JPRS ID: 10066 JAPAN REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060043-4
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 43
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10066
22 October 1981
J a an Re ort
~ p
(FOUO 60/81)
- FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/10066
22 October 1981
~
JAPAN REPORT
(FOUO 60/81~
CONTENTS
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
National Constituency System for House of Councillors Considered
- Unlikely
(NIHON I~IZAI SHIMBUN, 15 Sep, 31 May 81) 1
Media's Pessimistic View
LDP Presents Bill To Revise Electior. Law
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
~ Fore~.gners Seen Dominating Gene Engineering Patents
(NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN, 31 Aug 81) 5
Japan, France Joint Interferon Testing
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAI~, 29 Sep 81) 13
'Plant Gene Hunting Expedition Envisaged for Yunnan Provin ce
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAI~, 22 Sep 81) 14
' Government Efforts in Biotechnology I7iscussed 15
(NIHON KEIZAI SHIBUM, 7 Aug 81, TOKYO SHIl~SBUN, 25 Aug 81)
Development of New Agricultural Products
Massive Cell Cultivation Restrictions
Firms Chosen To Take Part in 10-Year Government R& D Pl~,n
(JAPAN ECONOMIG JOURNAL, 22 Sep 81) 19
Ratio of R& D to Sales Almost at U.S. Level
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 22 Sep 81) 21
NTT, IBM To Swap Computer Patents
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 29 Sep 81) 23
~ - a - [III - ASIA - 111 FOUO]
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Fujitsu Fanuc Develops Assembly Robot
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAI~, 22 Sep 81) 24
Nippon Electric Due to 'Freeze~ 61~K Ram Output
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAI,, 22 Sep 81) ~5
- Rivalry in Building Plants for Helium Intensify?ng
(JAPAN E~ONOMIC JOURNAL, 22 Sep 81) 26
NSC Expects Use of Oil-Based Fuel kti.ll ~ecrease
- (JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAI~, 29 Sep 91) 27
Britain's 600 Group Hopes for Robot-Making Technology
(JAPAN ECONOiMIC JOURNAL, 29 Sep 81) 28
MITI Hopes To Increase Oil Well �ield
(JAPAN ECOiJOMIC JOURNAL, 29 Sep 81) 29
- b -
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
NATIONAL CONSTITUENCY SYSTEM FOR HOUSE OF COUNC"ILLORS CONSIDERED UNLIKELY
Media's Pessimistic View
Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 15 Sep 81 p 1
[Text] "Is the Liberal Democratic Party really going to push through a national
' constituency system for the Upper House at the Special Session of the Diet?'"
"Our task is merely to compile a responsive proport~~nate representation plan
and the rest is up to the Upper House Liberal-Democrats."
This was the exchange between Komeito Party's Election Policy Committee Chairman
~ Ohno, trying to worm out the Liberal-Democratic stand, and the latter party's
Election System Investigative Committe~ executive meml~er.
~ The Komeito Party is absolutely opposed to the Liberal-Democrats' reform plan and
thus the latter's possible moves at the Special Diet Session worries Komeito.
Consequently, they were relieved when "the informal feedback from two or three high
level Liberal-Democrats indicated that there appears to be no strong m~ve to
drive through the reform." (Ohno)
I.iberal-Democrat's Negotiable Item
At present, the Opposltion is unexpectedly calm with respect to the Liberal-
Democratic Party's move to present the redistricting proposal at the Special
Session. The Komeito and Democratic Socialist parties which had opposed the
Liberal Democrats' proposal at the previous regular session of the Diet have
- reversed themselves. We have no immediate plans for launching a countermove."
(Ohno) "We do not even have plans for an intra-party meeting before the Special
Session." (Democratic Socialist Party Election Countermeasures Committee Chairn~an
I'ujii) Tt~e Socialist Party had compiled its own Responsive Proportionate
Representation Plan prior to the Liberal Democrats, and thus, the party's
predominant opinion at the regular session--led by the party~s Special Committee
on Llection S}stem Countermeasures--was for "adoption of the Liberal-Democratic
plan." B~t now, such voice has abated and they appear to be resigned. "Passage
of .reform at the Special Session of the Diet is highly unlikely." (Special
Committee on Election System Countermeasures Director Saito)
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Why has there been this uniform shift of opinion among the Opposition? Socialist
- Party Central Executive Committee Chairman Tobita states that, "we have our hands
full with administrative reform questions and there is no room for considering
the national constituency system for the Upper House. Since the Special Diet
Session has become a single issue (administrative reform) session, the interest
toward the national constituency system for Upper House election has waned. More-
over, there is an interpretation that "the Liberal-Democrats must have the
cooperation of Komeito and Democratic Socialists in passing the administrative
reform measi,res. Perhaps it is their opinion that no good wi11 come of antagonizing
~ Komeito and Democraric Socialists by pressing the national constituency for the
Upper House issue, especially when they have just obtained Komeito and Democratic
Socialist support on the administrative reform question." (Komeito leadership's
view).
The Opposition's view is that, "the Liberal-Democrats' motive in submitting the
national constituency plan at the Special Session is merely to use it as a
negotiable item vi~ a vis the administrative refarm proposals. And no one is
expecting that there is any lilcelihood of the passage of the nationwide redistrict-
ing proposal at the Special Session.
- Prime-Minister's Face Must Be Saved
The only probl~m here is how will the Liberal-Democratic proposal (on redistricting)
be handled at the Special Diet Session. That is, it is a question of how it
will be settled. Among the Opposition, some hold the hard line: "Reject the
proposal absolutely!" The majority, however, anticipate "a continued
deliberation." The consideration here is, "how to resolve it without damaging
Prime Minister Suzuki's face, since it was his foremost public promise at the
time of his taking office. There can be no self-contradiction. [There must be
consistency.]" (Socialist Councillor Sango Satao) Next comes the plan for a
creation of the deliberative body that would examine the national constituency
system for the House of Councillors with the party in power and the Opposition
sitting at the same table.
"Once deliberative committee is created for examining all the reform plans
including the Liberal Democratic proposal, then it would make it easier for the
Liberal-Democratic Party to retract its plan without embarrassment." (Fujii)
And there are those who say that, "since Prime Minister Suzuki wants the reform
measure to be a bi-partisan decision, a bi-partisan discussion with a view to
the 1986 Election would be satisfactory." (Socialist Party leadership) Still
others (Democratic Socialist leaders) look upon this deliberative connnittee as
a final resting place for the Liberal-Democratic proposal. Once in the committee,
' it can be allowed to fade out and eventually, it can be dropped.
Back to the Beginning
But even if the Opposition's strategy succeeds and the Liberal-Democratic proposal
is shelved, the problems associated with the current national election district
system will remain and the differences among the parties will still smoulder.
That is, under the currently effective system, only union officials who are
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allowed both money and time can run for office. Scholars and cultured people that
the parties ought to have as members are barred from becoming Diet members."
(5ocialist Party Secretariat Director Sato)
For this reason, a substantial number of Socialists believe that, "thera is no
other solution save for the responsive proportionate representation system."
(Diet Policy Co~nittee Chai.rman Yamaguchi). Komeito and the Democratic Socialist
Partv, in the meantime, are still adhering to the "block plan"--their alternative
to the Liberal-Democratic proposal. I:a all likelihood, the debate coneerning the
national constitueacy system for the House of Councillors will go back to the
beginning, and the question will probably be deferred until the next regular
session of the Diet.
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1981
LDP Presents Bill To Revise Election Law
Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 31 May 81 p 2
[Text] The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has presented the Diet with a bill to
revise the Public Election Law to introduce a proportional representation or
system [Kosoku Meibo-Shiki Hirei Daihyo sei] instead of the national constituency
system, and the ruling party has every intention of passing the bill at the
extraordinary session in the fall. The LDP is undertaking quite a task because
this is the first attempt to revise the Upper House election system that includes
the national constituency system, which forces candidates to spend tremendous
amounts of money and to campaign hard to win seats in the Upper House, unless
a candidate happens Co be a"talento" (celebrity), a well-known bureaucrat or a
labor union leader..
Revision of the Public Election Law to introduce a proportional representation
- system" has many times heen studied and debated at the Diet since the Mei~i era,
but t11e representation system was never adopted simply because candidates wo~ld
have a difficult time forecasting election results.
In order to revise the Public Election Law in time for the next Upper House
election in 1983, the LDP must get the Diet to appr.ove the bill this year.
However, the LDP and the opposition parties must work it out to agree to pass
the bill first. The Japan Socialist Party (JSP) supported the LDP's ideas until
recently, but now it is sending out negative signs. Komeito, the Democratic
Socialist Party (DSP) and the Communist Party (JCP) are opposed to the bill.
The LDP's bill will do away with the "one vote" system based on votes cast for a
- candidate in the local constituency. Under the proposed system, even if voters
do not want to vote for a candidate in the local constituency, they can still
write in the name of. a candidate in the national constituency.
The one-vote system was criticized for running counter to ~he principles of the
constitution, while the two-vote system i~ easily understood.
Another characteristic of the bill is that it calls on political parties to list
not only its members but also to list the candidates it recommends. The purpose
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is to s~t "celebrities" in various sactors of society to win seats in the Upper
House. First the political parties will give priority to candidates who are their
own members, however, in the long run, they will build up candidates other than
their own members. Under the new system, persons can win the Upper House election
- without doing much campaigning. This will probably encourage capable persons to
run in the Upper House election.
One fault of the LDP-proposed bill is that persons seeking to win a seat in the
Upper House as non-affiliated candidates are deprived of the opportunity to run
independently. The new bill stipulates that political parties and other organiza-
- tions which are entitled to submit the lists of candidates are: 1) those who have
more than five (S) Diet members each; 2) those who have won more than four (4)
percent of votes cast in the ].atest Lower House election or Upper House election;
and 3) those who have more than 10 candidates.
Those candidates who are planning to win seats in the Upper House as non-affiliated
candidates are naturally opposed to this requireme*~t. in the "double elections"
held in 1980, five (S) non-affiliated candidates ma:.aged to gather more votes
than all JSP candidates combined. In the next electii:+n, the LDP is reported to
have a scake in four (4) non-affiliated candidates, thi~~ estimated winning seats to
be 25 in all.
Unless the LDP takes a more flexible stance on the three conditions, the
possibility of passing the bill in the Diet this fall is remote.
COPYRIGHT: Nikon Keizai Shimbunsha 1981
.L.1460
- CSO: 41U5/269A-P
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FOREIGNERS SEEN DOMINATING GENE ENGINEERING PATENTS
Tokyo NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 31 Aug 81 p 33
~ [Text] It is said that the Japanese industrial circle turned
pale at the news of confirmation of the United States patent re-
garding recombinant DNA (deoxyribo-nucleic acid) at Stanford
University. "If the same thing materializes in Japan, we are
- finished during the effective term of the patent as far as the
gene splicing technique is concerned." Be it gene splicing or
technologies in other areas, achievements in most research and
development are introduced into the world armed with patents.
In order r.o win research and development competitions, one may
say that all that matters is how strong a patent right was ob-
- tained. In an unexplored technolagy such as gene splicing,
the battle for encampment called patEnts will be fought all the
more severely. Therefore, the problem points of the offensive-
defensive battle of patents that began with the Japanese Patent
Agency as the arena have been sought mainly through the opinions
_ of the people involved.
As you can see from the table, applicants with Katakana [used for transliteration]
names are listed one after another. Nearly 80 percent of the application~ are
from foreign countries. We may assume that the competition for application began
with an overwhelming dominance of the foreign powers. '
As for the contents of the applied inventions, according to the data published
outside by the Patent Agency, recombinant DNA itself and its manufacturing proc-
esses comprise 30.5 percent. DNA vectors themselves and their manufacturing
processes, 25.9 percent; manufacturing processes for substances, 19.4 percent;
and the recombined organisms (microorganisms) themselves and th~eir manufacturing
processes, 16.6 percent, in that order;, and many of them are related to the basic
parts of the splicing operation.
Those which may be cited among them as representative applications for inventions
are from the ICI in England, University of California and Genentech in the United
States, and Max Planck Institute in West Germany, etc.
The inventions of the British ICI are a genetic modification process for micro-
organisms" and "manufacturing process for single cell protein," and the one by
the Max Planck Institute is "a manufacturing process for linear hybrid phage."
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Those rrom ttie University of California are entitled "ANA tranaduction vector,"
"purification process for fragments of nucleotide sequence," etc. And, the appli-
cations from Genentech are "synthetic DNA and its regulation," and "methods for
expression and improvement of microbiological polypeptides."
Other prominent applications include "mutant microorganisms and their manufactur-
ing processes and applications" by Research Incorpora*ed and "microorganisms and
their regulation processes" related to Pseudomonas bacteria by General Electric
(GE) .
Among the Japanese applications, those related to restriction enzymes that are
used for cutting and splicing DNA are predominant. It is said that this is due
to the delayed establishment of Japanese experimental gcidelines for recombinant
DNA, which promoted research in the area of restriction enzymes unrelated to the
guidelines.
As we look over the list, we notice unexpectedly the fact that the invention en-
titled "construction of biol.ogically active DNA" by Professor Cohen, et al. at
Stanford University, which is said to be the basic patent among the basic patents,
has not been applied in Japan.
Regarding this fact, patent personnel in induetrial circles surmise that they
probably gave up the Japanese application due to differences between Japanese and
American regulations.
In the States, a system of prior right of invention prevails, and even if the in-
ventor published his invention at an academic meeting or in journals, it can be
patented if application is made within a,year. On the other hand, in Japan, the
fact that the invention has been made known by the inventor [prior to patetit
apnlicati~n] is a reason for rejection. The Stanford University patent is a
case that falls under this rule, and the prospect of its being patented in Japan
is considered very slim.
K. Ono, chief of the patent department of Kyowa Hakko states with confidence "I
don't think it was applied for in Japan. Besides, that invention was made pos-
sible with government support, and royalties must be turned over. In addition,
they cannot demand royalties in an outrageous amount, as a rule. Even if the
patent had been confirmed, research and experiments can be conducted freely
(Patent law, article 69), and to say that the industrial circles turned pale is
an exaggeration. The question of whether or not practicable technology will
come out during the effective term of the patent right is more important."
K. Takeda, chief of the patent department of the Nippon Kayak.u ~o., Ltd., also
cr~ticizes the over-reaction of the outsiders saying it is questionable to make
a fuss without really understanding the patent system. It is conceivable that
it may have an ill effect on research and development. I suppose it is more
sensational to say that the industrial circles are struck down gaping."
When we speak of a patent war, it is not to say that Japan is defenseless. I may
add the fact that there are ma.ny firms contemplating the fact that the time has
come again to use patent control skills learned the hard way during the heyday of
~ technical importation.
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The Stanford patent seems to have resulted in "much ado about nothing." However,
the true feeling in the industrial circles is probably a sense of relief deep
inside.
Regarding this subject, the Patent Agency gave me a more specific explanation.
"The Stanford patent should have been disclosed by now e'~en if th~y applied us~ng
the priority right (an advantage provided for those residing abroad wi:i~ respect
to the application period), but we have not found such an invention among them.
However, in the United States, "new matter'" may be added up to 3. And, the last
one shoul~ still make the deadline, and we cannot say definitely that their Japa-
~ nese application has not been made at all. However, compared with the basic in-
vention, the effect would not be as great."
More of a concern than such a matter for the industrial circles is the delay 3n
the Japanese guidelines for DNA experiments and problems with related patents.
In other words, in Europe, the guidelines have already been relaxed and expe~i-
mental research can be freely conducted. However, in Japan, there are so~:e areas
where r:~thing can be done due to the strict restrictions. If applications arrive
from foreign countries for inventions in these areas, how would the Patent Agency
handle the case? It is said that several such applications have already appeared
- as actual problems. ~
Concerning this matter, a scientific investigator of the Science and Technology
Agency, A. Matsuda states "we have made a request to the Patent Agency to examine
these cases based on the expPrimental guidelines."
For the Patent Agency, how to justify rejection is a head~che. Basically,
as long as the patent requirements are fulfilled, they are in a positi~n inevit-
ably to register the paten*_so
~ There are voices in the industrial circles that the stipulation in article 32 of
the Patent Law "inventions that may be harmful to public health" should be ap-
plied.
However, there are voices, too, that "the experimental guidelines are a domestic
problem in Japan. Thus, to thinlc that there is no way to hold foreign inventions
is a disgrace for a country noted for technology. When there is the prospect
that safety can be assured in the future, they should be patented. The Patent
Agency should judge independently according to the Patent Law ~enying p atents on/.
These voices are rather more predominant.
The Patent Agency apparently plans to require an indication of detailed data con-
cerning the safety for those cases that do not meet the guidelines. To cope with
this, the applicants are likely to be required to receive individual examinazions
by the Council for Science and Technology and the Science Council of the Ministry
of Education to prove saf ety.
_ Dr K. Sakaguchi at the Life Science Research Institute of Mitsubishi Chemical
Industries, an inventor of a preparation process for thermostable enzymes states
that from the standpoint of the researchers "Such misgivings are encountered
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_ because of the existing gap in guidelines. We, researchers always wish for a
~ chance to compete on a common ground. Researchers generally lose their researcn
� ambitions when t~:ey are restricted this way and that way as to the experimental
:nethods and facilities."
There are some among them who state practical techniques in gene splicing tech-
nology are not likely to materialize so easily during the patent tern of 15 years
or so. That considerable technical differences have been produced is an undeni-
- aLle fact, and I don't believe that crying for urgent relaxation of experimental
_ guidelines is very meaningful."
In opposition, Dr Sakaguchi urges a relaxation of the Japanese guidelines saying
- "On the contrary, applied microbioengineering and enzymology in Japan are the
scientific fields at the top of the world. Because this technology can be ap-
plied, there is virtually no delay in the field of agricultural chemistry. ~sPe-
cially, speaking from our standpoint, I would like them to make the plant micro-
organisms usable as hosts or vectors.�t
From 1 July, the U.S. National Institute of Health drastically relaxed the ti.S.
guidelines once again. Irritation of the Japanese researchers is likely to con-
tinue for a while.
Separate from the guidelines, one of the problems is that the foreign appli:,a-
tions are written with a very extensive scope of patent claim. Concerned voices
are increasing sznsing their purpose to be containment against Japanese research
and development. On the other hand, the Patent Agency observes that "new techno-
logical fields i:end to have extensive claims. Their purpose may also be I.n feel-
ing how we handle them at the Agency. Amendments may be forthcoming at the t~me
of the request for examination and the submission of argument against the notice
of rejection and reasons.
~ Actually, it is said that the Agency has sent out notices of re~ ection and rea-
sons for 2-3 cases. The reasons ~are said to be too extensive claims.
_ When we consider the special additional period allowed for those residing abroad,
the amendment for or argument against the netices of rejection and reasons from
the applicants in Euro-American countries will be returned around October. Then,
the purposes of the Euro-American firms and research organizations will be re-
vealed for the firsr time. The genetic patent No 1 in Japan will appear only
after that. The patent war in the true sense w~.ll begin from that moment, and
the moment of truth will be there for the Japanese industrial circles also.
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060043-4
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10
FOR OFFICIAL US~ ONLY
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~
b q r~ ~ 00 0o ao 00
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~ ~ f+1 U1 N N ~ ~ :
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~(~Fi}a48~-56~ ~ A'y`1~151)~ :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . iS~~r~'%p'~
Key:
l. Field of microbiology (18.9%)
- 2. All industries (18.7%)
3. (Applications during 1971-77)
4. Field of genetics (76.7y) (cases opened during 1973-Jan '81)
5. Patent Agency data
COPYRIGHT: Nikkan Kogyo Shimbunsha 1981
7722
CSO: 8129/1918
12
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M'OR ON'FI('IA1, l1SN: ()NI,Y
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
JAPAN, FRANCE JOINT INTERFERON TESTING
Tokvo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in ~n~lish Vol 19 No 974, 29 Sep 81 p 9
(Text ] Ja~anese and French virus
~ experts will put interferon ~ on
clinical trial, as produced by
Hayashibara Biochemical
I.aboratories, Inc. of Okayama.
The six Japanese experts in-
clude executives of Kitazato In-
stitute and the National Insti-
tute of Health. The five French
participants include experts at
- two national organizatians:
1'Institut Pasteur and 1'Institut
National de la Sante et de la
Recherche cINSERM).
'fhe two French organiza-
tions' tests will be designed to
_ confirm the Hay~shibara inter-
feron's effectiveness against
kynophobia and leukemia,
F'ollowing studies in F~ance,
Japanese virus authorities hope
they can do similar tests with
the approval by the Ministry of
Eiealth & Welfare.
- Fifty billion units of the in-
terfcror~ are to be supplied by
Hayashibara, which claiins to
be the world's largest producer
ti of thc virus inhibitory factor,
und the I~ rench researchers will
scx~n start clinical tests on
kynophobia patients. The plans ~
~ for clinical trials were formulat-
t~d after Prof. Tsunataro Kishi-
da of Kyoto PreFectural Univer-
sity of Medicine arranged the
inlerferon supply to INSEftM.
C01'YRIGHT: 1981, tlie Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
CSO: 4120/20
13
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NUR OFFIC'IAL USH: ON[.Y
- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PLANT GENE HUNTING EXPEDITION ENVISAGEB FOR YUNNAN PROVINCE
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC 10URNAL in English Vol 19 No 973, 22 Sep 81
- [Text] -
A large-scale botanical gene samples, in the fortn of aeede, province thua fully deserves its
- hunting expedition is going to be are already well known in the sobrlquet of befng "the home
- dispatched to Chir,a's Yunnan U.S., Russia and many ofher of farm crop,s."
Province by the Japanese Min- countries as a agrtcultural Accocding to the Ministry, its
istry of Agriculture, Forestry dc "gene banks." .Japan has its expeditlon plan was approved
Fisheries sometime next year. gene bank, but of a small scale, by the Chinese agricultural au-
According to the Ministry, in an internationally-gathered thorities when it was proposed
_ m~ny nations, led by America assembly of about 90,000 kinds 6y Japanese Agricultuce,
and the Soviet Union, have of seeds at the Ministry's Forestry & Fisheries Minister
been getting busy in recent Agricultural Eng[neering Re- Taheo Kameoka during his ,
years hunting for vario~ search Station, Tsukuba. recent vlsit to China.
breads of wild piants not But the Amerlcan and ,the Details of the plan are ex-
found in their own territories Soviet gene banlcs are said to pected to kie studied and
for artificial development of be each 10 times as large. decided next Februaty at the
new species of food and feed However, as far as Yunnan, fuat sesaion of the Japan-China
crops. Japan has also been en- remote southern province of agriculturai ecientific and tech-
gaged in such a drive, but so China, is ooncerned, hardly any nological interchange project
- far on a minor scale. Such foreign hunt of the k1t?d is B~uP ~~~~6 Place elther in
efforts invariably involve luiown to have beeu so far oun- ~i~8 or Tokyo. The ex-
gene recombination, cell ducted there. Ttte Japaneee p~tiott is thus likely to be
fusion, and other ldnds of bio- expedition is thus expected to ~ a~~t survey gcoup
technology. become the f~rst major inter- v~ith the participation of
The common aim is to in- national exploration team of ~i~~
troduce the sUong natural sur- such a nature.
vival and reproduction The expeditlon can be ex-
capaciti~ of wild plants to frail pected to gather many
human-cultivated farm plants pote~tially important samples
for more productivity with less becaase the province tiordering
care. Trials to develop new on the eastern end of the Hima-
breecis of rice or other crops layas and on Burma, Laos and
that need no fertilization are Vietnam has been wdl known
already in progress in Amer- as the world's leat remalning
ica, Japan or elsewhere. undeveloped "tceasure trove"
- Collectior,s of such plant of wild plants, including the
origins of the rice, wheat,
soybean, tea, loqnat, melon and
many other kinda oi graiia,
vegetable and huit planta. The
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
CSO: 4120/19
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT EFFORTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY DISCUSSED
Development of New Agricultural Products
Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 7 Aug 81 p 1
[Text] There is a growing movement in the government and LDP to develop new seeds
for agricultural products, using biotechnology, as a strategic Japanese industry.
- It is said that this field of advanced technology will revolutionize world agricultural
production. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery has taken a big step
forward from previous basic research. Beginning in FY 1982, it will begin serious
research and development for practical application in such facilities as the Agri-
cultural Technology Research Laboratory (Tsukuba). The first research subject to be
- undertaken is cell fusion, by which completely new seeds can be produced from the
cells of different kinds of seeds. The LDP has decided to organize a"Biotechnology
Research Association" (tenative name) by September and actively promote the develop-
ment of new seeds. Specific product development is up to private industry. There-
fore, ways of speeding up application are under consideration. These include making
research resulCs from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and F3shery and other
agencies available to private industry and ultimately setting up a technological
research association composed of a number of companies.
- LDP To Organize Research Group in September
The government and LDP decided to accelerate the development of new seeds using
biotechnology because this technology, along with aerospace development and elec-
tronics, is an important technology which will help determine the future prosperity
of the country. Japan lags far behind the United States in biotechnology ar.d a ~ery
strong research and development system will be necessary to catch up.
The United States is at the forefront in biotechnology and is expanding applied
research in the flelds of agriculture and botany. Qne example is an experiment to
produce rice plants which will grow in the desert by combining the genes of legumes,
which can produce the nitrogen needed for plants to live, with riee plants. It is
said that the United States is beginning to collect new types of plants which have
possibilities for increased production of food from South America, China, and South-
east Asia for the purpose of keeping a stable �ood supply, and that it plans to create
a"plant gene bank" in the near future.
The grand U.S. strategy is to grab up the "raw materials " of the world's plant genes
ahead of other countries. Thus, when a food war begins, it will have the advantage.
i5
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The Japanese government is also forced to come up with some form of countermeasures.
Also, not only the American seed companies, but many major corporations, including
the major oi1 companies, have entered this field and are rapidly doing research.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery has been carrying out basic research
to develop new seeds with biotechnology at the Agricultural Technology Research La-
boratory in the Tsukuba academic city and the Plant Virus Research Laboratory.
Beginning in FY 1982, it plans to begin doing applied re~earch in earnest. Cell
fusion research and development will begin in FY 1982. This is a technology for pro-
ducing new seeds by combining the cells of different types to utilize the character-
istics of both. For example, by combining tomato and potato plants, it is theore-
tically possible to produce a new plant which produces potatoes below ground and
tomatoes above ground. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery has requested
a budget for this as one of its most important projects for next fiscal year.
Also, it is planning to make an effort in a very important area, searching for and
storing up seeds and seedlings (for example, rice which can grow in cold climates
. and soy beans which have large amounts of protein). They are the basic ingredients
in research and development of new seeds.
Meanwhile, in the LDP, there is a rapidly growing feeling that the creation of new
seeds by means of biotechnology must be cultivated as a strategic industry. The
Comprehensive Agricultural Policy Research Co~mnittee (Hyosuke Niva, chairman) and
the Agriculture and Forestry Subcommittee (Tsutomu Hata, chairman) of the LDP, plan
to jointly organize a research association and promote it in terms of the budget.
The research association is scheduled to begin meeting in September.
The feeling is stxong in the LDP that research and development should be speeded up
in this field in order to secure a stable supply of food. Also, it believes that
the government and industry should join together to carry out research and develop-
ment in order to make this a strategic industry which could export products in the
future, and therefare, it regards that it is essential that private research be
extended along with the basic research carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fishery.
On the private level, food, fertilizer, chemical, and agricultural machinery companies
have joined with specialists recently to organize the New Seed Protection and
_ Development Research Association (Tatsuzo Minakami, director). Movements to acceler-
ate development of new seeds with biotechnology are gaining momentum. The Ministry
of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery and the LDP are paying attention to these move-
ments and in FY 1982 they plan to promote even more actively the mutual efforts of
government and industry in the realm of information exchange and exchange of research
and development results.
New technological developments in the field of biotechnology will require large amounts
of funding as well as the compilation of research and development results. In VLSI
development, another advance technology field, major private companies have created
a joint research organization (the VLSI Technology Research Association) and the
government provides it with technical and financial assistance. Many people think
16
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that because the development of new seeds is a similarly important technology, a
similar joint research body should be organized and research and development should
be carried out with government involvement.
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Shimbunsha 1981
Massive Cell Cultivation Restrictions
Tokyo TOKYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 25 Aug 81 p 1
~ [Text] The Science and Technical Council (Prime Minister Suzuki, chairman) has
adopted a policy of organizing a subcomm~.ttee of the council's L3fe Science Committee
in the near future to study mass cell cultivation technology. This subcommittee will
review the mass cell cultivation regulations, which have been a bott:leneck for the
field of gene recombination, in preparation for the era of practical ~pplication
of gene recombination technology. The subcommittee will examine the probx~ms which
may result from mass cultivation of new microorganisms produced through gene Cecom-
bination. At present the capacity of the cultivation tank is limited to a ma ximum
of 20 liters. If this restriction is relaxed, it would remove a great obstc-:~e
for manufacturers aiming at productian of pharmaceuticals through gene recoiabination.
Gene recombination is a technology by which the genes of life forms such as mammals
or primates are combined with colon bacilli or yeast to study the structur~ and
function of genes and produce pharmaceuticals such as insulin. Since new micro-
organisms which do not exist in nature are produced, the government adopted guidelines
in 1979 for gene recombination experiments, based on U.S. guidelines, in order to
prevent the mass occurrence of harmful life forms.
These guidelines have been reviewed three times and gradually relaxed, for example,
by allowing the proliferation of types of microorganisms with which the genes of other
life forms can be combined (hosts). However, even now, the Japanese experiment guide-
lines are said to be the strictest in the world, and academic societies, such as the
Japan Molecular Biology Association, are clamoring for relaxation of the rules.
- The xesearchers say that the rules making it mandatory to keep the microorganisms with

~ recombined genes sealed up in the laboratory restrict free research and they want the
- restrictions mitigated. However, the main obstacle for manufacturers who want to
industrialize gene recombination is the rule against tnass cultivation of the new
microorganisms produced with this technology.
The 1979 experiment guidelines definitely limit research to the laboratory level,
restricting the capacity of cultivation facilities to 20 liters. Tn contrast, the
United States experiment guidelines allow a capacity of only 10 liters, but permission
for mass c�ultivatiun by industry can be obtained by applying to the National Institute
_ of Healtti (NIH) and having a check made. So in reality, mass production by industry
is unrestricted.
None of the Japanese pharmeceutical and chemical manufacturers have yet begun full-
scale production using gene recombination, but repeated inquiries have been ~made to
the Science and Technology Agency by these manufacturers as to when the capacity
- restrictions will be relaxed.
_ 17
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The opinion of the industry, as expressed by Yoshiaki Kawamori, executive managing
director of Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, 7nc., is: "If the tank capacity is restricted to
20 liters, we can produce only enough interferon for a few people a month. Permission
for mass cultivation is essential for industrialization." The Science and Technical
Council set up a new subcommittee as a response to the strong demands of the industry
for reduced restrictions as they prepare to com~ercialize gene recombination.
The I~ife Science Committee is now reviewing the capacity regulation, azd the Recombined
DNA Subcommittee of the Science Council of the Ministry of Education has received
re~uests from academic circles for relaxation of the regulations. These co~nittees
are examining the experiment regulations with the aim of relaxing them to the same
degree as the Un~.teci States by this fall. Japan is behind the United States and
Europe in th~ field of genetic engineering and the efforts to relax regulations are
going ahead at a rapid pace.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Chu-Nichi Shimbunsha Tokyo Honsha
965.1
CSO: 4105/?29
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
. FIRMS CHOSEN TO TAKE PAF'~ IN 10-YEAR GOVERNMENT R& D PLAN
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19 No 973, 22 Sep 81 p 12
[Text ]
The Ministry oi International timepiece, automobile, indus- , prises, al1 well known for their
Trade & industry tentatively trial robotization and genetical high standards of technology
has chosen fi7 companies as pas- engineering, have recently and researches concerned.
sible recipirnts o! its long-plan- been drawing wide interna- Although the number of appli-
~d resc