JPRS ID: 9708 USSR REPORT ECONOMIC AFFAIRS

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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050004-8
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 4
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9954
1 September 1981
Worldwide Re ort
p
TEIECOMMUNIGATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(FOUO 12/81)
FBIS FOREIGN BRC~ADCAST INFORII/IATION SERVIC~
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NOTE .
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
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are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
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last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
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mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
- original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
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COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT nISSEMINATION
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JPRS L/9954
1 September 1981
WORLDWIDE ~EPORT
TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(FOUO 12/81)
CONTENTS
ASIA
:lAPAN
CAPTAII3 Data Search Service To Have Second Test Period
(NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN, 8 Jul 81) 1
USSR
Telecommunication in the Poatal Service Diacussed
(Y. Y~. Bukhviner; ELERTROSVYAZ', Jun 81) 3
Line Equipment of Tranamission Syatem K-1020S
(A. I. Pasikova; ELEKTROSVYAZ', Jun 81) 10
WEST EUROPE
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
Future Ariane Launches To Include Wide Variety of Satellites
(Pierre Langereux; AIR & COSMOS, 27 Jun 81) 12
ITALY
Results of Experimental Optical Cable Syatem COS3/FOSTER
(Feliciano Esposto, er al.; ELETTRONICA E
TELECOMMUNICAZIONI, Mar-Apr 81) 15
- a - [III - WW - 140 FOUO]
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JAPAN
CAPTAIN DATA SE~'iRCH SERVICE TO HAVE SECOND TEST PERIOD
Tokyo ;IIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 8 Jul 81 p 4
[Text] The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications has begun studying the implemen-
tation of a service using the CAPTAIN system (character and patterns telephone access
information network), scheduled to be ready for use in 1983, with ouzside on-line
systems. It could be used for such purposes as checking bank account balances and
making airline and train reservations. The CAPTAIN system is a data search service
in which graphic data is called up on a video screen from a data base in a location
separated from the user. However, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications has
decided that this function alone is too limited and not conducive to wide dissemina-
tion. Therefore, it is attempting to expand the funcrions of the system.
The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications and the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
Public Corporation are taking the lead in preparing for the application of the
CAPTAIN system. The first test period was from the end of last year to March this
- year, and the second test period is scheduled to begin this August. During the first
~ test period, information was only displayed on a video screen. During the second
test period, the users terminal equipment will be operated so as to provide better
service.
The following kinds of new service will be added: 1) the sending of buying orders in
response to shopping information, 2) the use of a copy function to keep a record of
the information on the screen, and 3) the organization of a"closed user group," which
will be able to call up spec:ial information on the screen.
At present, only the information entered in the CAPTAIN system'~ data base cente'r can
be called up. With the second t~st period, it will become possible for the provider
- of the information to revise the data entered in the data base. However, direct
access from the user's terminal to the data base of the information provider will not
yet be possible.
For this, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications is planning to connect the
CAPTAIN system with certain on-line networks to provide a service with dire~t access
from the terminal to the on-line network. For example, with the present system, if
the user wants to know his bank account balance, he cannot get the information unless
it has already been entered into the CAPTAIN system center. This is not very practical.
If it become~ nossible to have direr_t access from the CAPTAIN terminal to t~e bank's
on-line network, the step of putting the information from the bank into the center
can be eliminated and the user can find out his balance immediately.
1
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Also Under Development in the United States an3 Europe
With the CAPTAIN system, the user can select the necessary information such as news,
recreation information, shopping information, etc, and have it displayed on a screen
at any time. It is a two-way service since the user can select r.he information.
CAPTAIN is the name of the Japanese systzm but a similar system, coffinonly called
Videotex, is under development and partially being applied in the United States and
Europe.
The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications surveyed the experiments with Videotex
started in June of last year in Berlin and Dusseldorf. They found that, in addition
to data search .from the user's terminal similar to the CAPTAIN system, a number of
services were available through connection with an external computer data base. These
include making reservations, sending shopping orders, and data processing with an
ordinary language system. There are already 11 of these external data bases in ser-
vice, and the number is expected to grow to 35 soon.
In Great Britain, where practical use of Videotex was first undertaken, the West
German system has been adopted. Preparations are underway to hook up with an external
computer beginning next year. Canaua and France are also conducting experiments in
order to achieve the same type of sophisticated service. The key to gaining wide
acceptance for the CAPTAIN system is to provide this kind of high-quality service
through connection with an external computer, and the Ministry of Posts and Telecom-
municatioas has begun studying the matter.
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1981
9651
CSO: 8129/1522
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USSR
UDC 621.395.74.397.12
TELECOMMUNICATION IN THE POSTAL SERDICE DISCIISSED
rioscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 6, Jun 81 pp 12-16
[Article by Y. Ye. Bukhviner: "Telecoimnunication in the Postal Service." Submitted
22 Jul 80. Published as a matter for discussion]
[Text] The postal service in the USSR handles as many as ten
billion messages annually most of which are delivered by mailmen.
On~ half of the communication workers of the country are postal
workers and their work is not very effective. A~ubstantial in-
crease in their labor productivity can be achieved by redu~ing~
the volume of sorting and transportation of mail through the in-
~ troduction of telecoumminication methods in the postal service,
i.e., by transmitting simplex written messages via channels of
telephone networks during the low-load hours.
_ As the telepY?one networks develop, there also arises the problem
- of the optimization of the transmission of simplex speech and
machine messages whose amount is steadily increasing. Therefore,
communications administrations of many countries are searching
for a systemic solution of the problems of utilizing the re-
serves of telephon~ netiworks. Among other things, automated sys-
_ tems are being developed for transmitting postal correspondence
by telecommunication facilities which are referred to as "electro-
post", "electronic posC office", "electr~nic message transmission
service", etc.
Studies in the area of electronic postal service are being con-
ducted by the World Postal Union and International Telecommunica-
- tion Union. Now, it- is necessary to search for the most rational
ways of using the above possibilities in application to the nation-
wide cammunication network of the Soviet Union.
The edi~ors are inviting specialists to participate in the discus- ~
sion of the problems treated in this article.
Organizational Principles of the Electronic Postal Service. The present state of
electronic engineering, public telephone networks and the self-service system for
c'lients makes it possible to reproduce texts withcut their repeated (as in telegraphy)
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. manual typesetting, The electronic postal service is a system for tra~:smitting sim-
plex messages through communication channels under the control of a central computer
- which collects, processes, stores and delivers signals during the hours when the net-
_ works are underloaded [1].
7.'he increasing shortage of labor resources and needs of the clients in better postal
services, in addition to the preaence of reserves in the traffic capacity in tele-
co~nunication networks, have become objective reasons for the introduction of the
electronic postal service.
The reserves of GTS [city telephor_e exchanges] can be used for transmitting postal
- correspondence at night and the reserves of intercit;~ networks can be used for trans-
- mitting written messages from the periphery to ttie center, which is very important
in collecting report data. Postal services delivering printed matter, parcels, and
a number of other types of mail ca~not be replaced b3~ telecommunication facilities.
~ Consequently, it is necessary to isolate those communication services which can be
economically effectively realized in the public teleco~nunication network. Elec-
tronic postal service ensures the transmission of urgent correspondence both for
the subscribers of telephone netwarks (primarily to organizations and enterprises)
and to clients of the postal service.
Various services which are included today in the concept of the electronic post of-
fice provide a complex of cammunication services determi*?~d by the possibilities of
the message processing centers and the terminal equipment [2,3]. Variations of loads
during the twenty four hour period are apparent the most at GTS, therefore, it is in
cities that the electronic postal service is effective the most. Specifically, it
speeds up business correspondence and unloads the telephone network and subscribers'
teletypewriters from the tranamission of a part of simplex measages. (See Table 1)
A facsimile set with open recording which automatically transmits and receives docu-
mentary information in communication departments [2,3] is the most promising termin-
al of the electronic post office. As is known, it makes it possible to transmit in
a standard TCh [tone-frequency~ channel textual (printed or written in any language)
messages which have the validity of a legal document, as well as drawings, charts,
and other ~.mages. Facsimile signals can be relayed in the analog or digital form,
similarly to speech signals, at a rate of not Iess than one document of A4-sheet in
size in six minutes.
Foreign systems of electronic post office services use,chiefly photograms today for
transmitting written messages, although there is also a pressing need of transmit-
ting oral simplex messages phonograms, as well as computer messages machino-
grams (Table 2). These three types of inessages which are equivalent to written mes-
sages, are conventionally called mailograms [2].
All types of inessages shown in Table 2 can be transmitted by telecommunication sig-
nals in the course of one minute and satisfy the needs of business and private com-
munications. Consequently, there arises the possibility of creating a complex sys-
tem of simplex transmission of oral and written messages. Simplex transmission of
speech and facsimile signals to communication departments or to the eubscriber will
ma.ke it possible to deliver messages to the addressees efficiently in the course of
taenty four hours. A phonogram makes it possible for the arldresses to hear the
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voice and the photogram to see the handwriting of the.sender, which is important
botl: in business and in private correspondence. The method of facsimile documenta-
tion of machine data [4} ensures the possibility of delivering mack~ine information
from information storage cei~ters to telephone subscribers. Methods have also been
developed for the speech output of ma.chine messages to the telephone network CS~.
Thus, an automated system for transmission of written and oral messages via telecom-
munication channels during the low-load hours of telephone networks can ensure the
delivery of photograms, phoncgrams and machinograms to the addressees without equip-
ping subscribers with special equipment.
The block diagram of the electronic postal service (Figure 1) shows how its system
functions. The self-Service automatic device 1 installed in communication depart-
ments and institutions must be the terminal apparatus open to general use. It must
serve for both telephone calls and for the dispatching and receiving of phonograms
and photograms, The client dials the "electronic post office" service, reports
abou~t the payment for the service, and dials the phone number of the addressee (or
his postal index). Then the sender dictates the name of the addressee and the mes-
sage itself the phonogram.
- When transmitting a photogram, the sender, after giving the telephone number (or the
pos*.al index) of the addressee, inserts into the automatic communication device 1 a
standard postcard filled on both sides (the postcard is returned to the sender as a
receipt).
In agencies which have UATS [agency automatic telephone exehanges] 2, telephone and
facsimile sets 3 are attended by the office personnel.
When transmitting machinograms, the computer 4 calls the "electronic post office"
service by sending call signals, gives its code and the number ~f the addressee, and
_ then delivers a speech or facsimile message to the telephone channel [6].
Any terminal set public 1, agency 3 and ma.chine 4-- relays dialing signals and
analog speech or facsimile signals to the ATS [automatic telephone exchange] 5.
These signals are recorded in the atorage unit 6 in the order of their arrival. The ~
number of the memory zones must not be smaller than the number of the routes, and
the recording in the "route storage units" of the ATS must be performed under con-
trol of the call signals. Thus, automatic sorting and routing of inessages are per-
formed.
During the hours of the lowest load of the ATS, the processing unit 7 directs the
message (call number and a mailogram or photogram) to the GTS or the intercity net-
work 8. Ca11s and messages arrive at the ATS of the receiving point 9. Then the
message must be delivered to the agency of the addressee or to the nearest postal
department. Since the cunnecting telephone line may be busy, the ATS must have
storage units 10 and processin.g units 11 analogous to units 6 and 7. Messages arriv-
ing at the ATS can be delivered to the postal department, agency, or to-the residence
of the ad~ressee at the *_ime when he is ready to receive a telephone call or when he
calls the "general deZivery" service. Phonograms are transmitted from the ATS to the
addressee's telephone 12 automatically and are repeated until he hangs up the re-
ceivet, or (depending on the category) the subscriber is only informed about the
arrival of a phonogram which he can listen to in the postal department.
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Accflrdingly, a photogram can also be transmitted to an agency facsimile set 13 di-
rectly from the ATS 9. If the addressee does not have a facsimile set, he is in-
formed about the arrival of a photogram by phone and can receive the message through
"general delivery". A message can be delivered to the addressee by a mailman, since
the documentation of a photogram or a machine message is done by the facsimile seC
of the co~nunication department 14. It is also possible to install facsimile re-
ceivers in apartment buildings so that the residents of the building would be able
to receive their mail themselves, without a mailman.
The variant described above ~i.s a"paralZe2" variant of the system with accumula-
tion of inessages by the routes (for example, by the number of ATS in the city). A
- simnlified algqrithm of this variant is shown in Figure 2. A"successive" variant
is also possible, in which case the accumulation of inessages takes place without
presorting by directions. It is simpler to set up the successive variant, but the
parallel variant is more effective in the sense of the utilization of the coumrunica-
tians network, because it en~ures a minimal number of ATS calls.
Apart from the two variants of decentralized accumulation of inessages at the ATS,
there exists an alternative variant of centralized accumulation. It is realized in
the form of a special message switching cent~rs which ensures the gathering of in-
formation from the clients and subscribers during the day (messages are not dispatch-
ed at night), and the delivery of, messages at night or by request. Centralized stor-
age of inessages is connected wiCh additional loading of GTS during the day and,
therefore, is not c~nsidered here. Hawever, in some instances (for example, when
the number of subscribers is small or the load is limited), it is quite realistic
to have the variant with a single center for the accumulation and switching messages
during the first stage of the creation of the system. Naturally, the final selec-
tion of the variant depends on concrete conditions of the designing of the system.
It should be mentioned that it is necessary to have not only stationary storage units
of audio signals, but also subscribers' units which could register messages arriving
from the communication network. Such storage units could be cassette dictaphones
adapted for a~tomatic recording.
Consequently, messages recorded at night can be received on the following day by the
subscriber through standard teleph~nes and facsimile sets.
It is simpler to start the introduction oz the system with the transmission of phono-
grams, because this stage is realized without expenditures on terminal equipm~nt and
ensures self-service: the sender dictates, and the receiver records the message.
Main Parameters and Sources of System Effectiveness. The main parameters of the
system are determined by its daily productivity, i.e., the number of transmitted
messages.
In accordance with the schedules of daily loads o� ATS in the industrial and resi.-
dential zones of the city, the transmission time of the system T is 6-7 hours (0-7
AM) .
Assuming that T= 6 h, and one mailogram lasts t= 1 min (time sufficient for trans-
mitting a two-sided standard-size poatcard, as well as a telephonogram or a machino-
gram), it is simple to determine the ma.ximum carryi:~g capacity F of the subscriber's
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comm~snication channel: Fa a T/t = 360 mailograms in twenty four hours, which can
satisfy the needs of a smal.l conanunication department, agency, or a residence (sub-
scriber's station).
The maximum volume of the transmission of additional messages in the GTS networks is
determined by the potential daily carrying capacity of the network F~X, i.e., by
the number of simultaneously attended calls X in,each of the ,Z ATS of the network
during ChNN [peak-load hours] (let us assume that each ATS has 10,000 subscribers).
- Consequently, F~~ = Z R T t messages in twenty four hours. Table ~ shows the val-
ues of the maximum carz~ying capacity in the network depending on the number of ATS,
as well as the number of subscribers at a full load of the subscriber's facilities.
The maximum volume of the transmission of additional messages in the intercity net-
works is determined by the number of intercity .^.ommunication channels with a reduc-
tion of the duty time (to at least one half: TM = T/2) due to the t~ariance of the
time zones.
The daily productivity of the system F~ is determined by the product F~ = FR, where
R is the number of subscribers` stations. The maximum capacity of the subscriber's
storage unit is determined b~ the length of the systec~'s operation in twenty four
hours T. This means that for a six-hour cor~tinuous recording of analog speech and
facsimile signals, it is necessary to have six "hour" cassettes in the storage unit.
The station storage unit~ can tiave the same initial capacity, but the number of cas-
_ settes in them is determined by the number of the ATS in the city, and their capacity
will be increasing as the system develops. Consequently, subscribers' and etation
storage units can be standardized on the basis of the cassette dictaphone. With
multicassette storage units, it is possible to accampJ.ish successive recording of
messages at the ATS and parallel readou.t during documentation at the subscribers'
stations.
The main parameters of the processing unit are determined by the hourly praductivity
of the system. If the data from a file of M mailograms one-minute mes3ages (M =
50) are grocessed in one hour, then the total message procesaing traffic makes it
_ possible to select the necessary computing equipment for performing a number of op-
eration on the registration of telephone numbers (postal indexes) of the addressees,
sorting of inessages~by the cassettes of the storage unit, load control at ATS by the
routes, delivery of the call and message, acknowlegment of inessage, etc.
,
Considering the fact that Z storage units have to ~e controlled simultaneously (ac-
cording to the number of ATS in the neCwork), the transmission time of the call sig-
nal of minimal length 'Z ~ 100 ms, and the quantization o~ call siganals is done
asynchronously, the data~input speed of the computer must be not less than V= Z/Z6,
where S is the time quanCization step (for the case Z m 10, S= 100, and = 100 ms,
_ V= 0.1 ms). Since the operation speed of modern minicomputers is 2-3 microseconds,
the number of calls handled simultaneously can exceed 100.
It should ~e noted that when speech signals are stored in the digital form, a one-
minute message requires a recording volume (controllecl the computer) of not less
then Qo = 25 kilobytes. When standard computing equipment, such as magnetic tape
stores (for example, YeS-1012), with a capacity of Q= 250 megabytes is used for re-
cording and reproducing digital signals, it is possible to store 1.0~+-minute messages
in one storage unit. Consequently, one storage unit will make it possible to serve
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, R subscribers' stations: R a Q/QoT ~ 30. Therefore, the variant with digital signal
storage proves to be convenient when it is necessary to set up a system rapidly and
when the network of subscribers' stations is staall during the first stage of the
_ introduction of the system. It may be added that in some instances it is not neces-
sary to install subscribers' storage units because subscribers can receive phonogramg
through "general delivery" from the ATS.
Technical and ec:on~mic substantiation of the "electronic post office" system must
be done in an integrated manner with consideration of the sources of effectiveness
existing in various sectors of co~nunications. In the postal service, the growth
of capital investments reduces when the network develops, as well as rhe operating
expenses of the existing enterprises due to the decreases in the volume of loads.
In telecommunications, the active time of municipal (and then intercity) communica-
tions networks increases due to the decrease in the telephone and telegraph loads
and the number of repeated calls, which is equivalent to the improvement of the tele-
phone network and the subscribers' teletypewriter network without new expenditures.
Finally, the income of the communications industry increases and the quality of ser-
vices to the clients improves through the introduction of new types of paid communi-
cations services.
The effectivaness of the "elecCronic post office" system can also be evalua*_ed by
the increment in the time of paid use Af telecommunication networks which increases
by K = T/24 = 2570. ~
The annual economic effect of the "electronic post office" system is determined by
the difference between the value of the annual increment of the profit of the com-
munications industry and the value of the expenditures for the system.
Conclusions: 1. The variation of the loads of ~elecommunication networks during
the 24-hour period is an important factor stimulating the development of systems
for transmitting simplex messages through telephone networ!cs to postal departments,
institutions, and enterprises, and subscribers' stations. The "electronic post of-
fice" system can transmit written and oral messages of people and computers (photo-
grams, phonograms, and machinograms) in the form of audio signals relayed during the
low-toad hour3 of telephone networks.
2. In order to set up an "electronic post office" system, it is necessary to inatall
computer-controlled storage unit~ at ATS, and to install subscribers' devices permit-
ting the use of standard terminal equipment at the transmission and receiving sta-
tions. Devices for magnetic recording of analog signals can be used as storage unit~.
The following must be given for computing the main parameters of the system (produc-
tivity, capacity of storage units, type of computer, etc): length of operatinn of
the system during the twenty four hour period, mailogram length, number of the direc-
tions of transmission, and the number of subscriber's stations.
3. The economic effectiveness of the system is determined by the increase in the
carrying capacity of telephone networks (up to 25%), which maices it possible to im-
prove services to the clients by providing new paid communication services. More-
over, the decrease in the volume of mail items, as well as in the flow of simplex
telephone and telegraph messages during the peak hours of GTS will increase the ef-
fectiveness and quality in various sectors of the communications industry.
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Bibliogra~:~j
1. Shau~shin, V. A. "A New Stage in Planning the Development of Telecommunications
in the Country," ELERTROSVYAZ', Nol, 1980
2. Bukhviner, V. Ye. "Promising Techniques of Providing Communication Service."
ZARUBEZHNAYA RADIOELEn'TRODIIRA, No 6, 1977
3. Myastsov, B. Ye. "Electronic Postal Service, 1975-1990." EKSPRESS-INFORMATSIYA
"ZARUBEZHNAYA TEKHNIKA SVYAZI", Series TTPD, TsNTI [Center of Scientific and
Technical Information and Propaganda], "Informsvyaz No 11, 1979
~ 4. Bukhviner, V. Ye., et al. "Output of ASU [Automatic Control System] Information
Through Facsimile Communication Chanr.els," ELERTROSVYAZ', No 11, 1976
5. Bukhviner, V. Ye. "Upravlyayemo e kompandirovaniye rechevykh signalov" [Control-
led Companding of Speech Signals]~, Moscow, Svyaz', 1978
6. Bukhviner, V. Ye. "Automatic Communication Services to Clienta," in the book
"Informatsiya i narodnoye khozyaystvo" [Information and National Economy], Mos-
cow, Nauka, 1979
7. Bukhviner, V. Ye. "i~utomation of Services to Clients," ELEKTROSVYAZ', No 8,
1980
. COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz "Elektrosvyaz 1981
_ 10, 233
CSO: 5500/20
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USSR
LINE EQUIPMENT OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM K-1020S
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 6, Jun 81 p 64
[Article by A. I. Pasikova]
[Text] The transmission system K-10205 is intended for increasing the effectiveness
of the utilization of main high-frequency balanced communication cables multi~,lexed
with 60-channel equipment to a frequency of 252 kHz, and for organizing large groups
of channels in the main and zonal networks. This system makes it possible to organ-
ize as many as 1020 audio frequency channels in a frequency band of 312-4636 kHz on
one quad of a balanced cable.
The line equipment of the system includes: a line equipment bay SOLT (Figure 1) and
an unattended repeater station NUP (Figure 2).
Equipment Specifications
Maximum length of line, km 280
Nominal length of the repeater section
when using cables with cores of 1.2 mm
in diameter, km 3.2
Permissible deviations of the length of
the repeater sections from the nominal
value, km:
without artificial lines +0.2
with artificial lines +0.2
- -1.4
Line frequenci.es, kHz :
line spectrum 312-4636
line pilot frequencies 308 and 4896
remote c~r~trol signal 76
Operating temperature range, ~C:
SOLT from +10
to +35
NUP from -20
t o +~+0
The equipment of the attended repeater stations is fed from a local direct-current
power source of 24+2 V with a grounded plus. NUP is fed remotely through a
10
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"wire-wire" circuit by a direct current of 100+ mA from a source of 24+2.4 V through
a converter.
The S~LT bay is installed at terminal and intermediate attended repeater stations
and is designed in the form of a functional sectional structure. The overall dimen-
sions of the bay are: 2b00 X 680 X 225 mm, its total weight is 300 kg.
The NUP station consists of a hermetically sealed steel casing installed directly in
the ground and removable units.
_ The total saving in capital expenditures on a balanced cable line of 200 km in com-
parison with the construction of a new line with the same number of channels is 1.4
million rubles.
This system was developed by the Sverdlovsk Branch of the Central Design Office
jointly with TsNIIS [Central Scientific Research Institute of Communications].
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz "Elektrosvyaz 1981
- 10,233
- CSO: 5500/20
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INTERP:ATIONAL AFFAII2S
~
FUTURE ARIANE LAUNCHES TO SNCLUDE WIDE VARIETY OF SATELLITES
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 27 Jun 81 pp 57,59
LArticle by Pierre Langereux: "Meteosat 2 and Apple: First Satellites Launched by
- Ariane"~ .
CText~ The two g~ostationary satellites successfully launched by the third Ariane
rocket are part of the payloads launched under the APEX Adriane Passenger Experi-
ment~ program decided by the ESA ~European Space Agency in 1975. This program
led to the selection of five payloads, from among 93 available choices, to be
_ launchec3 free of charge on the last three fl,ight tests of the European launcher.
The German scientific satellite Firewheel (1,104 kg) and the German radio amateurs
satellite Oscar 9(92 kg) were lost with the failure of the second launch- (L 02),
The European maritime telecommunications satellite Marecs A(1,006 kg) will be
launched with the fourth and last test shot (L 04) scheduled not eatlier than mid-
November 1981.
The European meteorological satellite Meteosat 2(699 kg) and the Zndian experimen-
tal telecommunications satellite Apple (670 kg) were orbited together with the
- CAT 3 technological capsule (266 kg) by the third Ariane rocket, which thus
carried up a total payload of 1,635 kg. The CAT 3 technological capsule was put
into a 200-36,000 km geostationary transfer orbit inclined at 10.5�, while Meteo-
sat 2 and Apple were placed in geostationary orbit at an altitude of 36,.000 km.
Apple is the first telecommunications satellite built by India, as the forerunner
o� the future Ins3t 1 opezational satellites, which are to be built in the United
States and launched in 1982-1983. Apple is an experimental satellite designed to
test the principal auxiliary and telecommunications equipment components and to
enable India to gain experience in the launching and operation of geostationary
telecommunications satellites. Tt is also the first triaxially stabilized geo-
stationary satellite built by the Indian space organization ISRO ~expansion un-
known~. Designed for an operational life of 2 years, this satellite is equipped
mainly with a Band C(466 GHz) telecommunications repeater having an isotropic
radiated power of 31.5 dBW, associate with a 9-mm diameter carbon-fiber antenna.
Electric power is supplied to the satellite by a solar generator system of two
deployable panels, whose initial power output is 280 watts at thz statt of its
operational life, one panel of which, however, appears not to have deployed. The
_ solid-propellant apogee engine was also built by the ISRO. This 325-kg engine,
272 kg of which are solid propellant, is derived from the fourth stage of the new
12
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Indiara launcher SLV 3, which has already been used to launch two Indian satellites,
one of them only recently. But the latter satellite fell from orbit prematurely
as a result of having been ~ilaced in too low an orbit by the SLV 3 rocket. Thus,
if the Apple satellite cannot be put into service because of the failure of the
solar panel ~to deploy, India faces the loss of two satellites in rapid succession.
Meteosat 2 is the second flight model of the ESA's geostationary meteorological
satellites, which represent Europe's contribution to the WM ~World Weather Watch~.
The Meteosat 2 satellite is to become operational around 19 July and is to laegin
transmitting images beginning 28 July.
Placed in geostationary orbit at 0� longitude, Meteosat 2 will observe continu-
ously the clouds and the earth's surface that are visible from the satellite.
_ These data, which are of interest to Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, will be
received by the Michelstadt (Germany) station and transmitted to the Meteosat
~ data processing center at Darmstadt (Germany), where the satellite c~ntrol center
is also located. The data will consist of raw images provide8 every 25 mm by the
satellite's radiameter on three wavelengths (visible, thermal infrared and water-
vapor infrared). These data, after being preprocessed at the ESOC [Eurapean Space Opera-
tions Center],are then retransmitted by thesatellite to the various users. Owing to
the replacement of the Darmstadt Meteosat processing center's computers, however,
the Meteosat 2 preprocessed images e:ill not be able to be distributed in the im-
mediate future. Not until March-April 1982 will it be possible to receive Meteo-
sat 2 preprocessed images. There are currently throughout the world around 200
SDUS stations equipped to receive Meteosat images processed to WEFAX standard.
Meteosat 2, like Meteosat 1, is also equipped to collect data frozn automatic
platforms situated in the Satellite's zone of visibility.
Meteosat 2 is designed for an operational life of 3 years, but it is hoped that
- it will remain opezational 4-5 years, that is, until mid-1985 or mid-1986. The
first Meteosat 1 satellite, which was launched 23 November 1977 and went into
trouble 2 years later (end of November 1979) as a result of the failure of a
power supply system component (replaced in the second satellite), still had
available at the time enough reserve propellant (hydrazine) for attitude control
over an additional 18 months.
Looking beyond Meteosat 2, which remains an experimental satellite, it is planned
to set up a permanent operational network of European meteorological satellites
- in geostationary orbit. The system would aonsist of three or four OPN~T opera-
tional satellites, which would be launched successively to ensure operation of the
network over a period of some 10 yeats. The first of these is to be launched in
1986 to continue the service that will be being provided by Meteosat 2, operation
of which is already being financed by the European weather services, especially
by France national weather service.
The decision to install this network of operational meteorological satellites is
to be taken by the European nations at a forthcoming meeting scheduled for
October-Novemaer 1981. The satellites would be operated by a new European organi-
zation "Eumestat."
13
- ~ ~
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Eight ES~ member countries have participated in the financing of the Meteosat
program for the building of the first two satellites: Germany, Belgium, Denmark,
France, Italy, United Kingdom, Sweden and Switzerland. The satellites were builti
by industrial consortium Cosmos under the prime contractorship of AEROSPATIALE
~National industrial Aerospace Company~ (France) with MATRA ~Mechanics, Aviation,
Traction and Missiles Company~ and SAT ~Telecommunications Corporation~ (France),
Siemens and MBB ~Messerschmitt-Baldow-Blohm~ (Germany), ETCP,~expansion unknown~
(Belgium), Marconi (Great Britain) and Selenia (Italy) for the satellite equip-
ment, and with CIR ~expansion unknown (Switzerland), Intertechnique, LCT ~Central
Telecommunications Laboratory~, SESA ~expansion unknown~ and SLE ~expansion un-
known~ (France), Dornier and Siemens (Germany), Marconi, Plessey and ICL [Interna-
tional Computers (Holdings) Ltd.] (Great Britain) for the ground equipment.
COPYRIGHT: A. & C. 1980
- 9399
CSO: 5500/2251
1!~
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ITALY
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL OPTICAL CABLE SYSTEM COS3/FOSTER
Rome ELETTRONICA E TELECOMMUNICAZIONI in Italian Mar-Apr 81 pp 79-85
[Article by Dr Feliciano Esposto, Engineer Franco Lombardi and Prof Guido Paladin,
of the SIP (Italian Telephone Company), Rome: "Results and Evaluations of the _
COS3/FOS~'ER Experimental Optical-Fiber Installation"]
[Text] Summary--Results and first evaluations of the optical fiber experimental
plant COS3/FOSTEg: This paper describes a field experiment with an optical cable
connecting different exchanges in the urban area of Rome. The cable route, the
structure and the optical characteristics of the cable, evaluated in the factory,
are shown. There follows a description of laying procedure, jointing techniques and
characterization of the repeater space by instrumentation juat developed for this
field trial. The results of extensive tests made in the factory and in the field at
the different stages are compared and shown. Finally, the results of th~_system
tests at 34 Mbit/s, 850 and 900 nm of wavelength carried out in several months of
experiments since July 1979 are presented.
1. Foreword
Studies and experimentation on optical-fiber comanunications were initiated in Italy
in 1970. The first phase was characterized bq the ~uildittg of various kinds of pro-
totype equipment used fbr trgnSmissi0n of analog sigttals (TV, etc) and digital sig-
nals; in the second phase, a series of experimental installations whose purpose is
to evaluate the problems related to introduction of optical cables and systems into
the public telecommunications network have been planned.
So far, three experimental installations have been built: COS1 (Experi.mental Optical
Cable 1), COS2, and COS3/FOSTER (Trevi-Eur-Rome South Experimental Optical Fibers),
which is in the installation phase.
The COS1 experiment, carried out in 1976 (Bibliography 1, 2), consisted in the lay-
ing of 1 km of cable in a trench, under conditions similar to thoae of an interurban
cable.
- The purpose of the experiment was to observe the behavior of the optical cable d~ir-~
ing the installation operations and the stability of the optical and trans~nission
characteristics over time.
The second ins*_allation, COS2 (1977) (Bibliography 3), consisted in the laying o�
4 km of optical cable between two SIP exchangea (Stampalia and Lucento) of the Turin
15
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~
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urban area. Prototype syatems of 34, 140 and 560 Mbit/a (Bibliography 4) were
tested on cable laid in traditional duct and joined by the springroove technique.
. The experiment provided knowledge about the laying and splicing procedures.
On the basis of the results obtained by means of the first two experimental cables,
it was decided to carry out a new experiment deaignated COS3/FOSTER, to determine
the performance characteristics of the new optical-fiber systems with real traffic
and under actual operating conditions.
The main objectives set for the aforesaid experimentation are: characterization of
a large number of km of fiber (288 km); development of adequate portable instrumen-
tation; development of accessory exchange equipment (distributor panels, connectors,
monofiber wires) and of engineered and alarm-equipped transmission apparatuses for~
34 and 140 Mbit/s.
With special reference to this last-named installation, there will be given, in ad-
dition to a general description, data relative to the cable-characterization meas-
urements, in the factory and in the field, and the first system-level performance
characteristics obtained with simulated traffic.
2. Description of the Installation
- The COS3/FOSTER experiment, carried out in joint participation with the ASST [Na-
_ tional Telephones State Board], consists in the installation of an optical cable
about 16 km long that joins 7 urban and interurban exchanges of the Rome telephone
network, per the drawing in Figure 1.
The cable is installed in duct for about 10 km, in galleries for 4 km and in trench-
es for 2 km; for this last, the cable is protected by an adequate metallic sheath-
ing.
Figure 2 shows the cross-section of the cable developed by the Pirel~i industries,
containing 18 fibers of 3 different types: 5 fibers (type A) with nominal attenua-
tion of 4 dB/km and band width of 700 MHz X km at 900 nm, and made by the inside
process; 9 fibers (type B) with nominal attenuation of 4 dB/km and band width of
700 MHz X km at 820 nm, made by the outside process; and 4 fibers (type C) with nom-
inal attenuation of 8 dB/km and band width of 200 MHz X km at 820 nm.
' The fibers are inserted in a narrow tube of plastic material 2 mm) and twisted in
2 rings (of 8 and 10 fibers) around a central member of steel. In addition to the
fibers, the cable contains i; copper pairs 0.5 mm, for the aervice channels), 4
copper conductors (of 0.~ mm, for remote power aupply), and 2 bare wires of 0.5 mm
for monitoring i?:~iitrations of humidity. .
The outside diameter of the cable is 17.5 mm, and its weight is 275 kg/km.
3. Installation and Laying
The installation and laying of the COS3 optical cable were done by the SIRTI [expan-
sion unknown] company, and the knowledge acquired in the preceding experimentations
was also made use of. The cable is inserted in an undertube of PE [polyethylene]
inside the tube, so as to protect it and at the same time permit use of the tube for
16
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- the laying of other cables. The undertubes are cut at the entrance to the manholes
and fixed to the walls of the tube hole with expansion flanges. In the manholes and
_ in the passageways with access, the cable is protected with iron conduit and with
cable-cover sleeves of zinc-plated sheet.
For the laying in pipe, an electric winch was used that permits'~continuous recording
- of the pulling force in function of the length of cable being laid. A typical graph
is shown in Figure 3. The maxinum pull recorded for a length of 884 m was 140 k~.
_ a o00 ~,aQvo v~ ~ -
1~d ~o ~~o eooo o~ t,,
O O O '�r,
:isr
DoO~~ �
�~O~D~~Oo~~ ~
~ ~ ; ~ � ;;(1)
~ a;
S~j oor~�~o ~p~~OQn ~ ~ f~ Roma Sud
o ~ o00
�olJ ~ ~U '
C ~i~D ~ ~Q ~ �
~~Q ~ Qt~p ~ ~ D 0 ~ 1000a ~ "
~ a ~ r e ~
oOOQ~ o~ ~ o~ a O~~oooa~~; ~tzu ,
~~~~4. ~o ~ ~ D ~c
o`~
V.D. V~ryini~~s OQ O Ov ~
~ o~a ~ ~ ~Q
o a ~;~~;~o oflG
o~ ,
S.M. in Via' ~
~ l~
o~ ~ ljJ~; c D EUR I
D~ Q~ V L/ o~'`~p '.~I
s ~p
oO~Q ~OQ ~ , ~
~~~Da ~ Q~ p~ oo apf~~ A .
~ ~~a D � ~C~~ OD LUsr
, ~ ~a o~ ~
" O ~
0
S.M. in Via V.O. V~r9ini Av~nfieo Colombo EUR (1)Roma Sud
SIP ASST SIP AS~PT SIP AS~PT
i
,
~ I ( ASST SIP I
- ~ ~ ~ '
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n+ 540 m 360 I
m 300 m 3830 m 3800 m 2880 m 478C
~f Total I~rtpth: m;ei480 - I
Figure t.~ Run of rhe COS3~FOSTER Installation and Sites of the Exchanges Conneeted
Key: 1. Rome South
4. ~Characterization of Cable in Factory and in Field
4.1 Measurements in Factory
For characterization o� the transmission medium both in the �actory and in the
field, a series of ineasurements was made relating to various aspects such as evalua-
tion of the optical and mechanical characteristics of the fibers and their variation
during the various phases of production.
17
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FIYRE OTT~CHE INTLBETTATE ` ~ /
CAVETTIO TE AIIMENTAZIONE
~ ISOUTI t 2~
~ O ~ flll 01 ALLARME ~ 3~
0 �
O Q MEAIBRO OI TRAZIONE IN ACCI;10
E ~ Q ~~+i
RIVESTIMENTO E~ MEMBRO
^ O O Q DI TRAZIONE ~S ~
O O� COPPIE DI SERV 1210 ~ 6~
0 O. ' ~ .
OUAINA ESTERNA IN ~ ~ ~ ,
AL~POL~LAM
~d1i
Figure 2- Cross-section of Pirelli cable containing 18 optical fibers
- Key:
1. Optical fibers enclosed in tubing 5. Coverzng of pulling element
2. Insulated remote-power-supply wirea 6. Service pairs
3. Alarm wires 7. External sheathing of AL-Polylam
4. Pulling element, of steel
150 �
m
~
~ 100
a
F
G
N 50 .
a
0 ~
Gw ~
~1~
0 200 400 600 800 1000 m
Figure 3- Diagram of pulling of the NF3 cable segment
Key: 1. Pulling force (kg) ~
Table 1- Geometric Characteristics of the Fibera
Diameter Diameter E1lipticity Concentricity
of core of cover of core core
~um) ~um) ~X) ~ cover ~
A B,C A B,C A B,C A B,C
Average value 63.9 64 126 2 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5
Standard deviation 2,8 2,4 2,g 2.~
Average value 71 69 133 132 5 2 2 2
Standasd deviation 57 57 120 12U 0 0 Q 0
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(1) Fibn nud~ : Valon m~dio ~ 3,8 dB/km 3 �
Dw. standard ~ 0,3 dB/km 4
~ 2~-~~ Fibrs cablate : Valore medlo ~ 3,9 dB/km 3
Dw. standard ~ 0,2 d8/km~ 4~
~2 ~ ~�s'3~~
30
r-~
-
- i~
i'
zo ~ ~ ~
10
3.1 3.5 4 4.5
ATTENUATION dB/km
Figure 4- Distribution of attenuation values before and after cabling o~ several
fibers uaed in the cable for the COS3 installation
Key:
1. Bare fibers 4. Standard deviation
- 2. Cabled fib~ers 5. 72 samples
3. Average value
f~',{' b~~k:~~:;~- ~ Y ~.t
' ?
~ ;;r S' ~~,r~`, .
x
~ . i . _
_tT''!: ~ � ~ ,
' t ~
~ 's`r.+,.; x'7S
~ ax
`
Y?
e
`~s .~'r n r ~ ~
~
x ~
- - ~
.3
' IID
p i
Cr . . - . ....heti,!i~
Figure 5- View of back-scattering apparatus used in field for measurements of
optical-fiber attenuation ~
In the factory, attenuation and band measurementa and measurements to check the geo-
metric characteristics of the fibers were carried out. By way of example, Figure.4
pr~esents a histogram that gives the attenuation value for 72 sampies of �iber used
- in the two manufacturing phases: fiber enclosed in tubing and cabled fibre. It ap-
pears obvious that the process of making up the cable does not considerably alter
the aforesaid characteristics. As regards geometric characterization, dimensional
measurements were done on several of the fibers used: diameters of core and of cov-
er, circularity and concentricity defects.
Table 1 presents the results of the measurements made, which shota a certain devia-
tion from the nominal values (62.5 um and 125 um, respectively, for the core and
- cover diameters), while the concentricity defects prove sufficiently limited.
19
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30
N. di camp~oni : 23 ~ 1)
~ ZS MWia :O.15C8 ~2~
Z Dev.stanCard :0,09tl8 ~3~
w 20 `
W
Q :5
7
~
W lO
u
u
' S
(4)
~
0 0.1 0 1 0.3 0.~
ATTE:dUATION OF JOINTS (dB)
Figure 6- Distribution of losses in joints made in the field and measured by
the back-scattering-technique
Key:
1. Number of samples 3. Standard deviation
2. Average 4. Percentage of events
~
.
, .,,Sr:'. ~ ~ . .
~
~'t'�tl
."y4 ~
C~;
.t
t JZ ' y 7~l
+ ~y~t ,~~N i'~t C ~ F'. , .
' y~ ~ ~.i. 3
* ,v . ~ f~Y'- . I . 1~~7
G.
Figure 7- Transmitter unit (at left) and receiver (at right) of the instrument
for attenuation measurements in the field
Table 2- Comparison between values measured in factory (predicted) and in ttie field
Values measured Values measured
Number in field in factory Difference
of fibers al a2 al - a2
1 9.92 9.64 +0.28
3 28.23 27.37 +0.86
5 13.75 13.33 +0.42
12 21.48 19.78 +1.7
- 14 13.88 13.31 +0.57
All the values are expressed in dB
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CONNETTORE 1 2 CONN~~QRE FISSO
MICAO MANIPOLAT IBRA RIVELATOHE ~
I 1 ~ 6 ~ AM1pLIfICATO.
T:~ASMETTITO ~ � SEGNALE RE AGGANCiA
I RE ~ 5 TO IN FASE ~
RIfERIMENTO 01 fpSE ~ 7 /I
i
RAOIOME7R0 MUITIMETRO I
COPr~IA q SEpy~Z10
(8) (9) (10)
e613
Figure 8- Block diagram of the instrument illustrated in Figure 7
Key:
1. Micromanipulator connector 7. Amplifier, connected in phase
2. Fiber 8. Radiometer
3. Detector 9. Multimeter
4. Fixed connector 10. Service pair
5. Transmitter 11. Phase reference
6. Signal
Figure 9- Diagram of exchange-terminal connections
r (1) ,
TRASMETTITOqE ~ ~
I ~ ~ '
1 ' t ~ ~AVO
~ ' ~ ' .
~
~ ' I
I SORGENTE CON 18 ! ; ' �
~ COOULO DI i'IBRA ~ ~ ~
i ~2~ ~ I
RREVITDRE ~3~ ~ ~ ' ; ~ ~ 7~
, ~
~ ~ ~ CAVO
I ~ i
1 # ~ 1 )
I 1 1 ~
i ~
i BRE7ElLE , ~ ~
~ ~4) ,e ~e
varx~EUa GIUN70
~ Q~~S T~~ 6 ~ ~E I
Key:
1. Transmitter 5. Distribution panel
2. Source with fiber tang-end 6. Terminal connection
3. Receiver 7. Cable
4, Crossovers
Measurements were also made of the transmission characteristics of the fibers in
tubing in function temperature in the field, -40 to +60 �C, without the appearance
of significant variations of the attenuation constant or the band.
4.2 Measurements in Field
During installation of the cable, measurements were made of the attenuation constant
of several segments and of the sections of cable between adjacent exchanges, and
checks were also made in the joining phase.
The 18 fibers of the cable of the first sections were measured before and after the
laying by use of the back-scattering technique. The apparatus used, developed at
the CSELT [Telecommunications Research and Study Center] laboratories (BibZiography
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AVENTINO ~3~FIBRA 12 COLOMBO
Tnfm~ttita~ 1 / 2 ~ Rfaviton
~ Rkwiton ~ 2 ~ ~ 3 ~FIBRA !3 ~ 1 ~ Tnrmttlton
TIPO DI FIHRE : C
(4)
(5)
LUNGHEZZA m 1800
Attenuazloaa mi~urata ~ 6` ~ 31 tibra 12, 22. 6
([nclu~i i giuntt) / dB ~ fibra 13, 23.7
, Larghazza di banda dovuta MHz � km 200
alla dispersione modal�
Figure 10 - Characteristics of connection functioning at a= 850 nm
Key:
1. Transmitter 5. Length
2. Receiver 6. Attenuation measured (including joints)
3. Fiber 7. Band width due to modal dispersion
4. Fiber type: C
to., - -
~o .
~ sc bl
W
H
l~d ~ ~
W
~l~j 1
2
u 0.1
�
!0'~ ~ OAl
0 1 3 S 7
B.E.R.(10'10~
`
!0'~
tp�9
C.CoioenDo � N.Awntlno .
N.Av~ntlno-l..COlompo .
10'10
�92 �SO �b �~6 �ta (tl8m)
Figure 11 - a) Error rate (B.E.R. = Bit Error Rate) in factory for Italtel equip- ~
ment of 34 Mbit/s. b) Statistical distribution of B.E.R. from
July 1979
Key:
1. Percentage of time
5) and shown in Figure 5, has a mea~urement dynamic of about 12 dB and a repeat-
ability of + 0.05 dB.
In the two abovementioned phases of laying, no changes in optical characteristics
were detected. The apparatus was also used to monitor the joining operation in the
22
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Table 3- Balance-Sheet of Optical Powers for the 847-nm System
Aventino Colombo
Colombo Aventino
Source BNR ~0-3.15.3
a= 847 nm a= 851 nm
~a = 54 nm Da = 53 nm
Power transmitted dBm - 13.9 - 15.4
Power received dBm - 40.6 - 43.6
- Attenuation of cable dB 22.6 23.7
Loss from connectors and contribu=
tions from leaky beams dB 4.1 4.5
Penalties from material dispersion dB 4.5 4.0
System margin dB 4.8 2.5
Sensitivity of receiver (with
dispersion) dBm - 45.4 - 46.1
- Sensitivity of receiver (without
dispersion) dBm - 49.9 - 50.1
Table 4- Balance-Sheet of Optical Powers for the 900-nm System
a = 896 nm
LED SGS-ATF.S Q~ = 36.5 nm
Power transmitted dBm - 14.6
Power received dBm - 39.4
A.ttenuation of cable dB 20.7
Losses from connectors dB 4.1
Penalties from material
dispersion dB 5
System margin dB 5.2
Sensitivity of receiver
- (with dispersion) dBm - 44.6
execution phase. and for evaluation of the joint losses by use of the bidirectional-
measurement procedure (Bibliography 6). The joint-loss resulta obtained for the
COS3 installation are presented in Figure 6.
For measurement of the attenuation of the sections, which are 4 km long on the aver-
age and have attenuations of 10 to 30 dB, depending on the fiber type used, a speci-
al instrument for field use was developed in the CSELT with the collaboration of the
SIP.
This inatrument, which functions on the "insertion loss" principle, makes it pos-
sible to take noadeatructive measurements and to operate in conditions very similar
to stationary-state, with the power in the fibers under measurement determined by
the "small-diameter small-numerical-aperture spot" method.
The abovementianed apparatus has a high measurement dynamic 45 dB) and makes it
possible to couple a power in the various fibers of the cable with an error of
+ 0.14 dB.
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AVENTItJO ~ 3 ~IBRA 9 COLOM80
rr~un.ttltor. 1
Aicwiton ~ 2~ ~ 3~ FIBRA 11 ~
funt
FIBRE TIPO : A ~ 5 ~
(4)
LUNGHEZZA ~6~ m ?9p0
_ Attenuazione misuret� ~ 7~ dB 20.7 I
(giunti inelusi)
Larghezza di banda dovuta � MHz � km 700
dtapersiona mod~la ~8~
Figure 12 - Characteristics of connection functioning at 900 nm
Key:
1. Transmitter 5. Joint
2. Receiver 6. Length
- 3. Fiber 7. Attenuation measured (.including joints)
4. Fiber Type: A 8. Band width due to modal disperaion
(1)CENTRALE B
(1) CENTRALf A j~ . ~ ~ 1 aCENTRALE C
I (2) aa~:,nur~ ~ _._._._._._._._._i
~ i ~ ~ j i
I ' i j ~ j
. j . , ~ .
~ aunrnrr ' I I � ~atwt -I
� ~M �..._....i 1~M MOQrM ~M
I /AI!( 2~ ~ ~ 1111 ~ 2
I ~ ~ ~ f ~
. i ~ I I ~
~ ~
I.~.~.~.~.~.~..~.~.~.) ~ !Nl[MACL7I ~3~ I
~ ~
~ ~
~ t/JIlMI ~
( (4) ~
~ !lANIIIIiA[ i
i
Figure 13 - Acquisition and Processing System
Key. '
1. Exchange 3. Interface
2. Data acquisition 4. Processing systems
- In Figure 7 can be seen the two ~snits, transmi~ter. and receiver, used in the experi-
ment, while Figure 8 presents the basic diagram of the apparatus.
_ A comparison between the values measured individua~ly on the 1-km segments in the
factory (by an analogous technique) and those obtained in the field is given in
Table 2. The values are in reference to aix optical lines of the cable of the
Santa Maria in Via-Aventino section.
2!~
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The values show a limited difference between the predicted values and the values
measured in the field.
The fact that these differences are modest ones is due to various factors, among
which we should mention the uniformity of the measurement methods employed in the
factory testing facilities and of the portable field instrumenta and the good re-
peatability of the measurements made under differing operating conditions.
5. Termination
In the exchanges, the cable will be terminated with Western Electric connectors per
the diagram of Figure 9(Bibliography 7).
The pot-head connection in which the cable terminates and from which issue the mono-
fiber wires ending in connectors is contained in the same distributor box from which
- issues a crossover that goes to the semiconnector on the equipment frame.
f~. 5ystem Tests and First Experimental Results
Since July 1979, two 34-Mbit/s transmission systems functioning with simulated traf-
fice through a pseudorandom data sequence have been installed. The two terminals
have been built by Italtel and use different LBD's with wavelengths of 850 and
9U0 nm, respectively.
The measurements on the two systems were made by the use of two bidirectional line
terminals functioning on two different types of fiber (A, C).
The receiver in particular uses, as photodetector, an APD diode, RCA C30817, con-
nected to a transimpedance amplifier. Figure lla)shows the course of the error
rate (BER = Bit Error Rate) in function of the optical power received through the
two receivers used on the line (Bibliography 6, 9, 10, 11, 12).
The sensitivity, for an error rate of 10'9, using the differential code and not con-
sidering the dispersion, is -50 dBm. Table 3 presents the principal characteristics
of the system with the margin available.
The error rate was recorded coninuously on the Colombo-Aventino section during the
first 6 months through the addition of a flat attenuation in transmission of about
2.5 dB in order to increase the error rate and make it measurable at a value around
10-9.
One notes from the histogram of Figure llb) that for 60 percent of the observation
period (6 months), the connection's perfo=-mance was at a value higher than 5 X 10-10
of error rate (the nominal value of the systems). These performance characteristics,
~ even if related to a limited time-peri~~, prove higher than those of analogous sys-
tems using traditional copper equipment, in which there are phenomena of atmospheric
_ disturbances and electromagnetic inductions that cause a deterioration of the sys-
tem's performance characteristics and at times even interruption of service. In-
deed, as regards the interruptions of simulated traffic for the period of observa-
tion, the following results can be stated in summary:
--there were no interruptions due to breakdowns of optical components (LED, APD);
--there were no interruptions due to breakdowns of electrical components.
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To conclude, in this time-period the optical components enclosed in cable produced
operatio _~erformance characteristics with good reliability. We should neverthe-
less stress the fact that for the time being, data are not available regarding the
bperational use and maintenance of these new carriers.
The measurements on the system functioning at a wavelength of 900 nm were made by
..onnecting the 9 and 11 fibers of the cable in the C. Colombo exchange. Theae fib=
ers present, at 900 nm, an attenuation that is about half that of the fibers used in
the preceding experiment. The transmission of a 34-Mbit/s signal is in fact being
tested with such fibers on the 8-km Aventino-Colombo-Aventino section with the use
of line terminals similar to the preceding ones but operating at a wavelength of
900 nm, at which level the dispersion of material is reduced.
The characteristics of the connection are presented in Figure 12, while the balance-
sheet for the optical powers involved is given in Table 4.
7. Data Acquisition and Processing System
The acquisition system provides for.observatkon.of a maximum number of 8 transmission
systems operating at speeds of 8, 34 and 140 Mbit/s for each exchange and for a max-
- imum number of 5 abserved exchanges.
The system is made up of five peripheral devices, one per exchange, and a computer
located in the observation exchange, per the diagram of Figure 13.
The central computer is interfaced with suitable peripheral units (for visualization
of the data) and to processing units (microprocessors) in the various exchanges,
_ from which the magnitudes observed can also be noted.
Several magnitudes were identified that it was considered advisable to keep under
observation for characterization of the eystem's performance. In particular, the
value of the control current of the LED and the temperature of its container are
- monitored in the transmitting terminal, while the current in the reaction ring of
the automatic gain control, the polarization voltage of the APD, and the error rate
are monitored at the receiving terminal.
In addition, the alarms of the transmission apparatuses are monitored.
The data resulting from such acquisition will give useful information about the -
parameters to be monitored in future standardized equipment and for managing the new
transmission systems at the operational and maintenance levels.
8. Conclusions
The COS1, COSZ and COS3/FOSTER experiments have made it possible to acquire consid-
erable experience in the operations of laying cable in different conditions (in
duct, gallery, trench), in the techniques of connecting and in the perfecting of
procedures for characterization of the transmission medium, both in the factory and
in the field, with the development of appropriate portable instrumentation.
- In the course of this experimentation, cable sections have been drawn through pipe
" to lengths of 1 km without any substantial variations of the optical characteristics
noted. The first 34-Mbit/s system, functioning at 850 nm, was installed, with its
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performance characteristics verified, on low-cost fibers with a regeneration pitch
of about 4 km, a pitch that makes it possible to cover about 85 percent of the con-
= nections between the adjacent exchanges in the urban area of the telephone network.
A second system functioning at 900 nm on good-quality fibers have made it possible
- to reach regeneration pitches of about 8 km, which is an attractive distance for uae
on the district level with a minimum number of intermediate regenerators sited pos-
sibly in intermediate exchanges.
On the basis of the results obtained during the first experimental period, begun in
- June 1979, first use of the Rome cable with real traffic was started in November

- 1980.
The experience acquired with the building and experimental operation of COS3/FOSTER
is the background that makes it possible to plan the imminent construction (starting
in 1982) of opticaY-fiber installations that can be operated in each of the SIP's
five zones as replacements for metal cable.
Such installations will be done in both urban and district areas with mixed laying
(gallery, duct, trench).
The characteristics of the cables and the equipment and th2 procedures for approval-
testing of them are presently being standardized. In addition, the portable field
instrumentation necessary both in installation and in operation has been developed
and used (already on COS3/FOSTER). It is also planned to build installations de-
signed for experimentation with new laying systems and new technologies, the charac-
teristics of which can be summarized as follows:
--COS4: laying of a cable on poles in a sector area;
--COSS: installation optimized for use of 2nd-window systems in distric and inter-
district areas.
Experimentation with tranamission of several optical signals of different wave-
lengths on a single fiber (WDM: Wavelength-Division Multiplexing) is also planned.
However, the fact of having acquired with COS3/FOSTER systematic experience that
makes it possible to build operable fiber installations with LED source in the lst
window (900 nm) at 34 Mbit/s--installations that are already competitive with those
using microcoaxial cables--should not make one forget the fact that the fiber sys-
tems are continually evolving (for example, passage from LED to LASER and from the
lst to the 2nd optical window), and that in the more distant future it will be pos-
sib?e to build them with performance characteristica far superior to the present
ones (especially as regards the length of the sections).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Catania, B., Michetti, L., Tosco, F., Occhini, E., and Silvestri, L., "First
Italian Experiment with Buried Optical Cable," "Proceedings of 2nd ECOC,'' Paris,
27-30 September 1976, pp 315-322.
Catania, B., "Optical-Fiber~Communications in Time and in Space," ELETTRONICA E
TELECOMUNICAZIONI,. XXVII, No 5, 1978, p 190.
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Catania, B., "Optical Fibers: from Research to Applications," L'ELETTRONICA,
LXVII, No 7, 1980, p 655; see also ELETTRONICA E TELECOMUNICAZIONI, XXX,
No 1, 1981, p 2.
2. Michetti, L, and Tosco, F. "One-Year Results on a Buried Experimental Optical
Cable," "Proceedings of 3rd ECOC," Munich, 14-16 September 1977, pp 56-58.
3. Cocito, G., Longoni, S., Michetti, L., Silvestri, L., Tibone, D., Tosco, F., and
Vago, A., "COS2 Experiment in Turin: Field Test on an Optical Cable in Ducts,"
"IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COA4IUNICATIONS, VOL COMM," 26, No 7, July 1978, pp 1028-
1036.
Cocito, G., Costa, B. Longon, S., Michetti, L., Silvestri, L., Tibone, D., and
Tosco, F., "COS2: Installation of an Optical Cable in Underground Telephone
Ducts and FieZd Tests on It," ELETTRONICA E TELECOMUNICAZIONI, XXVII, No 4,
1978, p 169.
4. Fusone, A., and Sacchi, L., "First 560 Mbit/s Trials on COS2 Optical Cable," 4th
ECOC 1979.
5. Costa, B., and Sordo, B., "Experimental Study of Optical Fibres Attenuation by a
Modified Back-Scattering Technique," "Proceedings of 3rd ECOC," Munich, 14-16
September 1977, pp 69-71.
Costa, B., "The Back-Scattering Technique for Measurements of Attenuation in Op-
tical Fibers," ELETTRONICA E TELECOMUNICAZIONI. XXIX, No 2. 1980~ p 59.
6. Costa, B., Esposto, F., D'Orio, C., and Morra, P.. "Splices Loss Evaluation by
Means of the Back-Scattering Technique," EL LETT, Vol 15, No 18, August 1979,
pp 550-551.
7. Esposto, F., and Vezzoni, E., "Optical Fibre Communicatior_," Part II, Chapter 2,
"Connecting and Splicing Techniques," 1980.
Esposto, F., and Vezzoni, E., "Splicing and Connecting Techniques for Optical
Fibers," ELETTRONICA E TELECOMUNICAZIONI, XXVIII, No 3, 1979, p 109.
8. Bonaventura, G., Costa, B., Cottatellucci, 0., Daino, B., Esposto, F., and
Lombardi, F., "COS3/FOSTER Field Trial with an Optical Cable in Rome," "VT
ECOC," York (London), September 1980, pp 564-573.
9. Conti, M., and Randone, G., "Photodetector Devices for Optical-Fiber Transmis-
sion Systems," ELETTRONICA E TELECOMUNICAZIONI," XXVII, No, 1978, p 2.
10. Lombardi, F., and Orlandi, G., "Design Conside�rations of a Receiver for Digital
Fibre Optic Communications Systems," EL LETT, Vol 11, No 18, September 1975.
11. Lombardi, F., and Orlandi, G., "Receiver Design for Fiber Optic Communication
Systems, with Gaussian Overall Response," "Proceedings 1976," IEEE International
Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Munich, 27-29 April 1976.
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' 12. Paladin, G., and Pietroiuati, R., "Considerations on the Receiver of Optical
Fiber Digital Transmission Systems," ALTA FREQUENZA, Vol XLIX, No 1, January-
February 1980.
12. [sic] Paladin, G., "Definition, Measurements and Use of 'Sensibility' in Op-
tical Transmissions."
COPYRIGHT: 1981 by ERI-EDIZIONI RAI RADIOTELEVISIONE ITALIANA
11267
CSO: 5500/2245 END
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