JPRS ID: 9924 USSR REPORT POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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HOR OFHICIAL USN: ONI.Y
JPRS L/9924
20 August 1981
USSR Re ort
p
PO~ITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
~F~JUO 21 /81)
Fg~g FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
- FOR Gr FICIAI, USE ONLY
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JPRS L/9924
20 August 1981
USSR REPORT
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 21/81)
CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL
- Gromyko's Book on Prospects for African Development
(Anatoliy Gromyko; AFRIKA: PROGRESS, TRUDNOSTI,
PERSPEKTIVY, 1981) 1
~ Book on Training National Specialist Cadres in Third World
(A. G. Smirnov, et al.; NATSIONAL'NYYE KADRY
OSVOBODIVSHIKHSYA STRAN, 1980) 4
Book on South Yemen's National Front, Liberation Struggle
(V. V. Naumkin; NATSIONA'NYY FRONT V BOR'BE ZA
NEZAVISIMOST' YUZHNOGO YEMENA I NATSIONAL'NUYU
DEMOKRATIYU, 1980) 6
NATIONAL
- New Book: Marchuk on Role of Science in Society
(Guriy Ivanovich Marchuk; MOLODYM 0 NAUKE, 1980) 8
REGIONAL
Importance of Planning Territorial Organization of Production
(A. A. Nadirov; NARODNOYE KFIOZYAYSTVO AZERBAYDZHANA,
Mar 81) 12
Reviesaof Book on Party, Soviet Role in Creation of Uzbek State
(M. I. Irkayev, et al.; VOPROSY ISTORII, Apr ~~1) 19
Liberal Belorussian Author Given Honorary State Award
(KITLTURA, May 81) 23
- a - [III - USSR - 35 FOUO]
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INTERNATIONAL .
GROMYKQ'S BOOK ON PROSPECTS FOR AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT
Moscow AFRIKA: Pt20GRESS, TRUDNOSTI, PERSPEKTIVY in Russian 1981(signed to press
25 Dec 80)pp 1-2, 270-272
[Table of contents and annotation of book b_y Anatcliy Gromyko *~ublished under
the auspices of the USSR Academy of Sciences' Africa Institute]
[Excerpts] Title Page:
Title: AFRIKA: PROGRESS, TRUDNOSTI, PERSPEKTIVY (Africa: Progress, Difficulties,
, Prospects)
_ Publisher: Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya
Place and year of publi:ation: Moscow, 1981
Signed to PYess Date: 25 December 1980
Number of Copies Published: 20,000
_ Number of Pages: 272
Brief Description:
This book examines the basic problems of the social-economic and political develop-
ment of contemporary Africa. 3uch questions as the characteristics of the current
stage of the national-liberation movement in Africa, the problem of overcoming
social-economic back-~aardness and the search for ways of development, the emergence
of and prospects for the socialist orientation are analyzed on the basis of
extensive factual material. Specifically examined is the question of the African
countries' ties with the Soviet Union and CEMA countries, who give all-round
support to the just struggle of the African peoples for the right to freedom and
independent development. The book devotes a great deal of attention t~ the
imperialist states' policies on the African continent.
Table of Contents
Part I. Africa on the Border of the '80s: Achievements and Problems
Chapter 1. The Great October Revolution and Africa 3
Chapter 2. Prespnt Problems of Studying Africa 14
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Chapter 3. The Current Stage of the National-Liberation Movement 29
1. Results of the national-liberation struggle on the border of the
'80s 29
2. The Organization of African Unity in an anti-imperialist
national-liberation struggle 37
Chapter 4. Africa: Problems of Overcoming Bac?cwardness and the Search
for New Ways of Development 47
1. Social-economic backwardness of African countries: causes of
its origin and its aftereffects 47
2. The search for new ways of social-economic development 56
Chapter 5. Socialist Orientation--A New Reality of the Continent 70
1. The theory and practice of socialist orientation 70
2. The working class of African countries--the leading force in social .
development 87
Chapter 6. The Effect of International Factors on the Development of
Countries of Socialist Orientation 94
1. The multi-factor effect of real socialism 98
2. Chief aspects of the foreign policy of countries of socialist
orientation ..........................................................103
3. The support of revolutionary and peace-loving forces for
countries of socialist orientation ...................................11U
4. The subversive acts of imperialism and Chinese hegemonism ............114
Part II. Soviet-African Cooperatien--An Important Factor in World Development
Chapter 1. Some Results of the Development Gi Soviet-African Relations .......123
Chapter 2. Trends and Prospects for Cooperation between the USSR and
African Countries .................................................142
1. The objective basis of Soviet ties with African countries ............142
2. The developmer~t of political ties ....................................145
3. Economic and scientif ic-technical cooperation ........................148
4. The cooperation of African countries with CEMA coun~ries .............163
S. Contacts between Soviet and Afr3can communities ......................174
Part III. Imperialism--the Chief Threat to Africa's Social Progress
Chapter 1. The Imperialist Powers' Economic Interests in Africa ..............182
1. The removal of African raw materials by Western countries ............182
2. The export of foreign capital to the countries of Africa .............186
3. Imperialism's economic levers of pressure on African countries .......189
Chapter 2. Basic Traits of Imperialism's Policies in Africa ..................196
1. Some methods of imperialist policy in Africa .........................196
2. Imperialist powers' policies in Africa ................~..............202
3. Doctrines and concepts for the purposp of justifying iraperialist
policies in Africa ...................................................209
]
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Chapter 3. The USA--the Main Threat to African Count~tes' Independence
and Social Progress 215
1. Economic factors in U.S. African policies 215
2. Main strategic goals and tactic~l procedures of U.S. policies in
Africa 22~
Chapter 4. The Policies of Other Imperialist States and China in Afri~a...... 231
- 1. England: the policy of maneuvering 231
2. France: the struggle to preserve its interests 239
3. FRG: the search for stren~thening positions 247
4. Japan: striving to be more active 250
5. PRC: the policy of hegemonism and its joining with imperialism 254
Conclusion 259
Footnotes 264
COPYRIGHT: "Mezi~dunarodnyye otnosheniya," 1981
CSO: 1807/139
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INTERNATIONAL
BOOK ON TRr~INING NATIONAL SPECIALIST ~ADRES IN THIRD WORLD
Moscow NATSIONAL'NYYE KADRY OSVOBODIVSHIKHSYA STRAN in Russian 1980(signed to press
21 Nov 80)pp 1-2, 229-230
[Table of contents and annotation of book by A. G. Smirnov, 0. P. ~obokova and
G. F. Tkach published under the auspices of the USSR Ministxy of Higher and Sec-
ondary Education]
[Excerpts] Ti.tle Page:
Title: NATSIONAL'NYYE KADRY OSVOBODIVSHIKHSYA STRAN (The National Cadres of
Liberated Countries)
Publisher: "Nauka"
Place and year of publication: Moscow, 1980
Signed to Press Date: 21 November 1980
Number of Copies Published: 1500
Number of Pages: 230
Brief Description:
The authors of this book reveal the features of forming national cadres in liberated
countries, caused by the spec~fic nature of their economic structure and by their
subordinate position in the world economic system.
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. The Social-Economic Development of Liberated Countries and the
Place of National Cadres in It 11
1. Conditions for forming national specialist cadres 11
2. The role and functions of specialists 21
3. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of national specialist
cadres 27
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Chapter 2. The Developing Countries' Need for Specialists 31
l. The influence of the economic structure on the need for specialists . 31
2. Categories of needs for specialists 36
3. An evaluation of the need for specialists by regions 43
Chapter 3. Training Specialists in Liberated Countries 65
1. The dependence of liberated countries in the field of training
specialists 65
2. Guidelines for training specialists 83
3. The vocational-qualification structure of t:�ained specialist cadres. ~89
4. New phenomena in the methods of training specialists of liberated Z00
countries " " " " " " '
5. Reorganizing.methods�for.training.specialists.in separate African
countries 107
Chapter 4. Imperialist States' Participation in Forming Specialist Cadres
of Developing Countries 129
l. Training specialists with the aid of Western states in the develap-
ing countries themselves 132
2. "'raining specialists for the countries of Asia, Africa ~ind Latin
America in the leading capitalist countries 142
Chapter 5. Socialist States' Aid to Developing Countries in Training
National Specialist Cadres 153
1. Basic directions of aid 153
2. Soviet aid 156
3. Aid of other socialist states 166
Chapter 6. Cadre Potential and Its Use in Develop~ng Conntries 170
1. The nominal cadre potential 170
2. The real cadre potential 176
3. Quant3.tative losses in real cadre potential 182
4. The application of specialists' knowledge 190
5. The use of specialists in separate African countries 202
Conclusion 215
Footnotes _ 219
COPYRIGHT: Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury izdatel'stva "Nauka", 1980
CSO: 1807/138
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INTERNATIONAL _
BOOK ON SOUTH YEMEN'S NATIONAL FRONT, LIBERATION STRUGGLE
Moscow NATSIONAL'NYY FRONT V BOR'BE ZA NEZAVISIMOST' YUZHNOGO YEMENA I
NATSIONAL'NUYU DEMOKRATIYU (1963-1969) in Russian 1980(signed to press 16 Jul 80)
PP 1-2, 280
[Table of contents and annotation of book by V.V. Naumkin]
[~xcerpts] Tit-le Page:
Title: NATSIONAL'NYY rRONT V BOR'BE ZA NEZAVISIMOST' YUZHNOGO YEMANA I
NATSIONAL'NUYU DEMOKRATIYU (1963-1969) (The National Front in the Struggle
_ for South Yemen's Independence and National Democracy, 1963-69)
Publisher: Nauka .
Place and year of publication: Moscow, 1980
Signed to Press Date: 16 July 1980
Number of Copies Published: 1200
Number of Pages: 280
Brief Description:
This book examines the stages of the national liberation struggle of the people
- of South Yemen against the English colonizers and their puppets. On the basis of
a great number of primary sources, many of which are scientifically examined for
the first time, the evolution of the National Front is traced--its political
organization, which headed this struggle, its organizational and ideological-
political formation. The work also studies the first period after achieving
independence as a logical continuation of the left forces' struggle within the
front fur national democracy.
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Part I. South Yemen Under the Heel of British Colonialism and the Maturing
of South Yemen's Patriotic Movement 12
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Chapter l. South Yemen in the Colonial Period 12
Chapter 2. The First Stage of South Yemen's Patriotic Movement (un to 1950)... 26
Chapter 3. The Second Stage of the Patriotic Movement (1950-56) 33
Chapter 4. The Third Stage of the Patriotic Movement (1956-63) 41
Chapter S. The Struggle of Illegal Organizations of South Yemen Marxists
and Nationalists in the Third Stage of the Patriotic Movement...... 53
Part II. The National Front at the Head of the Armed Struggle for South
Yemen's Independence (1963-67) 70
Chapter 1. The Formation of the National Front and the Beginning of the
Armed National-Liberation Revolution (1963) 70
Chapter 2. The First Period of South Yemen's Struggle Under the Leadership
of the National Front for National Liberation (1963-64)............ 84
Chapter 3. Military, Organizational and Ideological-Political Development
of the National Front in the Second Period of the National-
Liberation War (1965) 102
Chapter 4. The Third Period of the Liberation Struggle: From."Forced
Unification" to Resumption of an Independent Existence for
the National Front (1966) 129
Chapter 5. The National Front's Transformation into the Leading Force of the
National-Liberation Movement and the Fourth Period of the Struggle:
the Decisive Battle for Independence (1967) 166
Part III. Achieving Independence and the Struggle for "Completing National
Democratic Liberation" (1967-69) 205
Chapter 1. The Creation of the People's Democratic Republic of South Yemen
and the Polarization of Forces in the National Front (1967-68)..... 205
Chapter 2. The Fourth Congress of the National Front and the Deepening Split
in Organization (1968) 221
Chapter 3. The Strug~le of the Left Wing of the National Front for
"Completing 13ational Democratic Liberation" (1968-69) 240
Conclusion 252
Footnotes 256
_ Bibliography 264
Index of Names 274
Index of Geographical Names 277
COPYRIGHT: Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury izdatel'stva "Nauka", 1980
CSO: 1807/149
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NATIONAL
_ PiEW BOOK: MARCHUK ON ROLE OF SCIIIdCE IN SOCIETY
Moscow MOLODYM 0 NAUI~.in Russian 1980 pp 302-303, 9-12
~Table of contents, annotation, and excerpts from indicated chapter from book by
Guriy Ivanovich Marchuk, "Molodaya gvardiya"~ 1980~ ?5,000 copies, 305 pages~
~TextJ Contents Page
From the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Science and Progress
A Matter of Importance to the State . . . . . . . . . . 7
A Few Words about Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Going into a Field of KnoWledge . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Certain Global Problems
Energy and the Role of Siberia . . . . . . . . . . . . ~6
The Atmosphere and the Ooean, the Weather and the Climate 104
Frotection of the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
A View of the Earth from Outer Space 143
Soraething about Mathematics and Immunity . . . . . . . . . i53
The Developinent of 5iberia and Science
The Effectiveness of Siberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
The Scientific Potential of Siberia . . . . . . . . . . 177
Program "Siberia" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
- The Strategy for Developing Siberia--The TI~C (Territorial
- Production Complex) . 196
Hox Much Science the BAM (Baykal-Amur Railroad Mainline) Needs . 207
The Technology of the Far North . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 ,
Problems of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Components of Scientific and Technical Progress
The Increased Role of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Concentration and Specialization . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Automated Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Scientific and Technical Progress and Staffs 261
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Science and Youth
An Active and Vital Point cf Viefr . . . . . . . . . . . zb5
The Siberian Scientific Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
A Word to Scientific Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Not by Science Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Some Concluding Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . z97
Annotation
Academician G. I. Marchuk's book, addressed to youth~ talks about the role of sci-
ence in the life of society, about certain global problems confronting mankiad, as
well as about regional problems connected with the development of Siberia. A great
deal of attention is paid to the principles of scientific and technical progress,
the place of youth in science~ and the inter-relationships between schooYteachers
and pupils. For a number o~ years the author headed up the Si'~erian 5ection of
the USSR Academy of Sciences. It was precisely during t!l,is period that he wrote
the book. It is intended for a wide cirale of young people--those in the senior
grades in school, college students, graduate students, scientific staff inembers~
teachers, and specialists in the national economy.
Chapter 1. A Matter of Importance to the State
~Excerpts~ Our Party's 25th Congress specified the role of the U5SR Academy of
Sciences as a center for theoretical research, a coordinator of a11 science on a
nationwide scale. This position received new development after the issuance of a
decree of the CPSU CC and the USSR Council of Ministers concerning the improvement
of planning and perfecting the economic mechanism~ one of the principal goals of
which is speeding up the iniplementation of scientific and technical discoveries
and developments, aimed at increasing the growth rates in the pzroductivity of so-
cial labor and the quality of ou~put. In ~rder to take into account the achieve-
ments of science and technology in the plans for the country's economic and so-
~ cial development~ the Academy of Sciences, in conjunction with the state organs
(the State Committee on Science and Technology and USSR Gosstroy), must work out
progr~ams on solving the most important scientific and technical groblems as well
as problems of the comprehensive utilization of natural resources, taking into
consideration the applications of the results of basi.c and applied resear~h. Among
the top-priorities for the immediate future~ provisions have been made for devel-
oping programs with regard to effecting savings in fuel and metal~ building the
BAM ar.3 developing industry in reg3ons where this mainline passes through~ and re-
ducing the application of manual labor~ etc.
The Academy of Sciences ascribes great importance to working in conjunction with
the State Committee on Science on Technology on a comprehensive program of scien-
tific and technical progress and its socioeconomic consequences looking on ahead
to the year 2000.
On the surface the theoretical quest at times seems remote from the demands of
practical work. As a rule, the enornous importance of basic research to the na-
tional economy does not manifest itself immediately but only after the passage of
quite a lengthy peri~d of time. It forms a stockpile for solving problems in the
more or less distant future. It is precisely on the basis of such reseaxch that
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new sciPntific and technical trends emerge which revolutionize production. "We
well know," said General Secretary of the CPSU CC L. I. Brezhnev at the 25th Pax-
_ ty Congress~"that the full flood of scientific and technical progresa would dry
_ up if it were not constantly being fed by basic research."
Basic research has the goal of getting to know the underlying principles of na-
~ ture and society~ the foundations of its logical constructs and hypotheses. In
this continuous process of cognition some trends of research axe deepened. and
broadened, while others die away~ leaving after themselves bits of e~erience
which axe important for forniing new scientific trencis. By,discovering new facts~
summaxizing data on the world around us, utilizing the ideas and methods of con-
tiguous fields of science, and sometime~ those which are !?ery remote from each
other, scientists fix objective data in new concepts, as well as the principled
connections between objects and phenomena.
Basic research is directed at getting to know the underlying princlples of the ma-
terial world and the development of scientific methods which open up the pa.ths to
study new principles. Some of it, in finding an ever-increasing methodological
basis and improving the internal logic of developaaent~ leads,a.s a rule, to the
creation of new concepts and theoMes~ maxking a definite stage in knowl~dge. And
other research~ com~.ng up against internal contradictions in the theoretical con-
structs or entering into conflict with practical experience~ does not give rise to
new methods and theories. But even such research turns out to be iraportant for
science~ inasmuch as it faeilitates the determination of possible paths for the
development of further research.
Applied research is based on the results of ba.sic research; it utilizes the gene-
ral theories and methods of the latter and is directed at carrying out specific
plans and programs for developing production.
Of course~ it is impossible to draw a precise boundary between basic and applied
research. In its development and generalization applied research frequently makes
the tran~ition to basic research. At the same time, enriched. by the new results
of applied research, basic research naturally stimulates the posing and solution
of major problems which axe very important to the national economy, achieving
their own culmination and final proof.
Of course, it is not at once and not all ba.sic ideas achieve their own applied
culmination. Sometimes yea,rs or even decades pass before the practical impor-
tance of this or that ba.sic scientific trenQ a~anifests itself. That's the way it
happened, for example, with the theory of numbers, the theory of probabilities,
mathematical logic, and the abstraet theory of automata~ which only after a leng-
thy development in accordance with the laws of internal logic found a wide field
for practical application~ enriching science and practical work with methods which
subsequently exert an influence on many scientific trends and applications.
It is impossible to over-estimate the importance of basic research~ inasmuch as it
exerts an increasingly active influence on radical changes in the economy, equip-
ment, and technology. Thus, modern physics ha.s led to the understanding of the
atomic nucleus and~ in the final analysis~ to the creation of an entire industrial
sector, connected with the building of high-capacity nuclear electric-power
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stations, the importance of which in the t~ta1 energy balance is constantly graw-
ing. The study of heredity served as an impetus to the develop~ment of genetics.
Based on its achievements in our own times we have already created new varieties
of grain crops by means of purposefully taxgeted changes in the genetic charac-
teristics of plants. Ahead lies the solution of an even more important problems
breeding plants with the desirable properties based on directed mutational
genetics.
As a rule, substantial results of ba.sic research stimulate ~he develo~aeiit of com-
~ prehensive programs of an applied nature~ aimed directly at carrying out major
plans of the national economy~ as xell as at creating new models of equipment and
technology which change the nature of production in certain sectors of the
economy.
During the postwar period our scientists~ designers, and workers, upon assignmenL
from the Party and the g~vernment, developed several major projects. One of them
xhich is very important for our country is space exploration, the pioneer in xhich
is the Soviet Union. In order to solve the problems connected with this, we need
to have an enorn?ous complex of extremely complicated research in the field of ae-
rodynamics, the theory of optimum control~ radio-electronics~ material science,
chemistry, the physics of inner space, biophysics, and medicine. In short, the
_ ideas of practically all the natural sciences will be focussed on this program.
The outstanding Soviet scienti.st and engineer, Academician Sergey Pavlovich Ko-
rolev, has become the director of this program. The goal which has been set for
large groups has stimulated the development of many new trends of basic r~search--
ranging from problems of flight c~ymamics to the theory of ineteors hitting against
obstacles. In the achievement of this goal there have cleaxly been manifested the
chaxacteristic traits of the socialist social system, capable within a bMef time
of mobilizirg to solve very important scientific and practical tasks large groups
of persons and ensuring their successful execution--from the initial exploratory
reseaxch to the implementation of the engineering plans. It is appropriate to em-
phasize that major national economic plans of such scope set forth problems not
only for the scientists but also for the workers in a number of economic sectors.
Within the process of carrying out such plans they must strengthen their own ma-
terial base, raise the level of developments and production facilities, intensiva-
ly seek out neH scientific and technical possibilities, and master up-to-date
, equ3.pment. Our science and industry have coped. brilliantly with these ta,sks.
An analogous situation arose in our country with the creation of nucleax power en-
gineering; its foundations were laid by theoretical research in the field of nu-
clear physics. At a certain sta.ge in this research its exceptional practical im-
portance for future power engineering became cleax. During the eaxly 1950's an im�-
portant trend arose in eq.uipment technology--nuclear reactor construction~ which
relied on the achievements of nuclear physics~ thermal physics, material science,
radio-chemistry~ and many other scientific trends. In turn~ reactor construction
facilita.ted the appeaxance of ne~ basic research~ which enriched science itself
and created the basisfor technical developments. The construction in our country
of the world's first nuclear electric-power station marked the onset of the age of
nuclear power engineering. At the present time nuclear power engineering is be-
coming an extremely important sector in the national economy, and its influence on
the country's energy balance is constantly growing.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Molodaya gvardiya", 1980
2384
cso: 1800/262 11
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IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION
Baku NARODNOYE KHOZYAYSTVO AZERBAYDZHANA in Russian No 3, Ma.r 81 pp 26-32
[Article by A.A. Nadirov, chief academic secretary of the Azerbaijan SSR Academy of
Sciences Presidium, corresponding member of the AzSSR Academy of Sciences: "Plan-
ning a Refinement of the Territorial Organization of Producti,on"]
[Text] An indisputable advantage of the socialist system of the economy is the
fact that for the first time:~in man's history it creates practicable conditions for
the rational location of produc.tion forces on the country's territory, subordinating
its solutions to the tasks of the harmonious development of the u~hole societq.
Under the conditions of the planned development of the economy th~ production forces
are located on a strictly scientific basis in accurdance with the req.uirements of
objective economic laws and the CPSU's economic strategy.
In the plan-oriented socialist economy there are ob3ective possibilities, thanks to
public ownership of the means of production, for the rapid development of the pro-
duction forces of the country~and all its regions based on the rational use of local
potential and the fraternal cooperation of the peoples.
The fotmdation of the new socialist location of production forces in the AzSSI~ was
created under difficult conditions. T11:ie point being that in the prerevolutionary
past Azerbaijan was among Russia's colonial outlying areas in which the process of
the development of capitalist production relations had occurred more rapidly.
Historical experience shaws that a characteristic feature of the development of
capitalist industry in the colonial outlying areas was the emergence of a na.rrow
circle of sectors the scale of production in which was also kept within a certain
- framework. Not to mention the political motives behind such a limitation, it
was brought about economically by the goal of capitalist production, an immutable
law of which is obtaining the ma.ximum profit, and also by the interests of industry's
expansion in the metropolis itself thanks to the resources of the colonial out-
lying areas. All these basic features of the development of capita~.ist industry
were also manifested under the conditions of prerevolutionary Azerbaijan. It is
known that, prior to the revolution, the leading sector of Azerbai~an's :tndustry
was the highly profitable oil induatry. In the atructure of its industry the
proportion`of this sector with respect to producEion`volume constituted ~.pproximately
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80 per~ent. Under these conditions it is not difficult to imagine the low level of
development of all the remaining industrial sectors considering that many essential
sectors ot industry were not represented in the structure of industry of prerevolu-
tionary Azerbaijan. It is natural that the development of a limited range of sec-
tors entails a sharp difference among individual regions of the country in terms of
the general level of development of industrial production. This was how the pre-
revolutionary location of industry on Azerbaijan territorq also evolved. According
to data of 1913, more than 90 percent of the area's industrial output was produced
by enterprises functioning in Baku and its surrounding populat~.ari~� centers, where
oil was produced or there was production connected with the servicing of the oil
industry. As a counterweight to the comparatively multisectorial structure of
Baku, the other parts of Azerbai3an territory had small enterprises of two-three
sectors, but in the majority of cases of only one sectar of industry, which, as a
rule, were engaged in the primary processing of local agricultural raw material and
the mining of a limited number of mineral resources.
The inadequate division of labor in agriculture led to the extremely low :ise of its
natural production forces. In 1913 more than 90 percent of Azerbai~an~s sown areas
was occupied by low-yield grain crops, which, considering the value of straw, ac-
counted for only 47 percent of the gross agricultural product.
The sharp difference between Baku and the remaining parts of Azerbaijan territory
in tern~s of the overall level of economic and cultural development was also brought
about by the extremely inadequate development or absence altogether of many of the
other most important and essential components of production in the structure of ~
their economy. And it is not fortuitous that in 1913-_ Baku had 1.5 times the
population of Azerbai~an's remaining 13 cities taken together, whose small size was
a direct consequence o~E the low level of development of the production forces in
many parts of its territory.
In the socialist society a determining condition of the plan-geared location of the
production forces is the extensian of the territorial division of labor in the
system of the economy of the entire country. Ttie most efficient use of the natural
= conditions and production-economic potential of each territorial part of the coun-
try and also an increase in social labor productivity on a society-wlde scale are
inseparably connected with this most important process. A ma.nifestation of the~.ao-
cialist territorial division of labor is the creation of a powerful economic po-
tential in each union republic and economic region on the basis of the specializa-
tion and comprehensive development of its economy.
In the rich scientific legacy of V.I. Lenin pertaining to the development of the
theoretical and practical program of the building of socialism in our country a
worthy place is occupied by questions of the rational location of the production
forces in the new society, and, in particular, exceptional importance was attached
to the idea he put foiward concerning the comprehensive development of the economy
of all regions, prima.rily the former colonial outlying areas of tsarist Russia.
- It is noteworthy that Lenin's scientific foresight concerning the comprehensive
development of the economy of the regions was expressed in practice in the deter-
minati~n of the long-term directions of the development of the production forces
in Azerbaijan immediately after the establishment of Soviet power here. Back in
1921 V.I. Lenin, who constantly rendered inestimable assistance in the restoration
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- and development of the economy of Soviet Azerbaijan, which had raised the victorious .
banner of the Great October earlier than many other former colonial outlying areas,
brilliantly sketched in general outline the de~elopment prospects of the young
republic's production forces, observing "...is FSaku formulating the question of
oil correctly from the viewpoint of the coordination of the different aspects of
the economy? After all, it is a~very ric~? area: _forests, fertile_(given ir~~gation)
Iand ~nd so forth. ...Is it~possible to develop the oil industry without developing
irrigation and farming aro~d Baku? Is anyone thinking about and is anyone working
on this as they should?"* Essentially in these short lines V.I. Lenin foresaw and
substantiated in the ~xample of Azerbai3an the�need for the comprhhensive development
of the economy of all the territorial parts of the country under the conditions of
the socialist society. The experience of socialist building has shown that this
irlea of the leader was a most important principle of the speci.alization and com-
- prehensive development of the economy of the union republics and economic regions
of the country. The economy of the AzSSR was also formed according to the principle
of high specialization in the social territorial division of labor and the exten-
- sive comprehensive development of the economy. The comprehensive development
of the economy provided for the enlistment of the most important resources of all
regions of the republic in the common channel of economic building and the more
rational and fuller use of their other natural possibilitles, which led to the ac-
celerated formation uf their economic structure in the system of the country's uni-
fied complex.
The republic's most general achievements in the sphere of the location of the
production forces under the conditions of the planned economy may be characterized
thus:
1. Throughout the period of socialist building there was an intensive and contin-
uous process to extend the territorial division of labor, as a result of which
economic regions were formed in the repub:.ic each of which was characterized by its
own production specialization and a diversified structure of the economq. As is
known, under any circumstances the process of the formation of full-blooded inte-
gral economic regions is an expression of the high level of development of the
production forces in all parts of the country's territory.
2. The striking gap between individual territorial parts of the republic in terms
of the overall level of economic development inherited from the prerevolutionary
past has disappeared. The fact of the more even distribution of those employed
in sectors of the economy by economic region of the republic even with the definite
influence on the level of this process of regional singularity of the demographic
situation serves as evidence of this. If 100 percent is taken as the average level
of employment per 1,000 of population in the republic, currently in 2 economic re-
gions (Sheki-Zakatal'skiy and Kura-Araksinskiy) this indicator constitutes from
SO to 60 percent, in 5 regions (the Nakhichevanskaya ASSR and the Kirovabad-
Kazakhskiy, Kuba-Khachmasskiy, Lenkoran'-Astarinskiy and Nagorno-Shirvanskiy) from
70 to 80 percent, in the Nagorno-Karabakhskaya Autonomous Oblast 93 percent and
*V.I. Lenin to A.P. Serebrovskiy, 2 April 1921. "Poln. sobr. soch." [Complete
Works], vol 52, p 124.
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in the Baku-Sumgait region 126 perc~ent. Naturally, the economic regions will never
_ be able and should not be on a par ln this indicator. But the adduced figures do
undoubtedly reflect the high level of the overall econamic development of a11 re-
gions, although it cannot be denied that there is still a certain difference among
them in this respect.
3. Large-scale bases of industry have been created in a11 economic regions, and
in the majority of them it has become the Ieading sector of the economy. With regard
for the fact of the colossal gap between the Apsheronskiy region and other parts of
Azerbaijan in overall level of industrial development inherited from the prerevolu-
_ tionary past, the creation of a large-scale industrial potential in all the repub-
lic's economic regions is wldoubtedly a most important achievement in Azerbai~an's
socioeconomic progress in the years of Soviet power. Of all the 451 large-scale
state enterprises built and commissioned in the years of Soviet power, 303 were
located in regions with a law level of industrial development as a whole. In other
words, over twice as many large-scale enterprises were created in these regions
than in the industrially highly developed Baku-Sumgait region. As a result these
regions' share of total industrial production constitutes approximately 40 percent
compared with roughly 9 percent in 1913.
Each economic region now occupies a notable place in the republic's highly developed
industry. It is significant that even certain large-scale territorial parts of the
republic which were virtually without a share in the industrial production of pre-
revolutionary Azerbaijan have now become powerful industrial regions. Among these
are primarily the Kura-Araksinskiy and Kirovabad-Kazakhskiy economic regions,
whose industrial enterprises produced in 1980 some 14.8 percent and 11.6 percent
respectively of the gross; product of the republic's entire industry. Many economic
regions are now producing individually several times more industrial output than
the entire industry of prerevolutionary Azerbai~an.
An important singularity of the location of industry in Azerbaijan is that in the
level of development of many leading sectors this region or the other occupies the
leading position in the republic, and, furthermore, in many cases is represented by
the most important sectors of heavy industry.
4. A most important condition of an upsurge in the level of development of the
production forces of the economic regions was the specialization and concentration
of agriculture by natural-economic zone of the republic. The solution of this,
one of the most fundamental problems of agriculture made it possible to considerabl~
increase the production of the most valuable types of agricultural product and on
this basis expand the corresponding processing industry. Thanks to the increased

= concentration of individual sectors of agriculture under the conditions most con-
ducive to their development, in the ma~ority of economic regions the corresponding
types of industrial production constitute a leading area of industry.
5. As a result of the rapid development of the production forces in the economic
regions the further growth and refinement of the structure of social production on
a modern basis are under way by means of an increase in progressive forms of its
territorial organization. In this respect the formation of local territorial-
production complexes represents an important landmark in the further refinement
of the territorial proportions of social production based on an increase in its
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efficiency and the fullest use of each region's local natural-economic possibilities.
A striking expressio:l of the development of local territorial-production complexes
is the creation in many economic regions of the foundation of large-scale production
consisting of interconnected s~ctors and performing a wide-ranging function in the
system of the republic's economy.
The development of a system of cities within the framework of each 1oca1 terri-
torial-production complex is of ever increasing importance in the refinement of the
territorial organization of production. The republic currently has 62 cities,
which is almost four ::imes more than in the prerevolutionary period. The number
of cities has increased from 5 to 24 in the Kura-Araksinskiy region, 2 to 9 in the
Kirovabad-Kazakhskiy region, 1 to 6 in the Kuba-Khachmasskiy region, firom 2 to 6
in the Sheki-Zakatal'skiy region and so forth compared with 1920. The inter-
connection of the formation of the territoria.l-production complexes and the develop-
ment of cities is manifested most clearly in the accelerated growth rate of future
cities performing the role of regional cultural-economic centers.
- Apart from Baku, 2 large (Kirovabad and Sumgait) and 3 medium-sized (Mingechaur,
Ali-Bayramly and Sheki) cities have now been formed, and 3 cities (Nakhichevan',
Stepanakert and Lenkoran') have a population of up to 50,000. The number of
residents in Kirovabad now is 2.6 times greater than the population of all 15 cities
(excluding Baku) of the republic in 1920 and almost 2.2 times greater in Sumgait.
~tany other striking examples could be produced showing the fundatnental changes in the
location.Qfthe production forces on the republic's territory under the conditions
of the planned socialist economy. It should be men~inned here that the Ninth and
lOth five-year plans occupy a special place in the improvement in the location of
the production forces. The big successes in the refinement of the location of
_ the production forces in this period were connec~ted primarily with the imple-
mentation of large-scale measures to raise the level of the comprehensive develop-
ment of the republic's economy by way of an impronement in the socia.l production
structure, primarily in industry, on the basis of the better use of the republic's
natural-economic possibilities. More than 80 large-scale state industrial enter-
prises were created in the last decade in the economic regions s~;tuated in an
industrial respect beyond th~lii:ghly developed Baku-Sumgait region. This is almost
27 percent of the total number of large-scale enterprises created in these regions
in the years of Soviet power. Eight large-scale state industrial enterprises were
~ commissioned each year on average in the Ninth and lOth five-year plans compared
with 4.4 such enterprises a year on average in the previous 50 years of Soviet
power. And it is not fortuitous that in the said time these regions' share of the
republic's industrial production increased 10 percent, which testifies to the con-
siderable preferential industrial development rate in the corresponding economic
regions .
. Big tasks to further refine the production forces confront therepublic in the fu-
ture. They were formulated sufficiently precisely and on a profound scientific
basis in the decisions of the 26th CPSU and 30th Azerbaijan Communist Party con-
gresses. Comrade G.A. Aliyev, candidate of the CPSU Central Committee Politburo
and first secretary of the Azerbai~an Communist Party Central Conmmittee, said in
the Azerbai~an Communist Party Central Committee Report to the 30th Azerbai~an
Communist Party Congress: "It is essential to secure a further refinement in the
location of the production forces in the llth and 12th five-yea.r plans. It is a
~ 16
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question of the plan-based equalization of the levels of economic development of
individual zones and regions of the republic which have a high proportion of the
able-bodied population not employed in social production.... It is very important
to develop in the republic's cities new works or territorial-production complexes
interconnected by production cooperation. No less significance is attached to the
creation in the rural regions of branches of the ~.arge-scale enterprises, which
will also improve the employment structure."*
The wide-ranging program currently being impl~mented in the republic for a further
improvement in the industrial structure, the specialization and concentration of
agriculture by natural-economic zone, a refinement in the territoria.l system of
means of transport, particularly the laying of the Yevlakh-Belokanq railroad line,
the extension of the network of cultural-educational establishments and other
spheres of the social-everyday infrastructure and the fuller enlistment of local
labor resources in social production is creating exceptionally favorable conditions
for securing a further improvement in the location of productior_ forces in the re-
public. 1'he successful accomplishment of this task is connected primarily with
the prevention of the further growth of industry in the Baku-Sumgait region thanks
to the limitation of the construction of large-scale enterprises here.
- A most important condition of the further refinement of production forces on the
republic's territory is determination of the economically most promising small and
medium-sized cities in which it is essential, in tH~smain, to concentrate new in-
dustrial enterprises. The path toward the successful development of local terri-
torial-production complexes in the republic lies through the forma*_ion of these
leading industrial center-cities. Experience sho~ws that the successful development
of these complexes is possible only on the bas is of the full use of basic local
natural resources or favorable production-economic conditions and should not be a
simple collection of enterprises af various sectors of industry. The d:tversity of
the industrial structure of the local territorial-production complexes is determined
primarily by the combination in a production-engi.neering respect of the intercon-
nected production facilities constituting the basic nucleus of their economy. After
all, the successful formation of production and the supplementary base of its fur~
ther growth are contained in such comprehensiveness.
A priority task of a further improvement in the location of tha production forces in
the republic is accomplishment of the urgent tasks of the developman~.: of the infra-
structure, particularly the social-everyday infrastructure, in accordance with
the target strategy of the formation of a uniform system of settlement within the
framework of the territorial-production complexes. It must be noted that the
development in certain regions of the republic of infrastructural sectors not organ-
ized on a proper level often acts as an "ob~ective factor," as it were, limiting
the location therein of many modern enterprises of the most important industrial
sectors. For this reason the extensive development of the sectoria~, infrastructure
in many regions should be regarded as a most important and essential part of the
overall program of a further refinement of the production forces in the republic.
*BAKINSKIY RABOCHIY 29 January 1981.
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Thus the problem of an improvement in the territorial proportions of social pro-
duction is a most important socioeconomic task whose successful accomplishment will
multiply even more the production potential of the country's single economic com-
plex.
COPYRIGHT: NARODNOYE RHOZYAYSTVO AZERBAYDZHANA, '1981
8850
CSO: 1800/573
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REGIONAL
REVIEW OF BOOK ON PARTY, SOVIET ROLE IN CREATION OF UZBEK STATE
Moscow VOPROSY ISTORII in Russian No 4, Apr 81 pp 120-122
(Review by M. I. Irkayev, T. G. Tukhtametov and 0. U. Usmanov of book "Rol'
Kompartii i Sovetskogo Pravitel'stva v Sozdanii Natsional'noy Gosudarstvennosti
Uzbekskogo Naroda" [Role of the Co~nunist Party and Soviet Government in the Crea-
tion of National Statehood of the Uzbek People] by A. Ishanov, Izd-vo "Uzbekistan,"~
1978, 3,000 copies, 272 pages]
jText~ From the first years of Soviet power," said L. I. Brezhnev at the 26th CPSU
Congress, "our economic and social policy were structured so as to lift the farmer
national outlying districts of Russia to the level of the center's development as
rapidly as possible. And this task was successfully accomplished."1 The book by
the chief of the department on state and the law of the Institute of Philosophy and
Law of the UzSSR, corresponding member of the UzSSR Academy of Sciences, A.I. Ishanov,
generalizes the richest experience in p'ractical creative activity of the Communist Party
and the Soviet government in implementing the Lenin national policy and creating
Soviet statehood in Central Asia, first and foremost in the Uzbek SSR. The work was
written primarily on the basis of archive material and periodical publications and
literature.
The author treats the conduct of the Lenin national policy in the Turkestan ASSR and
the activity of the Narkoumats [People's Commissariat for Nationalities] of the
RSFSR and the Moslem bureau of conmaunist organizations--organs which did important
- work on propagandizing the ideas of scientific communism among the peoples of the
region and played a tr.Pmendous role in strengthening the Soviets locally and in or-
ganizing the routing of the counterrevolutionary Basmachimovement. These organs
mobilized and sent to Turkestan co~nunists who knew the languages of the Central
Asian peoples and set up the publication and dissemination of newspapers and journals
among the working Uzbeks, Tadzhiks, Karakalpaks, and others. In the conduct of the
Communist Party's national policy in the Turkestan ASSR, A. I. Ishanov notes., a tre-
mendous role was played by V. I. Lenin's speech at the Second All-Russian Congress
of Moslem Communist Organizations of the Peoples of the EaSt (Moscow, November 1919)
in which the multimillion peasantry was named as the motive force of the revolution-
ary-democratic movement in the countries of the East. Lenin posed for the communists
of the East the task of fighting first and foremost "against the remnants of the
Middle Agesi2 and armed the communists of the East with a program of action in the
struggle against the colonizers and for freedom and national independence. The
decisions of this congress and the work of the agitation-instructor trains and
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agitation steamboats in the years of the Civil War in attracting the workers of
Central Asia in the struggle to consolidate the authority of the Soviets is treated
in detail in the book.
The author analyzes in detail the work of the First Congress of Peoples of the Easti
(Baku, September 1920)which subscribed to the 3ecisions of the Second C~mintern Congress
and worked out and approved the historic documents, "Theses on Soviet Power in the
East," "Theses on the Agrarian Question," and "The Sgecial Resolution of Delegates
to the Congress of Peoples of the East." These documents, str~sses A, I. Ishanov,
had tremendous significance for further development of the revolutionary movement
of the peoples of the East (p 47).
In comparison with preceding literature, the book treats in greater detail the state-
legal interrelations between the RSFSR and the Turkestan ASSR and the legal status
of the Turkkomissii [Turkestan C:ommission]--the plenipotentiary organ of the RKP(b)
[Russian Communist Party (of Bolsheviks)~ Central Committee, VTsIK [All-Union Central
Executive Committee], and SNK [Council of People's Commissars] of the RSFSR in the Soviet. .
republics of Central Asia. A. I. Ishanov analyzed the content of the appendices to
the decree on the formation of the Turkestan Coimnission--"Instructions on the author-
ity of the commission on Turkestan matters" and "Statute on the organization of the
national economy in Turkestan" (pp 77-79)--exceptionally important documents to
clarify the legal status of the representative organ of the Russian Federation in
the kray. On the basis of this analysis, the author came to the conclusion that
"the main thing in the activity of the Turkestan Commission as the representative
and plenipotentiary organ of the federal government, along with the overall streng-
thening of the Soviet state in the kray, consisted of the practical implementation
of the Lenin teaching that the proletariat of Russia which had triumphed and had
taken state power into its hands must render daily assistance in every way to the
- weakly developed peoples in eliminating their economic and cultural backwardness"
(p 79). As a result of the fruitful activity of the Turkestan Commission in the
Turkestan ASSR, it is stressed in the book, relations of friendship and mutual under-
standing were established between the Russians and Uzbeks, Tadzhiks and Kirghizians,
Karakalpaks and Kazakhs, Turkmen and Tatars, and so forth. .
Great significance for the strengther.ing of friendship between the peoples residing
in Central Asia was also had by the decree of~the RKP(b) Central Committee of
29 July 1920, "On the tasks of the RKP(b) Central Committee in Turkestan;"which en-
visioned the maximum attraction of the poor of local nationalities to state control
and the transfer of the experience of the Russian proletariat to them (p 86). The
work presents numerous facts which characterize the fraternal assistance of the
1ZSFSR, and later of the USSR, in the restoration and development of the national
economy of the Turkestan ASSR and the Khorezm and Bukhara Peoples Soviet Republics.
The question of the activity of the Turkestan Commission and the Turkburo [Turkes-
tan Bureau] of the RKP(b) Central Committee in the period of the transition to the
NEP[New Economic Policy] received detailed treatment in the book. Both organs were
guided by Lenin's instruction on the necessity to display maximum concern for the
Moslem poor and that this policy should become a"model for the /entire/ [in italics]
East.i3 The Turkestan Bureau of the RKP(b) Central Committee played an important
role in the organizational and ideological-political consolidation of the Communist
Parties of the Central Asian republics. The outstanding role in organizing the
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struggle with the Basmachi bands which were actively supported by the imperialists,
~ especially by the English, belongs to it.
The history of the February revolution in Khorezm and the September revolution in
Bukhara (1920) which, being general, had a revolutionary-democratic nature andwere 1ed
by communists, is investigated thoroughly in the book. The main driving force of
L�hese revolutions were the workers, peasants, and artisans, but the petty traders
and the leading part of the national bourgeoisie and intelligentsia also took part
in them. Despite their small numbers, the workers of Khiva and Bukhara, with the
direct assistance of Russia's working class, were the leading force of these revolu-
tions. As a result of their victories, people's Soviet republics were established
in Bukhara and Khorezm (BNSR and KhNSR). A. I. Ishanov's assertion that the national
(peasant) Soviets could arise and exist only with the assistance of the dictatorship
of the proletariat--the first socialist state of workers and peasants in the world
which was in Russia--is correct (p 130). Nor can we fail to agree with him that these
revolutions had a popular, anti-feudal (they were directed against secular and
spiritual feudal lords and against a feudal state) and, at the same time, anti-
imperialist nature (revolutionary forces stepped forth against international imperi-
alism which stubbornly tried to seize these territories and transform them into
their colonies). As a result of the popular revolutions, Bukhara.and Khiva were
transformed from strongholds of reaction and counterrevolution into republics allied
with the RSFSR. The author notes that the revolutionsin Khorezm and Bukhara occurred
as a result of the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution and under its
mighty influence they gained the victory thanks to the disinterested, comprehensive
assistance of the great Russian people (p 196 and others).
The author asserts correctly that the economic and cultural backwardness of
Khorezm and Bukhara, the small number of the working class, and the predominance of
petty bourgeois elements, especially in the village, made impossible a direct social-
ist revolution which requires certain development of the productive forces and a
working class organized on the basis of big industry. For the transition to the
socialist stage of revolution the BNSR and KhNSR needed serious economic and cul-
tural assistance, and they received it from the Russian and other peoples of the
Country of Soviets and, thanks to this, they went from the national-democratic
stage of revolution to the socialist stage. This transition shows the correctness
of the Lenin proposition that with the aid of the proletariat of the leading coun-
tries "the backward countries can change over to the Soviet system and through cer-
tain stages of development--to communism, bypassing the capitalist stage of develop-
ment."4
A significant place in the book is occupied by the state-legal interrelations of the
RSFSR and then of the USSR with the BNSR. The author examines the "Union Agreement"
and "Economic Agreement," which determined the bases of these interrelations and the
military-political and economic union, and the establishment of the diplomatic
union of the RSFSR, Turkestan ASSR, BNSR, and KhNSR (p 144 and others). In setting
forth the history of the military-political alliance of the RSFSR and the BNSR and
the economic union of the Central Asian Soviet republics, he stresses the fundamen-
tally important national-economic significance of the economic integration of the
Central Asian Soviet republics which accelerated the process of transition of the
BNSR and KhNSR from the people`s-democratic stage of the revolution to the socialist
stage.
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The special features of the KhNSR's transition to the socialist stage of development
is especially examined in the book. At the national-democratic stage of the revolu-
tion in this republic, primarily petty-bourgeois elements were in power. The book
notes correctly that then the KhNSR government could not resolve the fundamental
problems put forth by the revolution, in particular the land and water problem (p 202
and others).
The book investigates in detail the national-state demarcation in Central Asia and
the formation of the Uzbek SSR. We cannot but agree with the author's statement
that on the eve of the demarcation, national interrelations in the republics of
Central Asia were difficult and a struggle was under way against the vestiges not
onlv of great-power chauvinism, but also against local bourgeois nationalism. A. I.
Ishanov notes correctly that the national-state demarcation "served as a powerful
stimulus in the struggle for the socialist transformation of Central Asia, created a
firm basis for the elimination of the economic and cultural inequality of the people
inhabiting it," and accelerated the process of their consolidation into socialist
nations (p 241). In the matter of creating the Uzbek national Soviet statehood, it
says in the book, a large role was played by party and soviet workers of Uzbekistan.
A tremendous contribution to the formation of national cadres was made by the
Turkestan Commission of the VTsIK, by the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR,
by the Turkestan Bureau of the RKP(b) Central Committee,and by the comrades-in-arms
of Lenin: F. Khodzhayev, Yu. Akhunbabayev, A. Ikramov, A. Rakhimbayev, and others
~aho accomplished tremendous work in the creation and consolidation of the Uzbek SSR.
The author describes in detail the activity of the People's Commissariat for
Nationality Affairs at the RSFSR scale. Meanwhile, attention should have been con-
centrated on its work namely in Turkestan. The author does not always present ac-
~ ct~rately the question of the moving forces of the Khorezm and Bukhara revolutions:
noting correctly that in addition to the peasants other social groups also took an
active part in them, the author then chara~terizes these revolutions as general
peasant revolutions (p 130).
On the whole, the book under review is a serious study which has absorbed the results
of the author's work of many years.
FOOTNOTES
1. L. I. Brezhnev, "Otchetnyy Doklad Tsentral'nogo komiteta KPSS XXVI s"yezdu
Kommunisticheskoy Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza i Ocherednyye Zadachi Partii v
Oblasti Vnutrenney i Vneshney Politiki" [Summary Report.of the CPSU Central
Cormnittee to the 26th Congress of the Communist Earty of the Soviet Union and
the Next Tasks of the Party in the Field of Domestic and Foreign Policy].
23 February 1981. Moscow, 1981, p 75.
2. V. I. Lenin, "Polnoye Sobraniye Sochineniy" [C~mplete Works], Vol 39, p 329.
3. Ibid., Vol 53, p 105.
4. Ibid., Vol 41, p 246.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy istorii", 1981
6367
~ CSO: 1800/518
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REGIONAL
LIBERAL BELORUSSIAN AUTHOR GIVEN HONORARY STATE AWARD
Paris KULTURA in Polish No 5, May 81 pp 50-51
- [Article: "Belorussian Chronicle"]
[Text] By virtue of a decree of the Presidium of the BSSR Supreme Soviet, which
was published in the 26 September 1980 issue of the Minsk Belorussian weekly
LITARATURA I MASTATSTVA ("Literature and Art"), Vasil' Bykov was given the "Honor-
ary Title of Peoples' Author of the BSSR" for his great service in the development �
cf literary Belorussian. The event generates some surprise, since Vasil' Bykov,
a most outstanding, modern Soviet author who has totally freed himself from the
mold of so-called socialist realism, has fought for years for freedom of creativity,
and because of this, has been the object of sharp party criticism. In an interview
, granted to the Belorussian poet, Anatoliy Vyarchinskiy, back in 1964, Vasil' Bykov
- said: "It is the obligation of every witness and participant in the past war to
speak only the truth; and no matter how bitter it may be, one must be merciless in
his sincerity." At the 5th Congress of the Belor~ssian Writers' Union on 13 May
1966, Bykov gave a long speech which he concluded by thanking those Belorussian
writers who, standing up in his defense, "demonstrated civil courage." Bykov was
expressing gratitude at that time to 65 authors who sent a collective letter to
the Belorussian CP Central Committee in regard to an editorial printed in the
Minsk Russian-language daily, SOVETSKAYA BELORUSSIYA, which particularly sharply
attacked Bykov. Hi~ works are, as a rule, not translated from the original into
foreign languages, but from Russian editions which are heavily abridged and dis-
torted by the translator and Soviet censorship. His famous short novel from the
last war, "The Dead Have Nothing to Fear," especially suffered in the Russian
translation. Of 38 chapters, only 33 appeared in the edition, and those were in
shortened form. Whole passages were deleted, several political sections of the
story summarizing the opinions of the author were omitted, and the characteristics
of several heroes were reduced to a minimum. In the original story there is much
talk about that which, as the author writes, "must not be forgotten." In the
(Russian) edition there is not even a hint about the penal battalions sent to the
front; about SMERSH, which executed Soviet soldiers for "not holding positions
which could not be held, for not fulfilling unfulfillable orders, for conflicts
with superiors and even for unauthorized conversations." Among the living figures
awarded the "Honorary Title of Peoples' Author (Poet) of the USSR," Vasil' Bykov is
the only nonparty author.
COPYRIGHT: Citation unknown
CSO: 1800/646 END
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