JPRS ID: 9748 TRANSLATIONS ONMAJOR USSR RIVER DIVERSION PROJECTS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9994
18 September 1981
U SS R Re o~t
p
L1FE SCIENCES
BIOMEDI~AL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
CFOUO 12/81)
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JPRS L/9994
18 September 1981
USSR REPORT
LIFE $CIENCES
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
(FOUO 12/81)
CONTENTS
BIOCHEMISTRY
- Recombinant Origin of the Epidemic Influenza Virus Strain
A/USSR/90/77 1
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Method of Simulating Hemodynamic Effecta of Weightleasness
and Refinement of the Chibis Protective Vacuum Suit Used
in This Method 5
PHYSIOLOGY
Sleep and Mental Fitness 9
Sensibility of Auditory and Tactile Sensory Systems When
Stimulated Separately and Together 18
Dynamics of Psychophysiological and Cardiovascular Parametere
During Operator Work in the Anticipation and Tracking Mo:~e 21
Evaluating Operator Stress on the Basis of Statiatical
Characteristics of an Electrocardiogram 27
Comparative Characteristics of Man's Resistance to I'rolor.ged
E:cposure To Accelera~:ions Varying in Gravity Gradients 35
FunctionAl Mobility ~f the Visual Analyzer 39
Coordination of Eye-Head Movements in the Gaze Fixation Reaction. 44
_ PSXCHOLOGY
Eighth Transcaucasiau Conference of Paychologiets 51
- a- [III - USSR - 21.a S&T FOUO]
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Methoda for Analyzing Psychophysiological Cauaes of EXroneous
Actions T'hat Violated the Regulations for Flying and
Operating Aviation Equipment Causing Flight Accidents, and
Preconditions Thereof 53
Psychology of Cognition Discussed at the Twenty-Second
International Psychological Congress 64
26th CPSU Congress and Tasks for Psychological Science 68
- b -
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BIOCHEMISTRY
UDC 578.2
RECOMBINANT ORIGIN OF THE EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS STRAIN A/USSR/90/77
Nbscow DOKLADY AKADEMII NALTK SSSR in Russian Vol 257, No 3, 1981 pp 721-724
[Article by Yu. V. Kozlov, A. A. Shilov, A. G. Kurmanova, V. G. Gorbulev, Ya. M. .
Selivanov, V. M. Zhdanov, and Academician A. A. Bayev, USSR Academy of Sciences
Institute of Molecular Biology and USSR Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of
Virology imeni D. I. Ivanovskiy, M~scow]
(Text) Unusually high variability is typical of the influenza virus, and it is
mainly this unique feature that makes control of this infection's spread :~.~ficult.
Trro basic forms of antigenic variability of influenza virus are distinguished--anti-
genic ~rift and antigenic shift. Insignificant and gradual change in the antigenic
properties of proteins making up the viral membrane--hemagglutinin (HA) and
neuraminidase (NA)--is commonly referred to as antiger.ic drift. The pressure of
antibodies in a partially immune host population is apparently the mechanism that
defines the selection direction for a virus that has undergone alteration in the
course of drift. Arisal of a virus having new antigenic properties is referred to
- as antigenic shift. Appearance of such a"new" virus elicits the periedically
arising pandemics of influenza. It is believed.that the arisal of new pandemic
virus strains is associated with recombination of different viruses. Inasmuch as
influenza virus has a segmented genome represented by eight separate RNA fragments
coding different virus-specific proteins, recombination is interpreted in this case
as simple redistribution of fragments (genes), responsible for coding surface anti-
- gens, between different viruses circulating�in the same host . There is now sutf.icient
information demonstrating such a mechanism for arisal of new serotypes of influenza
virus (1,2).
In the last few decades the serotypes of circulating human influenza virus have
included H1N1 (1946-1956), H2N2 (1957-1968) and H3N2 (from 1968 to the present).
In 1977 an epidemic of serotype H1N1 virus arose, embracing the entire Northern
Hemisphere (3). Arisal of this epidemic strain, one having the same serotype as
the virus that appeared in 1946-1956 and which had already circulated in this
- generation, was a surprise, inasmuch as a large proportion of the population more
than 20 years old had already had antibodies to this virus.
It was dem~nstrated by serological methods (5) and by means of oligonucleotide
analysis of total viral RNA (6,7) that the influenza virus str?~.ns revealed in
1977 (A/USSR/90/77) and a number of Chinese strains have more similarity to strains
isolated in 1950 (A/FW/1/50) than to l~ter (A/FM/1/47) or more .recent strains
(A/C/1/56, A/Denver/1/57) of the same serotype, H1N1. Nevertheless the question
as to the mechanism behind arisal of the new epidemic strain USSR/90/77 remains
unclear.
1
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Our objective was to reveal the genetic kinship of the new (A/USSR/90/77) and old
(A/FM/1/47 and A/FW/1/50) strains of serotype H1N1 influenza virus by comparing the
structure of individual genes by the method of oligonucleotide analysis. This
method permi.ts highly precise analysis of insignificant di_fferences in the struc-
ture of compared RNA molecules, and it does not require significant quantities of
material.
Fragments of viral genome RNA were separated by electrophoresis in 1.6 percent
agarose or 2.8 percent acrylamide gel. We were unable to acrieve sufficiently
good separation of genes P1 and P3, and for this reason they were analyzed together.
RNA fragments eluted from gel were processed with T1 RNAase and alkaline phosphatase.
The obtained oligonucleo tides were labeled at their 5'-ends with ~-P32-ATP and
polynucleotide kinase. Labeled T1-oligonucleotides were subjected to double electro-
phoresis in polyacrylamide gel, and to autoradiography. The position of the oligo-
nucleotide on the fingerprint depends strictly on its length and on its nucleotide
composition; this is why any substitutions in the RNA under analysis are easy to
determine from change in position, disappearance, or appearance ~f a new oligo-
nucleotide. The double electrophoresis system we developed provides for optimum
resolution of oligonucleotides more than 10 members long, and thus it permits us
to analyze a sizeable sequence of each gene. Because oligonucleotides are distri-
buted statistically in the analyzed RNA, it may be presumed that they reliably
represent the entire sequence of the analyzed RNA.
We obtained oligonucleotide maps (fingerprints) from the individual genes of three
influenza virus strains: USSR/90/77, FW/1/50, and FM/1/47. F:igure 1[figures not
reproduced] snows the fingerprints of M genes from the three studied strains, and
a diagram representing the distribution of the analyzed oligonucleotides. It is
easy to see that the distribution patterns of the oligonucleotides of M genes are
extremely similar for strains USSR and FM, and that they differ significantly from
the pattern for the M gene of strain FW. A different situation is abserved for
NP genes. fihe fingerprints of NP genes from strains USSR and FW are very similar,
and they differ significantly from the fingerprint of the NP gene from strain FM
(Figure 2i. The fingerprints of other genes, which were obtained in similar fashion,
are not presented in this paper.
Table 1 was compiled from an analysis of the fingerprints of individual genes from the
the analyzed influenza virus strains. For the convenience of analysis, the virus
strain under analysis, USSR/90/77, was compared in pairs with earlier isolates of
the virus--FW/1/50 and FM,/1/47. It follows from the table that the number of oligo-
nucleotides common to strains USSR/90/77 and FW/1/50 is significantly greater than
that common to USSR/90/77 and FM/1/47. This law extends to all genes, with the
exception of genes coding M proteins. Inasmuch as the proportion of a genome repre-
sented in analyzed oligonucleotides differs for different genes, the percentage of
substituted bases in the analyzed part of the gene must be assessed on the basis of
additional calculations. This magnitude is a stricter reflection of the degree of
structural similarity (or divergence) of compared genes, inasmuch as it reflects
the number of base substitutions for every 100 nucleotides of the compazed sequences.
Because this magnitude is minimal for genes P1 + P3, P2, NP, and NS of USSR and FW
isolates, these genes have significant structural similarity. Genes P2 and NP of
these two strains have maximum structural similarity--their. percentages of base
substitution are 0.35 and 0.33 respectively. Genes HA and NA of tZese two strains
diverged somewhat more greatly, which is well consistent with published data on the
high rate of variability of these two genes, which are responsible for antigenic
drift of the virus (9) �
2
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. Table 1
Minimum No. of
RNA Analyzed Distribution of Analyzed Proportior.of Gene Base Substitutions
Frag- Pairs of Oligonucleotides (No. Represented In in Oligon~_cleotides
- ment Virus of Oligonucleotides) Analyzed O~igo- Percent-
(Gene) ~trains USSR~* USSR-** Total nucleotides, ~ No.*** age****
P 1+ P 3 iJSSR/FW 12 6 72 28 15 1. 05
USSR/FM 29 22 55 40 2�8
P2 USSR/FW 1 3 56 3 0.35
USSR/FM 12 15 45 34.5 21 2.5
USSR/E~V 7 10 28 29.5 13 2.3
HA USSR/FM 17 13 18 23 4.0
USSR/F~nl 3 '8 41 42.5 9 1.5
NH USSR/FM 11 11 33 16 2�6
USSR/FW 2 1 36 38 2 0.33
NP USSR/FM 23 12 15 29 4�8
M USSR/EW 15 8 10 48 19 4'8.
USSR~'FM 4 4 21 6 1.5
USSR/EW 5 3 24 66 6 1.4
NS USSR/FM 8 9 21 13 3.0
* USSR --number of oligonucleotides four~d in the given gene of strain L'SSR/'90/77
but absent in the corresponding gene of strain EW/1/50 or FM/1/47.
**USSR'--number of oliqonucleotides found in the given gene of strain FW/1/50
~ or FM/1/47 but absent from the corresponding gene of strain USSR/90/77.
� ***The minimum number of base substitutions was computed in accordance with the
the procedure described by Palese (6).
****The percentage of base substitutions was calculated on the basis of the propor-
tion of sequences of the given gene represented in the analyzed oligonucleotides.
This magnitude typifies the number of base substitutions for every 100 bases of
the analyzed sequence, and it reflects the degree of divergence of the compared
genes. The calculations were made on the basis of information on the molecular
weight of influenza virus genes, provided in (12). The dimensions of oligo-
nucleotides were determined by means of incomplete alkaline hydrolysis of
eluted oligonucleotide, followed by electrophoretic separation of the products
_ in polyacrylamide gel.
Comparing the percentages of base substitutions for the M gene of USSR strain in
relation to strains FW and FM, we can see that it is significantly closer to that
of the 1947 isolate--FM/1/47--than to FW/1/50.
Thus all genes, except for the M gene of influenza virus strain USSR/90/77, have
structural simitarity with strain FW/1/50, and they cli ffer significantly from those
of strain FM/1/47. ~
Obviously the new virus arose as a result of recombination of the earlier strain
EW/1/50, or its drift variant, wi+-..h another virus having an M gene structurally
closer to that of strain FM/1/47. As a result of such recombination (exchange of
genes), the new virus, which retained seven genes of the parent strain FW/1/50,
3
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obtained a new M gene. Thus our data unambiguously indicate that epidemic influenza
virus strain USSR,/90/77 came about as a result of recombination (exchange of genes)
between earlier strains FW/1/50 and FM/1/47.
'I'he sort of selective advantages the recombinant virus obtained as a result remain
- unclear. The biological significance of recombination in relation to the M gene of
- this virus is not clear. 'I'hese questions require further research.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Laver, W. G. and Webster, R. G., VIROLOGY, Vol 51, No 2~ 1973, p 384.
2. Desselberger, U., Nakajima, K., et al., PROC. NAT. ACAD. SCI. USA, Vol 75,
No 7, 1978, p 3341.
3. Center for Disease Control, Atlanta Georgia, MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY
REPORT, Vol 27, 1978, p 24.
4. Zhdanov,.V. M., Lvov, N. A., et al., LANCET, Vol 1, 1978, p 294�
5. Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, MORBIUITY AND N10RTALITY WEEKLY
REPORT, Vol 47, 1~`78, p 16.
6. Nakajima, K., Desselberger, U. and Palese, P., NATURE, Vol 274, 1978, p 334.
younq, ,7., Desselberger, U. and Palese, P., CELL~ Vol 18, 1979, p 173.
8. Chanok, R. M., Cocbutn, W. C., et al., BUI~L. WORLD HEALTH ORG., Vol 45, 1971,
p 119.
9. Vebster, R. and Laver, U. G., "Virusy grippa i gripp" [Influenza Viruses
and Influenza], Nbscow, Izd-vo "Meditsina", I.978�
10. Efstratiadis, A., Vournakis, J. N., et al., NUCL. ACID. REB., Vol 4, No 12,
1977, p 4165.
11. Pedersen, F. and Haseltin, W., N~THODS IN ENZYMOLOGY, Vol 65, 1980, p 680.
12. Desselberger, U. and Palese, P., VIROLOGY, Vol 88, No 2, 1978, p 394.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
11004
. CSO: 1840/257
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BIOTECHNOLQGY
UDC: 523.612-1
METHOD OF SIMULATING HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WEIGHTLESSNESS AND REFINEMENT
OF THE CHIBIS PROTECTIVE VACUUM SUIT t7SED IN THIS METHOD
Moscow IZVESTIYa AKADEMII NAUK SSSR: SERIYA BIOLOGICHESKAYA in Russian No 3,
May-Jun 81 (manuscript received 24 Jun 80) pp 443-445
[Articl.e by E. V. Lapayev, G. I. Pavlov, V. G. Voloshin and V. Ye. Grishanov]
[Text] The acute period of adaptation to weightlessness is associ-
ated with shifting of blood to the upper half of the body. A method
of simulating this condition is described in this article, which
involves creation of excess pi~?G~!!re in the Chibis [or Chybis]
protective vacuum suit [PVS] after it was improved.
It is known that there is redistribution of blood and body fluids to the upper half
of the body in weightlessness, and this causes a number of adverse reactions in a
cosmonauts, including vestibular disturbances (Bryanov et al., 1975). It is necessary
to simulate these phenomena on earth to develop the means of preventing these reac-
tions and to study the phenomenology thereof.
One usually uses antiorthostatic body position (head-down tilt) at different angles
and for different periods of time for this purpose. However, it is impossible to
- combine such a technique with vestibular studies, since there are no tables with
a sufficient angle of inclination, and one cannot investigate such parameters as,
for example, resjstance of the vestibular analyzer to Coriolis accelerations.
Use of an anti-G suit (AGS) for redistribution of blood to the upper hal~ o~ the
body also fails to yield the desired ~esults, since the area of compensation in
the garment constitutes SO% of the body surface and there are open sections
(buttocks, perineum, etc.) in which blood is deposited, rather than shiftit~g upe
. We propose a method of simulating the hemodynamic effects of weightless~ess that
does not have such flaws. It consists of placing the lower half of the subject
into a protective [or prophylactic] vacuum garment (PVS), the Chibis (Genin et al.,
1973; Barer et al., 1975), in which one creates graded positive ai~ .Fressure.
Since the human body in the PVS is surrounded by a single air pillow, this pressure
is transmitted uniformly to all parts of the body and causes migr:~tio~i of blood to
the upper half of the body. At the same time, the Chibis PVS (stff,~, airtight
"troiisers") is small and permits placing the sub~ect on various research stands,
for example, vestibulometric ones, in any position.
5
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,
~ ~ A ~j
U .9 3
Air pus?ped ~n ' ~ B
; _ -~--p ~ ~
or out
- - ,\6
i
' '"__b"
_ ?7V i i - -
~ i 5
~ ~ ~ S1ow-up of A
G O
2
_ Figure 1. General diagram of the Chibis garment, elements of improvement
of s}stem of connecting micropump to the sealing shutter
/ ~
A O BOZ
Z ' M
M-
~ J 3
to atmos h. to atnosphere
,
~ , -
~vs rv~
~ pumping out pumping in
Figure 2. Diagram of manometer connection to measure excess pressure
The proposed method involves refinement of the Chibis PVS so that both positive
and negative pressure (in relation to ambient level) can be regulated in it.
_ The purpose of refinement is to provide for the following: operation of the 1~tD-2G
micropump in two modes--pumping air in and out; to render the garment airtight [seal it]
at the subject's waistline when there is excess or negative pressure; ability to
monitor the variable pressure using the same instrument. ~
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the essential elements of the improvement. Figure 1
illustrates the general scheme of operation of the garment, as well as elements of
improvement of the system of operating the micropump and sealing shutter.
When turned on in the regular mode, micropump (1) only pumps air out of the PVS.~
In our improved version, it is turned on by switch (2), which makes it possible
6
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,
to alter the polarity on the motor
~ coils and thereby cause air to be
_ ~ either pumped in or out of the PVS.
f~ In the position it operates in
ti ~ ~ ,
~ the pumping out mode and in the
position in the pumping in mode.
In the regular variant, sealing the
' y`" Chibis garment around the subject's body
' (3) is provided by a rubber shutter (4)
~1 .
~ ~
1r~ ~ executed in the form of a valve that
II.~V~~.
- is pressed to the body when negative
pressure is created in the PVS; it
~ allows excess amounts of air to pass
_ , ~ freely into the garment. To render
j the PVS airtight in the presence of
~ excess pressure, an additional circular
! valve (5) is pasted over the perimeter
of the inner edge of shutter (4) . When
~ excess pressure is created, when the
Figure 3. gas rea~hes space (6) between valves
(4) and (5) it presses valve (S) to
Subject wearing Chibis garment in a the body and reliably seals the PVS.
vestibulumetric chair
Valve (7), which permits smooth change or delivery of air from the atmosphere (when
pressure is negative in the PVS), or release thereof into the atmosphere (with
excess pressure), is used to regulate the levels of excess and negative pressure in
the PVS.
Manometer [pressure gauge] (8) is used to monitor the negative pressure in the
regular variant. In order to allow us to measure excess pressure with the same
gauge, we installed valve (9), the connection of which is illustrated in detail
in Figure 2.
We installed a series produced instrument as manometer M in the PVS, which has
an airtight compartment that is connected with the inside of the PVS by means of
coupling (1). The inside of the membrane chamber (2) opens into the atmosphere
through coupling (3) in the regular variant. When negative pressure is created
in the PVS, the pressure drops in the cavity of M and the membrane chamber (2) ex-
pands, and this is indicated by a pointer.
With our refinement of the instrument, M is connected to the PVS by valve (4),
which has two independent pneumatic channels.
In position A(-), the valve provides for the regular mode of connecting the mano-
meter: coupling (1) is connected to the PVS, coupling (3) goes out to the atmosphere
and the gauge measures negative pressure.
In position B(+), couplinb (3) is connected to the inside of the PVS, while coupling
(1) and tlie interior of M goes into the,atmosphere. When excess pressure is
created in the PVS, the membrane chamber (2) expands and the gauge measures excess
pressure.
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;
- The proposed method of simulating the hemodynamic effects of weightlessness by means
~ ~f a modified Chibis PVS has been used with success in our experimental tests
- ~(~i~ure 3), which enabled us to obtain a number of theoretically important data can-
cerning the dependence of vestibular analyzer function on altered hemadynamicti.
~ BIBLIOGRAPHY
i
1. Bryanov, I. I., Matsnev, E. I. and Yakovleva, I. Ya., KOSM. BIOL. I AVIAKOSM.
- MEDITSINA, No 3, 1975, p 85.
2. Genin, A. M., Goryushev, V. P. and Pestov, I. D., BYULLETEN': OTKRYTIYA,
IZOBRETENIYA, PROMYSHLENNYYE OBRAZTSY, TOVARNYYE ZNAKI [Bulletin: Discoveries,
Inventions, Comanercial Samples and Trademarks], No 6, 1973, p 10.
3. Barer, A. S., Savinov, A. P. and Sever.in, G. I., KOSM. BIOL. I AV~AKOSM.
MEDITSINA, No 1, 1975, p 41.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Izvestiya AN SSSR, seriya biologicheskaya", 1981
10,657
CSO: 8144/1374
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PHYSIOLOGY
UDC: 612.741
SLEEP AND MENTAL FITNESS
Moscow FIZIOLOGIYA CHELOVEKA in Russian Vol 6, No 6, Nov-Dec 80 pp 1094-1101
[Article by I. S. Kandror and V. S. Rotenberg, All-Union Scientific Researcn
Institute of Railroad Hygiene, Moscow, and First Moscow Medical Institute, submitted
13 Jul 79]
[Text] The dependence of the level of man's fitness for work on integrity, duration
and quality of sleep is not only common knowledge from self-observations, but it
is confirmed by numerous experimental studies of the effect of sleep depriyation
[1-4]. However, the mere statement of such a dependence is not enough to solve
many problems of industrial physiology and hygiene. It is imperative to identify
the specific physiological processes in the organism that occur during normal
nocCurnal sleep and have an effect on man's overall functional state and, in parti-
cular, his fitness for work during the subsequent waking period.
= Until recently, it was not quite clear as to what sleep is as a state of the brain
= and what processes are involved in restoring the fitness of a tired man after
proier sleep. We do not know how various changes in sleeping and waking schedule
affect these processes. Yet these are questions of basic significance to industrial
physiology and hygiene, since without answers to them it is impossible to determ~ne
which changes in the schedule are permissible without detriment to ~qan's heal,th ar~d
fitness for work. At the present time, realistic opportunities have emerged for
investigation of these matters, since conceptions are already beginning to fornt
about some factors that affect human fitness. At the same time, experi~ental data
about the structural organization of sleep and functional significance of its
differer.t phases and stages are accumulating rapidly.
~ A number of psychological studies have demonstrated that both physical and mental
fitness of a healthy man are largely determined by t.he force of a subject's motiva-
tion (interest) for a given activity, his level of wakefulness (i.e., degree of
activity), direction and stability of attention, mnestic capacities and capacity
for solving problems creatively. The relati.onship is .f.ound to be complex and
nonlinear between motivation and level of activity, oti the one hand, and fitness,
on the other: f itness for work diminishes, not only when the wakefulness level and
motivation are low, but when ther~ is excessively high motivation and excessive
(unproductive) activity. This function is sometimes c.allea the "law of Yerkes-Dodson."
~ This happens not only ~n a state of marked neurotic an:ciety, but in healthy indi-

~ viduals in a state uf. severe emotional excitement. Psychological stress disorganizes
- occupational performance, does not permit concentrating on its subject, leads to
fai:lure or error, r!s well as autonomic changes which, in turn, become a hindrance
f
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to normal performance. All these circumstances ultimately diminish significantly
an individual's fitness and reliability. Thus, for each type of productive acti-
vity there is apparently its own optimum of activity, with reduction of which
drowsiness and boredom appear and surpassing of which causes errors due to hasti-
ness, and both are dangerous to production.
In order to discuss in the most general form the question of a link between the
above factors and sleep, we must briefly describe the current conceptions on the
structure and function of sleep.
Studies of the last few decades have shown ttxat nocturnal sleep is divided into
several phases or stages [5], and that it by no means constitutes a passive state
of the brain, rather it is an active one. On the whole, the number of actively
functioning neurons in the brain during sleep is not smaller than in a waking
state, and it is even greater in some phases of sleep (rapid sleep) than in a tense
waking state.
As we know, two distinct phases are clearly differentiated in sleep, so-called
slow and rapid (paradoxical or REM). Both phases differ, not only in their electro-
_ physiological manifestations, but psychological ones, and they alternate during .
the night, forming 4-5 cycles.
We still do not have an exhaustive idea about the functional role of the different
sleep phases and cycles. However, there are some rather convincing data to
the effect that there are differences between the functional significance of
different phases of sleep. Thus, many researchers [6, 7] mention the important role
of delta sleep in organization of mnestic functions (memory functions). It was
demonstrated that this sleep phase has a beneficial effect on recall of material
memorized before sleeping. Symptoms of selective deprivation thereof are also
indicative of such a function of delta sleep: tired ["jaded"] feeling, increased
fatigability, diminished attention, worsening of mood, well-being and slee~iness
[8]. These symptoms can be interpreted as the result of being overloaded with
information, which makes it difficult to perceive and screen new information.
In the opinion of a number of researchers, the function of rapid sleep is to
psychologically stabilize the personality, eliminate neurotic anxiety, elRaiid
emotional adaptation to unusual and highly significant information (9]. p
- sleep is considered to be among the main mechanisms of psychological defense, which
permits resolution of intrapsychic conflicts (struggle between motives) and thus
is instrumental in reducing excessive emotional stress [10-12].
~ In view of this role of rapid sleep, its significance to psychological adaptation
depends largely on personality distinctions. This phase of sleep most probably
does not play a particularly important role and is often reduced in highly active,
optimistic and sthenic subjects, who tend to overlook negative information, who are
free of internal conflicts and actively overcome external barriers. This may also
be associated with decrease in total duration of sleep, which does not have an
adverse effect on their fitness for work [13].
Conversely, rapid sleep is particularly necessary for sensitive personalities, who
tend to fix on complex psychological shadings of interpersonal relations, who are
vulnerable to negative information, profoundly emotional about conflicts, anxious
10
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and are subject to frequent worsening of mood. As a rule their rapid sleep is
longer and saturated with dreams [13]. In the presence of functional inadequacy
of the "rapid sleep--dreams" system, the risk of development of neurotic states
grows higher for such subjects [14]. Even an insignificant, chronic reduction
in total sleeping time diminishes fitness of these individuals.
The above data enable us to now turn to concrete analysis of correlations between
changes in sleep and fitness in the presence of various functional states and
changes in work, rest and sleep schedule.
- Let us first discuss the results of experiments involving total deprivation of
sleep for several days and gradual reduction of total duration of sleep.
In the former case, weakening of higher mental functions was observed [4, 15, 16),
_ capacity to concentrate attention, orientation in a new situation and adaptation to
it. This is largely related to unsurmountable sleepiness, when.reactions to exo-
genous stimuli are delayed are lacking entirely. With longer complete deprivation,
one observes riisorders in the affective area as well: groundless irritability,
aggressiveness, suspicion, etc., which diminishes work fitness drastically, in par-
ticular due to diminishe~ interest in solving the presented problems. It is import-
ant to indicate that while sleepiness and diminished attention are more or less
euqally inherent in differenr subjects, the thresholds of onset of affective
disorders and their intensity are quite variable, and they apparently depend on
the role of sleep, particularly its rapid phase, in processes of emotional stabiliza-
tion in a given subject. Thus, individuals with a high level of self-control
perform work involving detection of a signal in the presence of noise better after
sleep deprivation than individuals who are very impulsive. The latter also present
more marked mnestic disorders, i.e., impaired ability to retain and recall [17].
During the first night of recovery, emotionally stable individuals show an increase
in delta sleep and, only later, of rapid sleep, while in those with emotional in-
stability there is often compensatory increase at f irst in expressly rapid sleep [18]�
While fitness for work can diminish very drastically with total sleep deprivation,
gradual reduction of overall sleeping time (to a certain minimum level) does not,
according to some authors [19, 20], necessarily lead to a significant decline of
fitness during the waking period. Reduction of sleeping time to 5.5 h per day is
critical. In the case of a 5-h and particularly 4-h sleep schedule, the subjects
present an appreciable deterioration of mood, they tire rapidly, soon become
irritable and they are unable to concentrate on their work. It becomes very diffi-
cult for them to sustain a waking state. The results reported in the literature
of polygraph studies revealed that, in the case of 5.5-h sleep, there was a re-
duction in duration of all sleep stages, as compared to the background period, but
especially of the rapid sleep stage. With the change to a 4-h sleep period, rapid
sleep diminished even more, there was drastic reduction of the second stage, but
rel.ative increase in duration of the fourth stage. After changing to a normal
sleep schedule, fitness and well-being reached their initial levels as early as
the third day, a:~though total duration of sleep was still shorter than before the
experiment for a long time (because of falling asleep 1-1.5 h later). A check of
sleep structur.e on the lOth recovery night revealed that total duration of sleep
was still somewhcit sharter and there was reduction of the rapid sleep phase. It
appeared that the subjects were indeed able to change to a shorter sleep schedule.
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However, one must take into consideration the following circumstances: when sleep
is reduced to 5~nd 4 h, there is relative compensatory increase in delta sleep
due to reduction of rapid sleep and, as we mentioned above, this is far from
being always harmless for many subjects. Moreover, it is apparent that one cannot
excessively generalize data obtained on a small number of subjects. Finally, one
must take into consideration the data of researchers [21, 22] who report that,
altnough there was an effect of initial "return" of delta sleep in the recovery
night after a reduced 5.5-h sleep period, there was a decline of fitnes~a in the
daytime during the period of re.duced sleep schedule even when the reduction of the
fourth stage was quite negligible, as compared to the background period. This is
apparently indicative of the fact that with artificial reduction of sleep the
most urgent need is to satisfy the delta sleep requirement. For this reason, we
cannot rule out the possibility that restoration of impaired balance after long-term
gradual reduction is also a long-term process and the lOth recovery night is not
yet informative enough. The opinion has also been voiced [23] that even if
- sleep reduction does not cause diminished fitness for work in the immediate period,
it may be deleterious to health at a later time, and if chronic adjustment to a
S-h sleep schedule per day is possible, one cannot yet determine the "price" that
the body pays for such adjustment.
Indee3, there are data [24] to the effect that successful performance of psycholo- ~
gical tasks in the case of chronic shortage of sleep is associated with strain on
the body's energy systems, and this is apparently necessary to compensate for the
impaired organization of information during sleep. Naiton [23] stresses that each
subject has his own individual limit of sleep reduction, and it may be believed
that this is largely determined by the individual rapid sleep requirements.
The above data indicate that, in a number of cases, the�body tries to compensate,
first of all for delta sleep when sleep is reduced, not only at the expense of
other stages of slow sleep, but even rapid sleep. However, tY:is is by no means
indicative of the low functional significance of rapid sleep.
With reference to the correlations between sleep structure and work fitness in
the case of both normal and altered sleep schedule, it must be borne in mind
that emotional tension of the neurotic anxiety type has the most marked effect on
creative activity, on solving problems that require an original approach, when it
is not enough to base oneself solely on acquired skills~and knowlEdge acquired pre-
viously. In view of ttie role of rapid sleep in compensation of neurotic anxiety,
we can assume that the rapid sleep phase plays a particularly important part in
solving expressly such problems, particularly among highly sensitive subjects.
Indeed, experiments with rapid sleep deprivation [25, 26] revealed that selective
deprivation of this phase worsens performance of tasks that require creative (di-
vergent) thinking and has virtually no effect on tasks that require a formal and
logical approach or simple retention.
Our studies [27] revealed that those who react with excessively rigid emotional .
excitement to emotional stress in a waking state and cope worse with solving
logic problems regain their productivity rapidly after compensatory increase in
the rapid sleep phase.
In individuals engaged in the intensiye study o� a foreign l,angua~e (by the so-called
"immersion" method), an increase in rapid sleep phase, as compared to the base
level, was associated with better achievement in as.similating linguistic material
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- without signs of increased stress, unlike those in whom there was no such increase
in this phase of sleep [28]. At the same time, healthy, insensitive people who
usually have a short sleep period arid relatively short rapid sleep phase under
ordinary working conditions present good fitness for work and cope easily with
standard psychological tests [29].
Hence, it should be concluded that the consequences of different changes in the
sleep pattern are different for different individuals, depending on their personality
- distinctions, current condition and nature of activity.
Occupational activity is often related to a specific work schedule, regular or irre-
gular alternation of day and night shifts of different duration or working only on
the evening or night shift. According to many researcl~ers [30-33), daytime sleep
is much shorter than usual when one works on the night shift. A somewhat unexpected
finding was that this is associated with a tendency toward reduction of delta sleep,
particularly during the first half of the daytime sleep period, and increase in
rapid sl.eep phase. Some authors [34] believe that thi~; distinction is determined
by circadian rhythm (hence the relative increase in this phase in the premorning
hours of sleep), whereas the duration of delta sleep :~s determined by overall ~lura-
- tion of wakefulness prior to sleeping [35] (the authors refer to the fact that, even
after many years of a distort::d schedule, rapid sleep is particulally frequent and
prolonged in the early morning hours).
However, our findings are indicative of the no less importance of another factor--
degree of individual adjustment to night work. There is primary compensation of
expressly delta sleep and the structure of sleep as a whole is virtually the same
as the usual structure in individuals who are well-adjusted to night work and have
no tendency toward anxiety reactions, whose need for rapid sleep is relatively
minimal. In individuals who are subjectively inadequately adjusted to work on the
night shift, the need for rapid sleep is greater, and this is manifested by its
prin~ary "return" after night work, at the expense of reduction of delta sleep. The
latency peri~d of rapid sleep is reducnd during daytime sleep in cases where the
_ night shift is subjectively rated as being more tense. And this is how it is
rated mainly by individuals who are not quite adjusted to night work. As was to
be exl~~cted, mental fitness and so-called psychoproductivity (stability of attention,
cancellation test, etc.) is substantially lower in such individuals than in well-
adapted ones, on ttie basis of all of the foregoing.
There is a correlation between level of fitness and representation of delta sleep
after a decline~of emotional tension and general normalization of sleep structure
(for example, as a result of a course of electrosleep treatment). In this case,
fitness for work increases and autonomic changes reverr_ *_o normal.
Thus, the data submitted above are indicative of the important role of structural
organization of sleep in sustaining a normal level of work fitness in man, with
due r.onsideration of char.acterological traits and nature of work performed by the
subject.
However, ii would be wrong to consider on this basis that there is a direct link
between duration and quality of sleep, on the one hand, and fitness for work, on the
other: the results of experimental studies do not confirm this. In one ~tudy [36],
the sleep schedule was excessively changed for 10 subjects: sleep time was
extended to 11 h per day (from 2100 to 0800 hours); total sleep time ~aas retained
but shifted over the circadian rhythm (sleeping from 2100 to 0500 hours or from
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0300 to 1100 hours) and, finally, it was reduced to 5 h(from 0300 to 0800 hours).
The structure of sleep on the usual schedule, sleeping from 2400 to 0800 hours, weiG
also studied. Each schedule was kept for 1 week, after which the subjects slept
on their usual schedule for 7 days. It was found that the precision and speed of
_ performance were considerably lower, while negative affective changes were greater
with all of the altered sleep schedules. The diminished work fitness was not
due to either the change in total duration of sleep or structure of prior sleep.
Worsening of well-being, as well as diminished fitness with increase in duration
of sleep, were the unexpected results of this study.
Indeed, if we ~onsider that the main function of sleep is for the optimum organiza-
tion of information, elimination of information overload and elimination of non-
productive emotional tension, it is incomprehensible why excessive sleep can have
an adverse effect.
The hypothesis has been expounded [36] that the optimum level of effective function
in a waking state may depend more on the correct rhythm of the "sleeping-waking"
cycle and particularly on bedtime, than on total duration and structure of sleep.
The role of circadian rhythm is also stressed by the fact that certain times of
- day were observed when changes in sleep schedule had a particular effect on fitness
- for work and well-being. Thus, the largest number of mistakes in attention tests
were referable to noon and afternoon (about 1200 and 1700 hours), but not in the
morning.
_ It is known, that a distinct rhythm is observed in many physiological functions,
which are re~.ated in some way to f itness for work, when there is a normal sleeping
and waking schedule. It is also known that physiological rhythms are found to be
somewhat shifted in phase in so-called "larks" and "owls," i.e., individuals whose
peak activity is referable to morning or evening hours [37].
It would be logical to assume that there is a close correlation between these physio-
logical and psychological rhythms, which determine fitness for work, on the one
hand, and the circadian "sleeping-waking" rhythm, on the other. At any rate, it
- has been shown [38] that differences in rhythm of secretion of epinephrine, body
temperature and performance of "owls" and "larks" level off or disappear entirely
with 72 h of sleep deprivation. Consequently, in those cases where such differ-
ences are present, they are perhaps mediated by the "slEeping-waking" circadian
rhythm. However, an artificial change in this rhythm, be it longer sleep, earlier
falling asleep or later awakening, could affect the dynamics of physiological and
psychological functions and, consequently, fitness for work. In particular, in
the case of waking up late, the subject could sleep through the time of day that
is optimum for his efficiency, just like early falling asleep could disrupt the
natural cycle of physiologica3. processes and reduce efficiency on the following day
in an individual with peak activity in the evenings.
Several studies [38] did not take into consideration the possible differences in
peak of activity between subjects. Yet it is necessary to consider this when
studying the effects of the sleep schedule on fitness and general well-being of
people. Staying awake during a period that is biologically intended for sleep,
like sleeping at a time intended for being awake (daytime sleep when working on a
night shift) may not be physiologically satisfactory, even if deviations from the
norm are not demonstrable with regard to objective signs, for example, sleep
structure.
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Thus, it ~_s mandatory to consider the fact that changes in sleep schedule could
have an adverse effect, not only on fitness for work but health (frequency and
severity of diseases) because this is associated with discoordination of many
other rhythmic functions of the body.
But, just as it would be a mistake to overlook this circumstance, it would be wrong
to underestimate the functional role of the change in sleep structure described
above. The fact remains: when there is selective deprivation referable to different
phases of sleep, the overall "sleeping--waking" cycle and rhythm occasionally fail
to change, while the effect of such deprivation on fitness for work is significant.
In various extreme situations and in the presence of neurotic states, the sleep
" schedule may not change as a whole, but its structure could vary over a certain
_ range and show a correlation with changes in fitness. Thus, in the presence of
neurosis, the shortage of delta sleep is related to rapid progression of asthenic
symp[oms. Evidently, not all changes in the sleep schedule have the same effect
on an individual's condition during the subsequent.waking period.
- For this reason, the conception of the effect of altered sleep schedule on physiolo-
gical and psychological functions must not compete with conceptions of the role
of altered structure of sleep itself, but enlarge upon them.
Such an approach to the physiological study and hygienic evaluation of work in
shifts and night work could deepen significantly our understanding of the nature
of changes in the entire organism that are associated with such work and enable -::s
to develop with better validation the appropriate recommendations.
Conclusion
Thei-e is every reason to supplement the traditional studies of industrial physiology
_ and hygiene with in-depth investigation of the relationship between sleep and the
waking state, their reciprocal effect on one another, with the use of modern poly-
graphic techniques.
Firs: of all, it is int~r~sting to examine these correlations in people engaged
in intensive mental labor, operators performing important control functions, workers
on alternate morning, day and night shifts and those working only at night for many
years. The main question is whether any adaptive changes occur and how they are
manifested. Are there individual or other differences in ability to sdjust to
shift work or only night work? If so, which is quite probable, is it possible to
find methods of vocational screening of individuals who adjust easily and define
contraindications for those who react to such a schedule with particular difficulty
and morbidity, whose reliability is drastically diminished when they work under
such conditions?
It is also interesting to investigate the preterred duration of working on the
same shift in order to cause the least discoordination of working and living
schedule in relation to the natural fluctuations of physiological iunctions. What
is tl~e physiological value of brief sleep, frequent naps, ~ai~~n working at night,
when this is admissible with regard to working conditions, and how does this affect
fitness for work? Finally, what is the link between a change in phases of sleep and
coaking state, and the rhythms of many other physiological functions?
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~\I3ut one mu~c be fully aware of the fact of the immense difficulties involved in
organiz'ng such studies under real living conditions.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Miles, W. R. and Laslett, H. R., PSYCHOL. REV., Vol 38, 1931, p 10.~
2. Wilkinson, R. T., QUART. J. EXPTL. PSYCHOL., Vol 12, 1960, p 36.
3. Williams, H. L., Lubin, A. and Goodnow, J. J., J. PSYCHOL., Vol 73, 1959, p 14.
4. Wilkinson, R. T., TRIANGEL, Vol. 8, No 5, 1968, p 162.
5. Jovanovic, U., "Normal Sleep in Man," Stuttgart, Hippokrates Verl., 1971.
6. Latash, L. P. and Manov, G. A., FIZIOLOGIYA CHELOVEKA, Vol 1, No 2, 1975,
p 267.
7. Grieser, C., Greenberg, R. and Harrison, R. J., ABNORM. PSYCHOL., Vol 80,
No 3, 1972, p 280.
8. Agnew, H. W., Webb, W. B. and Williams, R. L., EEG AND CLIN. NEUROPHYSIOL.,
Vol 17, 1964, ~ 68.
9. McGrath, M. and Cohen, D., PSYCHOL. BULL., Vol 85, No 1, 1978, p 24.
10. Greenberg, R. and Pearlman, Ch., THE PSYCHOANALYTIC QUART., No 3, 1975, p 392.
11. Rotenberg, V. S., in "Mater. 6-go Vsesoyuzn. s"yezda nevropatologov i
psikhiatrov jProceedings of 6th All-Union Congress of Neuropathologists and
Psychiatrists], Moscow, Vol l, 1975, p 261.
1'l. Arshavskiy, V. V. and Rotenberg, V.S., USP. FIZIOL. NAUK, Vol 9, No 3, 1978,
p 49.
L3. ~iartmann, F.., "Functiona of Sleep. The Nature of Sleep,"~Stuttgart,
Eiippokrates Verl., 1975, p 238.
14. Rotenberg, V. S., in "Fiziologiya i patologiya sna cheloveka" jPhysiology and
Pathology of Human Sleep], Moscow, 1975, p 69.
15. Jovanovic, U., Liebaldt, G., Muhl, U., Nippert, M., Sto~ker, G. and Stumkat,
E., ARCH. PSYCHIATR. NERVENKR., Vol 214, 1971, p 183.
L6. Kjellberg, A., PSYCHOLOGIC. REPORTS, Vol 37, 1975, p 479.
17. Lc:;ter, J., Knapp, T. and Roessler, R., WAKING AND SL]:EPING, Vol 1, No 2,
1976, p 61.
18. Rotenberg, V. S., Shakhnarovich, V. M., Kandror, I. S., Roytenburd, S. R.,
Goncharenko, A. M., Kosilina, N. M., Tyurin, M. S. and Arenalis-Garsiya, R.,
FIZIOLOGIYA CHELOVEKA, Vol 1, No 5, 1975, p 756.
- 16
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19. Johnson, L. C., in "Behavior and Brain Electrical Activity," 1975, p 1.
20. Johnson, L. and Macle~d, W., PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS, Vol 36, No l, 1973,
p 87.
21. Dement, W. and Greenberg, S., EEG AND CLIN. NEUROPHYSIOL., Vol 20, 1966, p 523
22. Webb, W. and Agnew, H., SCIENCE, Vol 150, 1965, p 1745.
23. Naiton, P., WAKING AND SLEEPING, Vol 1, No 2, 1976, p 53.
24. Luby, E. D., Grisell, J. L., Frohmann, C. E., Lees, H., Cohen, B. and
Gottlieb, J. S.., ANN. N.Y. ACAD. SCI., Vol 96, 1962, p 71.
i 25. Lewin, J. and Glaubman, H., PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Vol 12, No 3, 1975, p 349.
26. Glaubman, H., Orbach, J., Awram, P., Frieder, J., Frieman, M., Pelled, 0.
and Glaubman, R., Ibid, Vol 15, 1978, p 75.
27. Goncharenko, A. M., Shakhnarovich, V. M. and Rotenberg, V. S., ZH. VYSSH.
NERVN. DEYAT-STI, Vol 27, No 4, 1977, p 831.
2g. DeKoninck, J., Proul, G., Healey, T., Arsenault, R. and Prevost, F.,
SLEEP RESEARCH, Vol 4, 1975, p 150.
29. Studd, D., Healey, Th. and Broughton, R., in "Second International Sleep
Research Congress," Edinburgh, 1975, p 59.
30. Globus, G. C., Phoebus, E. C. and Boyd, R., AEROSPACE MED., Vol 43, 1972, p 266.
31. Kripke, D. F., Cook, B. and Lewis, 0. F., PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Vol 7, No 3, 1971,
p 377.
32. Bruden, G. and Goldstook, T., Ibid, Vol 10, No 1, 1973, p 36.
33. Webb, W. and Agnew, H., AVIAT. SPACE ENVIRON. MED., Vol 19, No 2, 1978, p 384.
34. Foret, J. and Benoit, 0., EEG.AND CLIN. NEUROPHYSIOL., Vol 37, 1974, p 337
35. Eiume, K. J. and Miles, Jo N., in "Second International Sleep Research Congress,"
Edinburgh, 1975, p 278.
36. Taub, J. M. and Berger, R. J., PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Vol 10, No 6, 1973, p 559.
37. Kleitman, N., "Sleep and Wakefulness," Chicago, 1963.
38. Frober, J., BIOL. PSYCHOL., Vol 5, 1977, p 119.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Fiziologiya cheloveka", lyi~U
10,657
CSO: 8144/1482 �
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UDC: 612.85+612.825
SENSIBILITY OF AUDITORY AND TACTILE SENSORY S~STEMS WHEN STIMULATED SEPARATELY
AND TOGETHER
Moscow FIZIOLOGIYA CHELOVEKA in Russian Vol 6, No 6, Nov-Dec 80 pp 1131-1133
[Article by N. Yu. Alekseyenko, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neuro-
physiology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, submitted 10 Oct 79]
[Text] Studies of the significance of motor activity to spatial hearing established
that proprioceptive impulsation associated with head movement affects not only per-
- ception of the direction of the sound source but absolute sensibility of the
auditory system jl, 2]. In this regard, the question arose as to whether this
effect on hearing thresholds is specif ic to proprioception, to which the auditory
system is functionally closely linked under conditions of integral human and animal
behavior, or whether other sensory systems have the same effect on hearing. Pre-
viously obtained data concerning the modulating effect of cutaneous sensibility
on spatial hearing [3] suggest the possibility of the latter~s effect on auditory
thresholds.
To check this hypothesis, experiments were conducted to examine the effect of
cutaneous sensibility on hearing, in which the subject was presented with audio
and cutaneous stimuli of varying intensity simultaneously: threshold, supraliminal
and subliminal for both modalities, in different combinations of these intensities,
- and determination was made of audibility of the audio signal contained in each
combination.
Audio stimuli, consisting of 0.2 ms clicks, were delivered in a free acoustic
field by an ESU-1 stimulator through a TD-6 electrodynamic telephone. Electro-
cutaneous stimulation was delivered by means of pulses of current of the same
duration from the same stimulator to the skin of the forearm through silver cup
electrodes with electroconductive paste. Both stimuli were used simultaneously.
Their intensity was regulated by attenuators.
The subject was kept in a dark, sound-proof chamber. At the start of the test,
we measured the thresholds of audio and cutaneous stimuli separately, after which
they were used together at intensities of -2 to -K+ dB in relation to the estab-
lished threshoids, with intervals of about 15 s between combinations. The different
combinations were used in random order. Each experiment involved 70 to 150 combina-
tions of stimuli with a 5-10-min rest break. After each combination, the subject
was instructed to report whether he heard a sound and felt stimulation of the skin
("Sound," "Skin"). In all, we conducted 28 experiments on 9 healthy subjects
19-22 years of age.
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dB In the vast majority of these tests
_Z � � � � � ' ~ - (23 out of 28) , there was distinct
- 0~ ~ _ elevation of auditory sensibility under
Z the influence of supraliminal (per-
ceptible) cutaneous stimulation. Thus,
o o~ o~~ J~. when combined with subliminal electro-
~ _ cutaneous stimuli, the clicks deliv-
- p~ . � � ered at the intensities we chose were
-2~- ~ ~ heard by the subjects in 38% of a total
of 690 presentations, whereas in cocn-
_ L binations with supraliminal cutaneous
l~ � ~ � ~ � � ' ' ' ~ stimulation they were heard in 63%.
p . Thus, the increase in auditory 5ensi-
' _Z~ c o n bility was distinct and reliable,
although it did not occur with each
= Effect of cutaneous sensibility on auditory presentation.
sensibility (schematic depiction of frag-
ments of three experiments) The Figure illustrates some examples
Audio stimuli: black circles--audible, of such changes, where there is sche-
white--inaudible; black triangles-- matic rendition of fragments of three
perceptible electrocutaneous stimuli, tests with three subjects. We see
white--imperceptible. that with the use of clicks of the
Y-axis, intensity of stimuli as related same intensity, they were not heard
to perception threshold, dB (white circles) in combinations where
there was no cutaneous sensation
(white triangles), whereas in the combinations where electric stimuli were percep-
tible (black triangles) the same clicks were audible (black circles), with the
exception of two cases.
Thus, it was discovered that the capacity to affect auditory sensibility is not
inherec~t specifically to proprioception, but other sensory systems, in this case
the cutaneous one.
It must be noted thatsome researchers [4, 5] observed elevation of the auditory
threshold under the influence of cutaneous stimulation. Evidently, this is re-
- lated to the fact that they specially used strong electrocutaneous stimuli that
have a masking effect on signals of other modalities.
As for the structural bases of the effect we observed, according to data in the
~ literature there are several possibilities. For example, stimulation of the skin
of a cat's paw altered neuronal activity in its cochlear nuclei [6, 7], inferior
lamina tecti mesencephali [6, 8], internal geniculate body [6], its large-cell
part [9] and primary auditory cortex [10]. On the basis of evoked potentials, over-
lapping of cutaneous and auditory.projections was demonstrated in the anterior ecto-
sylvian gyrus [11]. These two modalities also interact in multisensory cortical
regions [12, 13J. However, it must be stipulated that, unlike our psychophysical
experiments, these electrophysiological data were indicative of predominantly
inhibitory effects of cutaneous stimulation on hearing.
Let us also mention that we demonstrated the opposite effect, and an even stronger
one at that, in the course of our experiment~, i.e., the influence of audible
sounds on cutaneous sensibility. Subjects perceived isolated cutaneous stimuli
in 30% of ttie cases (562 deliveries without audible sounds), and in combination
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with audible clicks (325 presentations) they did so in 79% of the cases. These
findings conform with previously published data [14].
Conclusion
A study was made of the effect of mild tactile stimulation on auditory sensibility.
Stimuli of both modalities were delivered either separately or simultaneously. In
the case of concurrent tactile (supraliminal) and sonic stimulation, the auditory
thresholds were reliably lower than with audio stimulation alone. Thus, mild
tactile excitation increased excitability of the auditory system. .
~ BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Alekseyenko, N. Yu. and Kamenkovich, V. M., FIZIOLOGIYA CHELOVEKA, Vol 3,
No 2, 1977, p 324.
2. Alexeenko, N. Y. and Verderevskaya,N. Y., EXPTL. BRAIN RES., Vol 26, No 5,
1967, p 495.
3. Alekseyenko, N. Yu., in "Problemy fi.ziologicheskoy akustiki" [Problems of
Physiological Acoustics], Leningrad, Vol 1, 1949, p 4.
4. Gescheider, G. A. and Niblette, R. K., J. EXPTL. PSYCHOL., Vol 74, No 3,
1967, p 313.
S. Gescheider, G. A., Sager, L. G. and Ruffolo, L. J., PERCEPT. PSYCHOPHYS.,
Vol 18, No 3, 1975, p 209.
6. Buchwald, J. S., Holstein, S. B. and Schwefel, T., ANAT. REC., Vol 163,
No 2, 1969, p 160. ~
7. Naumova, T. S. and Bobkova, R. M., ZH. VYSSH. NERVN. DEYAT., Vol 22, No 2,
1972, p 394.
8. Aitkin, L. M., Dickhaus, H., Shult, W. and Zimmermann, M., J. NEUROPHYSIOL.,
Vol 41, No 4, 1978, p 837.
9. Khorevin, V. I., NEYROFIZIOLOGIYA, Vol 10, No 2, 1978, p 133.
10. Borgest, A. N., in "Materialy VII Vses. konf. po elektrofiziologii
tsentral'noy nervnoy sistemy" [Proceedings of 7th Al1-Union Conference on
Electrophysiology of the Central Nervous System], Kaunas, 1976, p 52.
11. Berman, A. L., J. NEUROPHYSIOL., Vol 24, No 6, 1962, p 595.
12. Bignall, K. E., EXPTL. NEUROL., Vol 18, No 1, 1967, p 56.
13. Schneider, A. S. and Davis, J. L., PHYSIOL. BEHAVIOUR, Vol 3, No 3, 1974, p 365.
14. Gescheider, G. A., Kane, M. J., Sager, L. C. and Ruffolo, L. J., BULL.
PSYCHONOM. SOC., Vol 3(3A), 1974, p 204.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Fiziologiya cheloveka", 1980
10,657
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UDC: 612.821
DYNAMICS OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS DURING OPERATOR
WORK IN THE ANTICIPATION AND TRACKING MODE
Moscow FIZIOLOGIYA CHELOVEKA in Russian Vol 7, No 1, Jan-Feb 81 pp 75-80
[Article by N. I. Sapova and T. A. Pavlova, Leningrad, submitted 11 Nov 79]
[Text) An operator's work at a control console is related to the necessity of
perceiving and processing information on an extremely tight time schedule and
making appropriate decisions on this basis. During performance of operator work,
a man can be subject to the influence of a number of adverse factors, which alter
the operator`s functional state and efftciency [fitness for work] [1-4J. For this
- reason, industrial physiologists are confronted with the task of observing the
condition of operators during work in order to detect early adverse signs of
changes in them and to prevent such adverse changes.
Our objective was to investigate the functional changes in the human body in the
course of operator work for 4 h in the mode of anticipation and tracking, with
differing density of signal input per watch [work perio~] and under different
ambie~it microclimate conditions.
Methods
A total of 10 people (men) 20 to 33 years of age, who had not been engaged pre-
viously in operator work, participated in the studies. Their duties consisted of
prompt detection and tracking of an illuminated dot on a television screen. The
tests were conducted in a small sound-proof. chamber. The first and second tests
were conducted under ordinar�r conditions (temperature 22�1�C, humidity 40-60%),
the third at an air temperature of 43�1�C (with th~ =~me humidity). The density
of signal delivery constituted 160 in the first test, and 16 signals per watch
in the second and third. In the first test, the intervals between signals ranged
from 20 s to S min, in the second and third from 30 s to SO min, with tracking
time of 20 s. Prior to the tests, the subjects were trained many times in
operator work at a console.
The well-being of the subjects was evaluated by means of interrogation following
a specific outline before and after work. We studied the direct indicators of
operator efficiency--number of errors (misses) referable tc si~nals, as well as
the quality of tracking (integral tracking error).
Specially developed "Search" equipment was used to study the dynamics of inental
efficiency of the operators. An instrument generated groups of audio signals for
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several successive intervals each lasting 5 s, at a constant frequency of pulses
within an interval and increasing frequency from interval to interval. The
duration of the sonic pulse was constant, and it constituted 80 ms.
The method of counting signals (CC) under conditions of time shortage consisted of
determining the maximum signal frequency at which the subject could correctly
count the to*_al number thereof per_ group. The subject was instructed in advance
to keep track of the number of signals by mentally listing the sequential number
of each of them. He was to call out loud the total number of signals in each group.
The maximum number of pulses counted correctly by the subject served as the indi-
cator [parameterJ. For the method of dividing attention (DA) under conditions of
shortage of time, the subject was asked to keep track of the number of audio signals
as in the preceding test. Concurrently with the audio signals, photic signals were
delivered in the same intervals. The number of photic pulses per group was set
at random (from 3 to 6). The duration of photic pulses constituted 80 ms. In
response to each photic pulse the subject had to touch the sensory plate on the
instrument with his right index finger right after appearance of the light. Per-
formance of this task was rated according to maximum number of audio signals
correctly counted by the subject, provided he also reacted properly to the phot~c
signals.
i
tance of the o erative [immediate] memory (OM) method under conditions of I
The subs p ~
shortage of time consisted of determining the threshold frequency of two types o~
audio signals alternating in random order, at which the subject was capable o~
correctly counting the number of both types separately. The instrument generated
audio si~nals lasting 160 ms for several successive intervals lasting 10 s. In
each group, the higher frequency (1000 Hz) signa]s alternated with lower frequency
(400 Hz) signals. The order of delivery of high and low signals in each group was
set by a transmitter of random numbers. The sub~ect was asked to count the number
of high and low signals separately in each group, listing mentally the sequential
number of each. The maximum number of high and low audio signals that were counted
correctly in 10 s was taken as the threshold value.
In the examination of the cardiovascular system, arterial pressure (AP) was
measured by the Korotkov method with a Bedmonitor instrument by remote contzol.
The electrocardiogram was taken in the D-S lead [5]. Phase an~lysis of cardiac
- function was performed by means of concurrent registration of the EKG, sphygmo-
gram of the carotid artery and seismocardiogram. The polycardiograms (PKG) were
interpreted by the method described by V. L. Karpman j6]. An original design
of the Periodometer instrument was used to record intervalocardiography (IKG).
This instrument is based on the principle of time and amplitude conyersion of
EKG R-R intervals recorded in the form of vertical lines with an automatic tracer.
The stationary segments were evaluated according to mean values of R-R intervals,
sinus arrythmia (SA), determined as the difference between maximum and minimum
' R-R intervals within the selected epoch of analysis (3 min), as well as analysis of
amplitude of respiratory waves of cardiac rhythm (RA), which was calculated for
~ive respiratory cycles. The rheoencephalogram (REG) was recorded in the left
frontomastoidal lead and the rheovasogram (RVG) of the lower extremities from
the left lower leg. The rheograms were interpreted by the conventional method j7].
~ Stroke (SV) and ~inute (MV) volumes of the heart were determined by the method
~ of integral rl~eography of the body (TBR) using the formula from the works of
a ri, I. Tishchenko j8]. The aboVe-mentioned physiological processes were recorded
~ 22
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with nc~~ subj~~ct in seated position. The REG, RVG, IRR and PKG were analyzed
in 20 .5uc~~essive. ~:ardiac cycles. Variabi].ity was defined as the difference between
maxim~~m and minimum val.ues of parameters within this epoch of analysis.
2
The orttiosr~:tic~ tc~st and Marein's test (20 squats in 30 s), with registration of
_ i'r'.C 1nd A1', wi~re pc~rformed before and after the watch. Transient processes in
t.}zE�:;~� *ests weY�e evposed khar the concept of quality of regulation, which refers to the
rc:,~l}:~roi~al ~~f the 3rea :~f regulation, be applied in biology j9] . However, as shown
~ hv vur ~x.;~E,rience, r~~uuction of the area of regulation involves great strain for ~
t;~e bc~dy sn:i cannot be considered a positive phenomenon, whereas in engineering such
a rtdu.~tior~ i.s indicative of better regulation of the system. On the basis of data
submictcd i~y D. ti. Menitskiy [10], the reaction to a load characterizes excitabi-
].ity, d:iration of ttte transient process--lability, whereas overregulation is
ii~d..cative uf eqiiiiibrium of nervous processes in the regulatory centers of the
ar~;an ism.
RE>~:ul.ts
~~l:l ot tii~ ~ubjects who participated in the tests noted that operator work is
t:.rin~, duc~ tc~ tt~~ cnonotony and uniformity of the surroundings. There were com-
;11r headaci~e, sharp pain in the eyes, which were :aore marked in the third
- te~t. The suhjec~ti also reported that it was difficult to sustain the working
(}o:, 1 t 2.pn .
titudies c~f eEficiency of oper:?tor performance revealed that the number of missed
si~;n.+is per watc,h constituted 1.1-1.6 in all of the tests. The largest number of
mf.5sc:-ct signals due to distraction was noted at high ambient temperature (2.9 sig-
nals). "i'racking error (mo[cir camponent of work) diminished toward the end of the
w~~;.cn ,.n :~I1 of Che tests (the "finish-line dash" effect).
In orcler t~.~ :~,:_~se~~;z. Ir~ th ie~ rt~^~~zd, tht:~~~ was discussion of the means and algori.thms
' s~i ~:~xL-;-:�v~~ir~~; ;r.~:ivi~'~,~-tl ~1c~cr.~, as we11 as the question of the number and nature of
n r~;cr;i,^~~;~z~~:, ~;~;c~c.! t~}~ cx:.~~",.~z~c.:~t ~eaplt~ to assess rhe degree of similari_ty or differ-
~ f'll( _ ~;t.'~l:ii'1: C}:. .,;:1!?14' ..~1!1?l~~tX UU~PC~S~
-:x~~.~ ~.;Ee r~~~.~;ers :!:~l iv~.~red at. the symaasium entitled "Psychophysical Evalua-
~ t;~;n~; :~~,f~ ?=.~rr~~pr~.~;~i ~:z:~~~:~ii i~.3tion" (organizzc? by H. Geisler, GDR), there was
~ v;~i i~::.~r i~~;, ~:~i t_f~r_> r,c~c~~; ~:~r ir~-d~~~th in~.esti~ation of perceptual representation of
� :::�r~;~_~::~x r~~~;c..-~i ~srir,n~:? i. ~}~n~tilar~z~~ rrr rli.f.fe