JPRS ID: 9760 EAST EUROPE REPORT POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10006
23 September 1981
/~/1An olia Re ort
g p
(FOUO 2/81)
FB~$ ~OREIGN BR~ADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/I0006
- ~ 23 September 1981
MONGOLIA REPORT
(FOUO 2/81)
CONTENTS
Fifty Years of PiPR Foreign Trade Beviewed
(Yendongiyn Ochir; EKONOMI(HESKOYE SOTRUIPII(~iESTVO STRAN-QiLENOV
SEV, No 1, 1981) 1
Achlevements of National Economy of MPR Outlined
- (VES ~1IK S TATISTIKI, Jul 81) 7
Hangay Thermal Water Resources and Possible Use
(V. P. Shipachev; VODNYYE RESURSY, Mar 81) 12
- a - [III - ASIA - 106 FOUOJ
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- FIFTY YEARS OF MP~ FOREIGN TRADE REVIEWED
Moscow EKONOMICHESKOYE SOTRUDNICHESTVO STRAN-CHLENOV SEV in Russian No 1,1981 (signed
to press 16 Feb 81) pp 14-17
` [Article by MPR Minister of Foreign Trade Yendongiyn Ochir: "Fifty Years of Foreign
Trade Monopoly"]
[Text] The objective course of development of history creat:ed conditions which en-
abled the Mongolian people, guided by the ideas of the Great October Revolution, to
_ prepare for and carry out the victorious People's Revolution of 1921. This opened
up a highroad to this country's economic and cultural rebirth.
Immediately folluwing the victorious revolution, the people's government commenced
the productive effort of t.ransforming and boosting the.backward economy. It had
' been entirely in the hands of foreign commercial-usurer capital. Therefore ex-
pulsion of the latter constituted one of the main tasks facing the people's govern-
ment following the victory of the revolution. ~
The first steps taken in this direction were revision of the official exchange rates
on the foreign currencies in circulation in our country, repudiation of debts to
foreign businessmen, and establishment of customs control over the import and ex-
port of goods. ~
As we know, V. I. Lenin saw as one of the important features of socialist foreign
trade its governmental character, nationalization and centralization 3.n the hands
of the proletarian state. Proceeding from Leninis~ theses and taking into account
this country's specific conditions, the Government of Mongolia decided that a co-
operative structure was the most expedient form of nationalization under those con-
ditions.
The first popular mutual assistance cooperatives were established on 16 December
1921, with the task of forcing foreign commercial firms and private businessmen out
of the domestic market. The total number of shareholders of these cooperatives in-
creased 60-fold in five years, total shareholder capital increased 24-fold, and
volume of commerce 332-fold. In spite of this fact, initially foreign capital
continued to dominate t~:s domestic market. In 1924 its share amountad to almost
80 percent of the nation's imports and almost 78 percent of its exports.
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In connection with this, the First Great People's Hural, convened that same year,
issued a directive calling for preparations for and gradual implementation of a
foreign trade monopoly. This was a complex business and required considerable
caution and preparatory wozk.
The mutual assistance cooperatives, constituting the country's sole national trade-
economic organizations, became the principal support of the people's government in
the designated measures. They also played a significant role in establishment and
" development of trade-economic relatior~s between Mongolia and the USSR.
The first Mongolian-Soviet trade agreement, grounded on principles of proletarian
_ internationalism, mutual benefit, equality of rights and respect of sovereignty,
was signed in 1932. External economic relations with the Soviet Union were of great
importance for eliminating foreign commercial-usurer capital in Mongolia and thus
for the establi~hment of a national economy and trade.
Pursuant to the agreement, a number of Soviet trade organizations worked in close co-
operation with Mongol.ian people's cooperatives. In addition, Mongolian-Soviet
joint-stock comp3nies were formed in Mongolia. They promoted strengthening of the
people's cooperatives ~ind staffing of socialist trade with na*_~.onal cadres. An es-
pecially important role here was played by experienced SoviFt trade specialists,
who lent us inestimable ass~.stance in this area.
- A major measure by party and goven:ment in the area of the country's economic
transformation was establishment of a Mongolian Trade-Industrial Bank in June 1924
with the assistance of the Soviet Union. Its principal task was to promote
development of trade and industry in this country and to strengthen money circula-
tion and performance of state budget financial transactions. The bank was also of
particular significance for deepening economic relations between the MPR and the
- USSR.
In connection with expansion of trade with the Soviet Union and development of na-
, tional commerce, in 1927 the people's mutual assistance cooperatives were trans-
formed into a Mongolian consumer cooperative.
These and other measures, in particular a currency reform and establishment of a
stable national currency the tugrik constituted important stages in the
struggle for economic independence and prepared the co:zditions for introduction of
a foreign trade monopoly. The same aim was pursued by the government's decision
calling for duty-free import of goods to boost agriculture, industry and transporta-
- tion, and forbidding the import and export of certain other goods, and on so-called
special monopolies, which were granted to cooperative organizations pertaining to
procurements, export and marketing. All this promoted enhancement of the role of
the public sector in procurements, foreign trade and domestic commerce, and led to
a shrinking of the sphere of activity of foreign capital.
As a result, by the end of 1929 Mongolian cooperatives had essentially gained a
monopoly right to procurement and ma.rketing of goods abroad, as well as supplying
the public with consumer durables and foodstuffs.
A decree calling for the adoption of a foreign trade monopoly throughout the entire
te.rritory of the MPR was issued by the government in December 1930. It signified
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concentration of all external economic activity in the hands of the state. Pursuant
to this decree, licenses were henceforth required for the export and import of goods
both by privately owned, state and cooperative organizations. They were also in-
troduced for transit goods. Free access to Mongolia's domestic market was shut off
entirely to foreign capital, and the decree enabled the people's state to transa~t
forei.gn trade operations in the most favorable area for the country and to subor-
dinate them to the interests of the national economy. The planning component was
becoming considerably stronger in distribution of goods among the general public.
Introduction of a foreign trade monc~poly made it possible substantially to increase
sources of domestic accumulations essential for the ereation and development of in-
dustry, transportation and agriculture, and for boosting the people's material and
cultural living standards. Formerly these funds had been totally removed from
Mongolia in the form of commercial profits.
In response to this entirely Legitimate action taken by the sovereign Mongolian state,
all countries except for the USSR ceased trade relations with the MPR. In connec-
tion with this, for a period of 20 years the Soviet Union was our sole foreign
economic partner. During all these years it conscientiously carried out its inter-
national duty, supplying the MPR with the goods which were essential for the
economy and the population.
V. I. Lenin considered a state monopoly to be the only acceptable form of conduct of
foreign trade in a socialist nation, since it alone ensures maximum utilization of
this sector in the interests of building socialism and helps protect a,country's
economic and political independence. ,
The first industrial enterprises,transportation, trade and other economic organiza-
tions in Mongolia, created with the assistance of the Soviet Union for the most part
as joint Mongolian-Soviet enterprises, were subsequently transferred to full owner-
ship by the MPR. They played an important role in development of our nation's
economy.
- By 1940 trade between our countries was double the 1935 figure. The Soviet Union
was fully meeting the requirements of the population of the MPR in such products
as sugar, tea, dalemba [a type of cotton cloth], Dunza tobacco, etc.
Development of certain branches of Mongolian industry enabled our country, in ad-
" dition to increasing export of ineat and livestock, hides, wool and furs, to export a
number of new items to the USSR, food products in particular.
- Trade between the MPR and USSR continued growing during the years of the Great
Patriotic War. In 1945 trade between Mongolia and the Soviet Union was almost
double the 1939 figure.
_ The end of World War II, establishment of a popular democratic system in a number of
countries in Europe and Asia, and formation of a world socialist system created
favorable conditions for further expansion and deepening of Mongolia's external
economic relations. At the beginning of the 1950's it establisl.Ed trade relations
- with all socialist countries. Trade began to be conducted on a long-term basis
with the overwhelming majority of these countries.
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When the MPR ~oined the UN in 1961 and CEMA in 1962, its prestige in the world arena rose
to an even greater degree, and its trade-economic relations broadened and deepened.
ActiVp participation in CEMA activities, and iA particular in imp~ementation of the
Comprehensive Program, created favoiable conditions for intensive mobilization and
utilization of intemal resources, for acceleration of the historic process of gradual
drawing together and equalization of the level of economic development of the MPR with
that of the other CEMA member nations.
Considerable prospects for an accelerated upsurge of the national economy of the MPR
opened up in connection with elaboration and implementation of long-range specific
programs of cooperation CDTsPS). An important role is also to be played by the
country's draft Future Directions of Socioeconomic Development for the Period up to
1990. It prescribes creation, with the .assistance of the Soviet Union and the other
brother nations, of a national economic complex which is optimal for the MPR, including
a structure of basic branches and sectors which would ensure their dynamic and inter-
linked deve~opment and would lead to attaining a high level of societal labor
productivity.
Table 1. Development of MPR Foreign Trade (1960=100)
~965 1970 1975 1980*
Total trade turnover 106.0 121.2 229.4 306.3
Of that:
export 111.8 116.4 241.6 332:0
import 101.7 124.8 220.3 287.0
* According to official figures for 1980
The groundwork for such a complex is being laid in our country in the course of so-
cialist industrialization. Taking account of its specific features and the present
level of international socialist division of labor, the MPRP [Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party] and the Government af the MPR consider it advisable to con-
centrate manpower and resources on development of those branches and sect~rs for which
our country offers the most favorable natural and economic conditions. They include
first and foremost the fuel-energy industry, the mining and mineral processing in-
dustry, as well as agriculture.
Constituting the principal form of economic relations between the MPR and other
countries, foreign trade provides a substantial percentage of state budget revenues.
- It is steadily growing (Table 1), which attests to this country's increase3 export
capabilities and import requirements.
Thanks to successful implementation of tasks assigned by the MPRP pertaining to
transforming this country from an agrarian-industrial into an industrial-agrarian
country, and active participation in international socialist division of labor, posi-
tive changes have taken place in recent yea~s in the commodity structure of our ex-
ports and imports (Table 2). This has been fostered by an increase in our country's
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industrial output and movement on-stream of new enterprises built with the finan-
cial and technical assista~ce of the Soviet Union and the other CEMA member na-
tions, which has enabled the MPR to expand ye,ar by year the volume and variety of
finished manufactured products and semimanufactures which are exported to these
countries. Today Mongolia exports to brother countries such new categories of
goods as carpets, sheepskin and fur items, canned meats, biological preparations,
animal tankage, tin concentrate, etc.
Table 2. Structure of MPR Export and Import (gercentages)
x ort Im ort
965 1970 1975 1980* 1965 1970 1975 1980*
Machinery and equipment - 0.2 0.3 0.3 23.7 25.9 35.8 31.6
Fuel, raw materials and sup 0.6 5.4 6.5 23.1 10.1 12.8 10.3 26.1
Chemical products, fertilizer,
rubber 0.1 0 0.1 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.4
Construction materials - 0.9 0.3 0.3 2.6 1.7 2.6 2.0
Non-foodstuff raw materials 6.9 58.5 34.9 28.5 1.7 2.0 1.5 2.1
Foodstuff raw materials 4.3 19.5 27.2 14.7 2.4 0.3 3.0~ 2.3
Foodstuffs 5.5 9.6 21.6 22.0 16.6 12.7 7.3 10.2
Manufactured consumer goods 2.6 5.9 9.1 11.1 ~36.2 36.3 33.4 20.3
* According to official figures for 1980
_ Of great importance for deepening economic cooperation between the MPR and the
USSR and implementation of the Comprehensive Program is the Agreement on Economic
and Technical Cooperation in construction of the Erdenet Joint Copper-~riolybdenum
Mining and Concentration Combine, which was signed in February 1973. When this in-
dustrial giant, one of the 10 largest enterprises of its type in the world, reaches
_ full capacity, this country's gross in3ustrial output and export resources will
increase substantially. Our import capabilitier~ will also increase correspondingly.
An important event in the further development of highly productive relations
between the MPR and the USSR was the signing in October 1980 of a new long-term
trade agreement between our countries, covering the period 1981-1985. According
to this agreement, the volume of mutual trade between our countries will increase�
by approximately 50 percent over the figure for the last five-year plan. We attach
particular importance to this agreement which, just as preceding agr~ements, will
play an exceptionally important role in successful attainment of our national
economic targets and in boosting the people's living standards.
MPR foreign trade has accomplished a great and complex journey in the last 50 years.
Lenin's teaching on a state foreign trade monopoly is 3ust as valid today. It
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plays an important role in our successful �ulfillment of five-year plans o�
development of the national economy and culture as well as achievement of the
program target of the MPRP pertaining to bu~.lding the material and tec'hn~logical
foundation of socialism in this country.
The MPR presently trades with close to 30 different countries. The CEMA ~ember
nations acco~nt for more than 96 percent of this country's total forefgn trade,
with the USSR accounting for approxima:.ely 80 percent. A number of ~oacYs manufac-
_ tured by Mongolian industry have been awarded gold medals and certificates at in-
- ternational fa~rs and exhi.bits.
Constituting an organic component of the national eco;nomy of the MPR, ~oreign
trade is developing in close interaction with other branches and sectors. Foreign
economic relations are being increasingly more extensiv,ely utilized far speeding
up the development of productive resources. Modern, ad~ranced equipment is being
purchased abroad on an increasing scale for Mongolian industry, agr~culture, and
transportation. Foreign trade channels are bej.ng more ex~ten;ively utilized for
accomplishing the main economic task improvement in the material and cultural
living standards of our urban and rural working people.
Our country's working people, who are presently standing sho~ck-work labor watch
in honor of the 18th Congress of the MPRP and the 60th anniversary of the People's
Revolution, are achieving new labor successes for the sake vf ~h~ prosperity of
our homeland.
COPYRIGHT: Sovet Ekonomicheskoy Vzaimopomoshchi Sekretariat Moskva 1981
3024 ~
CSO: 1819/12
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~ ~
ACHIEVEME,~ITS OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OF MPR OUTLINED
Moscow VESTNIK STATISTIKI in Russian No 7, Jul 81 pp 65-68
[Article: "Achievements of the National Economy of the Mongolian People's Republic
in the Last 60 Years"]
[Text] The 60th anniversary of the victory of the People's Revolution in Mongolia
is being celebrated on 11 July 1981.
During the years of the people's rule, the Moagolian People's Republic has been
transformed from a country of backward nomadic livestock raising to an agrarian-
industrial nation, havi*~g accomplished for the first time in history.the transition
from feudalism to socialism while completely bypassing the capitalist stage of
development.
The Mongolian people, under the guidance of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary
Party, have achieved impressive success in building the material and technological
foundation of socialism, in increasing this country's economic potential, and in im-
proving societal relations.
The living standards of the working people are steadily rising on the basis of
dynamic growth of the economy. .
The figures presented below characterize the successes of building socialism in the
MPR.
1. Territory and Population of the Mongolian People`s Republic
Territory 1,565,000 km2
PopuTation as of the end of 1980 1,685,000
Capital of the MPR Ulaanbaatar 419,000
Population density per square kilometer 1.1 persons
. 7
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2. Average Annual Papulation Size and Natural Population Change
1940 1960 1970 1975 Y~80
~ Average annual population size,
thousand persons 741 953 1,248 1,4~~~i ,1,663
Births per thousand population 26.1 43.2 40.2 39.4 37.2*
Deaths per thousand population 21.8 10.5 12.3 ?.0.(1 9.5*
Natural growth per thousand population 4.3 32.7 27.~ ?9,4 27.7*
* 19 79
3. Population Distribution b~ Social Groups (percentages ~~f 'EotaY}
- Total Of That
Popu- Blue- Farmers in Agr~cul- ~elf-Employed Other
lation Collar tural Product3oz~ Ca- ~~rmers, Popula-
and operatives of All ~rtisan and tion
White- Types, Cooperati~v+e Iiandicraft Groups
Collar Handicraft Worker~~ Workers Not In
Wo~iceYS and Artisans Cooperatives
1925 100.0 0.0 - 86.6 13.4
According to census as of
5 3anuary 1963 100.0 46.5 53.,3 0.2
According to census as of
10 January 1969 100.0 56.4 43.5 0.1
According to cen,us as of
5 January 1979 100.0 63.1 36.6 0.3
4. Principal Economic Development Indicators (1950=1)
1950 1960 1970 1975 1~80
~ Produced nationalincome 1 2.8 3.6 5.0 6.5
Gross industrial output 1 2.8 7.1 11 16
Gross agricultural output 1 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.5
- Capital investment 1 14 26 46 76
Average annual number of blue-collar
and white-collar workers 1 2.3 3.2 3.9 5.0
- Retail goods turnover (including public ~
food services) 1 2.2 3.7 4.9 6.5
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5. Pro~uction of Major Industrial Product Categories
1940 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980
Electricity, million kilowatt hours 11.5 21.0 Z06 548 848 1,569
Merchantable coal, total, thousand tons 174 270 619 1,999 2,726 4,387
Cement, thousand t.ons - - - 96,2 159 178
Lumber (not including railroad ti~s),
thousand m3 ~ 13 152 421 479 585
Washed wool, thousand tons 1.7 4.5 5.6 9.8 11.6 11.9
_ Woolen textiles, million m2 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.9 1.3 1.4
- Leather footwear, million pairs 0.2 0.2 0.9 1.6 1.8 . 2.1
Meat (commercial production), thousand
tons 4.8 4.0 12.8 34.9 53.7 56.7
Animal oil (commercial production),
thousand tons - 4.2 4.8 3.0 3.2 3.8
6. Gross Harvest and Yield, Principal Agricultural Crops
_ 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980
Gross Harvest, thousand tons
Grains and pulses, total 12.7 227.4 284.8 482.5 258.5
of that
wheat 6.4 195~4 250.2 365.7 206.9
barley 1.3 3.3 9.0 64.1 31.8
oats 4.8 25.9 23.9 49.4 17.6
Yield, quintals per hectare
Grains and pulses, total 6.9 9.2 6.8 11.0 4.6
of that
wheat 6.5 9.6 7.2 11.6 5.1
barley 6.1 3.3 5.9 11,9 3.4
oats 7.8 9.0 4.6 8.4 3.6
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- 7. Livestock (year's end; thousand head)
1950* 1960* 1970 1975 1980
Cattle 1,988 1,906 . 2,108 2,427 2,391
of that, co~s and wild yaks 776 796 871 981 1,010
Sheep 12,575 12,102 13,312 14,458 14,231
Goats 4,979 5,631 4,204 4,595 4,567
Horses 2,317 2,503 2,318 2,255 1,985
Camels 844 859 634 617 591
* Figures for 1950 and 1960 as of 1 September
8. Production of Principal Livestock Products (thousand tons)
1950 1960 1970 1975 1980
Meat and lard (carcass weight) 157 185 180 235 237
Milk 241 228 221 230 247
Sheep's wool (unwashed) 15.0 15.2 19.0 21.1 20.5
9. Number of Persons Enrolled in General-Curriculum Schools, Secondary Specialized
Schools, and Higher Educational Institutions
1940/41 1950/51 1960/61 1970/71 1975/76 1979/80
Enrollment at general-cur- �
riculum schools of all
- types, thousand persons 24.3 68.7 115 240 310 376
per 10,000 population 330 880 1,188 1,897 2,113 2,292
Enrollement at secondary
specialized educational
institutions, thousand
persons 1.3 3.2 8.8 11.1 13.5 18.0
per 10,000 population 18 42 92 89 93 111
~ Enrollment at higher educa-
tional institutions,
thousand persons 0.2 1.5 6.9 8.4 13.6 21.1
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Table 9, cont'd
1~40/41 1950/51 1960/61 1970/71 1975/76 1979/80
per 10,000 population 2 19 72 68 94 ' 131
Graduation of specialists
from higher educational ~
institutions, thousand
_ persons 0.2 1.1 1.8 1.7 3.2
10. Culture
1950 1960 1970 1975 1979
Number of public libraries of all types 22 33 349 354 371
Book collection, million copies 0.3 0.8 3.9 5.2 6.1
Number of theaters 4 9 11 12 15
Number of theater attendances, million 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.9 2.4
_ Number of motion picture projection units 88 371 490 484 511
Number of motion picture attendances,
million 0.8 4.7 9.4 11.6 14.6
Number of magazines and journals, titles 12 16 28 31 30
Annual magazine and journal figures,
million copies 1.0 2.0 3.9 3.9 4.5
Number of newspapers, titles 24 29 36 38 39
Annual newspaper figures, million copies 26 54 80 84 101
- 11. Health
1940 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980
- Number of physicians of all
specializations, thousand
persons 0.1 0.1 0.9 2.3 2.9 3.7
doctors per 10,000 popu]at3.on 1.5 1.8 9.7 17.9 19.9 22
Number of hospital beds, total,
thousand beds~ 1.0 3.5 7.7 11.9 14.3 18.1
per 10,000 population 14 48 81 94 98 107
COPYRI6IiT: Izdatel'stvo "Finansy i statistika", 1981
3024
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UDC: 556.7+553.78+661.42/+
HAYdGAY THERMAL WATER RESOURCES AND POSSIBLE USE
Moscow VODNYYE RESURSY in Russian No 3, Mar 81 (manuscript received 28 Nov 79)
pp 182-186
[Article ty V. P. Shipachev: "On the Thermal Water Resources of the Hangay Zone of
the MPR and Possibilities of Their Utilization"]
[Text] Consumption of er~ergy aE varia,B types is doubling apprcximately every 20 years
(3). This is causing an extremely intensive consumption of fossil fuels coal,
natural gas, and petroleum products, reserves of which are declining sharply as a
consequence of this. Therefore one can well understand the endeavor to find new
reliable and economical sources of energy, utilization of which will make it pos-
sible to reduce the consumpt~on of fossil fuels, especially oil. In recent years
the attention of investigators has been drawn toward such promising and accessible
types of energy as solar, wind, and especially geothermal energy.
The fairly widespread.distribution of thermal waters, stability of their conditions,
- relative simplicity of exploitation and large quantity of heat which can be ex-
tracted from a comparatively limited operations area (group of wells, springs)
enables us to view this type of thermal energy as.a highly promising thermal energy
raw material. Characteristic of geothermal energy sources is continuous natural
_ renewal, as we11 as uniformity of flow during operation. Tn addition, in most in-
stances thermaJ. waters possess certain medicinal properties, which offers the pos-
sibility of utilizing them for curative purposes. Frequently valuable chemical
products can be obtained from thermal waters alongside heat: boron, bromine, iodine,
sulfur, ammonia, silicon, etc (5-7, 9).
Experience in utilizing heat from deep within the earth has shown the economic ad-
vantage of exploiting this source of energy (3). As a rule thermal water reserves
are sufficient to recoup all production costs in a comparatively short period of
time and subsequently to generate substantial profit.
Fossil fuel reserves are fairly limited in the Mongolian People's Republic, but at
_ the same time there are areas with numerous spots where thermal waters emerge at the
surface, with temperatures rangin; from 40-50 to 80-92�C. No sources of geothernial
steam connected with zones of contemporary volcanism have yet been discovered.
However, if deep wells are drilled in those areas where thermal waters occur, one
can expect to bring water to the surface at a temperature of above 100�C.
].2
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The cost of producing geothermal water in the USSR (with average well depths of~
400 m, a flow rate of 15 1/sec and water temperature of 60�C) is 1.2 kop/m3, while
the cost of producing a gigacalory of heat is 80 kopeck~ (1971 figures). In the
MPR, with geothermal wat~rs occurring for the most part in fissures and seams,
we11 depth wi11 average 400-1Q00 m, while water temperature may prove to be 100�C
and higher, as already noted. The cost of producing a gigacalory of. heat will
average 1-1.2 rubles, and water not more than 5-6 kop/m3. If we compare these
figures with current rates on heat produced by boiler houses fired by coal, natural
gas, and petroleum products, one readily notes that the cost of heat frou~.subter-
ranean waters in promising areas nowhere exceeds current rates. In other words,
production of geothermal water is entirely warranted from an economic standpoint
~7~
According to available survey materials and the literature, there are a number of
folded systems in the western and central parts of the MPR, particularly in tne
Hangay zone, in which latent volcanic activity is apparently occurring. Fairly
numerous signs of geothermal sources have been discovered here on the southern and
northern slopes of the Hangay Range. Some of these sites are used by the local
populace for therapeutic purposes.
The type of all geothermal waters is for the most part sodium hydrocarbonate-
sulfate, with mineralization of 0.16-0.42 g/1, pH 8.45. Gas composition is 80-92
percent nitrogen, whereby the nitrogen is of atmospheric origin, although in some
instances it may originate at considerable depths (2, 4). Oxygen content varies
from 2 to 14 percent. Hydrogen sulfide, in the form of hydrosulf ide, is encountered
- in almost all hot springs, but its content daes not exceed 3-5 mg/1, rarely reach-
~ ing as high as 13-17 mg/l. The origin of the hydrogen sulfide involves for the most
- part oxidation of sulfides dispersed in intrusive rocks and zones of tectonic dis-
turbances. Radon content in the waters ranges from 0.4 to 52 Mache units (from 2
to 188 eman), while carbon dioxide is as a rule not present. 'ihere are a number
of trace elements in the composition of the majority of described hot springs.
The age of all thermal waters, according to (1), ranges from 0.5 to 6.9 million
years. The fairly wide age range attests to the fact that the hydrogeologic condi-
tions of formation of these waters differ, in spite of the seeming similarity of
geologic-structural peculiarities almost all thermal water sources are associated
~ with granite intrusions broken by large tectonic disturbances. This in turn at-
tests to the fact that the temperature conditions of each area are formed primarily
under the influence of postvolcanic foci. Under favorable conditions infiltration
waters, filtering through fault zones, approach these foci, become heated and then,
in more weakened locations, rise to the surface in the form of springs. Areas of
intersection of differing-trend fault systems offer the most favorable conditions
for such waters to reach the surface. The fact that these waters have a low level
of radioactivity excludes the possibility that the water was heated by radioactive
decay deep under the surface.
Certain manifestations of neotectonic movements evidently play a significant role in
the formation of hot springs. Evidences of this include comparatively recent (1905,
1957) powerful earthquakes and, as a consequence of this, a rise in the flow rate
and temperature of some springs (2, 4).
13
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As of 1977, more than 330 mineral springs have been .~iiscovered on the territory of
the MPR, but only 55 of these, or 17 percent, are hot springs. Only 18 of these
have a temperature of between 40 and 92�C (see figure), while no more than eight
are being exploited in an organized manner (spas, hydropathic establishments), There
is no doubt, however, that the degree of exploitation of hot springs in the MPR wi11
increase substantially in the near future, in connection with the considerable in-
crease in world market Frices on energy raw materials. Probably hot geothermal
waters will be utilized primarily in Bayan Hongor, e.rbayheer, Tsetserleg, and
cartain somons in the vicinity of which hot springs have been discovered. In partic-
ular, the Shargaljuut, Bagashargaljuut geothermal waters and deep hot geothermal
_ waters within the town proper can be utilized for Bayan FTon~or, Rough preliminary
calculations indicate that Shargal ut can supply Bayan cion~or, without detriment
_ to the development of this spa, at least 3700 m3 daily of water at a temperature of
70�C, which corresponds to annual thermal resources of 6 x 104 Gcal of heat. Final--
ly, with successful prospecting for geothermal water right in Bayan Iiongor. it is
possible to produce 4300 m3/day of water at temperature of 90�, which corresponds to
annual thermal reserves of 11.1 x 104 Gcal. Thus it is possible to produce ap-
proximately 12,300 m3/day of geothermal water with an annual thermal resource volume
of 25.8 x 104 Gca1.
~r ~ �y ;~."''1
~ 2' ' ' j
~ .,,e. I .
I ~ � j'
\ � ;~.,,,,.i,~ l.r~' ' '~'.,ti r,.r, � r+' . ti ti
~ ~ , ry. .
8 oY~v~+ 9c. t
~ L. ~,~,,y.
~ ~
.�'~.It ~.r~i3:
~ . . ..r;/ a~l~ .
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~ anQ~' Y.
'=:::�i- �~+t6 . .ilo ~
'y . . . ~,,.r. � 1.; . . : � ~ ~ . : �
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~ Y~ic~~io'ii.�.� ~16; : :i Ya~e�6~te9~~ rj
~ ~ � ~ 1..'� :9 �'a!:[; t0 n I
l.~ >,4~�'~.�'~�i�:~:,,...~i:~'~~~'~~o4~u~0>>r 7
\ ~~-`,i,~ n
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Diagram of Distribution of Principal Hot Springs in the Hangay Zone of the MPR
Key:
1. Spring with water temperature 5. Ulaanbaatar
of 20-40�C; 6. Bayan i.~onGor
2. Spring (and its number) with 7. Tsetserleg
water temperature above 40�C 8. Moron
3. Principal mountain ranges 9. Selenge
4. Promising areas for geothermal 10. Uliastay
water prospecting
The hot water supply requirements of a town with a population of 16,000 amount to
800 m3;day with a daily consumption of 50 liters per capita. Heat requirements for
14
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