperature for a particular meteorological
station. Regions with the highest correlation coefficient are selected and a
prognostic multiple regression equation is written for predicting the temperature
anomaly at a particular station where the AT500 anomalies are the predictors. ,
Extrapolation of Periodic Components Method
a) A harmonic analysis of the mean 10-~day zonal circulation indices is made at the ~
500-mb level for the past 36 10-day periods. The two prevailing periods are dis-
criminated and on this basis there is a prediction of the mean S~day index of
zonal circuiation for one or even for three months. [In the USSR similar work ha.s
been done over a period of years by V. D. Reshetov.J
- b) A similar analysis is made for mean 10-day anomalies of altitudes of the 5~0-mb
isobaric surfaces with use of data on 66 elapsed 10-day periods applicable to each
point of intersection of the employed grid. This procedure is used for predicting
the mean 10-day anomalies of altitudes of the 500-mb isobaric surface for regions
in the Far East.
c) The above-mentioned harmonic analysis procedure with subsequent extrapolation ~
of the periodic components is also used in computing the prognostic charts
of the mean monthly anomaly of altitudes of the 500-mb surface for the northern
hemisphere. The mean monthly anomalies of the mentioned fields for the 29 success-
ive eiapsed months are used. The computations are made for each point in the em-
ployed geographical grid in the northern hemisphere.
d) Employing the results in a)-c), his synoptic experience and common sense, the
forecaster makes a final decision.
Forecasts of temperature anomalies for the period from 1977 through 1979 have the
following guaranteed probability with respect to sign in percent:
Lst 10 days 2d 10 days 3d 10 days
Monthly forecasts 66 62 '+2
� lst month 2d month 3d month
Three-month forecasts 58 58 58
= During this same period the precipitation forecasts have the following guaranteed
probability:
- lst month 2d month 3d month
Three-month forecasts 66 65 66
The following scientific research work is being done in order to improve the qual-
ity of LRWI':
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A four-level spectral model intended for monthly forecasts is being developed.
Existing methods are being improved by making use of three-dimensional data,
in particular, for study of the vertical propagation of the blocking process,
~etc .
Investigations are being made on the use of water temperature at the ocean sur-
_ face, snow cover and cloud cover distribution.
Forecasting methods are being developed for the southern hemisphere. This, in
the opinion of the speaker, should assist in 3mproving the precipitation forecast.
A review of LRWF investigations in the Soviet Union was given by the author almost
cnmpletely on the basis of articles by N. A. Bagrov, Ye. N. Blinova, D. A. Ped',
K. A. Vasyukov and N. I. Zverev, included in the collection of articl es PYAT'DES$AT
LET TSENTRU GIDROMETEOROLOGICHESKIKH PROGNOZOV (Fifty Years at the Hydrometeorolog-
- ical Forecasting Center), 1979, and in accordance with an article publ ished by
Academician G. I. Marchuk entitled "Hydrodynamic Models in the Dynamic s of the At-
mosphere and Ocean," included in the collection of articles PROBLEMY SOVREMENNOY
GIDROMETEOROLOGII (Problems in Modern Hydrometeorology) (Leningrad, Gidrometeoiz-
dat, 1977). In addition, the review included some results obtained at the Hydro-
meteorological Center using the cloud cover of the oceans in LRWF. The review
was supplied with an extensive bibliography of LRWF investigations of Soviet auth-
ors.
~I
I In the review by Parker (Meteorological Service of Great Britain) it was pointed
out that in Great Britain LRWF have been issued since 1963 but soon such fore-
~ casts will be suspended because no funds will be available for such work. For the
~ time being the service will continue to issue forecasts for 5-15 and 16 -25 days,
which are being used by petroleum workers. Seasonal forecast~ are prepared each
three months and are issued by private organizations. These forecasts for the re-
- gion,taking in the territory of Great Britain and part of the territory of Europe,
are prepared making use o� ttie tollowing methods:
1. Analogues method. The review gave an analysis of the actual observat ional data,
which, in the opinion of the speaker, demonstrates the basic possibil ity of pre-
_ paring forecasts using analogues. It is shown that this method has a statistical-
~ ly significant prognostic capability, although the results are not always satis-
I factory. The quality of analysis of inean monthly aerological charts, e specially
~ over the oceans, can e~cert an influence on the process of selecting analogues.
~ '
; 2. Sea water temperature. At the present time work is being done in Great Britain
~ for improving the quality of analysis of the water temperature fields at the
; ocean surface. This can assist in improving the method for selecting analogues
and investigations on the basis of numerical modeling.
3. Numerical modeling. LRWF forecasts are precomputed for a month in advance using
- a five-level model with primitive equations. This model take~ into account water
temperature at the ocean surface, moist convection and also the radiat ion effects
of clouds and the snow cover (using seasonal cli~atological data). The model was
developed for the northern hemispl-aere. However, these forecasts are u sed in prac-
� tical work with great caution. Exceasive polar anticyclogenesis creates great dif-
f iculties.
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' ~The decision on the anticipated types of weather is made on the basis of prog-
nostic charts of surfa~e pressure and the 500-mb surface averaged for 10 days.
- 4. Autc~projection method. This method is similar to the Japanese method for the
extrapolation of periodic components with use of the main components of the con-
sidered meteorological fields. Before conclusions can be drawn concerning the .
possibilities of the method it must be tested for a long time under routine con-
- ditions.
5. Understanding of physical climatic system. Work has begun on implementation
of the joint project of the Meteorological Service of Great Britain, one of the
universities and the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The pur- ~
pose of this project is the creation of a specialized arcliives of global meteor-
alogical data and diagnostic data on a number of energy characteristics and
study of the main climate-forming factors on the basis of a physical analysis of
these data. It is proposed that the understanding of the physi.cal climatic system
be improved in this way. The pro~ect has still not been completed.
6. Interpretation of pressure formations in weather terms. The analogues method, '
numerical models and the autoprojection method in the best case make it possible ,
to obtain the prognostic fields of surface pressure and/or geopotential of the ~
upper levels. The interpretation of these prognostic pressure fields in weather . ~
terms (precipitation, temperature) is not always obvious. The circulation types
~ developed by Lamb in 1972 are used for solution of this problem. ~ ~
Koflan gave a review of LRWF investigations carried out at the Australian Meteor-
ological Service. Empirical, statistical and numerical LRWF methods are bein~ de-
veloped in Australia. In particular, a study is made of the correlation between ~
the field of velocities and the distribution of precipitation (the correlation
coefficient is about 0.6-0.7). However, the inadequacy of observational data is
sensed acutely. Two or three years are required in order to collect all the avail-
able useful data. '
The Australian Bureau of Meteorological Experimental Forecasts operated during
1954-1971. This period is divided into two parts: f irst from 1954 through
1967; second from 1968 through 1971. During the f irst period LRWF work was
_ directed by Karelski, an adherent to the Soviet Mul'tanovskiy school. Karelski
began his investigations of the considered problem for the Australian region in
1951. The concepts "cyclonality" and "anticyclonality" were introduced; partic-
ular attention was devoted to month-to-month anomalies of pressure formation sys-
~ tems. Investigations have indicated that some types of circulation have a defin-
itely conservative character ir the course of natural periods up to a season or
more. Beginning in 1968 the LRWF work was headed by Mafotti. ~
The procedure of preparing a forecast involves the following stages:
l. Analysis of atmospheric circulation on the basis of AT500 and a surface pres-
sure chart.
2. Analysis of "cyclonality" and "anticyclonality" anomalies of the current month.
3. Forecasting of atmospheric circulation in the coming month w3.th an indication
of the types of anticipated circulation.
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4. A general description of. the anticipated weather in the coming month for
large geographical regions of Australia.
For all years *_he mean evaluation of the forecasts far temperature is 56% and
for precipitation 51%. In 1971 this work was suspended.
During recent years, in connection with the awakening interest in the problem of
climatic change, there have been a number of studies (Walker, Lamb, Nichols and
others) whose results make it possible to hope for the development of a new,
more perfect LRWF metho3.
During the discussion the position of the Soviet representative could be summariz-
ed as follows: at the present time one of the most promising directions in LRWF
research is a deeper study of the processes of interaction between the ocean and
the atmosphere on the basis of the theoretical studies of Academician G. I. Mar-
chuk and Soviet proposals made within the framework of the "Razrezy" (Profiles)
program. This position agrees with the corresponding resolution of the WMO execu-
tive committee. Wiin-Nielsen spoke out in support of the Soviet proposal, after
which it was adopted.
Then the conferees were informed by WMO officials that by way of preparation of
the program for the worki:.g conference on time series of oceanographic sections
(Tokio, 1981) there would be a conference of experts in the fourth quarter of 1980.
In the course of further discussion of the LRW~' problem the Soviet representative
expressed his opinions concerning the importance of the problem of discriminating
and parameterizing the most important nonadiabatic factors and on a new interpreta-
tion of the problem of atmospheric predictability. The conferees expressed their
agreement with these ideas. An address by Somerville was of particular interest.
He expressed most categorically that the principal efforts should be directed to
the developmen.t of a new strategy on the LRWF problem different from that which is
based on modern models of general circulation of the atmosphere. Using a model of
general circulation he carried out numerical experiments with inclusion and exclu-
sion of the principal physical processes taken into account in the model. It was
found that the results of these experiments differ little from one another. Ac-
cordingly, Somerville concluded that in modern models there is poor representa-
tion of the principal physical processes. Therefore, such models cannot be used
in LRWF .
In discussing the problems relating to preparation of the WMO TECHNICAL NOTES on
- LRWF it was decided that the section entitled "Empirical and Statistical LRWF
Methods" wauld be written by Soviet specialists.
The work of this confere~ce revealed that although with respect to some problems
the opinions of the experts somewhat diverged (which is inevitable in discussing
such problems as LRWF'), with respect to the main problem of internationul cooper-
ation in solution of the considered problem the opinion of all the conferees was
unanimous. It is felt that for success in carrying out investigations in this
field, directed to the development of new LRWF methods which are better, more per-
fect than those in existence, there is need for a good businesslike and mutually
advantageous international cooperation among all the interested countries.
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SIXTIETH BIRTHDAY OF GIVI GEDEONOVICH SVANIDZE
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 pp 119-120 ~
(Article by board members of the USSR State Committee on Hydrometeorolog,y and En-
vironmental Monitoring and personnel of the Transcaucasian Regional Sciei~cific Re-
search Institute]
[Abstract] Professor Givi Gedeonovich Svanidze, doctor of technical sciences, cor-
responding member of the Georgian Academy of Sciences, marked his 60th birthday
on 20 September. G. G. Svanidze, director of the Transcaucasian Regional Sci-
entific Research Institute, is an outstanding scientist in the f ield of hydrology
of the land, hydroelectric power and multisided use of water resources. Beginning
in 1950 he worked at the Power Institute, where during 1958-1970 he headed the
Division of Multisided Use of Water Resources, which he organized. Since 1971
he has headed the Hydrology Department a~t Tbilisi State University. In 1976 he
was designated director of the Transcaucasian Scientific Research Hydrometeorolog-
ical Institute (now the Transcaucasian.Scientific Research Institute). He was
elected a corresponding member of the Georgian Academy of Sciences in 1979. G. G.
Svanidze is the author of 150 scientific studies, including seven monographs. In
his monographs OSNOVY RASCHETA REGULIROVANIYA RECHNOGO STOKA METODOM MONTE-KARLO
(Principles for Computing Regulation of River Runoff by the Monte Carlo Method)
and MATEMATICHESKOY~ MODELIROVANIYE GIDROLOGICHESKIKH RYADOV (Mathematical Model-
ing of Hydrological Series) he thoroughly investigated the possibilities of using
statistical tests in the field of water management computations and theories of
regulation of river runoff and developed new methods for computing reservoirs. For
the first time he generalized stochastic computation methods for the case of a
system of reservoirs. The methods which he proposed have been adopted into the
practice of planning of a number of hydroelectric power stations in the USSR. G. G.
Svanidze is one of the authors of the monographs VODOKHOZYAYSTVENNYY KADASTR SSSR.
METODIKA SOSTAVLENIYA (Water Management Inventory of the USSR. Compilation Method),
GIDROENE:�.GETICHESKIYE RESURSY GRUZINSKOY SSR (Hydroelectric Power Resources of the
Georgian SSR), OPASNYYE GIDROMETEOROLOGICHESKIYE YAVLENIYA NA KAVKAZE (Dangerous
Hydr.ometeorological Phenomena in the Caucasus) and others. He directed prepara-
tion of the fundamental 10-volume work KOMPLEKSNOYE ISPOL'ZOVANIYE VODNYKH RESUR-
SOV GRUZINSKOY SSR (Multisided Use of Water Resources in the Georgian SSR). The
studies of Svanidze in the field o� modeling of hydrological processes have laid
the basis for a new scientific direction in the theory of regulation of river run-
off which is successfully being developed at the scientific and planning insti-
tutes of the USSR and also abroad. G. G. Svanidze is one of the founders of modern
stochastic hydrology. His reports have been presented at 30 international symposia
and his works have been published in many languages.
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SIXTIETH BIRT~IDAY OF ARKADIY YEFREMOVICH CHERENKOV
Moscow METEORQLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 pp 120-121
[Article by board members of the USSR State Couunittee on Hydrometeorology and En-
vironmental Monitoring and personnel of the Northern Caucasus Territorial Admin-
istration of Hy3rometeorology and Environmental Monitoring]
[Abstract] Arkadiy Yefremovich Cherenkov, head of the Northern Caucasus Territor-
ial Administration of Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, marked his
60th birthday on 30 September 1981. Since his graduation from the Rostov Hydro-
~ meteorological Technical School in 1940 he has been constantly aff iliated with
the Northern Caucasus Administration. Under his direction and with his direct par-
- ticipation there was restoration of the hydrological network of the Lower pon.
Later, in the 1950's, he carried out a hydrographic investigation of the Don River
and the rivers of the Sea of Azov area. In 1956 he was designated deputy head and
in 1965 head of the Northern Caucasus Administra.tion of the Hydrometeorological
Service. Under his direction the administration is solving major problems in the
hydrometeorological support of the develoging nas~ional economy of important re-
gions: Don, Kuban, Lower Volga and Northern Caucasus regions. He has always devot-
ed special attention to agricultural production. Arkadiy Yefremov~.ch has done much
in supplying the required information to major construction projects: the Great
Stavropol' Canal, Krasnodarsk Reservoir and rice systems, Atommash, and others. He
has pr~duced a number of important reference aids based on the results of study~of
the hydrometeorological regime.. Major studies are being carried out for investiga-
tion of dangerous and especially dangerous hydrome~eorological phenomena, especial-
ly in the mountains of the NortY:~~:rn Caucasus. Recently the administration has solv-
ed a number of complex problems related to the technical reconstruction of the ser-
vice, automation of the collection, processing and dissemination of hydrometeorol-
ogical information and organizing observations and monitaring of environmental con-
tamination. Such successes of the administration are largely attributable to the
outstanding leadership of A. Ye. Cherenkov.
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AWARDS GIVEN TO SOVIET METEOROLOGISTS AND OCEANOGRAPHERS
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Ruasian No 9, Sep 81 pp 121-126
[Unsigned article]
[Text] For implementation of the goals of the Tenth Five-Year Plan and for the ,
successes attained in hydrometeorological support of the national economy, or-
ders and medals of the USSR have been awarded to the following workers of inst-
itutes and arganizations of the State Committee on Hydrometeorology and Environ-
mental Monitoring:
Order pf Lenin
Nikolay Nikolayevich Aksarin: Head af the Uzbek Republic Administration of the Hy-
drometearological Service and Director of the Central Asian Scientific Research
Institute.
Galina Alekseyevna Mishina: engineer at the Yakutsk Mviation Meteorological Cen-
ter of the Yakutsk Territorial Administration of the HydromPteorological Service.
Order of the October Revolution
- Petr Prokof'yevich Laptiyev: former Head of the Transbaykal Territorial Adminis-
tration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Sergey Konstantinovich Cherkavskiy: Head of Administration at the State Committee
on Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.
Order of the Red Banner of Labor
Liya Vasil'yevna Alekseyeva: Director of the Tallin Hydrometeorological Observa-
tory of the Estonian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Shatly Babayev: Head of the Chagyl Meteorolvgical Station of the Turkmen Republic
- Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Tofa Lyutfulla Bayramova: Section Head at the Azerbaydzhan Republic Administra-
tion of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Dmitriy Petrovich Bespalov: Section Head at the Main Geophysical Observatory.
42
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLV
Konstantin Yegorovich Vlasov: Head of the Buguruslan Aviation Meteorological Sta-
tion of the VQlga Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Anatoliy Makarovich Grishchenko: Head of the Omolon Aviation Meteorological St~-~
tion of the Kolyma Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Tamara Fedorovna Zhevnyak: Head of the Aviation Meteorological Station of Kustan-
ayskaya Hydrometeorological Observatory of the Kazakh Republic Administration of
the Hydrometeorological Service.
Semen Pavlovich Koznov: Head of the Northwestern Territorial Administration of th`e
Hydrometeorological Service.
Nikolay Nikolayevich Kolesnichenko: Head of the Northern Territorial Administra-
tion of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Valentina Petrovna Krasnyanskaya: Senior Scientific Specialist of the Far Eastern
Scientific Researcti Tnstitute.
Galina Petrovna Kupchinskaya: Section Head, Weather Bureau of the Black Sea and
Sea of Azov of the Ukrainian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
I Zinanda Georgiyevna Kurakova: Head of the Yelizovo Aviatian Meteorological Station
of the Kamchatkan Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
;
I Vadim Viktorovicri Larin: Deputy Head of Administration of the State Committee on
Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.
I
! Trofim Vasil'yevich Li: Head of the Novoeibirsk Aviation Meteorological Center of
the West Siberian Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Mikhail Mikhaylovich Masalev: Head of the Kostroma Hydrometeorological Bureau of
~i the Upper Volga Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
I Yegor Vasil'yevich Mesyats: Head of the Service of the Automated System for Data
Transmission for the Far Eastern Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorol-
ogical Service.
Vasiliy Grigor'yevich Pavlenko: Head of the Sakhalin Territorial Administration of
' the Hydrometeorological Service.
Arvid Antonovich Pastors: Section Head in the Riga Weather Bureau of the Latvian
Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Yakov Pavlovich Popov: Head of the Murmansk Territorial Administration of the Hy-
dr~meteorological Service.
Vennamin Aleksandrovich Semenov: Head of the Data Center at the All-Union Scientif-
ic Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information.
43
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Viktor Petrovich Teslenko: Director of the Institute of.Experimental Meteorology.
Gri~oriy Petrovich Tsyganov: Head of the Rostov Aviation Meteorological Center
- of the Northern Caucasus Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service. �
Lidiya Prokof'yevna Shevchik: senior engineer at the Bratsk Aviation Meteorolog-
i.cal Station of the Irkutsk Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Pavel Yakovlevich Yukhta: senior engineer a.t the Hydrometeorological Observatory
of the likrainian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Order of Friendship of Peopl.es
- Dmitriy Ivanovich Berezkin: Deputy Head of the Belorussian Republic Administra-
tion of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Mikhail Mikaylovich Danilyuk: Head of the Transcarpathian Hydrometeorological Bur-
eau of the Ukrainian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
- Mikhail Chokkayevich Zalikhanov: Director of the High-Mountain Geophysical Insti-
tute.
Nikolay Yefimovich Zakharchenko: ~Head of the Latvian Republic Administration of
- the Hydrometeorological Service.
Stanislav~Iosifovich Zachek: laboratory head at the Main Geophysical Observatory.
Yevgeniy Mikhaylovich Ivanov: captain of the scientific research ship "Akademik
Shirshov" of the Far Eastern Scientific Research Institute. ~
Nikolay Petrovich Ivanov: senior electromechanic of the scientif ic research ,
weather ship "Ernst Krenkel of the Odessa Division, State Oceanographic Inst-
itute.
Mikhail Petrovich Koretskiy: Deputy Head of the Transbaykal Territorial Admin-
istration of the Flydrometeorological Service.
Yevgeniy Georgiyevich Lomonosov: Deputy Director of the USSR Hydrometeorological
- Center.
Galina Mikhaylovna Petrova: laboratory head at the Institute of Applied Geophys-
ics.
Yevgeniya Abramovna Red'ko: Head of the Servf~e of the Automated System for Data
Transmission of the Kazakh Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Feliks Yakovlevich Rovinskiy: Section Head in the Laboratory for Monitoring the
Environment and Climate.
44
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6
FOR O~FlC1Ai. USE ONLY
_ Givi Gedeonovich Svanidze: Director of the Transcaucasian Regional Scientif ic
Research Institute.
Vladimir Fedorovich Suslov: Section Head at the Central Asian Scientific ReseaYCh
Institute.
Boris Sergeyevich Tatarinov: Section Head at the Georgian Republic Administration
of the Hydrometeorological Service.
~ Yuriy Ivanovich Teterin: Section Head at the Computation Complex of the State
Scientific Research Center for the Study of Natural Resources.
Tamaz Ivanovich Turmanidze: Head of the Georgian Republic Administration of the
Hydrometeorological Service.
Aleksandr Petrovich Fedoseyev: Section Head at the All-Union Scientific Research
Institute of Agricultural Meteorology.
� Sergey Stepanovich Khodkin: Head of Administration at the State Committee on Hy-
drometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.
Sof'ya Vaginakovna Shaginyan: Head of the Armenian Republic Administration of the
i Hydrometeorological Service.
Grigoriy Innokent'yevich Shcherbakov: Head of the Khomutovo Agrometeorological Sta-
tion of the Irkutsk Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Order "Emblem of Honor"
Agabek Sogomonovich Avetisyan: senior technician of the Martuni Meteorological Sta-
' tion of the Armenian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological 5ervice.
Anna Nikitichna Akop'yants: technician at the Sevastopol` Hydrometeorological Ob-
servatory of the Northern Caucasus Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeor-
ological Service.
Leonid Petrovich Anan'yev: Head of the Tiksi Territorial Administration of the
Hydrometeorological Service.
Nikolay Mikheyevich Artyukhov: senior engineer of the Novokuznetsk Aviation
Meteorological Station of the West Siberian Territorial Administration of the Hy-
~ drometeorological Service.
I
; Petr Anatol'yevich Bibinov: Head of the Service of the Automated System for Data
' Transmission of the Uabek Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Ser-
' vice.
I Liliya Antonovna Borisova: senior engineer at the Gor'kiy Aviation Meteorological
Station of the Upper Volga Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological
' Service.
i
~ 45
I
,
~I
FOIt OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Mariya Matveyevna Bondar': Head of the "Sovkhoz Kara-Su" Hydrometeorological
Station of the Kirgiz Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Nikolay Alekseyevich Bochin: Section Head at the State Committee on Hydrometeor- ,
ology and Environmental Monitoring.
Mikhayl Vasil'yevich Buykov: laboratory head at the Ukrainian Scientific Research
Institute.
Mariya ~lekseyevna Verevkina: laboratory head at the Nort~ern Caucasus Territor-
ial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Roman Solomonovich Golubov: laboratory head at the Kazakh Scientific Research
Institute.
Vladimir Dmitriyevich Grishchenko: ~unior scientific specialist at the Arctic and
Antarctic Scientific Research Institute.
Leonid Abramovich Dinevich: Head of the Antihaj.l Service in the Moldavian Repub-
lic Administration of ttie Hydrometeorological Service.
Fishel' L'vovich Dlikman: laboratory head at the Institute of Applied Geophysics.
Ivan Sergeyevich Yeremin: Head of the Irkutsk Territorial Admini~tration of the
Hydrometeorological Service.
Yuriy Timofeyevich Zheltikov: Head of the Volga Territorial Administration of the
Hydrometeorolagical Service.
Oleg Georgiyevich Zhernovoy: seniar engineer of the engineering team at the Kam-
chatka Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Saveliy Ivanovich Zhidkov: Head of the Leninabad Hydrometeorological Bureau of
the Tadzhik Republic Administration.of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Amirgali Zhusupkaliyev: Head of the Opornaya Meteorological Station of the Kazakh
Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Aron L'vovich Zlatin: Section Head at the Scientific Research Institute of Instru-
nent Making.
Irina Konstantinovna Ivanova: senior engineer at the Saratov Hydrometeorological
Observatory of the Volga Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Zoya Mikhaylovna Izmaylova: Chairman of the Joint Trade Union Committee of the
Kirgiz Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Vladimir Ivanovich I1'yashenko: engineer at the Omsk Hydrometeorological Observa-
tory of the Omsk Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
46
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404080003-6
FOR OFFICiAL USE ONLY
Agrippina Grigor'yevna Kibereva: technician at the U1'zutuyevskaya Meteorolog-
ical Station of the Transbaykal Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorol-
ogical Service.
Vladimir Mikhaylovich Klimovich: Head of the Calculations and Reports Bureau of
the Amderma Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Leonid Dmitriyevich Kolesnikov: Section Head at the Arkhangel'sk Weather Bureau "
of the Northern Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Ivan Fomich Konoplin: Head of the Verkhne-Dubrovo Aerological Station of the Ural
Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorolog~.cal Service.
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Krupennikov: senior engineer at the Svcrdlovsk Weather
Bureau of the Ural Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Yekaterina Grigor'yevna Kulik: engineer at the Cherkessk Hydrometeorological Bur-
eau of the Northern Caucasus Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorolog-
ical Ser.vice.
- Petr Mikhaylovich Lur'ye: Head of the Turlanen Republic Administration of the Hy-
drometeorological Service.
Lyudmila Alekseyevna Matveyeva: Section Head at the Khabarovsk Hydrometeorolog-
ical Observatory of the Far Eastern Administration of the Hydrometearological
Service.
Bakitzhan Kudaybergenovich Maubasov: Head of the Ayak-Kum Meteorological Station
of the Kazakh Republ.ic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Yuriy Vasil'yevich Mel'nichuk: Section Head at the Central Aerological Observa-
tory.
Mikolas Mikolovich Mikalayunas: Head of the Lithuanian Republic Administration of
the Hydrometeorological Service.
Tamara Ivanovna Mikhaylova: Head of the Leningrad Aviation Meteorological Station
of the Northwestern Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Yuriy Nikiforovich Molokoyedov: senior engineer of the communications center at
- the Upper Volga Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Nikolay Romanovich Myarikyanov: Sectior. Head at ~he Yakutsk Territorial Adminis-
tration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Adella Andreyevna Nazarova: senior scientific specialist at the Hydrochemical In-
stitute.
Boris Aleksandrovich Nebogatikov: senior engineer at Sadgorod Aerological Station
of the Primor'ye Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
47
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404080003-6
" FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Tamilla Gasanovna Nedoshivina: Chief Editor of the State Scientific-Technical Hy-
drometeorological Publishing House. '
Nonna Alekseyevna Nikiforova: engineer at the Zhdanov Hydrometeorological Bureau
of the Ukrainian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Aleksandra Vasil'yevna Nikolayeva: printer at the printing house of the State Com-
mittee on Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring. �
Fedor Vasil'yevich Oblakov: Director of the Tuapse Hydrometeorological Technical
School.
Robert Surenovich Ovsepyan: Head of the Antihail Service ~f the Armenian Republic
Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Nikolay Gavrilovich Potulov: Head of the Aerological Station of the Ural Hydro-
meteorological Observatory of the Kazakh Republic Administration of the Hydro-
- meteorological Service.
Petr Yurevich Pushistov: Director pf the West Siberian Regional Scientific Re-
search Institure.
Gennadiy Vital'yevich Rumyantsev: Head of the Kolyma Territorial Administration
of the Hydrometeorological Service. ~
Aleksey Alekseyevich Rybnikov: Section Head at the State Oceanographic Institute.
Viktor Sergeyevich Ryazanov: Head of the Upper Volga Territorial Administration of
the Hydrometeorological Service.
Valentina Aleksandrovna Safonova: technician at the Baku Weather Bureau of the
Azerbaydzhan Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Vera Afanas'yevna Semenova: senior engineer of the Domodedovo Affiliate of the
Main Aviation Meteorological Center.
Anna Fedorovna Skokova: senior.engineer of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Weather Bureau of
the Sakhalin Tarritorial Administration of the Hydre?meteorological Service.
Nikolay Mikhaylovich Skurikhin: Section Chief Designer of the Central Design Bur-
eau of Hydrometeorological Instrument Making.
Raisa Prokof'yevna Sosnovskaya: Section Head at the Ukrainian Weather Bureau of
the Ukrainian Re~,ublic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Liya Ivanovna Stasevich: Head of the Pruzhany Meteorological Station of the Belo-
russian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Ninel' Aleksandrovna Sumina: senior engineer at the Donetsk Aviation Meteorolog-
- ical Station of the Ukrainian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
48
~ FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6
FOR OFFICIAi. U:~E ONLY
Rtmm~~ Semenovna Sukhacheva: Section Head at the State Comanittee on Hydrometeorol-
ogy and Environmental Monitoring.
- Margarita I1'inchinichna Sukhova: senior engineer of the Igarka Aviation Meteorol-
ogical Station of the Krasnoyarsk Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeor-
ological Service.
Nina Ivanovna Tayurskaya: Head of the Leningrad Weather Bureau nf the Northwest-
ern Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Yuriy Petrovich Teplov: Director of the Pavlodar Hydrometeorological Observatory
of the Kazakh Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Aleksandra Ivanovna Ushakova: senior engineer at the Crimean Hydrometeorological
Observatory of the Ukrainian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Vladimir Yakovlevich Fedorov: Director of the Tyumen Hydrometeorological Obsexva-
tory of the Omsk Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Yuriy Sarkisovich Tsaturov: Head of Administration at the State Committee on Hydro-
meteorology and Environmental Monitoring.
' Ivan Vasil'yevich Tsvetkov: Deputy Head of Aciministration at the State Committee on
HydrometeorAlogy and Environmental Monitoring. �
Vladimir Afanas'yevich Cheban: Head of the Communications Center at the Moldavian
I Republic Administration of the HydrometeorQlogical Servic2. .
~ Marina Aleksandrovna Cherkesova: Section Head of the Weather Bureau at the West
~ Siberian Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Adam Valeriyevich Sheynov: Head of the Bakhta Radiometeorological Station at the
Krasnoyarsk Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Ninel' Nikitichna Shekhanina: Head of the Belgograd Hydrometeorological Bureau of
! the Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service of the Central
~ Chernozem Oblasts.
i
i
! Igor' Alekseyevich Shiklomanov: Deputy Director of the State Hydrological Insti-
tute.
Natal'ya Ivanovna Shuleykin: Chief Engineer of the State Committee on Hydromet2or-
ology and Environmental Monitoring.
Tat'yana Aleksandrovna Ershtadt: engineer at the Murmansk Territorial Administra-
tion of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Medal "For Illustrious Work"
Khacik Vardanovich Abramyan: technician at the Aparan Meteorological Station of
_ the Armenian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
49
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/42/09: CIA-RDP82-40850R000400480003-6
FOR OFFICiAL USE ONLY
Raisa Aleksandrovna Antokhina: Section Head at tha Krasnoyarsk Territorial Admin-
_ istration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Viola Isaakovna Aunin': senior engineer at the Riga Weather Bureau of the Latviatl
Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Genriyetta Vol'demarovna Balyakina: Division Head at the Moscow Hydrometeorological
Te~hnical School.
I3adezhda Falaleyevna Boyeva: Chief Bookkeeper at the State Committee on Hydrometeor-
ology and Environmental Monitoring.
Nina Ivanovna Budnik: Deputy Section Head at the Kazakh Republic Administration
~of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Lyudmila Vladimirovna Butalova: senior engineer at the Computation Center of the
Main Geophysical Observatory.
Anatoliy Tarasovich Buyalo: mechanic on the steamer at the Kiev Lake Station of
tlie Ukrainian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological. Service.
Svetlana Aleksandrovna Vasil'yeva: Head of the Ishim Aviation Meteorological Sta-
tion at the Omsk Territorial Administration of Hydrometeorology.
Anatoliy Alekseyevich Velikodnyy: senior engineer at the Dikson Territorial Admin-
istration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Nazim Gayazov: driver at the Western Kazakhstan Hydrometeorological Observatory
of the Kazakh Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Ismet Khemdiyevich Diasamidze: Director of the Batumi Hydrometeorological Observ-
atory of the Georgian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Valentina Vasil'yevna Dolgopolova: technician at the Kuban Mouth Station of the
Northern Caucasus Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Vera Aleksandrovna Yelizarova: senior engineer at the State Committee on Hydro-
meteorology and Environmental Monitoring.
Lidiya Ivanovna Yemchenko: senior engineer of the Gor'kiy Weather Bureau of the
Upper Volga Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Kuz'ma Petrovich Yermak: Head of the Onor Meteorological Station of the Sakhalin
Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorologir_al Service.
Alla Nikolayevna Zavodtsova: senior engineer at the Svetlovodsk Hydrometeorological
Observatory of the Ukrainian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Gertruda Borisovna ?.akharova: senior eng.ineer of the Krasnoyarak Hydrometeorolog-
ical Observatory of the Krasnoyarsk Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeor-
ological Service.
50
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400080003-6
FOR OFFICI4L USE ONLY
L~diya Stepanovna Zvyagintseva: senior technician of the Bina Aviation Meteoro-
logical Station of the Azerbaydzhan Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorol-
ogical Service.
- Zoya Mikhaylovna Ivanova: senior engineer at the Leningrad Hydrometeorological Ob-
_ servatory of the Northwestern Territorial Administration of the Sydrometeorolog-
ical Service.
Tat'yana Prokof'yevna Ivanova: senior engineer of the Kuybyshev Weather Bureau of
the Volga Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Valentina Ivanovna Ignat'yeva: senior enginP er of the Mary Aviation Meteorolog-
ical Station of the Turkmen Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Ninel' Sergeyevna ICazantseva: Section Head at the Ukrainian Republic Administra-
tion of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Galina Nikolayevna Klyukvina: senior economist of the State Committee on Hydro-
meteorology and Environmental Monitoring.
= Taisiya Yermolayevna Kovaleva: laboratory head at the West Siberian Scientific
~ Research Institute.
~ Galina Stepanovna Kopytova: senior technician of the Rybinsk Hydrometeorological
Observatory of the Upper Volga Territorial Administration of the Hydrameteorolog-
' ical Service.
j Lyudmila Ivanovna Krasnovskaya: laboratory head at the Central Aerolagical Observ-
-i atory.
Khabil Tushevich Kudayev: specialist at the Northern Caucasus Antihail Service.
Lyudmila Pavlovna Kuz'mina: Head of the Bukhara Aviation Meteorological Station
of the Uzbek Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
I~ Valeriy Vladimirovich Lukin: senior engineer at the Arctic and Antarctic Sci-
~ entific Research Institute.
, Aleksandr Nikolayevich Martynov: radio station head at the Gur'yev Hydrometeoro-
logical Observatory of the Kazakh Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorolog-
ical Service.
Valeriya Nikolayevna Michurina: senior engineer in the Bureau of Calculations and
Reports at the Ural Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Ser-
vice.
Anna Mikhaylovna Nozhenko: Section Head at the Kirgiz Republic Administration of
the Hydrometeorological Service.
Nina Ivanovna Nosacheva: Head of the Pyandzh Aviation Meteorological Station of the
Tadzhik Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
51
- ~ FQR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080003-6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Irina Georgiyevna Orlova: senior scientific specialist at the Ocessa Aivision of
the State Oceanographic Institute.
Natal'ya Dmitriyevna Pal'tseva: technician at the Pervomayskoye Hydrometeor.olo$-
,ical Station of the West Siberian Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeor-
ological Service.
Tamara Aleksandrovna Perlova: Chairman of the Joint Committee of Moscow Trade
Unions of the State Committee on Hydrometeorolo~y and Environmental Monitoring.
Galina Stepanovna Podshivalova: senior engineer of the Birobidzhan Hydrometeorolog-
ical Bureau of the Far Eastern Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorolog=
ical Service.
Klavdiya Nikolayevna Polyakova: senior scientific specialist at the USSR Hydro-
meteorological Center.
Yuriy Ivanovich Portnyagin: laboratory head at the Institute of Experimental
Meteorology.
Yekaterina Dmitriyevna Redikortseva: senior engineer of the communications center
at the Ural Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Varvara Alekseyevna Samokhvalova: Section Head at the Kura Weather Bureau of the
Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service of the Central
Chernozem Oblasts.
Aleksandra Lazarevna Sedinina: Head of the Teplyy Klyuch Aviation Meteorological
- Station of the Yakutsk Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Ser-
vice.
Tat'yana Yevgen'yevna Sizova: engineer of the Antihail Service of the Moldavian
Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Boris Vladimirovich Solodkov: Head of the Kolva Hydrometeorological Station of
the Northern Territor.ial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Linda Yukha~ovna Tartu: technician at the Pyarnu Meteorological Station of the
Estonian Republic Administration af the Hydrometeorological Service.
Nikolay Ignat'yevich Tutubalin: senior engineer at the Pevek Hydrometeorological
Observatory of the Pevek Territorial Adminiatration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Lyudmila Ivanovna iJsova: junior scientific specialist of the State Hydrological
Institute.
Zinanda Ivanovna Khazova: senior technician of the Karelian Hydrometeorological
Observatory of the Northwestern Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorolog-
ical Service.
Tat'yana Petrovna Khozyaykina: shop foreman at the Novosibirsk Computer Station.
52
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404080003-6
~ FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY
Mikhail Ivanovich Tsukanov: senior technician at the Gomel H~drometeorological
Observatory of the Belorussian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorolog-
' ical Service.
Yelena Mikhaylovna Chesnokova: senior synoptic eng3neer at the Ulan-Ude Aviation
Meteorological Station of the Transbaykal Territorial Administration of the Hy-
= drometeorological Serv ice.
Lyudmila Grigor'yevna Shinegina; senior t echnician at the Anadyr' Hydrometeorolog-
icat Observatory of the Kolyma Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorolog-
ical Service.
Galina Ivanovna Shmotova: senior engineer at the Irkutsk Hydrometeorological Ob-
servatory of the Irkutsk Territorial Adm inistration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Larisa Grigor'yevna Shtan'ko: senior eng ineer of the Astrakhan Hydrometeorological
Observatory of the Northern Caucasus Territorial Administration of the Iiydrometeor-
ological Service.
Medal "For Distinctio n in Work"
Galina Sergeyevna Abakumova: senior technician at the Voroshilovgrad Hydrometeoro-
logical Bureau of the Ukrainian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Raisa Ivanovna Al:senova: senior teclinician at the Yemetsk hydrometeorological sta-
tion of the Northern Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Ser-
vice. ~
Valentina Petrovna A1 ekseyeva: photooper ator at the Communications Center of the
' Vo].ga Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Yelizaveta I1'inichna Anitskaya; Section Head at the Kuybyshev Hydrometeorological
Observatory of the Volga Territorial Adm inistration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Amalya Zavenovna Asatryan: senior technician at the Yerevan "Yuzhnaya" Aviation
Meteorological Statio n of the Armenian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeor-
ological Service.
Tamara 13asagadayevr~: junior technician at the Burgeri' Meteorological Station of
the Tr.ansbaykal Territori.al Administrat ion of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Tat'y~ina Ivanovna Bezrukova: junior technician at the Uch-Akty~ Meteorological Sta-
tion of the Kazakh Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Vladimir Leonidovich Belov: senior techn ician at the Vyborg Hydrological Station
of the Northwestern T erritorial Administ ration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Vladisl.av Ramazanovich Bolov: laboratory head at the High-rlountain Geophysical In-
- stitute.
53
- FOR OFF'[CIAL USE ONLY
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Lidiya Andreyevna Bulavinova: senior laboratory technician of the Kazakh Repub-
lic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Abram Isayevi~h Buz: Section Head of the Vil'nyus Weather Bureau of the Lithuan~
ian Republic Administration of tt?e Hydrometeorological Service.
Lidiya Innokent'yevna Vanteyeva: observer at the Shankhar Gaging Station of the Ir-
kutsk Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Nikolay Alekseyevich Voyt: Head of the L'gov Meteorological Station of the Territor-
ial Administration of the Central Chernozem Oblasts.
Nadezhda Petrovna Vorob'yeva: senior laboratory technician of the Krasnoyarsk Terri-
_ t~rial Administration of. the Hydrometeorological Service.
V~zlentina I'edorovn~i Glinskaya: Section Head at the Vladivostok Hydrometeorological
Observatory of the Pr.imor'ye Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
_ Mariya Kuz'minichna Gordeyeva: senior scientific specialist of the Far Eastern Sci- ~
entific Researc}i Tnstitute.
I
Nina redorovna Gorchak: senior engineer of the All-Union Scientific Research Insti-
tute of Hydrometeorological Information.
~
- Murodmamad Davlyatmamadov: observer at the Khorogskoy Hydrological Post of the Hy-
drometeorological Observatory of the Tadzhik Republic Administration of the Hydro-
meteorological Service.
_ Vasiliy Semenovich Dmitriyev:.metal worker at the Central Design Bureau of Hydro-
meteorological Instrument Making.
_ Lyudmila Ivanovna Dotsenko: technician at the Nikopol'skaya Meteorological Station
- of the Ukrainian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorologica.l Service.
Kim Ivanovich Yepishin: Head of the Sverdlovsk-Uktus Aviation Meteorological Sta-
tion of the Ural Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Lidiya Fedorovna Yermakova: senior scientific specialist at the Sevastopol' Div-
ision of the State Oceanographic Institute.
Zinanda Mikhaylovna Zabara: senior technician at the Klepinino Agrometeorological
Station of the Ukrlinian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Ser-
vice.
Nasib~, Usmanovna Iskhak~va: engineer at the Tashkent-Observatoriya Hydrometeoro-
lofiical. Station of the Uzbek Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Amaliya Vaganovna Karmir-Marukyan: senior technician at the Georgian Republic
Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
54
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Nikolay Sergeyevich Kim: senior scientific specialist of the Institute of Ex-
perimental Meteorology.
Vera Vasil'yevna Klabukova: senior laboratory engineer at the Northc~estern TeYri~
- torial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Boris Kuz'mich Korolev: metalsmith-mechanic in the Experimental-Production Workshop
of the Central Aerological Observatory.
Valentina Vasi~.'yevna Leshkova: senior engineer at the Weather Bureau of the Belo-
russian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Yuriy Konstantinovich Martynyuk: Head of the Hydrometeorological Training Station
of the Vladivostok Hydrometeorological 'Technical School.
Inna Linovna Medvedeva: laboratory head at the Ural Territorial Administration of
the tiydrometeorological Service.
Nina Petrovna Mezentseva: Head of the Dvinskoy Bereznik Aviation Meteorological
Station of the Northern Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Ser-
vice.
Muzaffar Mamed ogly P4irzoyev: junior technician of the Yardymly Hydrometeorolog~
ical Station of the Azerbaydzhan Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorolog-
ical Service.
i
~ Zhaniya Iv~novna Miroshnikova: senior engineer at the Ukrainian Scientific Re-
search Institute.
Galina Aleksandrovna Mishina: senior engineer at the Khabarovsk Weather Bureau of
the Far Eastern Terr.itorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Inna Alekseyevna Moiseyenko-Ivanova: senior section engineer at the ~Jest Siberian
Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service. .
Nadezlidsi Borisovna i4oskaleva: engineer at the State Committee on Hydrometeorology
- and Environmental Monitoring.
i Nadezhda Borisovna Moskaleva: engineer of the State Committee on Hydrometeorology
and Environmental Monitoring.
Vol'f Yeselevich Osi~erov: Chief Inspector of the Gor'kiy Regional Meteorological
Center.
Nikolay Makarovich Petrov: observer at the Yatyrakha Post of Yakutsk Hydrological
Station of the Yakutsk Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Ser-
vice.
'Linanda Vasi.l'yevna Podol'skaya: Secretary to the Deputy Chairman of the State Com-
mittee on iiydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.
55
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Marbarita Vasil'yevna Pozdeyeva: Deputy Chief Bookkeeper of the State Scientific
- Research Center for Study of Natural Resources.
Nonia lvanovna Polkanova: senior technician at the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy Hy-
drometeorological Station of the Kamchatka Territorial Administration of the Hy-
drometeorological Service.
Margarita Yegorovna Popova: radio operator at the Kzyl-Orda Hydrometeorological ~
Bureau of the Kazakh Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Servir.e.
Tat'yana Ivanovna Popova: photooperator at the Gor'kiy Regional Meteorological
Center.
Anna Petrovna Rozova: Section Head at the Central Volga Hydrometeoro?ogical Ob-
servatory.
Nikolay Ivanovich Rumyantsev: Section Head at the Computation Center U3SR Hydro-
meteorological Center. ~
E11a Mikhaylovna Snpozhnikova: senior engineer at the Weather Bureau of the Omsk
Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Lyudmila Iosifovna Selezneva: engineer at the Kirov Hydrometeorological Observa-
tory of the Upper Volga Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Galina Semenovna Sidorova: Head of the Alakurtti Hydrometeorolagical Station of
the Murmansk Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Mariya Savel'yevna Sirosh: senior technician of the Buknta Provideniya Hydrometeor-
ological Bureau of the Pevek Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Anna Iosifovna Skvortsova: technician at the Slavgorod Hydrometeorological Station
of the West Siberian Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Valentina Petrovna Smirnova: team leader at the StatE~ Hydrological Institute.
Boris Leonidovich S~kolov: senior scientific specialist at the State Hydrological
Institute.
Ser~ey Ivanovich Soldatov: electromechanic at the Communications Center of the Pri~-
mor'ye Terr.itorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Al1a Aleksandrovna Spiridonova: senior engineer at the Vorkuta Hydrometeorological
Station of the Nortt~ern Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
I3iruta Petrovna Suyetene: junior technician at the Lazdiyay Meteorological Station
of the Lithuanian Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Ivan Vasil'yevich Terekhov: filer at the Moscow Repair-Construction Sector of the
State Committee on }lydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.
56
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
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Kaip Toktosunov: observer at the Chalma Hydrological Post of the Kirgiz Republic
Administration of the liydrometeorological Service.
Kirill Grigor'yevich Khendogiy: senior technician at the Kotel'nyy Polar Station
of the Tiksi Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
Irakliy Vasil'yevich Chogovadze: Section Head at the Transcaucasian Scientific Re-
search Institute. ~ " ~
Kapitalina Anisimovna Shalyapina: senior warehouseman at the Base for Material-
Technical Supply of the State Committee on Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Monitoring.
Galina Fedorovna Shapiro: engineer at the Volgograd Aviation Meteorological Sta-
tion of the Northern Caucasus Territorial Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service.
Tamara Anatol'yevna Shklyar: operator at the Regional Computation Center of the
Far Eastern Territurial Administration af the Hydrometeorological Service.
Damladzhon Yusupov: Head of the Kzylkishlak Hydrometeorological Station of the Uz-
bek Republic Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service.
57
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OBITUARY OF PETR KARPOVICH YEVSEYEV (1911-1964)
Moscow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 9, Sep 81 pp 127-128
[Article by personnel of thz USSR HydrometeoroTogical Scientific Research Center]
[Abstract] Petr Karpovich Yevseyev, an outstanding worker of the USSR Iiydrometeor- ~
ological Service, who died in 1964, would have been age 70 on 1 September. He made
a major contribution to development of the Soviet weather service. During the per-
iod 1939-1943 he worked as deputy director of the Central Weather Institute. In
that post he staffed the institute with carefully selected young specialists and
strengthened direction of the short-range weather forecasting division. During
the Great Fatherland War he did much for organizing continuous meteorological sup-
port of operations of the Red Army. During 1942-1943 he was assigned to London for
discussions of exchange of ineteorological data with the British. After discharging
increasiagly responsible tasks, in 1945 he was named to the post of deputy direc-
- tor of the Central Institute of Forecasts. Under his direction, in 1945-1947 the
Central Institute of Forecasts for the first time was outfitted with a powertul
communications center for collecting data from outlying administrations of the Hy-
- drometeorological Service. In 1945 he became director of the Scientific Research
Institute of Aeroclimatology where he directed work on preparation of an aerocli-
- matic handbook of the USSR and laid the basis for a new direction in the field of
climatology of the free atmosphere and aviation climatology with the use of inechan-
ized processing of observational data. As director of this institute P. K. Yevseyev
was chairman of the Working Group on Meteorology of the Soviet Interdepartmental
Committee on Conduct of the International Geophysical Year, as well as a member of
the WMO Commission on Climatology. In April 1961 he was designated director of the
newly created Joint Meteorological Computation Center, USSR Academy of Sciences,
and the Main Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service, transformed in
early 1964 into the World Meteorological Center. Transforming the center into an
~ exceedingly well-regarded institute, he died on 20 June 1964 with brilliant plans
still unfulfilled but with an outstanding legacy.
COPYRIGHT: "Meteorologiya i gidrologiya", 1981
5303 - ~ND -
CSO: 1864/3
58
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