JPRS ID: 9997 USSR REPORT ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT

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• Document Page Count: 61
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 47
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9997
21 September 1981
- U~SSR Re ort
_ p
ENGINEERING AND EQUIP~IENT
(FOUO 5/81)
- FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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NOTE
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Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
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Ur,familiar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
_ enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
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Other unattributed parenthetical notes with in the body of an
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The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
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COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWi~TERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
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JPRS I,/9997
21 September 1981
- USSR REPORT
ENGINEERING AND EQUZPMENT
(FOUO 5/81)
CONTENTS .
AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE
Collection of Papers on Problems of Spaceflight . . . . . ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ , 1
Theory and Design of Engines and Flightcraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
` MARINE AND SHIPBUILDING
Electrical Installation Operations on Ships . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,5
Handbook for Designing Ships With Dynamic Support Principles. 7
Metal SurfacE State of RBMK-1000 Nuclear Power Plant Systems After
Installation. . ~ . , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 12
Measurements of Spectral Indices in Uniform RBMK Reactor Lattices
for Various Channel to Graphite Temparature Gradients 18
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Techniques for Measuring Distortions in the Technological Channels of
Nuclear Reactors. . . , . . . . , ~ , , . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ 29
Characteristics of the Planning and Construction of Nuclear Electric
Facilities � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 31
NON-NUCLEAR ENERGY
Automated Magnetohydrodynamic Drive . . . . ~ ~ . . . ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ , . 33
_ Drilling Machines and Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . ~ . . 36
Calculation of Electromagnetic and Heat Conditions of NIHD and Linear
Electric Motors . . . . � ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 40
- a- [III - USSR - Z1F S&T FOUO]
Fl1R (1FFT('Te i T iSF nNT.Y
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INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Planning in Scientific and Technical Organizations in t~e
Machine-Building Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Measures for Increasing the Mobility of GLS Equipment: Power
Association Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Statics of Globoid Gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
NAVIGATION AND GUIDANCE SYSTEMS
Designing Manual Control Systems for Spacecraft . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Adaptive Coordinate-Parametric Control of Nonstationary Ob~ects 51
FLUID MECHANICS
Plane Problems in Hydrodynamics and Aerodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . 54
TESTING AND MATERIALS
Special-JPurpose Electromagnetic and Electromechanical Control and
Monitering Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
-b-
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AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE
COLLECTION OF PAPERS ON PROBLEMS OF SPACEFLIGHT
Moscow TRUDY PYATYKH CHTENIY, POSVYASHCHENNYKH RAZRABOTKE NAUCHNOGO NASLEDIYA I
RAZVITIYU IDEY F. A. TSANDERA: SEKTSTYA "ASTRODINAMIKA'~ in Russian 1978 p 135
[Table of contents from book "Proceedings of the Fifth Lecture Series Devoted to
Elaboration of the Scientific Heritage and Development of the Ideas of F. A.
Tsander: Section on Astrodynamics", edited by Associate Member of the USSR Acad-
emy of Sciences B. V. Raushenbakh, Institute of Physics, LaSSR Academy of Sciences,
135 Fages]
[T2~ct.~ Contents page
A. F. Tsander, "Notes concerning the method of isolines in the works of
F. A. Tsander" ' ~ 4
Ye. F. Kamenkov, G. A. Vinogra~ova, "The problem of two-channel control in
gliding descent of a vehicle in atmosphere" ~ 12
G. G. Fe4.;tov, V. A. Vysokanov, N. A. Alekseyeva, "Tra~ectories of rapid
course changes between points of a circular orbit" 21
V. S. Aslanov, V. M. Belokonov, "Three-dimensional unsteady oscillations
of weakly asymmetric flightcraft in atmosphere" 36
M. Yu. Belyayev, V. Y. Semenko, "Determining the constants of integration
of differenti3l equations of motion of a satellite in a noninertial
coordinate system" 43
N. V. Tolyarenko, V. A. Chumakov, "On the problem of using multipurpose
space vehicles on missions to the outer planets" 52
_ Yu. A. Zakharov, A. V. Tarasov, M. S. Konstantinov, "Planar problem of
a moon shot with low thrust" 58
L. K. Grinevitskaya, Ye. N. Polyakhova, "The problem of travel with a
solar sail in the case of a weakly elliptical initial orbit" 71
G. A. Mersov, 0. G. Onishchenko, "Effectiveness of radiosonde probing
of the solar corona using a space vehicle in counter-earth orbit" 81 ~
V. P. Semenko, "Collinear movements of solid bodies" 90
V. I. Popov, I. 0. Yanov, "Improving the accuracy of a passive system
. for solar orientation of a space vehicle" 106
1
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M. Yu. Belyayev, "Determining spacecarft orientation from measurement data" 116
B. Ts. Bakhshiyan, A. A. Sukhanov, "Method of obtaining isochr~*~~~us deriva-
tives in problems of space navigation"~ 130
COPYRIGHT: N~tice not available
6610 �
CSO : ;.861 / 157
,
1
2
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THEORY AND DE5IGN OF ENGINES AND FLIGHTCRAFT
Moscow TRUDY CHETVERTYKH CHTENIY, POSVYASHCHENNYKH RAZRABOTKE NAUCHNOGO NASLEDIYA
I RAZVITIYU IDEY F. A. TSANDERA: SEKTSIYA "TEORIYA I KONSTRUKTSIYA DVIGATELEY I
, LETATEL'NYKH APPARATOV" in Russian 1978 pp 128-129
[Table of contents from book "Proceedings of the Fourth Lecture Series Dedicated
to Elaboration of the Scientific Heritage and Development of tr?e Ideas of F. A.
Tsander: Section on the Theory and Design of Engines and Flightcraft", edited
by Doctor of Technical Sciences R. I. Kurziner and Doctor of Technical Sciences
V. T. Zhdanov, Institute of Physics, LaSSR Academy of Sciences, ItYeT AN SSSR,
129 gages]
[Text] Contents page
From the editors ~ 3
V. I. Khabarov, "Investigation of the parameters of the main part of a 3et
_ discharged into an accompanying flow in the presence of mass exchange" 4
A. M. Gonopol'skiy, "Making high-temperature plasmatrons for testing materials" 14
V. G. Skubachevskiy, V. A. Eysmont, "Approximate method of calculating the
base pressure behind a flat step in a flow of two supersonic streams" 26
V. L. Zimont, V. N. Ostras', "Deceleration in a pseudoshock with super-
sonic flow in a channel" 37
Yu. Ye. Kuznetsov, Ya. Sh. Flaksman, "Shaping a free molecular flow for
studying air scoops" 55
V. P. Lukash, "Cooling a permeable surface with an optically opaque
refrigerant" 66
N. F. Dubovkin, Ye. F. Sapozhkova, "Elaboration of F. A. Tsander's ideas on
using high-energy fuels" 76
B. P. Perelygin, N. B. Piskareva, "Optimum programmed control of the ratio
of components in a rocket engine" . 83
V. N. Gushchin, "Method of designing a solid-fuel charge of arbitrary
_ configuration" 89
E. L. Kalyazin, "Determination of design parameters and selecting a system ~
to ensure firing of a liquid-fuel rocket engine under spaceflight
conditions" 94
3 ~
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B. M. Pankratov, V. S. Khokhulin, "Digital computer technique for studying ~
temperature conditions of a flightcraft structural component" 108
V. L. Zimont, Ye. A. Meshcheryakov, V. A. Sabel'nikov, "Models of a
turbulent dj_ffusion flame with consideration of the influence
that concentration pulsations have on combustion" I14
COPYRIGHT: Notice not available .
6610
CSO: 1861/160
4
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MARINE AND SHiPBUILDING
UDC 629.12.066.002.72(075.3)
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION OPERATIONS ON S$IPS
Leningrad TEK~IIJOLOGIYA SUDOVYK~i ELEI~RaMONTAZHNYKIi RABOT in Russia~n 198,1
(signed to press L9 Dec 80) pp 2, 207-208
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Methods of El~ctrical It~stallation
Operations on Ships", by Konstantin Yefimovich Akulov, Bor~s'Da.vidowi�~~t Gandin,
Yuriy.Polikarpovich Shakurin and ,Georgiy Semenovich Yakovlev, Izdat+el'stvo
"Sudostroyeniye", 9,000 copies, 208 pages]
[Text] The technological processes for performing electrical in,stallation work
on modern ships are set o~;c in the book. The contents of the des~.g~n and tech-
nological documentation necessary for this are examined. A descri~tion of inethods
for testing marine electrical equipment is given. The organizational principles
for performing electrical installation work and fundamentals of planning and
standardization are set out. ~
The book is intended as a textbook for students at shipbuildi~g technical schools
in the department of "Marine Electrical Equipment", and may be used during vocational
training of plant workers. ~
~ CONTENTS
- Preface 3
Introduction 4
Chapter 1. Principles of electrical installation opexations methods on ship 6
1.1 Electrical installation operations methods on ship in the
over-all cycle of ship design and construction 6
1.2 Organization, planning and stau~dardization of electircal
installation work 23
1.3 Compositfon and purpose of des3.gn and technological d~cumentation 41
1.4 Materials and purchased items 52
Topics for review 64
5
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Chapter 2. Electrical installation operations in the workshop 65
2.1 Make-up of electrical installation operations in the workshop 67
2.2 Items for fastening cables 75
2.3 Items for fastening electrical equipment 80
2.4 Design features of ship cables 86
- 2.5 Preparation of cables 89
2.6 Cable splicing and repair 94
2.7 Preparation of power-distributing devices
2.8 Preparation ot electrical equipment for installation on ship 102
2.9 Soldering, tinning, pressing, tools
Topics~for review 109
Chapter 3. Electrical installation operations on ship 110
3.1 Make-up of electrical installation operations on ship 110
3,2 Marki:ig and installation of constructions for fastening cables 111
_ and their passage through decks and bulkheads
3.3 Tightening, laying, marking, separation, lead-in and splicing 128
of cables
3.4 Sealing off places where cables pass through the deck and 140
bulkhead, grou.nding and fastening cables
3.5 Terminating, marking, laying and connection of cable strands, 150
installation of plug connections 163
Tapics for review
Chapter 4. Final testing of electrical equipment 164
4.1 Organization and content of the testing 164
4.2 Extent and content of testing while at mooring 167
4.3 Extent and content of testing under way 179
4.4 Instruments and devices used during testing of marine ~82
electrical equipment
4.5 Test stands for chec~ting and testing of marine electrical 191
equipment 206
Topics for review 206
Literature '
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sudostroyeniye", 1981.
~ 9194
CSO: 1861/173
6 ~
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~ .
UDC [629.124.9.039.001.2+629.124.9;533.~693](031)
HANDBOOK FOR DESIGNING SHIPS WITH DYNAMIC SUPPORT PRINCIFLES
Leningrad SPRAVOCI~IIK PO PROYEKTIIiOVANIYU SUDOV S DINAMICI~SKIl~I p~Il~'~SIP'~,MI
PODDERZHANIYA in ??~~ssian 1980 (signed to press 15 Jan. 80) pp 4b~7-4~I1:
~ .
[Annotation an3 table of contents from book "Handbook for Desig~.ing~ Skaips With
Dynamic Support Principles", by Boris Aleksandrovich Kolyzayer~, Anatoliy Ivanovich
Kosorukov and Vladilen Aleksandrovich Litvinenko, Izdatel'stvo �`~u:dt~s~troyeniye�1,
4,000 copies, 472 pages]
[Text] Basic information on the theory and practice of 4iesigning:~ydrofoils and
hovercraft (HF and HC) are systematized. Methods for deteraain3ng the primary
dimensions of these ships, their transport and their seafaring properties, and
economic characteristi~s are set out. Methods for o~timizat~ion of design decisions
are indicated, and an analysis of errors in the desi~gn of H~' and HC caaponents
- is given. A principle for setting structural reserves is substantiated; Questions
concerning the reliability and safety of these ships are covered.
The reference book is intended for shipbuilding engineers, specialists at scientific
research institutes and the design offices of shipbui~ding enterprises and the
navy; it may be useful to graduate students and upperclassmen at shipbuilding
vuzes and departments.
CONTENTS
Preface 3
Introduction 6
Part I. Designing Hydxofoils
Symbols 11
Division I. Fundamentals of general HC design 15
Chapter 1. Problems in the creation and tendencies in the development of HC
1. Tendencies in the development of HC
2. Features of HC hull structure 18
3. Features of foil structure 21
4. Structural materials 25
5. Fundamental characteristics of power plants 28
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Chapter.2. Theoretical fundamentals of general HC design 33
6. Methodological design fundamentals
. 7. Forming the function of social usefulness 35
8. A method for determining the basic elements of HC in the first
approximation 39
8.1 Equat::on for propulsive performance 41
8.2 F.quation (fu~:~tional) for tonnage 47
8.3 F:quations for unsinkability, bouyancy, strengtn 53
8,4 Equation (functiona~) for masses 56
9. Predicting the cost of HC construction and operating expenses 65
9.1 Construction cost of a ship
9.2 Production cost for transporting passengers (freight) 68
10. Optimization of HF components
11. Recommendations for the design diagram of HF components in the
first approximation (a design example) 12
12. HC component design in the second approximation 84
12.1 Selection of components for the foil structure
12.2 Refinement of the hull mass 85
12.3 Refinement of the composition and mass of the power plant 86
12.4 Determining the composition of the electric power system
12.5 Improvement of fuel and oil reserves
12.6 Insuring HF safety 87
12.7 Notes on correcting HF components in the second approximation
Division II. Designing the basic parts of IiF 89
Chapter 3. Designing the hydrodynamic complex
13. Selection of a model for the foil structure and ~.ts geometric
characteristics
13.1 Hydrofoil area 90
13.2 Distribution of stress between foils 91
13.3 Determining the geometric characteristics of the foil
structure 95
14. Hydrodynamic design of Che foil complex 104
14.1 Calculating lift of the foil 105
14.2 Calculation of HF drag 108
15. Allowance for the effect of cavitation of the load-bearing foil 114
16. Calculation of settling and drag of the ship when moving on the 120
foils
17. Longitudinal and transverse stability of HF when moving on the
foils 121
18. Motov design and calculation 130
19. Seaworthiness of HF ~37
20. Maneuverability properties of HF 150
Chapter 4. Features of hull designing 152
21. DeveloFment of the theoretical design
22. Development of general layout designs 155
23. The problem of internal forces 159
23.1 Impact of hull against wave 160
23.2 Impact of foil against water 166
23.3 Hyd:odynamic forces arising on the foils under conditions
of regular seas 170
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24. Peculiarities of the calculation of the overall strength of HF 172 .
24.1 Bending moment in the ship's water-displacing position
24.2 Bending moment of H~' when on the foils in sti11 water 173
24.3 Bending moment of HF on the seaways 175
2.4.4 Shape of elastic line and fundamental frequency of free
vibrations 177
24.5 The main coordinate, bending moment and shearing force 180
24.6 Approximate methods for determining the bending moment
on the seaways 181
25. Peculiarities of the calculation of the strength of the foil
structure 182
26. Standardized strength reserves 185
Part II. Designing Hovercraft .
Symbols 191
Division I. Fundamentals of general HC design 195
Chapter 1. Problems of HC creation
Chapter 2. Theoretical fundamentals for general HC design 202
l. Procedural principles of HC design
2. Determining the basic components of HC in the first approximation 203
3. Determining the main components of HC in the second approximation 211
3.1 Equation of masses 212
_ 3.2 Equation of stability 220
3.3 Equation of power
~ 3.4 Equation of seaworthiness 221
3.5 ~quation of unsinkability 222
3.6 Equation of displacement
4. Optimization of HC components 224
Chapter 3. Ensuring performance and seaworthiness properties in designing
. HC 229
5. Longitudinal and transverse stability of IiC
5.1 Evaluation of HC stability under various operating conditions
5.2 Approximate mathematical evaluation of the static stability ~
of HC 236
6. Calculation of the resistance of amphibious HC to movement 248
7. Calculation of the resistance of skeg HC to movement
Division II. Features in designing the basic parts of HC 285
Chapter 4. Designing the hull
Peculiarities in the hull structure of HC. Structural materials
A. Development of the structural-force diagram of HC hull.
Computation of general and local strength 289
Chapter 5. Designing skirts for HC air cushions 298
_ 10, Structure of skirts for amphibious HC air cushions
10.1 Classification of skirts for amphibious HC air cushions
10.2 Internal skirts for the air cushion 299
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10.3 Sectionalizing skirts 306
10.4 Fundamental operating requirements for the structure of
skirts 307
11. Materials for skirts 309
11.1 The coating of the skirt material 310
- 11,2 Textile base of rubberized cloth as skirt material
12. Calculation of skirt shape 313
12.1 Calculation of the shape of single-layer monolithic
components of skirts 314
12.2 Calculation of the form of two-layer monolithis components
of skirts 317
12.3 Calculation of shape of balloon type skirts
. 13. Principles for evaluation of the strength of skirts 319
13.1 Features of skirt materials as strength members
13.2 Examples of computation of the strength of a single-layer
monolith 321
13.3 Skirt vibration 322
14. Determining the input-output--pressure characteristics of the air
cusion skirt 323
14.1 Lifting characteristics of the skirt of nozzle design HC when
the ship is suspended without list and trim over a solid
surface 326
_ 14.2 Lifting characteristics of the skirt of IiC when the ship
is suspended without list and tri.m over water 329
15. Influence of skirt design on Che performance and seaworthiness
characteristics of HC 336
15.1 Amphibious HC
15.2 Skeg HC 339
Chapter 6. Fundamental questions in designing HC power plants 341 .
16. Features of HC power plants
16.1 General information
16.2 Design plans for power plants 343
16.3 Primary HC engines 345
16.4 Power transmission 346
16.5 Calculation of the full power of engines necessary for
operating HC 347
- 17. Designing the special systems and devices servicing the power
plants cf HC with gas turbine engines 350
17.1 Air supply system for the engines
- 17.2 Gas exhaust devices for HC gas turbine engines 362
17.3 Noise suppression devices for power plants with gas turbine
engines 363
18. Designing engines for amphibious HC 363
18.1 Air screws 364
18.2 Propulsion rotors 364
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19. Computation of components of HC lift systems 372
19.1 Computation. of characteristics of the supercharger unit 373
19.2 Calculation of airway drag 382
20. Peculiarities of designing sl~eg HC power plants 363
Chapter 7. Selection of maneuvering facilities, HC control and
enst:ring stability of motion 386
21. Maneuverability properties of HC
21.1 General information on HC maneuverability propertie~
21.2 Properties insuring HC controllability 389
21.3 HC Maneuverability 392
21.4 Control and maneu~ering facilities used on some non-Soviet HC 394
21.5 Some recommendations on the placement of HC steering gear
and instruments 396
22. Ensuring HC controllability 397
22.1 On evaluating HC stability on course
22.2 HC turning ability 405
23. Ensuring dynamic stability of HC three-dimensional motion 411
23.1 Skirt drag under the HC hu11 412
23.2 Behavior of the rigid hull during heavy pitching 415
23.3 Capsizing of HC 416
Appendices to Part I
Appendix 1. Primary characteristics of Soviet HF 420
- Appendix II. Primary characteristics of non-Soviet HF and hydrofoil
launches 422
Appendix III. Mass and dimensions, seaworthiness and maneuvering
characteristic~ of HF 438
Appendix IV. Primary characteristics of the main HF motors and
propellers 442
Appendix V. Characteristics of the mechanical properties of structural
materials 446
Appendix VI. General layout schematics o� Soviet and non-Soviet HF 449
Appendices to Part II
Appendix I. Basic components of amphibious HC 460
Appendix II. Basic components of skeg HC 461
References 463
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sudostroyeniye", 1980
9194
CSO: 1861/171
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UDC 621.039:620.193.01
`TTAI, SURFAC~ STATE (1F RRF!!C-1000 NUCL~AR POWER PLA~~TT SYSTEMS AFTER
- 7NSTAi,I,ATI(1N
Moscow ATOMNAYA ENERGIYA in Russian Vol 50, No 3, Mar 81 (manuscript received
29 "tav 80) pp 181-183
[Article by V.M. Sedov, P.G. Krutikov, A.I. Grushanin, S.T. Zolotukhin,
Yu.O. Zakharzhevskiy and A.P. Yeperin]
[Text] The initial state of the metal surfaces of AES systems and equipment is
governed to a significant extent by the corrosion behavior of the structural
materials during start-up and in the first operational period [1, 2]. It is
generally well known that with the impact of external effects during the transpor-
tation, storage and installation period, a metul surface can change its proper-
ties. It is essential to deteYmine the physical and chemical characteristics of
the internal surfaces of the main and auxiliary systems of AES for ?:he subse-
quent selection of the optimal chemical process modes to prepare them for oper-
ation. The results of a study of the state of the surfaces of some production
process systems of the third unit of the Leningradskaya AES in the concluding
stage of the assembly are treated in this paper and the major systems of the
_ unit are enumerated with the approximate quantity of construction materials used
indicated (with respect to the surface) (Table 1). Primary attention is devoted
to the portions of the loops and systems manufactured from pearlite and low alloy
steel (the condensate feed and steam lines, the biological protection system),
since these steels are the least corrosion resistant of those used in AES circuits.
The state of the surfaces was studied by means of inspecting, photographing and~
taking samples of surface contaminants at the open ends of the piping units. A
phase analysis of the selected oxides was accomplished with a gamma resonance
YaGRS-4M spectrometer. The specific weight of the contamination of the internal
surfaces of the equipment and piping was determined by a weighing technique with
mechanical removal of th2 oxides and incorporation of an averaged reTnoval coeffi-
cient based on the results of cathode etching of cut-out samples [3]. The
thickness of the corrosion product layer was checked with an NII~R-2R microscope
using metallographic polished specimens. The electrochemical characteristics were
found using a P-5827M potentiostat by means of comparative analysis of the anode
potentiodynamic curves for the metal coated with oxides and the metai with a
mechanically cleaned surface; a borate buffer solution at a pH of 7.4 was used
as the electrolyte (the potentials are given relative to a normal hydrogen
electrode).
12
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TABLE 1
The Area of the Structural Materials which are in Coutact with t11e Coolant
_ in One Unit of a Nuclear I~,lectr:ic Power Station with an RBMK Reactor, m2
S stems Steel
Y Other Steels
Aust- Zirconiinn Pearlite and Alloys
_ enitic
The multiple forced 38 700 9300 150 -
circulation loop OKh18N10T
(KMPTs)
Condensate feed 12 000 - 4880* 40480*
channel (KPT) and 12Kh18N10T (MNZh)
live steam piping
Emergency reactor 25 000 - - _
cooling systems
(SAOR)
Intermediate cooling 7000 - 1300 -
loop for purging the
multiple forced
circulation loop
(heat exchangers,
control and safety
rods, main circula-
tion pump, after-
coolers, pipes)
The system for col- 1000 - - _
lecting, cleaning
and utilizing the
systematic sma11
leaps and I.ow salt
content water
The control and 6500 470 - 30 (SAV-1)
safety rods cooling
loop
The biological 1200 - - 1500 (lOKhSND)
shielding system �
The system for 5000 - - _
collecting and
reprocessing
trap waters
~
Per one unit turbine.
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~'3 - Figure 1. The anode potentiodynamic polarization curve
_ `
_.~~Z for St. 20 in a borate buffer solution
' ' ~PH = 7.4):
~,a ~1 ~2 ~
t ~ The dashed curve is for a mechanically
~~2 ' i I cTeaned surface;
~y ~ ~ The dashed and dotted and the solid curves
i are for a surface with a predominance of
~'6- ~ ~ scale and friable corrosion products
o~a ~ I respectively.
,
I )
~ ~ ~
~
1,2 ~
~
- 1,4 ; 1
~ log I, am~cm2
~ ,
; 6 � -s ig I, A/crit
~O, B
~ -o,s ~ ~ Figure 2. Anode potentiodynamic polarization curve for
the MNZh alloy in a horate buffer solution
-0,4 (pH = 7.4) .
~'~~2 ^ The solid curve is for a surface coated with
0o Z~ '1 a black oxide film;
' i The dashed curve is for a mechanically
0,2 cleaned surface.
i
0, 4 ~
~
0, 6 ~
- ~~8
9, 0
-6 -s ig I, A/cHi ~
It was ascertained during a visual inspection of the internal surfaces of the
- equipment made of a~istenitic steels during assembly that they contain practically
no iron oxides which are formed during the process of equipment storage and
iiistallation; the cont~uninants consist primarily of dust, splashes of structural
conrrete and welding burrs. It was found during the inspection of the inner
surtaces of the piping of the condensate feed channel and the main steam lines,
the primary structural material of which is St 20, that the surface is coated
with a layer of reddish-brown corrosion products, and in some places, there are
thermal scale residues. The layer of corrosion products is basically uniform,
and in places where atmospheric moisture has formed droplets, it is thicker
and more friable.
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TABLE 2
The Qualitative and Quantitative Composition oi Corrosion Products on tltc
Internal Surfaces of ~quipment
� ~6iqee maaoBwtt cocrae %
.;eo
po-`~ Phase Composit~on, %
- CRCTfM$ j(yKTOB
Sy3tP.IR K f~p0f NN, V_Fe00Hl Fes~a I a-Fe2Ua I Y-Fe=~3
T'naeaa~e aapo- 110f20 0-80 20-50 0-50 0-20 .
2~posoRu (cT.
- . )
KIIT (cT. 20):
_ Aeaaparop~ lOOf20 0-?0 20-50 0-60 0-20 ~al
~3~rpy6oapa 150t30 0-90 10-50 0-50 0-10
eopt~ (b?
Bax 6HOnorH- 100t20 0-80 l0-50 ~~-40 0-10
~ecxoH aa~R-
(4ioxcx~~ ~cT.
Key: 1. The overall quantity of corrosion products, g/m2;
2. The main steam lines (St. 20);
3. The condensate feed channel (St. 20): (a). deaerators;
(b) . pipes; ~
4. Biological shielding tank (St. lOKhSND).
It can be seen from an analysis that the overall quantity of corrosion products on
_ the surface of pe~rlite steel amounts to 100 to 170 g/m2. The layer of corrosion
products consists of iron oxide which are weakly bonded to the surface (easily
removed with a rubber eraser after 10 minutes exposure to ethyl alcohol), and a
dark brown, almost black oxide film, which is directly adjacent to the surface
and firmly bonded to the metal. More than 50 percent of the corrosion products are
found in the friable portion of the layer, something which accounts for i.ts low
average density: 1.8 g/cm3 for a thickness of (75 + 10) micrometers. The nature
and the composition of the ~ayer of corrosion products on the internal surfaces of
the biological protection tank (10 KhSND steel) practically do not differ from
those on the surface of equipment made of pearlite steel, although the quantity of
corrosion products is somewhat smaller and amounts to 100 + 20 g/m2, The qualita-
tive and quantitative composition of the deposits on the internal surfaces of
equipment are given in Table 2*.
' * -
The authors consider it their pleasant duty to express their gratitude to
V.A. Shishkunov and .'~..A. Afanaf'yev, who performed the phase analysis of the
deposits.
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The potentiodynamic study of the surface using cutout samples from actual pipe
showed that its electrochemical characteristics can differ significantly (Figure 1).
When measuring different sections of the surface, it was determined that the
current density at the same potential on adjacent sections can differ by more than
an order of magnitude. In a range of potentials of from -0.4 volts to -0.6 volts
on diff erent se~tions, by anodic and cathodic current were noted. The anodic cur-
rent density reaches 200 uA/cm2 and the cathodic reaches 50 uA/cm2. It was de-
termined by means of galvanic static measurements that in the case of a cathodic
current flow of SO uA/cm2, the potential difference across different but still
close sections of the surface can reach 0.5 to 0.6 volts.
In a study of the internal surfaces of the pipes and equipment of AES's fabri-
cated f.rom pearlite steel, it was ascertained that the physical and chemical
state and the chemical activity of the sections closest together differ consid-
erably. This is responsible for the increase in the rate of both the general as
well as the lucal corrosion. For this reason, to reduce the chemical activity,
pearlite steels need special chemical technological treatment. In an inspection
of the pipes of turbine condensers, fabricated from MNZh alloy, it was determined
that their surface was coated with a rather uniform black oxide film with a thick-
ness of 60 + 10 micrometers.
The anode potentiodynamic curves for the MNZh alloy in the initial state and with
a mechanically clean surface differ insignificantly (Figure 2), while the range of
steady-state potentials of the alloys surface amounts to -0.18 to -0.19 volts.
Tests which were parformed under dynamic cunditions for a distilled water flow rate
of 2 m/sec and a temperature of 120 �C showed that the corrosion rate of the
- samples with a mechanically cleaned surface is somewhat higher than in the initial
state and amounts to 0.155 and 0.124 g/(m2 � day) respectively, i.e., the MNZh
alloy does not need special chemical treatment prior to the start.
ConcZusions. The surface of AEM systems and loop sections, fabricated from
pearlite steels, is in a chemically active state after assembly. To reduce its
activity, it is necessar}~ to employ a special chemical technology. The quantity
of corrosion products on the surface of equipment made of pearlite steel, depend-
ing on the conditions for transportion, storage and installation, amounts to 100
to 170 g/m2, where the main components are: Y-Fe00H; Fe304; a-Fe20g and Y-Fe203.
The surface of equipment made of austenitic steels and MNZh alloy requires only
hydraulic cleaning of the mechanical contaminants.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. "Khimicheskiye ochistki teploenergeticheskogo oborudovaniya" ["Chemical Cleaning
Treatments for Thermal Power Engineering Equipment"], Edited by T.Kh. Margulovaya,
No. 2, Moscow, Energiya Publishers, 1978.
16
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2. Sedov V.M., et al., ATOMNAYA ENERGIYA, 1979, Vol. 47, No 5, p 340.
3. Romanov V.V., "Metody issledovaniya korrozii metallov" ["Methods of Studying
the Corr~sion of Metals"], Moscow, Metallurgiyz Publi~hers, 1955.
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, "Atomnaya energiya", 1981
8225
CSO: 8144/1065-A
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~ UDC 621.039.51:621.039.519
_ MEASUREMENTS OF SPECTRAL INDICES IN UNIFORM RBMK REACTOR LATTICES FOR VARIOUS
CHANNEL TO GRAPHITE TEMPERATURE ~GRADIENTS
Moscow ATOMNAYA ENERGIYA in Russian Vol 50, No 3, ltar 8~ (manuscript received
6 Aug 79) pp i~6-ls1
[Article by P.M. Kamanin, M.B. Yegiazarov, V.S. Romanenko, O.S. Feynberg and
V.V. Khm}2ov]
[Text] Knowledge of the laws go~~erning the formation of neutron spectra in the
thermal and epithermal energy ranges for RBMK [channel type boiling water high
power reactor) lattices is necessary for the calculation of the temperature and
power reactivity coefficients which determine reactor stability, as well as for
the calculation of the reactivity, fuel depletion and energy distribution. The
precise calculation of the parameters of the thermal neutron spectrum in RBMK's
with considerable heterogeneity with large temperature gradients within the bounds
of a cell is a complex problem. Because of the approximate nature of engineering
calculation techniques for RBMK's, it has become necessary to obtain a set of
experimental data to check them.
~
~ ~ Figure 1. Cross-section of the channel
; ~ ~ ' with the cassette.
~ Key: 1. U02 tablet 11 mm in
~ ~ ` -3 diameter, with a
~ ' density of 10.4 g/cm3;
2. Fuel element 3acket
~ with a diameter of
13.5 x 1.0 mm;
~ 3. Substitute rod 6 mm in
~ ~ . diameter;
4. Process pipe with a
~?2 I ~ diameter of 88 x 4 mm
(fuel element jacket,
____~44 _ ~ I rod, and production
- q6? - pipe are fabricated
from aluminum ~alloy) .
18
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TABLE 1
Temperature Modes in RBMK Fuel Lattice Cells and the Test Stand, �C
Unit Being Measured Graphite T~emp- Water Tea~perature, T r/T
erature, C C g water
RBMK-1000 600 2~'0 1.58
Temperature test stand 20 20 1.00
80 20 1.21
80 70 1.03
200 30 1.56
300 40 1.83 ~
300 1750 a 1750 300
0
~
E Figure 2. Schematic of the RBMK
B temperature test stand..
~ Key: 1. Electrical heating
5 rod;
\ ~ ~ ~ 2. RBMK type cassette;
~ ~ ~ ~ 3. Graphite brickwork;
4. Process channel
0 6�,' ~ 5. Thermal insulation
~ ~ , ( f ireclay) ;
~ 6. Experimental channel;
Z . a. Neutron~flux from
the F-1 reactor;
b,c. Water from the
` heat exchanger
~ and to the heat
exchanger.
6
(b)
The slow neutron spectrum (En < 1 eV) in
\ �~~1 . RBMK fuel cells is governed by the rnoder-
- ~s~ox~soo ' ~ ating and absorbing properties of the
- channel, as well as the temperature of
individual regions of the cell. In this
case, a substantial change in the
neutron spectrum is observed in the
region of a sharp change in the para-
meters.
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Experiments using homogeneous lattices of mockup cassettes of the RBMK type with
uranium dioxide with and without water in the channels are described in this
paper. The cross-section of the cassettes is shown in Figure 1. The experiments
were performed on an RBMK temperature test stand, specially designed for performing
the experiments. The stand (Figure 2) takes the form of a subcritical uranium-
graphite assembly with dimensions of 175 x 175 x 180 cm, installed in the neutron
beam of the F-1 research reactor [1]. The assembly has 49 channels, arranged with
a pitch of 25 cm. The graphite is heated by means of electric heater rods,,placed
at the periphery of the graphite brickwork. The nominal power of the electric
heaters is 300 KW.
As thermocouple measurements demonstrated, the graphite temperature distribution
in all of the experiments was uniform over the height of the assembly. In the
assem6ly without water in the channels, the temperature field was also homogeneous
in the horizontal plane. Ir~ the experiments with water in the channels, the
graphite temperature distribution in the horizontal plane is nonuniform, however,
there is a region in the middle of the assembly which encompasses the nine central
channels, where the gradient of the graphite temperature is insignificant
(Figure 3). Such a temperature field is introduced by means of choosing the
water rate of flow in the individual channels.
Special steps were taken to obtain higher channel to graphite temperature grad-
ients. In order to reduce the heat transfer from the graphite to the channel to
a minimum, air gaps of 1.5 to 2.0 mm were created between the pipes and the
graphite, ~ahich were hermetically sealed at the channel entrance and exit points
from the graphite brickwork; the surface of the pipes was polished. In this case,
it proved possible within the limits of a cell to obtain a stepped change in the
temperature (Figure 4), in which case, the temperature drop over the graphite did
not exceed 7�C, while the channel temperature (the cassette, water and pipe) was
equal to the water temperature. The studied temperature modes are shown in Table
1 as compared to the RBMK reactor. It can be seen from these data that the test
stand made it possible to not only model the RBMK temperature gradient, but to
perform studies in a wider range.
The dimensions of the assembly, which are more than five neutron migration lengths,
were chosen so that within it, there would be a rather large region with an asymp-
totic neutron spectrum. Measurements of the activity distributions of the neutron
detectors for various energy roups, including 238U in cadmium filters and without
them, 115In~ 239pu~ 235U and ~SMn showed that the dimensions of the region with an
asymptotic spectrum amount to no less than 100 x 100 x 100 cm.
By definition, the measured spectral index is the normalized ratio for the known
spectrum of the activities of two detectors, one of which has a resonance in the
energy range under study; the activation cross-section of the second approximately
follows a 1/v law:
( A, ~ r A ~ 1
`S~f, - 1 A2 IxI \ A2 /r. c' ~1~
2~
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F's)R OFN7('IA1. UtiH: ONLl'
,
where x indicates that the activities of detectors A1 and A2 are measured in
the spectrum being studied; T.C indicates raeasurement in the known spectrum,
usually the therma7 spectrum.
The following spectral indices were measured in this paper: S(176Lu, 5~iin);
g(239pu~ 235U); g(115In~ 55M.,1 and S(197Au, 55Mn). The detectors utilized foil
disks made of dispersion al~~ys with aluminum; and manganese in the form of an
alloy with nickel. The detector parameters are given in Table 2 along with the
thermal neutron absorption cross-sections Qa (0.0253 eV) [2] and the cross-sections
at the maximum of the resonance peak, 6aR, which were used in calculating the
self-shielding coef�icients f or the thermal neutrons GT and the resonance neutrons
Gg. These coefficients were determined using the formulas of paper [3], which are
a good approximation when Ead < 0.05:
- ~ , ~ (2)
(;T = t-{-2Earb' ~'k - j/i-}-2E 6'
aR
cahere d is the thickness of the foil in cm. It can be seen from Table 2 that the
detectors which were used proved to be rather thin (the coefficients GT and GR
are extremely close to unity).
- ~t,'C
Soo ~parruua zpa�umoBou KnadKu
400 0 0 3oo�C o Figure 3> The graphite temperature
;300 _ f distribution in the hori-
'Z~Q 200 ~,:~f zontal plane in the assem-
~oo ~ B~ blies with water in the
process channels.
cm
-10Q -75 -SD -25 0 25 5~ 95R,cM
Key: 1. Boundary of the graphite
~ brickwork.
ti,�c .
,~oo Figure 4. The temperature distribu-
tion in the ho�rizontal
plane of an elementary cell
. 2no for an ass~mbl.y with water
in the process channels:
~oo the squares and triangles
are measured values; the
solid line is the thermo-
-2~ 0 ~0 2or cr, h sical calculation.
Kaccerna ' lpa~7um xaccema ~pa~um ~ mQ p y
47 Key: l. Cassette;
(1) ~2) ~1) ~2) (1)
2. Graphite.
21
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'Plte diameter of al_1 of the detectors matched the diameter of the fuel tablet.
Tn tlie fuel elements, the detectors were insulated from the fuel by aluminum disks
0.05 mm thick; fuel tablets 10 mm thick were placed between the various detectors,
Tlie measurements reduced to the simultaneous irradiation of the set of detectors
in the assembly (in the typical fuel elements of cassettes: in the center of the
- cassette, in the inner and outer fuel element rings and in the graphite) and in
- the thermal spectrum, for which the spectrum of a graphite thermal column with
dimensions of 120 x 120 x 240 cm was used, which was installed in the F-1 reactor
[1]. The temperature of the graphite in the thermal column amounted to 21 + 1�C.
For tlie fissioning nuclides, foliowing irradiation, the integral gamma ac*_ivity of
the fission products formed in the detectors was recorded. The discrimination
- threshold was 400 KeV. The gamma activity was measured with scintillation spec-
trometers and the beta activity 4~rt) was measured in a beta counter. Corrections
were made when processing the results for the difference in the nuclide concentra=
tion in the detectors (calibration factors), for the self-shielding and perturba-
tion of the flux by the foils as well as corrections due to the neutron flux
gradient over the height of the assembly. The corrections for self-shielding and
flux perturbation were determined from formulas of (2), which are justified for
an isotropic neutron distribution. The corrections are very close to unity and
these estimates are sufficiently precise. A comparison with ch~ck calculations
by the Monte-Carlo technique, as well as multiple group methods showed that the
error in these estimates does not exceed +1
Th e random errors in the experiment were computed as the mean square errors cr for
a series of independent measurem~nts of equal precision. Each series usually con-
sisted cf four to six trials (irradiation with subsequent measurement of the
activity). The systematic errors were determined in control experiments or were
calculated (Tables 3 and 4, Figures 5-7).
It follows from the cited results that:
1. [~Then water is drained from the channels, the slow neutron spectrum becomes
markedly harder because of the reduction (by approximately a factor two) in the
average moderating power in a cell. Thus, water as a moderator within a channel
plays a very significant part in the thermalization of neutrons in the cell as a
whole.
- 2. Changing the fuel enrichmer,t from 12.7 up to 2.0 percent leads to a hardening
of the slow neutron spectrum not only in the channel, but also in the graphite
at the cell boundary. This is due to the substantial increase (by approximately
a Eactor of 1.5) in tt~e average absorption cross-section through the cell.
3. Heating both the entire assembly and the individual regions of the cell, as
was assumed, leads to a neutron temperature rise, and as a consequence, to an
increase in the spectral indices which are sensitive to a change in it: S(Lu, Mn)
and S(Pu, U). At the same time, the index S(In, Mn) changes extremely little
with temperature because of the fact that the indium resonance falls in the epi-
thermal region of the spectrum.
22
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~ c,,c'"rnO^o`"o~aniaa
~ ~~~`rM~-NOO
~ ,~O.rN~`.Nj~Q~O~p ~
- - ~ ~ O O N~ Q~
r, O N t~
NO~TOO
� OJ
C ~ ~i M ~+7
F.
a MNO~ I Q I ~ I ~
M
^ ~,y N V~
a 8~..~~~m
~ o~�N~~ooo ~

~ o
~
~
b �
. p
. � ~ ~
o , Q ca ~r, a$ ~
d ~tico~~5~`��' t)
~ ~ ~o .r0000 R)
_ ~
u
a
~ �w
~ ~ ~ ~QQQ ti~} ~ ~ ~ ~
e N~~~~l7M ~ .J" v
, ~ O r. ~0' O O 4) ~
~1 ~
~n _ ~ a
N k-{
O v e. �~y ~ ^
L
- v L~ ~ L1 V~ r"~ . .
~ ~ ~ m ~ 1J H EC ~
A ~ ~ y ~j ~ N GI '
� ~ c}''d q m 00 a`�a ~
~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ a~ a,e ~ ^
r~r�v x~ ~W b~'0~ ^
w ~ ' m ~ ~ rl tA
_ Q ~ ~ ~ $ y1 . S. ~ U]
tn A p~ ~a ' z~ o m N L"+ C.~
m ~ ~ ~ e,m
N ~ ~ v'� ?~i J.1 e~ m GJ i-~ U
a~ oz o ~7 V CJ M-I
o a~ � 4 G o.G
c~ m"~ ' o H cd u~
3~-~ ~ o~ ~ p o K o(A r-I
~ ~ o ~O a� a g~ m ~n
_ ~ m ~ c o� o�w�F~
t~
~ ~ ~ " ; ~ ~ t~+
= c" a .z F .r''. GO ~ . . .
- I F+ r-I N M
W
I
F6+ ~ a4
23
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S ~a~ a ~ b
i
8~ '
9,4
~b ~
9, D '
0 SO 100 0 50 100 r, nn
Figure 5. The S(Lu, Mn) spectral index in an elementary cell for a
lattice of cassettes with two percent enriched uranium.
Key: a. An ass ~nbly without water: the light circles, triangles
and squares are for t= 20, 200 and 300 �C respectively;
_ b. An assembly with water: dark circle = tcass. = tgraph� -
= 20 �C; dark triangle = tgraph. - 200 �C, tcass. = 30 �C;
dark square = tgraph. = 300 �C, tcass. = 40 �C.
The curves were plotted using the THERMOS program.
s a a b. a
2, 2 ,
~ Figure 6. The S(Pu, U) spectral index
~~8 in an elementary cell for a
lattice of cassettes with
~,4 two percent enriched uranium
~ (see Figure 5 for the explana-
1,o mm tion of the symbols).
0 SO 100 0 50 900 r, r+M
The calculated data cited in Table 3 and 4 were obtained using the VRM [4J and
the THERMOS [5] programs. The VRM program is used for engineering calculations
of RBMK reactors with fuel assemb?ies made of rod type fuel elements. The fuel
channel constants needed for heterogenous calculations were determined using this
program. The uranium burnup and the neutron balance in the fuel overload mode,
a~ well as the isotope composition of the fuel, reactivity effects and the channel
- power as a function of time for specified geometric dimensions of the channel and
cell, the initial fuel enrichment, average channel power 3nd neutron leakage
outside the reactor were likewise deterimined. The major feature of the VRM
program is the ultimate simplicity of the algorithms incorporated in it. The
spectrum of the thermal and epithermal neutrons is represented in the form of a
sum of the Maxwell spectrum with an effective neutron temperature which depends
both on the coordinates and the Fermi spectrum. The contribution of epithermal
neutrons is determined by the spectral hardness coefficient. A Westkott ~r
24
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function was used as the function which relates the thermal and epithermal regions
of the spectrum [6]. The effective neutron temperature is determined in a P1L1
approximation with a correction for spectral hardness in an individual fuel
element. The temperature approximation makes it possible to use the system of
Westkott cross-sections [6J. The thermal neutron flux is determined in a diffus-
ion approximation for a cell with an open outer boundary. The pr~gram generates
the average neutron fluxes with respect to the cell zone and the spectral indices.
A comparison of the results calculated using the VRM program with the experimental
- data (see Tables 3 and 4) shows that:
l. The VRM program provides a good determination of the most important spectral
index S(Pu, U). Practically all of the calculated values do not fall outside the
limits of ineasurement error.
2. The agreement for the S(Lu, Mn) spectral index can be considered satisfactory,
with the exception of some data f;~r hot assemblies, for which the divergence
reaches 1'? percent; this can be explained by the distortion of the Maxwell compo-
nent of tlie neutron spectrum.
3. The VRM program overstates the S(In, Mn) and S(Au, Mn) indices in the fuel by
an average of 10 percent. At the same time, the agreement with the exper3mental
data is quite satisfactory for graphite. We will note that these divergences with
respect to S(In, Mn) are typical of calculations of the index because of its great
sensitivity to epithermal neutrons.
Thus, the VRM program on the whole does satisfactory calculations of the spectral
indices in RBMK lattices, despite the simplicity of the algorithm incorporated~in
it.
Detailed calculations of the s~ectral indices within the bounds of a cell were
made using the THERMOS program [5], adapted for uranium-graphite systems by
A.A. Ivanov. This is a multibanned multigroup program, which solves the integral
transport equation in the thermal energy range for an infinitely long cell of a
reactor with cylindrical symmetry. Nelkin's model was used in the calculation of
the scattering nucleus for hydrogen and a free gas model was used for graphite
and oxygen. The transport nucleus is computed by a first collision probability
method. The neutron moderation density in the thermal region was assumed to be
spatially homogeneous within the bounds of a cell. The calculations was performed
in a 15-group approximation in a neutron energy range of 0 to 0.9 eV; the number
of zones over the radius of a cell was 15. A comparison with experimental data
(see Figures 5-7) shows that the THERMOS program does good calculations of the
S(Lu, Mn) and S(Pu, U) spectral indices, i.e., it can be successfully employed for
detailed calculations of thermal neutron spectra in RBMK type lattices.
25
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~ ~'s � ~b/ ~b
J 1,4 ~s'~~
~,2 ~ ~ ~ ~ Figure 7. The S(Lu, Mn) and S(Pii,~ U)
spectral indices in an
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a ~~6 natural uranium dioxide
n 1,4 (see Figure 5 for an
h12 explanation of the symbols).
,
n 5n 100 0 50 100 ~MM
BIBLIOGRAPHY
_ 1. Garapov E.F., et al., ATOMNAYA ENERGIYA, 1977, Vol 42, No 4, p 286.
2, BNL-325, 3rd. ed., 1973.
3. Bekurts K., Virtts K., "Neytronnaya fizika" ["Neutron Physics"], Moscow,
Atomizdat, 1968. .
4. Romanenko V.S., "Obzor po neytronno-fizicheskim issledovaniyam reaktora
RBMK-1000:' ["Review of RBMK-1000 ~Zeactor Neutron Physics Research"], Report
to the Soviet-English seminar on "Fizika i inzhenernyye voprosy proyektirovaniya
i ekspluatatsii kanal'nykh reaktorov, okhlazhdayemykh kipyashchey vodoy"
["The Physics and Engineering Questions in the Design and Operation of Boiling
Water Cooled Channel Type Reactors"], Moscow, 1976.
5. Honeck H., NUCL. SCI. ENGNG., 1960, Vol 8, p 193.
6. Westk~t* C., AECL-1101. 1964.
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, "Atomnaya energiya", 1.981
8225
CSO: 8144/1065-A
28
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
~ ~ UDC 621.317:621.039
TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING DISTORTIONS IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHANNELS OF NUCLEAR
REACTORS
Moscow TEKHNIKA YADERNYKH REAKTOROV: TEKHNIKA IZMERENIYA ISKRIVLENIY
TEKHNOLOGICHESKIKH KANALOV YADERNYKH REAKTOROV in Russian No 12, 1981 (signed to
press 1 Aug 80) pp 2, 80
/Annotation and table of contents from booklet "Nuclear Reactor Technology:
Techniques for Measuring Distortions in the Technological Channels of Nuclear
Reactors", by Adol'f Ivanovich Trofimov, Boris Moiseyevich Kerbel', Mikhail
Yur'yevich Korobeynikov and Svetlana Denisovna Stepanichenko,
Energoizdat, 1,100 copies, 80 pages/
/Text/ ANNOTATION
This booklet examines, for the first time, questions concerning the measurement of
distortions in the technological channels of nuclear reactors and gives descrip-
tions of the instruments used for this purpose. The authors analyze the techniques
used to calculate the shapes of the distortion of the axes of technological chan-
nels and propose an optimum technique that allows for the structural features of
~ the channels as well as the metrological characteristics of the instruments.
_ Although it is intended for engineers and scientific workers who are concerned
with the problems of monitoring the parameters of nuclear power reactors, this
booklet can also be useful for teachers and students in corresponding specialties.
Figures 45; references 43.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduc tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ct~apter 1. Geometric Characteristics of Technological Channel Distortiuns 5
1. 1. Basic Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Vertical and Horizontal Projections of a Channel's Distorted Axis. 7
Chapter 2. Methods �or Measuring Distortions in Technological Channels. 9
2.1. Classification of Measurement Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. 2 . The Liquid Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3. The Method Based on Measuring Devices With a Heavy Ball or an Air Bubble . 14
- 2.4. The Method Based on Measuring Devices With a Plumb Bob or a Pendulum 14
29
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Page
2.5. Tl~e Cyroscopic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.G. Tt~e Optical Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.7. The Method Base~ on the Principle of Duplicating the Spatial Position of a
Technological Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.8. Methods for Measuring Azimuthal Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Chapter 3. Electric Angular Bisplacement Transducers� � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1~
3.1. General Characteristics of Measuring Transducers � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1~
3.2. Rheostat Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3. Resistance Strain-Gage Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4. Inductive Transducers . . . . . . . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2~
3.5. Transformer-Type Transducers . . . . � . . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 28
3.6. riagnetoelastic Transducers . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 29
3. 7. ~iezoelectric Transducers . . . . . . . . . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . . 33
Cliapter 4. Instruments for Measuring Technological Channel Distortions. 38
4.1. Kequirements for Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2. Goniometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4 . 3 . I nc 1 inome ters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Chapter 5. Techniques for Calculating Deviations of Technological Channel Axes
in the Plane of the Angular Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.1. Analysis of Techniques for Calculating Deviations of Borehole Axes 57
5.2. A Technique for Calculating Deviations in a Technological Channel's Axis
Ttiat Allows for Known Deviation at the BotCom Depth Reference Mark 63
5.3. A Technique for Calculating Deviations in a Technological Channel's Axis
That Allows for the Parameters of Angular Measurement Errors 66
5.4. A Technique for Calculating the Analytical Equation of the Shape of a
Technological Channel's Axis's Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.5. Calculating the Parameters of Angular Measurement Error. 73
Bibl iography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
COPYRIGHT: Energoizdat, 1981
11746
CSO: 1861/170
30
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_ UDC ~62~1.039.5
CH.ARACTERISTICS OF THE PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR ELECTRIC FACILITIES
Moscow OSOBENNOSTI PROYEKTIROVANIYA I SOORUZHENIYA AES in Russian 1980 (signed
to press 4 Dec 80) pp 2, 289
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Characteristics of the Planning and
Construction of Nuclear Electric Facilities", by Leonid Mikhaylovich Voronin,
Atomizdat, 4000 copies, 190 pages]
[Text] The book outlines the ma~or questions that arise in development of designs
of nuclear electric facilities with various types of reactors. An examination
is made of inethods and stages of construction and installation on nuclear power
stations. Principal attention is given to the features specific to nuclear elec-
tric facilities. Considerable space is given to topics of ensuring high qual~ty
of construction, erection and millwright work, which is especially important for
reliable operation of the nuclear electric plant. The materials are based on ex-
perience in planning, building and operating Soviet nuclear electric plants with
water-cooled water-moderated and channel reactors. .
For specialists in the area of planning, building and operating nuclear electric
_ plants. May be used by students ~n engineering colleges ma~oring in the corre-
sponding sub3ects.
Tables 15, figures 73, references 53.
Contents page
Preface , 3
Introduction 4
- Chapter 1: SAFETY PROBLEMS IN PLANNING, BUILDING AND OPERATING NUCLEAR ELECTRIC
- POWER PLANTS . 6
l.l. Specific conditions and peculiarities of the operation of
nuclear electric plants 6
1.2. Nuclear and radiation safety 13
1.3. Safety criteria and requirements to be met by nuclear electric plants
on stages of planning, construction and operation 15
1.4. Environmental impact of nuclear facility 25
1.5. Steps to ensure safety of the nuclear electric plant 29
Chapter 2: PLANNING THE NUCLEAR ELECTRIC FACILITY 76
2.1. Particulars and principles of planning the nuclear electric plant 36
2.2. Meeting safety conditions in planning the nuclear facility 43
31
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2.3. Selection of sites for constructing nuclear power plants 45
2.4. Planning structures and systems for collecting, treating and
storing radioactive components of equipment, depleted fuel
and radioactive wastes of nuclear electric plants 48
2.5. Selecting the main equipment of the nuclear electric plant 58
2.6. Particulars and principles of arranging the buildings and
structures of the nuclear facility 67
2.7. Configuration of nuclear electric facilities built in the USSR 72
2.8. The engineering plan of the nuclear plant, its component parts
and peculiarities 8~
2.9. Ways to improve plans for nuclear facilities 89
Chapter 3: BUILDING THE NUCLEAR ELECTRIC PLANT 95
3.1. Particulars of~construction and millwright work on nuclear elec-
tric facilities 95
3.2. Organization and planning of construction and millwright work on
nuclear facilities 100
3.3. Technological sequence and combination of construction and millwright
work on nuclear electric plants 111
~ 3.4. Principal methods and stages of installing equipment on nuclear
electric plants with different types of reactors 115
3.5. Particular features in organizing quality control in construction
of nuclear power plants 149
3.6. Requirements for welding work on nuclear electric plants 152
3.7. Inspection and quality control of welds in the installation of
equipment on the nuclear facility 154
3.8. Procedure and particulars of testing and certffying equipment
installed on the nuclear electric facility 157
3.9. Ways to improve the effectiveness of nuclear electric plant con-
struction ~ 160
Chapter 4: STARTUP AND ALIGNMENT OPERATIONS ON THE NUCLEAR FACILITY 163
4.1. Peculiarities of start�p and alignment work on the nuclear electric
plant 163
4.2. Principal stages, content and sequence of startup and alignment
jobs on the nuclear facility 164
4.3. Organization of startup and alignment work on the nuclear facility 181
References 183
Alphabetic subject index 186
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, 1980
6610
CSU: 1861/161
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NON-NUCLEAR ENERGY
UDC 62:-83:537.84
AUTOMATED MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC DRIVE
Moscow AVTOMATIZIROVANNYY MGD-PRIVOD in Russian 1980 (signed to press 15 Oct 80)
- pp 2, 159-160
/Annotation and table of contents from book "Automated Magnetohydrodynamic Drive",
by Khugo Aleksandrovich Tiysmus and Yukhan Yaanovich Laugis, Izdatel'stvo
"Energiya", 2,300 copies, 160 pages/
/Text/ ANNOTATION
The authors discuss questions related to the investigation and designing of a
magnetohydrudynamic electric drive with a liquid metal secondary system based on
plane linear and cylindrical induction motors. They present a classification of
I~iD drives, methods for calculating their hydromechanical
characteristics, and the most convenient methods and equipment for controlling the
feed and pressure in an MHD drive.
This book is intended for engineers working in the field of automated electric
drives, as well as scienti.fic workers, graduate students and senior students spe-
cializing in the field of electromechanics.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 1. General Information on Induction M[iD Machines. . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1-1. Operating Principle of Induction MHD Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1-2. Historical Infonnation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1-3. Classification of NffiD Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1-4. Structural VariEties of Linear Induction MHD Machines 13
1-5. Concept of an rfliD Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Chapter 2. Hydromechanical Steady-State Characteristics of 1~II3D
Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2-1. On the Basic Equations and Methods for Solving Magnetohydrodynamic
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2-2. Model and Concept of an NHD Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2-3. General Equation of Steady-State Motion of an MHD Drive. 30
2-4. Basic Characteristics of an MHD Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
33
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Page
2-5. Techniques for Calculating the Internal Hydromechanical Characteristics of
an MHD Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2-5-1. Insertion Impedances of a Series Equivalent Circuit. 41
2-5-2. System of Relative Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2-5-3. Internal Hydromechanical Characteristics of an MHD Drive With I~, _
= Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2-5-4. Internal Hydromechanical Characteristics of an MHD Drive With U~ _
= Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Z-6. Linearization of the Internal Hydromechanical Characteristics of an MHD
Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2-7. Transfer Characteristics of an MHD Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2-8. Transmission Factors of an MHD Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Chapter 3. Transient Processes in an MHD Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3-1. General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3-2. General Equation of Motion of an MHD Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3-3. Solution of an MHD Drive's Equation of Motion for a Changing Hydrostatic
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3-4. Solution of an MHD Drive's Equation of Motion for a Constant Hydrostatic
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3-S. Quasisteady State of NI~ID Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3-6. Transfer Function of an MHD Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3-7. Elastic Couplings in an MHD Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3-8. Conclusions on the Transient Processes in an MHD Drive 90
Chapter 4. Automatic Control of Induction MHD Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4-1. General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � � � � � � � � � � � � 92
4-2. Methods of Controlling Induction MHD Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4-3. Control by Changing the Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4-4. Asymmetric Thyristor Voltage Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
- 4-5. Frequency Control of MHD Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4-6. A Method for Controlling Distortion of the Symmetry of Linear MHD Motors . 115
4-7. Automatic Supply Stabilization Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4-8. Control of an MHD Drive in the Discrete Portion Metering Mode. 127
4-8-1. Pressure Metering Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4-8-2. Metering With Control According to the Supply Integral 132
Chapter 5. Results of the Experimental Investigation and Operation of MHD
Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5-1. Ceneral Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5-2. An Experimental Installation and Results of Laboratory Tests of the EMN-7
Liquid-riagnesium MHD Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
>-3. Techniq~ies for the Investigation of an MHD Drive as an Object of Automatic
Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5-3-1. Experimental Determination of the Parameters of an MHA Motor's
Equivalent Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5-3-2. Determination of an MHD Drive's Characteristics in Static and Dynamic
Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5-3-3. Determination of an MHD Drive's Transfer Function From Information
Obtained From Experimental Frequency Characteristics . . . . . . . . . 143
34
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Page
7-4. Results of an Experimental Investigation of Automatic Feed Stabilization
Sys tems ~ SASP ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5-4-1. A Static MHD Drive SASP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5-4-2. An Astatic SASP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < . . . . . 147
5-5. System for Discrete Metering With Charge Stabilization 151
5-6. Brief Review of M1~ Drive Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Bibli ography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1980
11746
CSO: 1861/166
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- FO~ OFFtCIAL USE UNLY
= UDC (622.24.05+622.242)(071.2)
DRILLING MACHINES AND MACHINERY
Moscow SUROVYYE MASHINY I MEKHANIZMY in Russian 1980 (signed to press 10 Nov 80)
pp 2, 389-391
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Drilling Machines and Machinery",
by Valeriy Aleksandrovich Lesetskiy and Aleksandr Longinovich I1'skiy, Izdatel'stvo
"Nedra", 15,500 copies, 392 pages]
[Text] In the second edition of the textbook (first edition 1968), new contem-
porary drilling equipmznt and machinery are described: drilling rigs, derricks,
block and tackle systems, hoists, swivels, rotors, pumps, actuators, a blow-out
preventer, turbodrills, electric drills and equipment for preparing and.purifying
muds and fur ceme:~ting boreholes. Their schematics, layouts, operating principles,
installation and operatian are examined. The necessary calculations are presented.
~ The textbook is intended for students in petroleum technical schools, and it may
also be useful fur mechanics and tec.hnicians at drilling enterprises.
Tables 41, illus. 189.
CONTENTS
3
Introduction
1. Sucnmary of. the development of the petroleum industry in the USSR 3
- 2. G~:neral information on the development of Soviet drilling machine 4
building
3. Creation af drilling equipment in the post-war years
8
Chapter 1. 13r, i;.lir~g rigs g
- 1. General in:ormation ~3
2. Primary requirements 14
3. Classification of rigs 15
4. Rigs wi.th diesel drive 21
5. Ri.gs with electric drive 2~
6. Multiple drilling units 34
7. Universal rigs 35
_ 8. Rig~ with diesel-electric drive 39
- 9. Rig c~[egory selection
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.
Chapter 2, nuildings and metal structures for drilling rigs 40
1. Purpose and types of structures 40
2. Derricks~ Apparatus and parameters 41
3. Stresses acting on a derrick 49
4. Foundations 52
5. Stresses acting on a derrick foundation 56
- 6. Stabil3t~ of drilling structures 58
7. Metal structural components 60
8. Set-up and transportation of drilling structures 63
9. Drilling structures for off-shore drilling 66
- Chapter 3. Block and tackle system and hoisting tools 71
~ 1. Purpose, schematics and working principle 71
2. Steel biock and tackle cables 74
3. Crown biocks 81
4. B1ock and tackle units 83
S. Hoisting hooks and hook units 85
6. Device far fastening ~he stationary run of the cable 90
7. Decice for winding the cable on the drum 90
8. Operation of the block and tackle system 91
9. Tools for hoisting operations 94
10. Equipment for. mechanization and automation of hoisting operations 104
Chapter 4. Drilling hoists 116
1. Purpose, working principle and design schematics 116
2. Components of a drilling hoist 120
3. Basic calculations for the hoist 139
4. Opera~ion of drilling hoists 152
- 5. Hoist designs 154
Chapter S. Swivels 162
1. Purpose and schematic 162
2. Swivel designs 165
3. Swivel component calculati.ons 168
4. Operation of swi.vels 169
Chapter 5. ?t~tots 171
_ l. Purpose and schemat~c lll
2. Rotor designs 171
- 3. Pneumatic wedge clamps built into the rotor 175
4. Rotor calculations 176
5. Gpera~ion and installation of rotors 181
Chapter 7. The rig pumping and circuaation system 185
1. Functions and Layout 185
2. Primary characteristics 188
3. Cundi~t~ons for operation of drilling pumps 190
4~ Operating principle and schematic of a piston~type drilling pump 192
S. Types of drilling pumps � 199
37
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6. Design of drilling pumps and their components 2~2
7. Calculations of drilling pumps and their components ~ 22~
8. Installing and bracing pumps 233
9. Components of the discharge manifold 235
Chapter 8. Equipment for purification and preparation of drilling mud 241
1. Equipment for purifying the mud 241
2. Equipment for preparing the mud 248
Chapter 9. Power drives for drilling rigs ~ . 262
1. Primary definitions and requirements 262
2. Requirements imposed on drives for drilling rigs 263
3. Output of the drive motors of drilling equipment 264
4. Diesel drive for drilling 26~
5. Gas turbine drive for drilling 284
6. Electric drive 285
7. Diesel-electric motor using d.c. 290
Chapter 10. Machinery for feeding the bit 293
1. Purpose of machinery feeding the bit _ 293
2. Bit feed regulators 294
Chapter 11. Control of drilling rigs 299
1. Functions, classification and general requirements 299
2. Mechanical control 300
3. Components of the pneumatic control system 301
4. Pneumatic control system 310
5. Control system equipment 312
6. Verifying calculations of pneumatic couplings 314
7. Determination of the quantity of air needed to control the rig 3~16
8. Determination of air tank volume 317
Chapter 12. Dquipment for hermetically sealing the mouth of the borehole 318
l. Schematic of the blowout prevention unit 318
2. Layout and operating principle of blowout prevention devices 320
3. Bracing the well opening 331
Chapter 13. Bottom hole motors 334
1. Developmental history 334
2. Turbine drills 335
- 3. Turbine bits 344
4. Turbine drills for drilling wells at an incline 345
S. Characteristics of the turbine drill 346
6. Stress on the turbine drill swivel and regulation of the clearance 352
7, Operation of turbine drills 356
8, Hydraulic drills 358
9, Electric drills 365
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Chapter 14. Equipment for cementing boreholes 371
1. Cementing units 371
2. Mechanization of cementing operations 373
Chapter 15. Determining the demand for drilling equipment 381
1. Coefficient of equipment turnover 381
2. Determining the turnover coefficient 384
3. Calculation of the demand for drilling equipment 385
4. Calculation of the demand for motors 387
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1980
9194
CSO: 1861/172
39
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UDC 62-83:621.313-12
CALCULATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC AND HEAT CONDITIONS OF MFID AND LINEAR ELECTRIC MOTORS
Tallinn TRUDY TALLINSKOGO POLITEKHNICHESKOGO INSTITUTA: RASCHET ELECTROMAGNITNYKH
I TEPLOVYKH REZHIMOV MAGNITOGIDRODINAMICHESKIKH I LINEYNYKH ELEKTRODVIGATELY in
Russian 1980 (signed to press 18 Dec 80) p 93 ~
[Table of contents from book "Proceedings of Tallinn Polytechnical Institute:
Calculation of Electromagnetic and Heat Conditions of M~ID and Linear Electric
Motors. Automated MHD and Linear Electric Drives I", edited by T. Veske, Tallinn
Polytechnical Institute, 300 copies, 94 pages]
[TextJ Contents page
1. Tiysmus, Kh. A., "Development of the field of applied MHD research
in Tallinn" 3
2. Kask, R. B., Laugis, Yu. Ya., Teemets, R. A., Some problems in making
an automated linear facility" " 1~
3. Kont, A. V., "Model of a planar linear inductor for calculating elec-
tromagnetic effects behind the lateral edges of cores" 24
4. Keskyula, V. F., "Accounting for electromagnetic processes in the
secondary system of an induction pump with helical channel with
bilateral winding" 43
5. Keskyula, V. F.,Kil'k, A. 0., "Permeance of a nonuniform nonmagnetic
annulus in NI~ID machines" 53
6. Valdur, L. V., Kaygu, P. B., Reymal, L. R., "Calculation of the elec-
tromagnetic field and developed force in a helical channel of an I~iD
device with consideration of geometry and electrophysical parameters" 65
7. Ristkheyn, E. M., "Method of calculating transient thermal processes
of linear electrical machines" ~1
8. Valdur, D. V., "Calculation of transient temperature conditions in the
EMN-7 plane linear induction pump" 79
' 9. Sakkos, Kh. A., Some particulars of calculation of a thyristorized NIIiD 83
drive"
COPYRIGHT: TPI, TaJ.lin, 1980
6610
CSO: 1861/158
40
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INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
UDC 658.5:621.003.13
PLANNING IN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE MACHINE-BUILDING INDUSTRY
Leningrad PLANIROVANIYE V NAUCHNO-TEKHNICHESKIKH ORGANIZATSIYAKH MASHINOSTROYENIYA
in Russian 1980 (signed to press 28 Oct 80) pp 2, 311-312
/Annotation and table of contents from book "Planning in S~ientific and Technical
Organizations in the Machine-Building Industry", by Konstantin Fedorovich Puzynya,
Leningrad Branch, Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 4,000 copies, 312 pages/
/Text/ ANNOTATION �
The author explains the essence of intrastructural planning in the machine-building
- industry's NII's /scientific research institute/ and KB's /design office7. He dis-
cusses methods for selecting project tapics and calculating the planned technical,
economic and social indicators of NII and KB development. There is a description
of progressive systems for developing volume-calendar plans and the operational
planning of the work of NIOKR /scientific research and experimental design work/
leaders and performers. The author also proposes a system of planned norms and
methods for cal~ulating the most important of them.
This book is intended for leaders and engineering and technical personnel, as well
as specialists in the planning services of scientific research organizations. It
can also be useful to students and graduate students in technical and economic
WZ' s .
TABLE OF CONT~NTS ~
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
C}~apter 1. Branch Scientific and Technical Organizations as a Planning System
and Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1. Content and Special Features of the Process of Creating a New Technology
at the Present Stage of the Scientific and Technolo~ical Revolution. 5
1.2. Branch NTO's /scientific and technical organization/ and Their
Intrastructural Activities as an Object of Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Chapter 2. Analysis of Branch NTO Planning Systems and Areas for Improving Them 30
2.1. The Planning of Scientific and Technical Progress and Scienee in This
Country and in the Branches as a Basis for Planning Branch NTO's 30
- 2.2. Features of the Planning Systems Operating in NTO's. . . . . . . . . . . . 36
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2.3. Basic Shortcomings and Problems in Improving the Planning of Branch NTO's. 45
Chapter 3. Nature of the Instrastructural Planning of a Machine-Building NTO. . 58
3.1. Intrastructpral Planning as a System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.2. Principles and Prerequisites for the Formulation and Functioning of
Intrastructural NTO Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Chapter 4. Thematic and Nomenclatural Planning in NII's and KB's. 77
4.1. Content and Methods of Thematic NTO Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2. Recommended Method for Selecting Themes in the Plan of Scientific
Enterprises. . � � � � � � � � � 85
4.3. Evaluating the Scientific and�Technical.Leve1 and.Effectiveness of Created
Machines and Instruments When Selecting Themes in the Plan of NII's and
KB's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Chapter 5. Technical-Economic and Social Planning of NTO's. 106
5.1. Nature of the Technical-Economic and Social Planning of NTO's. 106
5.2. Analysis, Classification and Selection of Indicators for the Tech~rical-
Economic and Social Plan of an NTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.3. Planning Technical-Economic Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.4. Planning the Social Development of an NTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.5. Planning NTO Resource Development and Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.6. Planning Measures Insuring the Fulfillment of the Thema.tic Plan and
Achievement of Assigned Technical-Economic and Social Indicators 163
5.7. Order of Development and Monitoring the Fulfillment of Technical-Economic
and Social NTO Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Chapter 6. Volume-Calendar Planningfor NIR /Scientific Research Work/, OKR
/Experimental Design Work/ and NII and KB Subdivisions 177
6.1. Goals, Problems and Nature of Volume-Calendar Planning in an NTO 177
6.2. Volume-Planning Calculations in an NTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.3. Calendar Planning in a PERT System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � � � � � � 185
6.4. The Multitheme Volume-Calendar System for Planning Developments and Its
~unctioning in the Initial Stages of Plan Formulation. . 2~~
6.5. Modeling the Calendar Distribution of Projects in Multitheme NTO Plans 208
6.6. Functioning of the Multitheme Planning System at the Stages of Calendar
Distribution and Operational Regulation of Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Chapter 7. Planning the Labor of NIOKR Leaders and Performers 245
7.1. Methods of Distributing Work Inside NTO Subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7.2. Operational Planning for NIO"~R Performers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?.49
7.3. Planning the Labor of NIOKR Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Chapter 8. Normative Base for the Planning of NTO's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.1. Nature of the Normative Base for NIOKR Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.2. Development of Methodology and Methods for Developing Labor-Intensiveness
- and Cost Standards for NIOKR in an NTO as the Basic Standards of
Intrastructural Planning . � � � � � � � � � 2~2
8.3. Morphological Classifiers of Created Technology and.Completed Work as the
Basis of the System of Standards for Intrastructural Planning of Machine-
Building NTO's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
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8.4. An Experiment in Developing Consolidated Labor-Intensiveness Norms for
Technical-Economic and Volume Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
8.5. Methods for Formulating Differentiated OKR and NIR Labor-Intensiveness
Norms on the Basis of a Morphological Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
8.6. Methods of Calculating Standards for the Duration of the New Technology
Development Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
8.7. Organization of Projects for the Creation, Introduction and Improvement of
Standards in NII's and KB's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Bibl iography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1980
11746
CSO: 1861/167
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UDC 621.311.016.35-52
621.224.5
621.311.21.0025:532.5
MEASURES FOR INCREASING THE MOBILITY OF GES EQUIPMENT: POWER ASSOCIATION STABILITY
Alma-Ata r1ERY POVYSHENIYA MOBIL'NOSTI AGREGATOV GES: USTOYCHIVOST' ENERGO-
OB"YEDINENIY in Russian 1979 ~signed to press 26 Sep 79) pp 2, 213-215
/Annotation and table of contents from book "Measures for Improving the Mobility of
GES Equipment: Power Association Stability", by Abdu-Khalik Magomedovich Tamadayev,
Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", Kazakh SSR, 700 copies, 216 pages/ ~
/Text~ ANNOTATION
In this monograph, the author describes methods for emergency power control
~EPC) of GES turbines in order tq improve the dynamic stability of parallel operat-
ing modes. He explains their theoretical principles and the results of computer
calculations and experimental testing on physical models and under full-scale con-
- ditions. He also lists the most effective areas for utilization of the methods and
describes the power change laws, advantages, disadvantages and other characteristics.
. The author points out the areas in power engineering in which these developments
can be used. He discusses the principles of the combined use of known electrical
measures for increasing stability with these emergency turbine power control meth-
ods, analyzes the technical and national economic limitations on the mobility of
GES equipment, and indicates some measures for combatting these limitations and
paths for the further development of the basic equipment.
This book is intended for specialists concerned with automatic emergency equip-
ment in power systems and improving the degree of economy and reliability in their
operation. It will also be useful for engineers and hydromechanics specialists, as
well as scientific workers and WZ students in the appropriate specialties.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
, , Page
D~finitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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Chapter 1. On Known GES Turbine EPC Methods and Antirunaway Measures. 20
1.1, Introductory Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2. Hydraulic Turbine EPC Using Existing Control Members . . . . . . . . . . . 21
A. Bucket Turbine EPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
B. Hydraulic Turbine EPC by Reducing the Size of the Stator Opening 23
C. Hydraulic Turbine EPC by Enlarging the Stator Openings 28
1.3. Upstream Hydraulic Turbine EPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.4. Hydraulic Turbine EPC by Mechanical Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.5. Measures for Combatting GES Equipment Runaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
;
Chpater 2. On Some Electromechanical Methods for Improving the Stability of
Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.1. Introductory Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
?_.2. Disconnecting Some Generators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
.'_.3. The Electrodynamic Braking Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
; Chapter 3. Hydraulic Turbine EPC by Discharging Part of the Water 61
3.1. Introductory Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . 61
3.2. Hydraulic Turbine EPC by Unpressurized Discharge of Part of the Water Flow 65
_ 3.3. Hydraulic Turbine EPC by Pressure Discharge of Part of the Water Flow. 74
~ 3.4. Hydraulic Turbine EPC by Discharging Part of the Flow Into a Pneumatic
R~servoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
~ 3.5. Designs and Layouts of EpC Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Chapter 4. Aeromechanical Methods for Hydraulic Turbine EPC . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.1. GAneral Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
~ 4.2. The Analytical-Tabular Method of Calculating GES Turbine EPC by
Introducing Compressed Air Under the Rotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .`~106
4.3. A Methodfor Calculating GES Turbine EPC by Releasing Gas Under the Rotor . 111
4.4. A Simplified Method for Calculating Hydraulic Turbine EPC. by Introducing
- Compressed Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.5. On the Pulsed Increase of Power in GES Equipment by Introducing Compressed
Gas Into the Pressure Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Chapter 5. Hydraulic Turbine EPC Methods by Reducing Efficiency 128
5.1. Formulation of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.2. Hydraulic Turbine EPC by Breaking up the Guide Vane Cascade. 133
5.3. Hydraulic Turbine EPC by Turning the Stator Blades to the Point of Maximum
Power of the Working Characteristic. . . . . . . . . � � � � � � � . . . . 139.
- 5.4. General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Chapter 6. Questions on Selecting Mechanical Methods for Increasing a GES's
Dynaznic Stability and Their Combination With Electrical Methods. 143
6.1. General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.2. Basic Indicators for Selecting Methods for Increasing a GES's Dynamic
Stability When the Methods Are Used in Combination . . . . . . . . . . . 145
- ci.3. On the Possibilities of Combining Electrical and Mechanical Measures for
Increasing Dynamic Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.4. Effect of Turbine EPC Methods on the Technical and Economic Characterist-
ics of GES and Power Association E~lements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
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Page
6.5. Possibilities for Increasing the Stability of the Parallel Operation of
Enclosed Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Chapter 7. The Necessity for and Ways of Increasing GES Mobility. 176
7.1. Introductory Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.2. Technical and National Economic Limitations on the Mobility of GES
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.3. Dangerous Load Zones and Hidden Overload Capabilities. 187
7.4. Some Considerations on the Prospects for the Development of GES Equipment
Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
- Appendices:
1. Brief Summary of the Basic Formulas Used in This Work. 194
2. Experimental Base for Hydroelectrodynamic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
B ib 1 iog raphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
_ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka" Kazakhskoy SSR. 1979
11746
CSO: 1861J169
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UDC 621.833.389:531.2
STATICS OF GLOBOID GEARING
Moscow STATIKA GLOBOIDNYKH PEREDACH in Russian 1981 (signed to press 27 Jan 81)
pp 2, 197-198
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Statics of Globoid Gearing", by
Eduard Leonovich Ayrapetov, Mikhail Dmitriyevich Genkin and Tat'yana Nikiforovna
_ Mel'nikova, Institute of Machine Science imeni A. A. Blagonravov, Izdatel'stvo
"Nauka", 1000 copies, 199 pages] ~
[Text] The book gives the results of theoretical and experimental studies of
static loading of globoid gearing. To disclose the static indeterminacy of
globoid gearing, methods are outlined for calculating the strain of the major
gearing components: the worm thread and gear teeth, the worm shaft and gear rim,
the bearings and casing of transmissions; an investigation is made of the patterns
of errors in installation with regard to play in engagement; methods are proposed
for mutual compensation of errors and elastic deformations of gearing components;
A study is made of the load distribution along contact lines and between the teeth
of a worm wheel with consideration of the wear-in properties of contacting surfaces,
errors and elastic deformations of gearing components.
The book is intendsd for sci`ntific workers, design engineers, instructors and
students in institutions of higher education.
Contents page
Preface 3
Introduction 8
I. ACCURACY AND KINEMATICS OF GEARING 20
1. Play in Engagement 20
1.1. Primary errors 20
1.2. Complex accuracy parameter 26
1.3. Mutual compensation of primary errors 30
2. Geometric-Kinematic Parameters 35
2.1. Curvature of contacting surfaces 35
2.2. Evaluating wear of contacting surfaces 40
2.3. ~ao stages of wear of contacting surfaces 46
3. Modification of Globoid Worm 51
3.1. Uncorrected cutting methods 51
- 3.2. Unilateral cutting method 56
3.3. Bilateral cutting method 58
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II. GEARING STRAIN 59
4. Worm Thread and Gear Teeth 59
4.1. Contact deformation 60
4.2. Bending deformation 63
4.3. Experimental studies ~9
5. Gearing Components
5.1. Worm shaft
5.2. Gear rim 81
5.3. Bearings and casing 88
6. Rigidity Balance of Gearing 92
6.1. Deformations that show up in play differences in engagement 92
6.2. Compensat'~n ot strain of gearing components 103
6.3. Experimental studies 106
III. LOADING OF GEARING 110
7. Load Distribution Along Contact Lines 110
7.1. Initial load distribution 111
7.2. Influence of wear of contacting surfaces 119
7.3. Experimental studies 125
8. Load Distribution Between Worm Wheel Teeth 136
8.1. Initial load distribution 137
8.2. Influence of wear of contacting surfaces 143
8.3. Experimental studies 147
9. Synthesis of Gearing with Minimum Loading Asymmetry 168
9.1. Continuous Method of Calculating Loading of Gearing 168
9.2. Balancing the load lengthwise of contact lines 175
9.3. Balancing load between teeth 179
Conclusion 182
References 193
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1981
6610
CSO: 1861/155
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NAVIGATION AND GUILIANCE SYSTEMS
UDC 629.78.077.001.24
DESIGNING MANUAL CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR SPACECRAFT
Moscow PROYEKTIROVANIYE SISTEM RUCHNOGO UPRAVLENIYA KOSMICHESKIKH KORABLEY in
Russian 1978 (signed to press 19 Apr 78) pp 2, 143 �
/Annotation and table of contents from book "Designing Manual Control Systems for
Spacecraft", by Viktor Aleksandrovich Klimov, Boris Vasil'yevich Bludov, Valeriy
Mikhaylovich Vasilets, Vladimir Aleksandrovich Leonidov, Valentin Valentinovich
Nikol'skiy, Anatoliy Vasil'yevich Tumanov and Andrey Ivanovich Yakovlev, Izdatel'-
stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1,700 copies, 144 pages/
/Text/ ANNOTATION
In this book the authors discuss various problems involved in designing systems for
the manual control of the movement of spacecraft. They formulate the basic conanon
stages in designing the systems and explain the special features of the physical
- and mathematical modeling. They also present a mathematical description of the op-
erator's activities.
There is an explanation of the new algorithms for the mathematical modeling of man-
ual control systems for spacecraft that are notable for their advantages in provid-
ing calculative stability and computation accuracy and also require a relatively
small amount of time to model both linear and nonlinear systems.
This book is intended for engine~ring and technical workers specializing in the
field of design spacecraft control systems. It can also be useful to scientific
workers, graduate students and WZ students in the appropriate specialties.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 1. Manual Control. Systems: General Information and Special Features of
the Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1. Tasks of Manual Control Systems and Requirements for Their Design. 9
1.2. Classification of Manual Spacecraft Control Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3. Manual Control System Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4. Brief Description of Several Manual Spacecraft Control Systems 18
1.5. Basic Stages in the Designing of Manual Control Systems. 25
49
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Page
Chapter 2. Ttie Modeling of Manual Contro~ Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1. Quality ,and Efficiency Criteria for Manual Spacecraft Control Systems. 28
2.2. Types of Mcdeling of a System With a Human Operator. 37
Z.3. Sequence of Modeling for Manual Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
_ 2.4. Special FeatLires of the Optimization of Manual Control Systems 51
_ Chapter 3. Statistical Factor *iodel of Operator Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.1. Statistical Nature of Operator Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.2. A Mult~dimensional Factor Experiment as the Basis for Construction of a
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3. Development of a Model Construction Plan and Selection of the Basic
Factors for. the I'roblem of Cc~mpensation Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.4. Ot}ier Features of Model Construction and a Brief Characterization of It. . 64
3.5. Alluwing for tlie Dynamics of the Operator's Hand Movements 68
3.6. Structural-Logical Diagram of a Model. and Investigation of a Manual
Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Chapter 4. Separate Equations as an Apparatus for the Theoretical Investigation
~ of Manual Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.1. Division of Dynamic Processes Into Separate Ones . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2. Reducing Separate Systems to ttte Normal Form of Substituting Systems 78
4.3. Calculation of Initial Conditions for Translated Separate Systems. 81
Chapter 5. Development ot the Separate Equations Apparatus Into Special
Techniques for Defining Transient Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.1. A Technique for Determining the Real Roots of Algebraic Equations. 86
~ 5.2. A Technique for Determining the Complex Conjugate Roots of Algebraic
~ Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3. The Method of Successive Approximations for the Solution of High-Order
_ Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Ctiapter 6. The Method of Prolongations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.1. General Propositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.2. Algorithms for Detsrmining the Parameters of Describing Functions;
Computational Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.3. Solution of a System of Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Chapter 7. Modeling Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Bib 1 iography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
COPYRIGHT: Izds~tel'stvo "Mashinos~royeniye", 1978
~ 11746
CSO: 1861/154
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~
~ ,
~
' UDC 629.7.05.011.2(082)
ADAYTIVE COORDINATE-PARAMETRIC CQNTROL OF NONSTATIONARY OBJECTS
Moscow ADAPTIVNOYE KOORDIVATNO-PARAMETRICHEuKOYE UPRAVLENIYE NESTATSIONARNYMI
OB"YEKTAMI in Russian 1980 (signed to press 2 Oct 80) pp 2, 240-243
_ /Annotat~on and table of contents fz~om book "Adaptive Coordinate-Parametric Control

~ of I~onstationary Ohjects", by Boris Nikolayevich Petrov, Vladislav Yul'yevich
Rutkovskiy and Stan.islav Danilovi~h Zemlyakov, Institute of Control Problems, USSR
~.i Academy ~f Sciences, Izdatel'stvu "Nauka", 1,300 copies, 244 pages/
/Text/ ANNOTATION
The authors di.scuss questions concerning the control of objects, the dynamic char-
~ acteristi~cs af which change with time, within broad limizs, during the operating
process. They introduce a cl,ass of coordinate-parametric c~ntrol systems that is
- capable of providing a considerable expansion of the possibilities for adaptive
control of nonstationai~r objects. The basic results were obtained with respect to
the class of adapeive systems for coordinate-parametric control that is based on
nonsearch adapti~ve contr~l systems with a standard model.
This book is intended for specialists engaged in designing and introducing control
systems and scientific w~rkers in the field of control theory. It can also be use-
ful for senior students and graduate students specializing in the field of control
of nonstationary objects.
TABY.E OF CON'~ENTS
j
Page
~ Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 1. Adaptive Coordinate-Parameter Control of Nonstationary Objects:
~ Definitionsi Capabilities, P~oblems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
- 1.1. ~'roblems in the Control of Nonstationary Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2. E:xamples of Nonstationary Controlled Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3. Exa*.nples of Parametric Control of Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
_ 1.4. Yroblems in the Adaptive Control of Nonstationary Objects. 24
1.5. Mathematical Models of the Movement of Controlled Objects. 29
1.6. Coordinate-Parametric Control of an Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.7. P..daptive Coordinate-Parametric Control of Nonstationary Objects
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Page
Chapter 2. Designing Operation Algorithms for Coordinate-Parametric Control
. Systems on the Basis of Methods for the Analytical Designing of
Optimum Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.1. Analytical Designing of Operation Algorithms for a Coordinate-Parametric
Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2. Analytical Designing of a Coordinate-Parametric Controlled Airplane
Automatic Pilot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 3. Formation of the Structure of Adaptive Systems for the Coordinate-
Parametric Control of Nonstationary Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.1. Hierarchical Structure of an Adaptive System for the Coordinate-Parametric
Control ot a Nonstationary Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
- 3.2. Piethods for Synthesizing the Basic Circuit of an Adaptive System for
Coordinate-Parametric Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.3. A Technique for Distinguishing a Generalized Adjustable Object on the
- Basis of Invariance Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.4. Some Special Features of the Movement of a Generalized Adjustable Object 67
3.5. A Second-Order Generalized Adjustable Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.6. Constructing a Generalized Adjustable Object for a Coordinate-Parametric
Contral System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.7. A Coordinate-Parametric Control System's Second-Order Generalized
Adjustable Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.
3.8. Synthesis of the Structure of a CoordinaCe-Parametrically Controlled,
Generalized Adjustable System With Many Coordinate Inputs. 76
3.9. Synthesis of the Basic Circuit of an Adaptive System for Coordinate-
Parametric Control of a Nonstationary Object Based on a Generalized
_ Adj~stable Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Chapter 4. Constructing Adaptive Systems for Coordinate-Parametric Control on
the Basis of Nonsearch~Adaptive Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.1. Nonsearch Adaptive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � � � � � � � 81
4.2. Mathematical Model of the rlovement of a Nonsearch Adaptive System for an
Object of Coordinate Control With a Single Coordinate Input. 84
4.3. Generalized Operation Algorithms for Adaptation Circuits 90
4.4. Analysis of Generalized Operation Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.5. Operation Algorithms for the Adapting Circuits of Nonsearch Adaptive
Systems With a Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.6. Operation Algorithms for the Adapting Circuits for. a Second-Order
Generalized Adjustable Object With a Single Coordinate Input, as
Synthesized on the Basis of Lyapunov's Direct Method . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.7. Adaptive Coordinate-Parametric Control on the Basis of Nonsearch Adaptive
Systems With a Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.8. Operation Algorithms for an Adaptive System of Coordinate-Parametric
~ Control With Many Coordinate Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Chapter 5. Solving Invariance and Identification Problems in the Class of
Adaptive Systems for Coordinate-Parametric Control . . . . . . . . . 121
5.1. Invariance Problems in the Class of Adaptive Systems for Coordinate-
Parametric Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.2. Identification Problems in the Class of Adaptive Systems for Coordinate-
Parametric Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
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Page
5.3. Asymptotic Stability of the Movement of Nonsearch Adaptive Systems 131
5.4. Stability of Nonsearch Adaptive Systems Affected by Permanently Acting
Parametric Uisturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.5. Asymptotic Stability and Stability Under Permanently Acting Parametric
Disturbances in the Presence of a Differential Operator on an Object's
Control Coordinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.6. Structural Properties of Adjustable Invariance and Identifiability of a
Generalized Adjustable Object f~r the Case of Measured Coordinate
Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.7. Structural Properties of Adjustable Invariance and Identifiability of a
Generalized Adjustable Object Under Coordinate-Parametric Control. 152
5.8. Adjustable Invariance and Identifiability of a Generalized Adjustable
Object Under Coordinate-Parametric Control With Many Coordinate Inputs 157
_ Chapter 6. Some Methods for Insuring the Given Dynamic Accuracy of the Movement
of an Adaptive System for Coordinate-Parametric Control. 162
6.1. Problems Involved in Obtaining the Given Dynamic Accuracy of Movement.of
an Adaptive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.2. Synthesis of the Relay Component of the Operation Algorithms of Adapting
Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.3. Relationship Between the Relay Operation Algorithms of Nonsearch Aciaptive
Systems and Systems With a Variable Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.4. Combined Use of the Integral and Relay Components in Operating Algorithms
for Self-Adjusting Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.5. Adaptive Control on the Basis of a Third-Order Generalized Adjustable
Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.6. Adaptive Coordinate-Parametric Control of Nonstationary Objects With the
- Combined Use of the Integral and Relay Components in Operating Algorithms
for Self-Adju~*ing Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.7. A Method for Synthesizing Nonsearch Adaptive Systems With a Standard Model
From the Condition of Given Dynamic Accuracy of Movement With Respect to
Coordinate and Parametric Mismatches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Capter 7. Construction and Analysis of the Operation of Physically Realizable
- Adaptive Systems for Coordinate-Parametric Control. . . . . . . . . . 211
7.1. Problems Involved in Synthesizing Physically Realizable Adaptive Systems
for Coordinate-Parametric Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.2. Synthesis of an Adaptive System for Coordinate-Parametric Control of a
Nonstationary Object With a Limited Number of Measured Derivatives of the
Basic Circuit's Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.3. Synthesis of a Physically Realizable Adaptive System for Coordinate-
Parametric Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.4. Analysis of the Effect of an Actuating Device in the Basic Circuit of a
Coordinate Control Regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.5. Example of the Synthesis of a Physically Realizable Adaptive System for
Coordinate-Parametric Control on the Basis of Isolation of the System's
- Nucleus
Bib 1 iography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
COPYRIGFIT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
11,746 53
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FLUID MECHANICS
UDC 532
PLANE PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS AND AERODYNAMICS
Moscow PLOSKIYE ZADACHI GIDRODINAMIKI I AERODINAMIKI in Russian 1980 (signed to
press 1 Sep 80) pp Z-5
/Annotation and table of c_ntents from book "Plane Problems in Hydrodynamics and
Aerodynamics", by Leonid Ivanovich Sedov, Main Editorial Office of Physics and,
Mathematics Literature, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", third edition, 1,900 copies, 448
pages/
/Text/ ANNOTATION
Achievements in modern hydromechanics and aerodynamics are closely related to the
- theory of plane-parallel movements of an incompressible liquid and gas. The re-
sults of this theory are widely used to explain experimental observations and to
model natural phenomena, as well as in engineering calculations of the flight of
various aircraft, the operating modes of hydraulic and gas machines and the hydro-
dynamics of ships and screw pro~ellers. They are also used to study the high-speed
movement of bodies in water, the rapid submergence of bodies in water and other
questions.
In this book, the author discusses a large number of problems in the areas men-
tioned above.
This monograph is intended for scientific workers and engineers concerned with air-
craft research and design, hydraulic and gas machines, ships and screw propellers
and so on, and for students taking higher courses in universities and aviation,
shipbuilding and other higher technical education institutions. Figures 151; ref-
erences 275.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Foreword to the Third Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
From the Foreword to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chapter 1. htotion of a LJing Section With Constant Circulation 11
1. Disturbed Potential Motion of an Incompressible Fluid Outside a
Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
54
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Page
2. An Elliptical Wing and Zhukovskiy's Wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3. Formulas for Calcula~ing Hydrodynamic Forces During Unsteady Motion. 24
4. Hydrodynamic Forces in the Absence of Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5. Forces Acting on a Wing During Motion With Constant Circulation. 3g
Chapter 2. Thin-Wing Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
I. Kinematic Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2. Hydrodynamic Forces During Motion of a Thin Wing With Circulation. 59
3. Steady Motion of a Tandem Biplane Composed of ~ao Flat Plates. 6S
4. Apparent Masses of Two Flat Plates Arranged Along a Single Straight Line . 70
5� Unsteady Motion of a Thin Wing With Vortices Continuously Running Off the
Trailing Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6. Steady Oscillations of a Thin, Slightly Curved Wing in an Incompressible
Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
- 7. Thin-Wing Theory, Allowing for Compressibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
- 8. Allowing for Compressibility in Connection With the Vibrations of a Thin
Wing Moving at Subsonic Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Chapter 3. Cascade Theory , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 120
1. Basic Problems in Determining Flows Outside Periodic Cascades. . 120
2. Flow Around a Cascade Composed of a Single Row of Profiles 123
3. A riethod of Mapping on the Interior of a Wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4. Flows Outside Cascades Formed by Thin Polyplanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
S. Cascades Formed by Segments of a Single Straight Line. 148
6. Hydroaerodynamic Forces Acting on a Profile in a Cascade in Steady-State
Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7. Common Properties of Circulation and Hydrodynamic Forces During the Flow of
an Incompressible Fluid Around a Cascade of Foils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8. Apparent Masses of Profiles in a Cascade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
9 . Biperiodic Cascades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
10. Composite Problem for a Half`-Plane, a Band and a Ring 172
Chapter 4. Impact on an Incompressible Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
1. General Theory of the Plane Problem of Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
2. Apparent Masses During Impact on an Incompressible Fluid 185..
3. Horizontal Impact of a Floating Vertical Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4. Impact of a Plate on an Incompressible Fluid Contained in a Rectangular
Vessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Chapter 5. Theory of Jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
1. Problems in the Motion of a Liquid With the Formation of Jets; Review of the
Bas ic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
2. A Modification of Zhukovskiy's Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
3. Flow Around Cascades With Separation of Jets � � � � � . . . . . . . . . . . 214
4. Flow Around Bodies With Developed Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Chapter 6. Flows in Doubly Connected Regions (the Biplane Problem 229
1. The Parametric Method of Constructing Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
2. Examples of Conformal Mappings of Doubly Connected Regions 234
3. Lifting Force of a Flat P1ane During Motion Near the Ground. 239
4. Flow Around the Curves of a Parabola, a Hyperbola and an Ellipse 242
55
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' Page
Chapter 7. Gliding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
1. Formulation of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
2. Gliding on the Surface of a Heavy Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
3. Gliding on the Surface of a Weightless Fluid (the Nonlinear Problem) 285
4. Gliding on the Surface of a Fluid of Finite Depth . 291
Chapter 8. General Theory of the Steady Motions of a Gas. 298
1. General Equations of Motion of a Compressible Material Medium. 298
2. The Initial-Value Problem for Determining the Function A(p,~') and Some
General Regularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
3. Generalized Prandtl-Mayer Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
4. Conditions on Strong Discontinuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
S. Detonation, Flame Front and Condensation Shocks, Plus Others 335
6. Stiock Waves in a Perfect Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
- 7. Examples of Exact Solutions for Vortex-Type Stable Motions of a Gas. 352
_ Chapter 9. Potential Steady Motions of a Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
1. Introductory Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
2. Transformation of Equations of Motion and Chaplygin's Function 368
3. Linearization of Equations of Motion With the Help of Contact Transformation
and Some Generalizations of This Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
4. Adiabatic Potential Motions of a Perfect Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
5. Chaplygin's Approximation Methpd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
6. Approximation of the Relationship p= f(1/P) by a Broken Line Composed of
Rectilinear Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � � � . . . 392
7. Approximate Equations for Near-Sonic and Supersonic Speeds 396
8. The Problem of a Continuous Flow Around a Profile With Circulation 403
Chapter 10 . Gas Jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
1. Special 5olutions of Equations of Potential Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
2. Some General Properties of the Functions Zn~~) . . . . � � � � � � � . � . . 423
3. Problems Involving Gas Jets, Solved by Chaplygin's Method. 430
4. Gas Jets With Critical Pressure on Free Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Bib 1 iography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka". Glavnaya redaktsiya fiziko-matematicheskoy
- literatury, 1980
_ 11746
CSO: 1861/165
5G .
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TESTING AND MATERIALS
UDC 621.3
SPECIAL-PURPOSE ELECTROMAGNETIC AND ELECTROMECHANICAL CONTROL AND MONITORING DEVICES
Tallinn TRUDY TALLINSKOGO POLITEKHNICHESKOGO INSTITUTA: ISSLEDOVANIYE ELEKTROMAG-
NITNYKH I ELEKTROMASHINNYKH USTROYSTV UPRAVLENIYA I KONTROLYA SPETSIAL'NOGO NAZNA-
CHENIYA in Russian 1980 (signed tp press 12 Dec 80) p 47
[Table of contents from book "Proceedings of Tallinn Polytechnical Institute:
Special-Purpose Electromagnetic and Electromechanical Control and Monitoring
Devices. Electromechanics X", edited by R. Vyrk, Tallinn Polytechnical Institute,
- 300 copies, 47 pages]
[Text] Contents page
L. E. Varik, A. A. Laansoo, A. E. Ritso, A. D. Roninson, G. K. Samo-
levskiy, R. A. Siymar, Influence that cavities inside ferromagnetic
particles and distortion of spatial orientation of lamellae have on
the properties of magnetodielectrics and magnetic circuits of electric
machines" 3
Kh, Kh. Kalda, R. A. Lakhtmets, V. D. Litvin, Ya. Ya. Yarvik, "Controllable
induction motor" 13
V. I. Mezhburd, "Fundamentals of an engi.neering method of calculating the
magnetic systems of MHD converters of fluid flowrate and velocity" 19
E. M. Ristkheyn, "Accounting for induction motors in calculating short-
circuit currents in the electrical systems of industrial enterprises" 29
Ya. K. Lootus, Yu. Kh. Treufel'd, "Elimination of s~.ngle-phase tilting
of a dependent inverter" 3~
E. M. Ristkheyn, "Determining the required cross section of conductors
with respect to prolonged current handling in automated design of
electrical networks" 43
COPYRIGHT: TPI, Tallin, 1980
6610
CSO: 1861/156
- END -
57
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