JPRS ID: 9787 USSR REPORT TRANSPORTATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 122
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 26
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400060026-3
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JPRS L/ 10049
- 14 October 1981
USSR Re ort
p
LIFE SCIENCES
BIO~'NEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
(FOUO 13/81)
~ FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION ~?ERVICE
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400460026-3
NOTE
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also,from news agency
transmiss~ons and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the ori.ginal phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, Pditorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text)
or [Excerpt] in the firs~ line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
The contents of this publication in no wa:~ represent the poli-
- cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYRIGHT LAWS A.ND REGUI.A.TIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3
i ~
JPRS L/1~049
14 October 1981
USSR REPORT
~
LIFE SCIENCES
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
(FOUO 13/ 81)
CONTENTS
BIOCH~IISTRY
Decentralized Control Systems for Periodic Microbiological
Synthesis 1
BIOTECHNOLOGY ~
Biamechanics of Hum~n Visual Apparatus 7
ENVIRONMENT
Dispersion of Animal PopulatiQn Density 16
HUMAN FACTORS
Biorhythms an~ Work 22
PHYSIOLOGY
Effect of Hyperbaric Medium on Man and Animals 26
RADIATION BIOLOGY
Eiochemical Fundamentals of the Action of Radiation Protectora.... 33
PSYCHOLCIGY
Psychomuscular Training--a Method of Msntal Self-~egulation....... 38
- a- [III - USSR - 21a S&T FOUO]
FnR nFFT('i e i T 1,4F, f1NT.Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400060026-3
FOR OFF'iCIAL USE ONLY
Medical and Psychological Problems of Civil Aviatian Pilot
Reliability (Nmnber 1) 59
Medical and Psychological Probleme of Civil Aviation Pilot
Reliability (Number 2) 77
Medical and Fsychological Problems of~Civil Aviation Pi1ot
Reliability (Number 3) 100
- b ~
FOR OFFIt,'"IAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- BIOCAEMISTRY
UDC: 615.012.6
DECENTRALIZED CONTkOL SYSTEMS FOR PERIODIC MICROBIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS
' Mo~cow KHIMIKO-FARMATSEVTICHESKIY ZHURNAL in. Russian Vol 15, No 6, Jun 81 (manu-
' script received 19 Jun $0) pp 98-102
[Article by A. A. Oprishko, V. V. Aleshechkin, A. V. Babayants, V. P. Davydov,
Ya. A. Khanukayev and S. M. Cherner, All-Union Scinetific Research and Design
Instttute for Automated Systems of Control of Continuous Technological Processes,
Groznyy: "Principles Involved in the Design of Decentralized Systettts for Control
of Periodic Processes of Microbiological Synthesis"]
[TextJ Most technological biosynthetic processes in the microbiological and
chemicopharmaceutical sectors of industry are periodic.
Figure 1 illustrates the general block diagram of the technological process of
biosynthesis. The number of elements in the groups is shown by the alphabetic
subscripts. For most processes b~2, c~2, d~2, k~2, 1,~2s m~2, nS14, pS14, q x) is a characteristic feature
of aggregate nonrandom distribution. The accuracy of the sampling studies with
this distribution is extremely low. This precisely determined the development [6]
of a method to optimize the size of the calculated ~nit. Its author convincingly
proved that a small sample in the situation where s> x is always more.effective
than a large, although the sampling from them is of a somewhat greater volume.
With random (Poisson) distribution, the samples of different sizes are the same in
effectiveness. Studies [7,8) have confirmed this fact.
The presented method [6] for optimizing the size of the calculated unit is equi-
valent to the calculations from formula (2) with the same plan for setting up the
ecological experiment ( a number of stand~rd samples are set which are divided into
small samples; for each size of sample, s, x and k are computed)
2 2 2 ~2~
sm~ ha a snP,
where a--constant showing how many times the small sample fits into the standard
(m2, ha), while s2~p is the dispersion of this sample.
16
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3
FOR OFFICI,4L USE ONLY
Conversion of the dispersion by (2) into a standard sample using estimates of
small samples yields strong positive systematic displacement of s2. This dis-
- placement occurs because of the significantly curvilinear bond [7, 9-11) between
s~ and x, and results in a solution with the inevitable conclusion that for equal
accuracy of computation of the small samples, one should use more than df large
samples.
. Resolution of the problem of evaluating dispersion for large samples based on sma11
ones was so tempting that a number of studies appeared [12-14J which attempted to
derive a common formula for its change with a change in the size m of the unit of
calculation (s~ = amg, g> 0). From a theoretical viewpoint, this formula is not
without reproach [15] since with an increase in the sample size m, the dispersion
also rises without limit.
However, this conversion is possible [9] if a careful study is made of the.tendency
to change in the dispersion of animal popu~ation density in samples of successively
larger size whose limit is the standard (m , ha). The existence of aggregations
- in animals reveals the fact (fig 1) that points noticeably deviate from the
straight line s2 = x which is typical for Poisson's distribution, and are arranged
around the parabola s2 = x+ x2/k correspondin g to the negative binomial distri-
bution. This also explains the exceeding of s~ > x. .
_ . _ . . _ _ . - - -
omM.
;0 ~ Q b c d
q ~s
> > > ~
4So
- 42f � Z 2~ Z Z
~ QZS qS0 Q7S ~0 Q2S QSO Q7S ;0 Q2S QSO Q7S ~D q2S QSO Q7S ~0
Xomn.
Figure l. Link between Dispersion (s2) and Average (x) in Populations
Key:a. fox (Vulpes vulpes)
b. small ground squirrel (Citellus pygmaeus)
c. red pine saw fly (Neodiprion sertifer)
d, ground beetle (Calatus melanocephalus)
l. random (Poisson) distribution s~ = x
7_, negative binomial (nonrandom) distribution with dispersion s~t = a2'x~ P(k +
1
aX Here for comparison of the populations of different animals, s2 and
np
x are presented for a single scale and are given in the figure in fractions
of a unit.
Formula (1) has little information for the ecologist, therefore it is expedient
to study it in terms of an optimal (small) sample. Dispersion of the sample
equals s2 = x+ x2/k, and its area (u) is a times ~const) smaller than the~st~ndard
so that a= 1/u and u= 1/a. Then s~~ = 1/k(uxm2) + uxm2. We wi11 remove u from
the parentheses and we have
17
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400460026-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
s~p - u2(k x2m2 + ~2)' .
u
We will add and will subtract xm2 in the parentheses of the last equation
snp = u2(1~ x2m2 + xm2+ ~2 - xm2).
u
The first two terms in ~l-:e parentheses are s2m2, and expanding them, we obtain
SnP - u2s2m2 + uxm2 - u2Xn12.
Now we replace u by 1/a
snP = a s2~2 + a x,m2 - 12 x 2.
a m
Freeing ourselves from the fraction by multiplying by a2, and transferring s2m2 to
the left side, we obtain
s2m2 = a2snP - a xm2 + xm2,
but
x 2=ax
m np '
After substitution and simple procedures of transforming the latter equality, we
finally have
s2m2~ha = a2(s~P - xnP) + axnP. (3)
Equation (3) is t~e optimizing calculation of the formula which permits direct
conversion using s , x and k of the sampling of the estimate of dispersion
- (szn ) from a small~samp~e into successively larger ones, or immediately into the
stan~ard. Estimates of dispersion from the sampling and those computed from
formula (3} practically coincide (the Kokren test did not show significant
differences). The conclusion is exceptionally important for practice, since a
real possibility is afforded for calculation by small samples in a quantity that
is approximately eqt~al to the large (m2, ha). In this case, the area of examina-
tion is significantly reduced (10-16-fold) as previously reported [9].
In formula (3), the tPrm a2(s2~P- xnp) is the component of dispersion which evalu-
- ates the c~~?ditions (temperature, degree of illumination, humidity, properties of
soil, macro and microrelief, etc.; of small sections. In2these sections, groupings
of animals of varying density are observed. Whereupon, s npminus x~P, random
(Poisson) distribution, represents the dispersion of the negative binomial dis-
tribution. The second term in (3) axnP is random (Poisson) distribution of groups
of animals on a large, ecologically uniform section o� space (forest, field with
different crops, etc.).
. 18
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400060026-3
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
- It is impossible to evaluate directly from formula (3) the percentage contribution
to the total variation which is made separately by the random (Poisson) and
negative binomial (nonrandom) distribution. However, this separation of thP
distributions can be obtained by transforming the formulas for parameter k as
follows. We have
_2
k=X2 - '
s - x
After reduction to a common denominator, we obtain for a small sample
k(s2 - x) = x2 and s2 - x= x2/k.
For a large standard sample, the latter equation is written as:
a2(s~p - x~p) = a2x2np~k.
Consequently, the right side of the equatioa has the same ecological interpre-
' tation as the first term in formula (3). This equation not on~ly proves once more
the correctness of formula (3), but also confirms the fact that if the distribution
is approximately random, and this situation is en:.ountered fairly often in samplings
made of natural animal populations, then dispersion of an ecologically uniform
section does not make a significant contribution to the generai variation.
We will rewrite (3) as
2- 2
2 a x~
-P
S m2,ha = k + ax~p. .
After reduction to a common denominator, removing a2x~P and k from the parentheses
we obtain a final version of the optimizing formula (4)
s2 = a2X2. 1 + 1
) �
= m2,ha np k aX~
The obtained equation is equivalent to (3) and has the same ecological interpreta-~
tion. However, (4) has a significant advantage over (3), since it permits separate
computation of the percentage contribution to the general variation of the nega-
tive binomial (1/k) and the random (1/ax ) distribution. This percentage is
immediately evaluated for the standard sa~iple. Al1 the discussions presented
above are based on the hypothesis that k is constant. In actuality, k c~z~ change
in fairly broad limits. . .
For the practical application of formulas (3) and (4), it is sufficient to know
the mutual changes of s2, x and k for a sample of any size which was made by the
sampling. Then, by using the corrections given below for nonr.andom distribution,
and by having fnforffiation of only one sampl~.ng' one can compute the dispexsipn
ev~luation from a sample of any small size for eueceaaively larger areae~ or
�d~rectly for the standard
19
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400460026-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- Case 1.
s2 = x, s2 < x, x< 1, k= 0, k-~
Sct - a2(sn - x~ ) + ax~ .
P P P
Case 2.
k < 0,5,
S2ct ~a2(s~P - x~P) + ax~P]k.
~
Case 3.
0.5 < k < l,
Sct - [a2(s~P - x~p) + ax~p]k2. ,
Case 4.
1 < k < 3.0,
S2 _ [a2(s2~p - x~~) + axnp] .
ct k
Case 5.
k > 3.0,
s~t = a~(s~p - x~p) + ax~p.
= All the procedures listed for formula (3) are also correct for formula (4).
One should stress in particular that the described link between s2 and x was
establisheii for animals that are distant both ecologically and taxonomically. ~
Nevertheless, formulas (3) and (4) are suitable to optimize their calculation.
These formulas have a sufficiently g~neral nature, since they are based on strict
mathematical theory [1-5] of random and negative binomial distribution.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Greenk~^nd, M., and Yule, G. U. J. ROY. STAT. SOC., Vol 83, No 1, 1920.
2. Fisher, R. A. ANN. EUGENIC5, No 11, 1941.
3. Haldane, J. I. B. IBID.
4. Bliss, C. I., and Fisher, R. A. BIOMETRICS, No 9, 1953.
20
- ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPR~VED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400060026-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
5. Waters, W. E. J. ECONO. ENT., Vol 52, No 6, 1959.
6. Finney, D. I. BIOMETRICS BUL., No 2, 1946.
7. Borodin, A. L. EKOLOGIYA, No 3, 1975.
8. Lyons, L. A.CANAD~ ENTOMOL., Vol 96, No 11, 1964.
9. Iwao, S., and Kuno, E. In "Statistical Ecology, Spatial Patterns and Stati-
stical Distributions," 197I, pp 461-513.
10. Taylor., L. R. NATURE, Vol 189, No 4766, 1961.
11. Guppy, I. C., and Harcourt, D. C. CANAD. ENTOMO?.., Vol 102, No 11, 1970.
12. Jessen, R. J. IOWA AGR. EXP. STA. RES. BULL., 1942, p 304.
, 13. Hendricks, W. A: J. AMER. STATIST. ASSOC., No 39, 1944.
14. Mahalanobis, P. C. PHIL. TRANS. ROY. SOC. LONDON B, 1944, p 321.
15. Kokren, U. "Metody vyborochnogo issledovaniya" [Methods of Sampling Study],
Moscow, 1976.
_ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
9035
CSO: 1840/282
21
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400060026-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
HUMAN FACTORS
UDC 612 "735" : 613.6
BIORHYTfiMS AND WORK
Leningrad BIORITMY I TRUD in Russian 1980 (signed to press 1 Feb 80) pp 2-5, 142-
143
[Annotation,foreword and table of contents from book "Biorhythms and Work", edited
by A.D. Slonim, USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", S,S00 copies,
144 pages]
[Text~] The book examines the features of rhythms, work actions and work capacity
in man, along with changes in biorhythms in the work process, as part of the
general study of biological rhythms and at the same time as a section on the
physiology of work and ergonomics. A special chapter deals with methodology in
~ the study of rhythms associated with work activity, and there is also an appendix
in which some of the mathematical aspects of rhythms in work processes are
described.
Foreword
Work activity is engaging the attention of physiologists as the basic form of
active behavior in man. At the same time research on the physiology of work is
of great applied significance. The condition of the working man and the features
of his work activity must be taken into account in all mea~ures implemented to
make production healthier and more efficient. Physiological findings are used
extensively in ergonomics, the organization of labor, and labor hygiene and safety.
Among the large amount of information of this kind, the links between biological
rhythms in man and his work activity occupy an important place. Work alters the
~ rhyttuns of many physiological processes. Therefore, information on biorhytlmis
is now considered in the resolution of the most varied problems in the f ield of ;
labor organization and education and general behavior in man. This iraterest has ~
undoubtedly been aroused by the great successes and rapid development rates in :
the study of biological rhythms during the latter half of this century. Biological ~
rhythms a~~ now of interest to broad circles of researchers as a promising sub~ect
- and as important aspect of scientific research.
The links between biological rhythms and work activity are of.considerable inter~st
in theoretical research on human physiology. Work is for people a most important
exogenous factor influencing the formation and restructuring of rhythms in the
various physiological processes. In add3tion td restructuring and synchronization,
under the influence of work, impairment of many rhythms is a13o possible; this
is~sometimes transient and insignificant and in some cases prolonged and seriously .
affecting the health.
2'L
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The nature and conditions of work constitute a powerful factor influencing man's
condition and his health and development. These influences affect the broad range
of rhythms from the high-frequency rhythms in the electrical activity in muscles
and the brain,to the circadian, and even monthly and annual rhythms in the activity
of the entire body. Rhythms changes are frequently early, and sometimes the first
sign of the effect of work on a person. At the same time, periodicity is observed
in the work activity itsel.f. The duration and other parameters of isolated work
actions and human work capacity do not remain constant in the same work process
but are all the time varying, a:~d it is in these variations that the periodic
component--the work rhythm--is seen. Special interest is being evinced by the
_ links between the rhythms of random work actions and the changes they cause in
the rhythms of the various processes in the body of the working operator.
Information on biological rhythms is essential for substantiating decisions on
many questions of production practice. The study of the various biological rhytluns
is opening up prospects for evaluating both the effect of work on man and the
effect of the entire aggregate of factors in the way of life--work, everyday
activities and leisure. A consideration of the biorhythms reveals important
features in human behavior in production, namely its effect in the man�machine-
production medium system. Determination of the rhythms in work actions is becoming
- a special task in the optimization of work that takes place in conditions in which
an external rhythm is imposed by technological processes such as conveyex lines
and semiautoma*ic technical devices. Planning of the regime of work and rest
is associated with a consideration of the periodic variations in hiunan work
capacity. The organiza~;on of shift work and night work is determined from
information on circadian variations in the condition of working people. Although

~ it is still attracting less attention, the signif icance of low-frequency rhythms
with periods measured in days, weeks and months is considerable. Such rhythms
have significance, for example, for planning days off and holidays, especially
when it is not possible to observe a standard duration for the working week or .
- to organize regular days off because of the production condit~ns prevailing.
The progression of rhythms in arbitrary work actions and changes in the high-
frequency physiological processes are of significance as indicators that characterize
the level of functional work stress and the degree of fatigue in an operator.
The term stress is used to describe the entire aggregate of changes in an operator's
condition caused by work activity. Like work capacity, work stress as characterized
by the features in the progression of and changes in high-frequency rhythms varies
depending on the phases of the slow rhythms, on the time of day and ~o..same
degree or other on the day of the working week and lunar and seasonal rhythms.
The fact that a link exists between biological rhytYims and human.work activity
has been known for a long time. During the last decades a systematic atudy has
been initiated on these problems, particularly the question of the role of the
circadian rhythm as a factor to be considered in the organization of labor. Gener-
alizations of research work have been published on circadian rhythm and its connection
with work both specifically on the physiological plane and in the field of ergonomic
applications for physiological information. The start made on the study of biorhythms
in aviation and space physiology and medicine was a signiticant step in development
along this avenue. Changes in high-frequency rhythms and in various processes
when affected by work activity and in laboratory modeling of various kinds of
23
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3
r~~r~ o~�Frc~ai, USE ONLY
work are now being studied quite estensivelq. It is therefore fitting at this
time to review the links between work activity and the entire spectrum of biological
rhythms found in man. In terms of spatial ideas, the spectrum of biological rhythms
is a single whole, a complex subsystem in the total system that regulates
physiological processes in the body. This provides gr~unds for thinking that
~ a review of information on biological rhythms in working people can be both of
theoretical interest and usef ul in production practice.
The brevity of this boolc h,~s induced us to present only the most important findings
on the problem. Various biological rhyttuns are examined as they apply to problems
of labor organization: tne rhythms of random work activity, the high-frequency
rhythms in the electrical activity of the brain aud heart, circadian rhythm, and
finally, low-frequency rhythns. The material is divided into chapters on the
basis of the existing classification of rhythms accordin~ to frequency (duration
oF period). Tiie presentation of all findings is prefaced by some of the theoretical
considerations and a surr~nary uf the main ~equirements of the methodology in research
on biorhythms in tYie study of work activity in man. Taking into account the
significance of mathematical methods for processing results from biorhythm
- research, some questions of the substantiation and selection of such methods are
revie~oed in an appendix.
Because of the small si:~e of the bo~k it tias been necessary to omit a review of
the role of biorhythms in aviation and space physiology and medicine. There was
_ no intention of inerely mentioning these questions in a cursory manner but no ~pace
was available fcr a detailed presentation. The published sources on the problem
have not been fully examined. Wherever possible the authors have tried to use
Soviet sources and have also referred to reviews and summaries instead of their
own experimental research. Nevertheless, all illustrative material has been
presented with references to the original work. The main aim in presenting all
the information selected has bee~l to examine it in terms of ergonomics with a
view to using it in the organization and improvement of labor. The individual
chapter~ and sections ot chapte~~ have been compiled by different people. Authors'
names a�re given in the table of contents. The collective of authors recognizes
the imperfections in the work pr ~ser.Led and will be glad of criticism.
Contents
For~aword (K.M. Smirnov) 3
Chapter 1. General Questions in the Study of Biological Rhythms
(K.M. Smirnov) 6
- 1.1. Rhythmicity in vital processes 6
1.2. The spectrwn of biorhythms and their classification 8
1.3. Physiologists' ideas on the mechanisms of biorhythms 10
1.4. Approximation of biorhythms with pariodic functions 13
1.5. Instability in the parameters of biological rhythms 15
1.6. Desynchronization 18
Chapter 2. The Study of Biorhythms in Human Work Activity (K.M. Smirnov) . 21
2.1. Problems and organization of studies 21

, 2.2. Methodology in taking r~adings 23
2.3. Processing the results of readings 27
24
F'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400060026-3
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
- Chapter 3. Cyclic Movements and Rhythms in Work Actions {K.M. Smirnov) 32
3.1. The role of muscular movememnt in human work activity 32
3.2. The cyclic nature of many muscular movememnts 33
3.3. The formation of rhythms in movements 36
3.4. Optimum wor~ rhythms 39
- 3.5. Rhythms in monotonous work 40
3.6. Rhythms inherent in human activity and the rhythms of
technological processes 46
= Chapter 4. Changes in High-Frequency and Some Ultraradian Rhythms in
Functional Stress During Work S1
4.1. Changes in periodicity in cerebral Electrical activity
(K.M. Smirnov) 51
4.2. A consideration of variations in the duration of cardiac contractions
- in the evaluatian of functional working stress
(V.I. Kudryavtsev) 54
4.3. Periodic structure of cardiac rhythm in the minute and hour ranges
and its connection with the activity of the hormone systems
(A.O. Nayakatikyan, A.P. Kapshchuk, A.I. Kovaleva, A.V. Karpenko). 57
Chapter S. Circadian Rhythm and Work 72
5.1. Circadian rhythm in human work capacity (K.M. Smirnov) 72
, 5.2. Changes in circadian rhythm under thp effect of labor activity
(K.M. Smirnov) 79
~ 5.3. Changes in circadian rhythm in mariners during a round-trip voyage
from Leningrad to Australia (A.S. Poroshenko, A.A. Sorokin) 87
5.4. An ergonomic evaluation of shift work and night work
~ (G.M. Gambashidze) 90
Chapter 6. Low-Frequency Rhythms and Human Work Activity . 97
6.1. Weekly work schedules (Ye.V. Osipova) 97
6.2. Rhythms with 20-30-day periods (K.M. Smirnov) 101
6.3. Seasonal (annual) rhythms in the condition and work capacity in
man (Sh.A. Khamzaye~~) 103
6.4 Rhythtas with periodicities greater than one year in human
physical and creative activity (K.M. Smirnov) 105
Chapter 7. Cunclusions (K.M. Smirnov) 107
7.1. Research prospects in biorhythms and the physiology of work 107
7.2. Body time "readings" and the rhythms of random actions 108
7.3 Changes in biorhythms in functional work stress and fatigue .......111
7.4 Biorhythms and ergonomics .........................................113
Bibliography 116
- Appendix. Mathematical Aspects in Detecting Rhythms in Work Processes
(N.V. Khovanov) 126
1. Formal description of rhythm and periodicity 126
2. Spectral expansion of a time series 133
3. A stochastic model for generating a time series 135
Bibliography for appendix 140
COPYRIGHT: "izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
9642
_ CSO: 1840/275 25
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3
= FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
PHYSIOLOGY
UDC 613.693
EFFECT OF HYPER]iARIC MEDIUM ON MAN AND ANtMALS
~4oscow PROBLEriY KOSMICHESKOY IiIULOGII, TUri 39: DEYSTVIYE GIPERBARICHESKfJY SRELY
NA ORGANIZM CHELOVEKA I ZHIVOTNYKH in Russian Vol 39, 1980 (signed to press 24
Oct 80) pp 4-7, 254-259
[Annotation, foreword,conclusion and table af contents from book "Problems of
Space Biology Vol 39: The Effect of a Hyperbaric Medium on Man and Animals",
edited by academiciari V.N. Chernigovskiy, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 900 copies, 260
pages]
[Text] The book contains results from research on basic problems in underwater
biology and medicine. Special attention is given to questions of tissue saturatiori
and desaturation by inert gases in changes in atmospheric pressure and the composition
of the gaseous medium, the function of respiration in a dense medium, the toxic
effect of elevated oxygen pressure, the effect of inert gases on the nervous
system in hyperbaric conditions, and heat exchange in humans underwater in
elevated pressure. The authors have not set themselves the task of discussion
these questions comprehensively.
The book may be of interest to a broad range of biologists, physicians and
spe~i_alists in the field of underwater and space medicine.
Foreword
A new field in the natural sciences has now been firmly established; it is
underwater biology and medicine, which studies the functional status of the
bodie~ of man and animals when acted upon by the complex of adverse factors
arising under load in water. The goal of this research is to f ind protective
methods that make it possible for man not only to work successfully under conditions
of high pressure but a1sr~ fully to maintain his health.
Underwater biology and medicine came into being on the basis of classic physiology
during the second half of the 19th c2ntury when man began to engage in a special
type of wortc activity, namely work under pressure in caissons and underwater.
Under conditions of raised atmospheric pressure a range of factors affects the
body and these had not been encountered before in human evolution: high hydrostatic
- pressure, elevated partial pressure for oxygen and other gases in the medium
being breathed and increased density o~ the gases in~the respiratory mixture;
. 26
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400060026-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The most complete information on this was first presented in Paul Bert's classic
work "La pression barometrique" (1878). Htunan physiology was enriched with new
data on the toxic effect of oxygen, the processes of tissue saturation and
desaturation of body tissues with inert gases in changes in atmospheric pressure,
and impaired bodily functions during and after decompression. Hyperbaric physiology
was subsequently supplemented with the ideas on the narcotic effect of inert gases
(nitrogen, argon, neon, krypton), the specific effect of helium, the safe limits
for the use of nitrogen and helium under pressure, and the possibility of man's
" adaptation to the prolonged effect of a hyperbaric medi~.
The possibility of mastering the world's oceans depends on the successes of
undetwater biology and medicine. The growing interest in hyperbaric physiology
is also connected with the development of new therapeutic methods, as for example
oxygen barotherapy, and man's possible flight to the planets of the solar system,
such as Venus where the atmospheric pressurP on the planet's surface is about
96 kg/cm2.
. The most complex biological problems now iinpeding man's descent to great depths
are those of overcoming impairments in the respiratory function and the neurologic
disorders occurring when the air pressure is raised to more than 6 kg/cm2, that.
is, at depths greater than 60 meters. At these depths, when divers breathe air
� the condition of nitrogen narcosis occurs; this is characterized by lowered work
capacity, drowsiness, hallucinations and loss of temporal and spatial orientation.
Most researchers consider that the main cause of this condition is the specific
effect of increased partial nitrogen pressure; however, it has also been shown
that there is a potential effect from increased oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure
and the general cooling of the body on the initiation of nitrogen narcosis. One
of the main factors promoting the buildup of carbon dioxide in the body and the
increased cooling properties of gases under hyperbaxic conditions is the increased
density of the gases, which affects gas diffusion in the lungs and heat exchange.
When the breathing mixture contains a less dense gas--helium--instead of nitrogen,
it is possible to eliminate the phenomenon of nitrogen narcosis, and thanks to
this, to increase the depth considerably. However, if submersion.is too
rapid, at depths of 300-350 meters neurologic disorders occur that are different
from the condition of nitrogen narcosis. These neural disorders are characterized
by a set of symptoms that indicate increased excitability in the various structures
of the central nervous system (tremor, hyp~erkinesia and so forth). The occurrence
of a condition of increased excitability under hyperbaric conditions while breathing
helium-oxygen mixtures is now known as hi&h-pressure nervous syndrome [HPNS].
Possible reasons suggested for this condition include the pressure itself, the
effect of helium under pressure, thermal stress, and the buildup of carbon dioxide
in body tissues under conditions of the increased density of the breathing mixture.
On the basis of studies of HPNS several researchers have concluded that the maximum
depth to which man can descend whQn using a mixture containing heliwn is 300 meters,
similar to the way in which the maximum depth is 60 meters when a breathing mixture
- containing nitrogen is used. However, it appears that it is possible to create
conditions that eliminate the adverse effects of high pressure. Thus, it is
possible that HPNS can be overcome in man and animals ati depths greater than 300
~ meters.
27
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R004400060026-3
FGR OC'wICIAL [.1SE ONLY
- In this book the findings are presented from research done by the authors themselves
to study the effect of high pressure breathing mixtures on the body of man and
animals. In the discussion of research material, it is mainly the findings of
foreign researchers that are used.
The collective of authors e~resses its heartfelt gratitude to USSR Academy of
Sciences academician V.N. Chernigovskiy, USSR Academy of Sc.iences academician
Ye.M. Kreps, professor I.A. Sapov, professor G.L. Zal'tsman, professor A.G.
Zhironkin, professor V.B. rialkin, professar V.S. Farfel' (deceased), doctor of
medical sciences i.S. Breslav, candidate of inedical sciences Z.S. Gusinskiy,
candidate of biological sciences G.A. Kuc~?uk, and candidate of inedical sciences
A.I. Selivra for their useful comments and help in the preparation of this book.
Conclusion.
_ During the past cent~iry it has been possible to increase from 10-30 meters to
SO1 meters the depth to which man can descend, and to increase the duration of
_ the stay underwater from several minutes to a month. This has become possible
thanks to the work of Paul Bert on the toxic effect of oxygen and the causes of
d~co?,ipression sickness; the research of John Haldane on the processes of saturation
and desaturation of body tissues with inert gases in hyperbaric conditions and
the causes of decompression; the work of collectives headed by L.A. Orbeli in
the USSR and Albert Behnke in the United States on the specific action of nitrogen,
helium and other inert gases under condiCions ~f increased atmospheric pressure;
and the research conducted during the last 25 years in the USSR and abroad that
has shown that it is possible for man to remain for long periods under conditions
of high pressure.
Despite the successes that have been achieved, the "~physiological barriers" that
prevent man from descending to great depths still exist. Of these barriers, the
most significant i~ th~ set of symptoms known as high-pressure nervous syndrome
[HrNS j. Tc Yrcvcu~ ci11~1S wiitn they were niait?ng their ?'e:.�Uid desi:.'T~~ i:u o!U m~...:rs
the French research workers from CQMEX ha~ ~o lower the divers very slowly so
that total compression time was 264 hours. Reducing the rate of compression
during descents to great dept.hs is now the most extensively used method for
~ preventing the development of HI'NS at depths greater than 200 meters. However,
in the search for new methods of preventing HPNS research is also being conducted
- along other avenues. For example, a considerable reduction in the compression
period for divers going to a depth of 475 meters was obtained without marked signs
of HPP;S by the use or breathing mixtures made up of antagonist components, namely
helium and nitrogen in the ratio of 10:1. Of late, much attention has been given
to the prevention and treatment o~ HPNS with the use of dxugs. Using gas anatagonists
and drugs it has been possible for higher animals (primates) to descend to depths
down to 1,000 meters without marked signs of HPNS. In recent years at the
Department ~f Underwater Medicine at the USSR Ministry of Health Scientif ic
Research Institute of Water Transport Hygiene successful neurophysiological
research has been conducted with the aim of detecting the early signs of HPNS
with the aid of a rapid diagnostic system for determining the conditions of animals
at various rates of compression and, in the future, of controlling the parameters
for hyperbaric chambers on the basis of these data. Many reseaY~chers have suggestdd
that a major role in solving the problems of overcoming HPNS will be played by
28
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL1'
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3
FOR OFFl~'IAL USE ONLY
the selection and training of. people who are most resistant to the effects of
hyperbaric condition::. Studies on the mechanisms involvea in the development
of HPNS and on ways n; preventing it are now advancing so ~~pidly~that most specialists
working in this field think that the problem can be solved in the next 5 to lA
years. If the problem of HPNS is solved, real opportunities will become available
for humans to make descents to great depths using gas mixtures containing helium
as a breathing mixture. Until recently this kind of prediction was not possible
because of the lack of convincing e:tperimental data on the possibility of humans
overcoming another "physiological b~r~s~ier"-~the high density of the gas mixture.
As shown earlier in the book, until recently it was supposed that the function
of respiration in man both at rest and pUrticularly under physical stress with
an increase ~i? *he density of the gaseous medium by a factor or more than 10--
the sort of densit;~ found at a depth of 100 meters--could not insure adequate
gas exchange, while the density of helium-oxygen mixtures was likewise inadequate
at a depth of b00 r,ieters. On the basis of data on the ~hysical patterns involved
in the diffusion of gases under conditions of increased density, and also on the
basis of resiilts from experimental studies, a theory has been formulated, according
to which hypoxic states under hyperbaric conditiqns ~~e asaociated wi~h inac~cquacy
= in the function of respiration. However, stu~ies have been conducted in which
when divers in a pressure chamber at. 37 kg/cro switched to~breathing gas mixtures
containing neon they showed no signs of hypoxia either at rest or dur.ing heavy
muscular exercise. In these studies in which gas mixtures containiag neon were
breathed, the density of the medium was more than 28 times greater thar. normal
~ density. Thus, the possibilities of the human respiratory system to successfully
insure gas exchange when the density of the breathing mixture is the equivalent
of. breathing a helium-oxygen mir.ture at a depth of 1,500 meters have been modeled.
- The problem of overcoming the toxic effect of oxygen in hyperbaric conditiions
still remains important and complex. Increased oxygen content in breathing
mixtures for divers and caisson workers was first used by P. Bert. He used
hyperoxic mixtures to prevent and treat decompression sickness occurring after
work un~er high pressure. Later, the oxygen content in gas mixtures for div~rs
was increased in order to reduce the amount of inert gases contained in them and
_ red~ce ~lerompression periods. The safe limit was established for the use of high
concentrations of oxygen under pressure for short periods. However, in deep and
prolonged descents under hyperbaric conditions the adverse effect of the prolonged
action on man of relatively smal.l increases in oxygen concentrations in breathing
mixtures, ess~nti.al to maintain gas exchange in a high-density medium, became
apparent. Whereas before an increased oxygen content of up to 0.35i+~/:cm2 wae
considered acceptable in a gas medium under hyperbaric conditions, ~nd a content
- of 1 kg/cm2 in a diving bell, it has now become clear that the oxygen content
in a diver's breathing mixture should be as close as pos~ible to the normal. It
has been shown that as a result of hyperoxic ef�ects in hyperbar.ic conditions,
both at rest and particularly during muscular activity, hypercapnia and respiratory
- acidosis develop as a res~~lt of chaiiges in the sensitivity of the respiratory
center to the pH and the C02 in the hyperoxic medium at incr~ased atmospheric
pressure, together with blocking of bhe hemogiobin mechanis~n for the elimination
of C02 and a drop in the efficiency of pulmonary circulation. Thus, one of the
main questions that must be resolved is now to determine the lower limit of
oxygen's toxic effect, particularly in prolonged action in the medium in
- increased atmospheric pressure. In th:is respect, in oiir view, one promising
avenue of research is the study of the possibilities ~~f the enzyme systems and
the body's biological antioxidants.
29
FOR OFFICIAL USE OiVI,Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400060026-3
FOR OFFICIAL USC ONLY
Another physiological barrier preventing man's descent to great depths is insuring
temperature homeostasis in the body under load in a barometric chamber, especially
when divers exit into the surrounding water. It is now known that as pressure
increases the zone of temperature comfort is increasingly constricted, approximating
in magnitude the body temperature.
In order to create comfortable conditions at high pressure in a helium-oxygen
medium is it i~~ecessary to raise the ambient Cemperature mor.e than under normal
conditions. Recent findings have shown the inadequacy of the heat-sensitive human
in a hyperbaric medium relative to the actual thermal state of the body. Moreover,
it is known that the zone of temperature comfort changes considerably under conditions
of rest and work. It depends largely on the level of energy generation in a human,
that is, on the nature of his activity. In this connection, as barometric pressure
rises or depth i_ncreases the problem of evaluating the true thermal condition
of the body and immediate regulation of the microclimate in diving bells becomes
increasingly urgent.
Despite the more than one hundred years of study, the problem of decompression
has still not been solved. It will evidently remain urgent while man dives under
conditions in which breathing takes place under pressures corresponding to the
depth of the dive. The first studies done on the possibility of breathing liquid
_ mixtures were greeted with enthusiasm, but their realistic use by humans remains
- far ofF. In this connection, research aimed at reducing decompression periods
after being under pressure and the early diagnesis, treatment and prevention of
- decompression sickness remains urgent. In the search for ways to reduce decompression
periods, studies have been made of body tissue saturation and desaturation in
hyperbaric conditions with the aim of working out regimes that move smoothly and
close to the physiological curves. Great attention is being given to studies
of the possibilities of reducing the decompression period by periodically switching
.~'the diver's respiration to different inert gases. Research aimed at developing
equipment that makt~ it possible to monitor the course of the desaturation in
individuals, with subsequent correction of the decompression conditions, is also
urgent. The latter is also of great significance in the prevention and early
treatment of decompression sickness.
Thus, su~?ing up the results of available information on the functions of the
human body and of animals utider hyperbaric conditions, as found in the Soviet
_ and foreign literature at this time, we may conclude that the gossibilities for
the body's biological systems to overcome the factors involved in hyperbaric
conditions are far from exhausted.
Contents
Foreword 5
Chapter 1, Dynamics in the Exchange of Inert Gases between the Body
and the Environment in Compression and Decompression 8
Gas equilibrium in the body 8
Gas saturation of the human body in a medium of constant composition
and pressure 9
Postdecompression and isobaric gas saturation in the body 11
_ Biophysical bases for the etiology of decompression sickness 14
30
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3
FOR OFFICIAL t1SE ONLY
Solubility of inert gases in physical systems and body tissue 22
Rate of diffusion for inert gases in liquids 26
Haldane's theory on inert gas saturation processes in the body and
desaturation 29
Existing models for body saturation ana desaturation in isobaric
conditions 31
A comparative evaluation of the rates of saturation and desaturation of
various inert gases in the body 40
Features of desaturation from inert gases in decompression 41
Conclusion 42
Bibliography 43
Chapter 2. The Human Respiratory Function in Conditions of Hyperbaric
Density 48
The physical bases of respiration in a dense medium 48
Oxygen cost in respiration 53
Ventilation mechanics 55
Ventilation response to carbon dioxide 62
Alveolar-arterial gas exchange 65
Minute volume in circulation 79
Conr_lusion 81
Bibliography 83
Chapter 3. The Toxic Effect of High Partial Oxygen Pressure 90
The acute form of oxygen intoxication 97
The chronic form of oxygen intoxication 102
Oxygen intoxication combined with other effects 107
The mechanisms of oxygen intoxication 110
Conclusion 120
Bibliography 122
Chapter 4. Neurophysi.ologica]. Research and the Clinical Signs of the Effect
of Inert Gases under High Pressure 130
Hyperbaric narcosis 131
General clinical signs of narcosis and their connection with the gas
composition of the breathing mixture 131
a The narcotic action of inert gases on the central nervous system 134
The motr~r iunction in hyperbaric narcosis 147
High-pressure nervous syndrome 164
The clinical picture of high pressure nervous syndrome and its
etiology 164
The central nervous system in conditions of the development of high
pressure nervous syndrome ...........................................170
Change in excitability of the neuromotor apparatus in the development
of high pressure nervous syndrome 176
Conclusion 181
Bibliography 182
31
~OR OFFICIAL U~E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400060026-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Chapter S. Features of Heat Exchange in Man under Conditions of Increased
Pressure in a Gas Medium and Underwater 192
Heat exchange in man in hyperbaric chambers 193
Features of the microclimate 193
~ Features of heat exchange by convectioz 198
Changes in the heat protection properties of clothing in the
hyperbaric medium 202
Heat loss through respiration 204
Heat exchange by evaporation under hyperbaric conditions 209
Heat generation in hyperbaric conditions 212
The thermal balance in man in hyperbaric chambers 213
Regulating the comfort of the microclimate in hyperbaric chambers 215
Heat exchange in man when working underwater !22
Mathematical modeling of he~` regulation systems in man in hyperbaric
chambers and underwater 239
Conclusion 244
Bibliography 245
Conclusion 254
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
9642
CSO: 1840/277
32
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060026-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400060026-3
RADIATION BIOLOGY
tJDC 535.23:577.1:591.443
BIOCHEMICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF THE ACTION OF RADIATION PROTECTORS
- Moscow BIOKHIMICHESKIYE OSNOVY DEYSTVIYA RADIOPROTEKTOROV in Russian 1980
(signed ~u p ress 3 Jul 80) pp 2-S, 167-168
[Annotation, list of adopted abbreviations, foreword and table of contents from
book "Biochemical Fundamentals of the Action of Radiation Protectors," by Yevgeniy
Fedorc,vich Romantsev, Vera I7mitriyevna Blokhina, Zoya Ivanovna Zhulanova, Nikolay
Nikolayevich Koshcheyenko and Igor' Vladimirovich Filippovich, Atomizdat.
1190 copies, 168 pages]
[Text] This book covers an analysis of the mechanism for the action of radiation
injury modifiers on a molecular level. It focuses a lot of attention on an
examination of molecular interactions between radiation protectors, ranio sensi-
tizers and biologically important endogenous macromolecules. It develops an
- original concept regarding the complex biochemical mechanism for the action of
radiation injury modifiers. It tocuses especial attention on processes of
temporary inhibition of replication processes and stimulation of the DNA r~para-
tion processes. It analyzes data on the importance of temporary formation of
inixed disulfide bonds between the radiation protectors, aminothiols, and prctein-
enzymes that have a sulfhydryl group. The existing hypotheses on the mechanism
of action for the radiation-protective resources are critically examined.
The book is designed for radiation biologists, biochemists, physicians and
students of senior courses in biological VUZ's and medical institutes.
One table, 14 illustrations, 570 bibliographic entries.
List of Adopted Abbreviations
cAMP--cyclic adenosine-3' S'-phosphate
APAETP--aminopropylaminoethyl thiophosphate(gammaphos)
ATP--adenosine-S'-triphosphate
AET--2-aminoethyl.isoLhiouronium
BSA-- bovine serum albumin
GTP--guanosine-5'-triphosphate
GED--guanidoethyl disulfi