JPRS ID: 9921 LATIN AMERICA REPORT

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040033-7
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 52
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 33
• Content Type: REPORTS

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` JPRS L/9921
19 August 1981
- Lc~tin America Re ort
p
. CFOUO 17/81)
~~IS FOREICN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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" NOTE .
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mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phor.etically or transliterated are
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JPRS L/9921
" August 1981

~
LATIN AMERICA REPORT
(FOUO 17/81)
CONTENTS
COUNTRY SECTION
INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS
Briefs
Suriname Detains Venezuelan Boats 1
BRAZIL
Policy Dispute Seen in Golbery Resignation
(Herbert 7.schech; IATIN AMERICAN DAILY P05T,
8 Aug 81) 2
Briefs
PLO Office in Brasilia 4
CUBA
'PREIA' on Israel's Nuclear Threat
(Mirta Balea; PRELA, 4 Jul 81) 5
i
U.S. Seen Withholding Loans for Grenada, Nicaragua
(Manuel Somoza; YRELA, 29 Jun 81) 7
Improvements in Moa Communicat:ions Noted
(BOHEI~A, 29 May 81) 9
Preparations for Pro>�~~icial, Municipal Assemblies Noted
(BOHEMIA, 5 Jun 81) 10
Improvemer.cs in National Railroa.d Discussed
(Concepcion Duchesne; BOHEMIA, 5 Jun S1). 12
~ - a - (III - LA - 144 FOUO)
~n~t n~r~^T ~ i. rc~ nNT v
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Financial, Economic, Accounting Terms Defined
~ (BOHEMLA, various dates) 18
Capital A,ssets, Equipment, by Alexis Codina
Deprer_.iation, Amortization, by Alexis Codina
Turnover Resources, by Alea~is Cordina
Importance of Data Processing to Development Noted
(Fermin A. Bernasconi Interview; BOHEMIA, 29 Ma.y 81) 21
Nuclear Power Plant Construction Continues
(Itamon Lobaina Consuegra; BOHEMIA, 5 Jun 81) 28
Need for Quality in Emulations Stressed
(Gloria Marsan Sanchez; BOflEM~A, 5 Jun 81) ~2
Increase in Havana Supermarkets Explained
(Janet Salva; BOHEMIA, 19 Jun 81) 34
Higher Prices in Free Mttrkets Explained '
(Adalberto Gonzalez Interview; BOHEMIA, 29 May 81) 36
Improvements in H,avana Food Service
(Arsenio Torres Interview; BOHEMIA, 12 Jun 81) 38
GUATEMALA ~
Organization in Mexico Denounces Repression of Church
(ANSA, 10 Aug 81) 45
HONDURAS
Briefs
Nonintervention in E1 Salvador 46
NICE~RAGUA
Wheelock Denounces CIA Plans A,gainst Latin America
(PRELA, 4 Aug 81) 47
PANAMA
Briefs
5andinist Anniversary Celebration 48
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COUNTRY SECTION INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS '
BRIEFS
SURINAME DETAINS VENEZUELAN BOATS--Caracas, 26 Jun (PL)--According to the
official news ag ency VENPRES, acting Foreign Minister Oswaldo Paez Pumar has
confirmed here th e arrest of several Venezuelan f3sherman by Suriname authorities
for fishing in Suriname's territorial waters. "This is not the first time a
case like this has arisen," the foreign minister admitted, adding that '~ae
are currently ma king efforts to conclude a fishing agreement with Surina.me in
order to solve all these problems under an overall framework." VENPRES added
that Paez "denied having any knowledge of a Guyanese boat that was deta3ned
_ in Venezuelan waters." The Venezuelan Foreign Ministry has begun efforts
_ to obtain the release of the fishermen but the foreign minister did not say
how many there are. According to press reports, 6 boats with a crew of i2 each
are being held in Paramar~;;o. [TeMt] [PA280051 Caracas PRELA in Spanish to
PRELA Havana 1435 GMT 26 Jun 81]
CSO: 3010/1487
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COUNTRY SECTION BRAZIL
POLICY DISPUTE SEEN IN GOLBERY RESIGNATION
' PY092322 Rio de Janeiro LATIN ANIERICA DAILY POST in English 8 Aug 81 p 1
[Article by Herbert Zschech]
V
[Text] Rio de Janeiro--In the first half of the past week, the resign,ation
of Minister of Planning Antonio Delfim Netto, was rumored as virtually certain.
But he en:erged with a smile, quipping "my hour still ha~ not arrived."
Then on Thursday night, the nation was st~ned by the announcement that
Gen Golbery Do Couto E Silva, the political, mentor of thE Ernesto Gei~el and
Joao Figueiredo administrations, the man who virtually "made" the two presidents
and was considered the all-powerful politica.l strategist of the two governments,
was leaving.
Golbery's decision t~ quit his post as chief of F3gue3reda's civil office--similar
to White House chief of staff and a title which does not express at all the real
importance of his act3vi~ies as the "man behtnd the throne"--first provoked shock
in political and economic circles in the capital. 5en. Tancredo Neves, the head
of the moderate opposition party, PP [Popular Party], and one of the coolest
heads and keenest observers in B:azilian politics, exclaimed, "We are all lost,"
on hearin.g the news on the telephone.
Later, he said that Golbery's deFarture from the government certainly signals a
ser.ious crisis in the regime.
And ex-President Geisel stated on hearing the news: "I feared that this would
happen: things were rolling since Monday."
Golbery's ma.in ~historical role in Brazil's recent politica:~. development was his
Participation in the political opening which, while asswned by Figueiredo, is
genera~ly believed to be his idea. Having taken an active part in the military
conspiracy which in 1964 toppled the Joao Goulart regime and elevated Marshal
Castello Branco to the presidency, he pat3ently and persistently tried in the
following decades to restore the original ic~eology of the "revolution" of 1964
after Castello Branco's successors had slipped into outright arbitrary dictator-
_ ship. He was not a fanat3c liberal but he wanted a strong democracy.
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In the last few days, the two most acute problems facing the gover~nent--electoral
reform and the financial collapse of the Social Security (INPS) system--seem to
have provoked within the innermost circles of the regime a new flaring of the
debate on whethEr political opening and democracy are compatible at all with
economic crisis calljr~ for drastic solutions, and if these solutions should be
political or technical.
Delfim Netto advocated technical solutions; the politiGians, evidently, wanted
poli~ical ones.
Golbery is said to have opposed Delfim Netto, insisting on large popular partici-
pation in the tackling of probl~ns concerning the people. Now it seems that he
lost the battle, for the time being. His xesignation is expected to drag along
other government ministers, marking the star~ of a general shakeup within the
regime, the consequences at the present moment are difficult to foresee.
Anyway, it might be significant that Figueiredo's first conversations behind
closed doors after Golber}j's decision were with the mil3tary ministers.
- The days and hours prior to Golbery's surprising decision w2re spent with public
and confidential debates on the two burning problems of electoral reform and
social security crisis. The latter seems to have precipitated Golbery's
departure, a possibility whic:~ had never been conceived of outside the innermost
- circles of goverrnnent. Despite the gravity ~f the problems, especially the
social security crisis, everything still looked like normal government business.
Now, however, this impression could change. Unt31 Thursday, the situation was
handled in ways of political routine, by more or less traditional methods.
CSO: 3020/134
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COUNTRY SECZ~ION ~ BRAZIL
BRIEFS
PLO OFFICE IN BRASILIA--Sao Paulo (DAILY POST)~-In Brasilia this week, Foreign
t�iinister Ramiro Saraiva Guerreiro said that Braz31 was willing to allow the
Palestine Liberation Organ 3za~ion (PLO) to open an office of representation
in this count r,; similar to the ones that exist in several European countries.
_ Guerreiro mas~e it clear that the PLO would not have d3plomatic status for the
Brazilian Government considers the organization as a"lib.~~ration movement" and
not a sovereign nation. He added that the Foreign Ministry would begin contacting
Arab ambassador in order to negotiate the conditions that are needed for the
establish.m~nt of a PLO office of representation. (Farid Sawan), the PLO's
representative in Brazil expressed his satisfact3on over Brazil's decision and
said that the fact that the off ice which he will head will not enjoy diplomatic
_ status will not affect his work "since the PLO is mainly interested in informing
the government and the Brazilian people about the problems faced by the
Palestinian people who were thrown out of their lands and are constantly being
persecuted by the Israelis." [Excerpt] [PY040350 R3.o De Janeiro LATIN AMEkICA
DAILY POST in English 2/3 Aug 81 (p 7]
CSO: 3020/131
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COUTITRY SECTION CUBA
'PRELA' ON ISRAEL'S NUCLEAR THREAT
PA092203 Havar_a PRELA in Spanish 1813 GMT 4 Jul 81
[Article by Mirta Balea: "Israel: The Unlimited Option"]
[Text] Israel looks like a thumb, long and narrow in the north where the land is
fertile and desert-like in the south. In international politics, however, it is
inore than a point on the map.
The state that was created at the end of World War II "to give shelter to the Jews
scattered throughout the world" on the access route to the Mediterranean Sea now
has the potential to create its own nuclear weapons.
The Israeli attack on a nuclear reactor at the Tammuz Research Center in Iraq
poses questions regarding the control of these weapons and the positions that the
United States has adopted in such a serious matter.
The justification for the bombing was that the plant was endangering I~rae1's
"security." Israel used the argument of an alleged fabrication of bombs to
~ destroy targets in that territory.
This is the first time since the invention of the nuclear weapon that one country
has used such pretexts to claim the right to destroy nuclear installations in
another coun*ry.
This incident resulted in a general repudiation of Israel, especially by the Arabs
who see this attack against one of their states as an insult to their sovereignty.
Thc government of Baghdad took its complaint to the United Nations and the Security
Council �~ras summoned to an emergency meeting. A resolution condemning Israel was
approved on 19 June.
By then, U.S. President Ronald Reagan had met with several Arab ambassadors in
Washington in order to dissociate his government from the Israeli attack. However,
reality sheds new light on the incidents.
A few hours after these meetings, the zion3st press reported that U.S. officials
secretly visited Israel several times last year and that the Tel Aviv regime used
data supplied by these officials to carry out the attack.
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Caught in its own trap, k'ashington still tried to appear distant from this operation
and temporarily suspended, on 12 June, the delivery of faur Phantom 16 planes to
the zionist regime. But...the people were not convinced.
Amid debates in the Security Council, Reagan calmed down the Israeli ambassador
in Washington and told him that he would not carry out a basic review of his rela-
tions with Tel Aviv or would change the essence of them.
The new U.S. adminis~ration, as is well-known, is not troubled by the world rejec-
tion because of its ties with and support for reactionary regimes. It must be
recalled that the United States is doing the same thing with South Africa.
To the U.S. television network "ABC," the Iraqi President Saddam Husayn said that
Israel "is the main danger" and that Washington has the great responsibility of
building the nuclear arsenal of the zionists.
As is lcnown, the Israeli nuclear research program, including the mi.litary aspects,
was drafted within the secret cooperation existing between Washington and Tel Aviv.
The nuclear reactors of Dimona and Neve Rup Pin in Israeli territory, both have
particle accelerators, and the thick security that covers this process--the inter-
national press has stressed--forces specialized sectors to speculate that the
zionists have the nuclear weapon.
At the same time, the regime has refused to sign the treaty for the nonprolifera-
tion of nuclear weapons and rejected any international control over th.is matter .
in its territory.
NATO circles have disclosed that Israel has enouch nuclear fission material to
make some 20 nuclear bombs and it is devating special attention to programs to
develop missile systems cap~ble of carrying nuclear nose cones.
An FRG ship that was carrying 200 tons of enriched uranium from the United States
disappeared mysteriously in 1968. Weeks later, the ship appeared carrying a
different flag, name and crew and without the shipment which~according to the U.S.
press, encled up in Israeli hands.
Another known fact is the "disappearance" of 100 kg of uranium from the U.S.
factory "nuclear materials and equipment," which according to official reports
were transferred to Dimona.
An impartial analysis with the known facts allows to the conclusion that Israel
is threatening the world, particularly the Arab countries, with the same weapon
that it is ~rying to prevent others to develop for peaceful purposes.
Time is telling now wheXe the true danger lies.
CSO: 3010/1529
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COUNTRY SECTION CUBA
U.S. SE~N WITHHOLDING LOANS FOR GRENADA, NICARAGUA
PA300015 Havana PRELA in English 2015 GMT 29 Jun 81
jArticle hy Manuel Somoza]
[Text] [No dateline as receivedJ Washington's decision to suspend another economic
assignment to Nicaragua and to refuse Grenada a$4 million loan brings into the open
the true objectives of the new U.S. "cooperation plan" for Central America and the
Caribbean.
Commander Daniel Ortega, coordinator of the national reconstruction government junta
of Nicaragua, revealed that the U.S. House of Representative's foreign relations
subcommittee has suspended a$20 million assignment to that Central American country.
This measure is added to another two similar ones adopted by the United States up
to now this year. At the same time that denunciations of preparations for a mili-
tary invasion of Nicaragua, in training bases situated in territories of the United
States and Honduras, are growing.
- Ver;r recently, the government of Grenada also condemned the U.S. position of trying
deprive.it of a$4 million loan, through the Caribbean Development Ba:~k.
In the case of Grenada that�decision also follows a markedly aggressive line of
conduct, to which is added the pressures exercised by the United States on some
LJe~t ruropean allies, for the purpose of blocking the financing of an international
airport of tYiat Caribbean island.
Th~ construction of the air terminal has strategic importance for the economic life
of Grenada, which depends on Courism as main source of foreign currency.
What is the United States aiming at with its so-called foreign aid plan for the
Caribbean basin, some analysts ask, and the answer is quite clear.
The United States plans are aimed at "granting economic preferences to the countries
which guarantee United States invastments and policies."
Which is the same as saying that this region is on the borderline of a new escala-
tion in the already tense situation createfl by the United States, aisned at surround-
ing and destabilizing the pxogressive countries and movements of the Caribbean and
Central America.
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Nevertheless, neither does the plan escape the difficulties which the same internal
contradictions in the Llnited States and the positions of several countries of the
zone are creating.
According to the daily the WASHINGTON POST, the infighting within the ranks o~ the
republican administration is blocking the application of the new interventionist
maneuver.
Countries such as Mexico have expressed officially their rejection of the planned
foreign aid program which conceals a form of pressure against states not akin to
the United States.
However, the republican administration jis] going ahead with its maneuvers, aud
the recent economic measures against Nicaragua and Grenada are further proof af the
dangers which are hanging over the region.
CSO: 3010/1505
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COUNTRY SECTIOTI CUBA
Ii~ROVEMENTS IN rIOA COMMUNICATIONS NOTED
,
Havana BOHEY~IIA in Spanish 29 May 81 pp 32-33
[Text] The recent last visit of Minister of Communications PQdro Guelmes, member
of the Central Committee cf the Communist Party of Cuba, has yielded substantial
i~provements for the municipality of Moa. Let us see what the newspaper EL NIQUEL,
organ of the Pedro Sotto Alba plant, says.
"Throughout this year, facilities for long-distance service in Moa have been ex-
panded, with the installation of equipment permitting 60 simultaneous conversations
~ with other nlaces in the country. At the present time, only 24 can be made. In
addition, the minister of communications reported that there are plans for the
installation of two long-distance stations for international service this year,
making it possible to speak dixectly from Moa with the Soviet Union and other
countries.
"The prospective plans of the Ministry of Communications for the development of the
mining area include: the installation of a new radio retransmitter for Radio Reloj
or Radio Liberacion; the installation of a telephone cable to provide facilities
for the Las Coloradas zone; and expansion of the Moa plant with 200 new lines.
At the present time, the plant's capacity is 1,000 lines.
"It waslearned that with the help of the People's Government, an apartment in
Las Coloradas and another in Rolo Monterrey will be renovated and later turned
into postal, telegraph and press offices. A new building will be put up in Moa
to be used for the central post offices with all the proper facilities.
_ "A shed will be built near the radio retransmitting plants this year for the
inst~ll.ation of auxiliary electrical plants. Electric power will also be taken
to the Miraflor.es Hill^, providing better service from the television broadcasting
eqsipm~.nt. Tlils work wi11 be done by the linemen from the Pedro Sotto Alba
plant using materials supplied by the electrical industry.':
COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA 1981
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CSO: 3010/1484 ~ ~
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COUNTRY SECTION CU~A
PREPARATIONS FOR PRO~IINCIAL, MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES NOTED
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 5 Jun 81 p 54 ,
[Text] At the end of 1981 the Municipal and Provincial Assemblies of the Peoples
Government will be reelected, as stipulated in the Constitution of the Republic.
Its Article 111 states: "The Assemblies shall be reelected every 2~ years, which
is the length of the delegates' term." Article 70 states that the National
Assembly shall be elected for a term of 5 years. This time, then, the reelection
of local organs and that of the National Assembly coincide, because it is at
precisely that time, December 1981, when the deputies elected in 1976 finish
their 5-year terms.
Ordinarily, elections must be called for the second and third Sundays in October.
At that time, district delegates are to be elected, and they become members of
the Municipal Assemblies in their own right.
The current Electoral Law provides that at 0900 hours on the second day after the
election, in a previously chosen place, the delegates, led by the oldest among
them, shall take the oath of office, form the Assembly and elect the Executive
Committee.
At that same session, the Municipal Assembly is to elect its delegates to the
Provincial Assemblies. The chairmen of the Municipal Executive Committee are in
their own right delegates to the corresponding Provincial Assemblies.
Then, at 0900 hours on the Sunday following their election, the provincial dele-
gates are to meet to form their Assembly and elect their Executive Committee.
On the date designated by the Council of State, the Municipal Assemblies meet to
elect their deputies to the National Assembly. Thirty days afterwards, the
deputies meet in their own right, bearing their respective certificates of elec-
tion, at the time and place previously designated by the Council of State, under
the chairmanship of the oldest deputy, who is to be assisted by the two youngest
deputies as secretaries.
The deputies to the National F'eoples Government Assembly are to be elected at a
ratio of one for every 20,000 inhabitants, or fraction greater than 10,000. If
the number, of inhabitants in a municipality is less than that, a deputy will be
elected anyway.
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Immedi.ate Ter.m
We have ]earned that several municipalities and provinces are working to ~orm
Electoral Commissions made up of representatives of the Party and the grass-roots
organizations of the corresponding unit. These commissions will be charged with
directing each assembly process, as well as popular voting in each referendum. A
National Commission, 14 Provincial Commissions and 169 Municipal Co~nmissions are
to be established, in addition to the special commissions the national body deems
necessary.
The Municipal rlectoral Commissions will draw up the list of voters, consisting
of the names of all Cuban citizens who are registered in the address directory
and who ara not ineligible to vote due to mental disability or legal problems.
No citizen with the right to vote may be excluded from the corresponding voter
list.
_ The candidates for the assemblies are nominated, as has been done on other ucca-
sions, at general voter assemblies in each district. Several areas of a district
can nominate the same candidate, but naturally more than one candidate must be
nominated to be elected in each district.
All the voters that participate in the assemblies have the right to propose candi-
dates. Among those propcsed, the candidate who obtains the majority of the votes,
in direct and public balloting, will be nominated.
According to Article 2 of the Electoral Law, "all Cuban citizens with the right
to vote and who also enjoy full political rights, have the right to be elected as
candidates for delegates."
To begin rhis process, it is essential that the provisions of Article 55 of that
Law be carried out: "Every election shall be preceded by the convocation issued
by the Council of State. Said convocation shall indicate the day when the
elecr.ion is to be held. The convocation shall be published in the Official
Gazette of the Republic no less than 90 days before the date when the elections
are *_o be held."
COPYRIG~iT: BOHEMIA 1981
a9zr,
c,s~>: 3010./1596 �
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COUNTRY SECTION CUBA
IMP ROVEMENTS IN NATIONAL RAILROAD DISCUSSED
Havana BOflEMIA in Spanish 5 Jun 81 pp 8-11 ~
[Article by Concepcion Duchesne]
[Text] This report, written by the ~ournalist as a retrospective, places us in the
center of the birth of the Cuban railroad, whose main purpose it could be no
other was to respond to the requirements of the economic development pursued
from the early decades of the 19th century by the native landowners and merchants,
who felt the need to establish th~eir econamic presence in the area of the manage-
ment of the industrial and financial processes, although within the framework of
the colonial government, which could guarantee them social stabiiity in the face of
- the "black danger" that is, the desire,far liberation of the ever larger masses
of slaves and working sectors of the country.
An obvious sign was the presence, fram the very beginning, of Engl3sh capital and
American technology, through which the new domination.that would be gradually es-
tablished could be seen. Spain was the bureaucratic-military oppressive power;
the United States ~aould be the economic power seeking the maturation of the desired
fruit. '
The railroad is thus an obvious example that the country was initiating growing
development, which had to interrelate the different areas of production, marketing
and shipping in order to do away with the secular isolation of a rapacious colonial
domination with little capacity for development, which would respond to the needs
of the native landowners and hungry American custamers.
The iron road was the most innovative path of co~aiunication, the most efficient,
the most profitable: Sugar and tobacco, Oriente's mining, urgently needed it.
- And yet, from the very beginning, the sign o� underdevelopment was visible: The
technical personnel and industrial equigment would be imported. Cuba would have
to depend :~pon both and substantially, in the case of the former: the men who knew
how to plan, build, operate, maintain and master the technology.
Logically enough, the highly skilled training of these technicians was inconceiv-
able in the mediatized republic because in Cuba, a railroad pioneer, there were
no engineers nationally trained for the task.
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Further~nore, the investn~ent process was centered araund the sugar mill areas and
virtually came to a close in the 1920's. The. interimperialist contradictions al- ~
lowed the central freight and passenger railroad to be in the hands of English
capital, wl:ile the sugar railroad, naturally.enough, was owned by the Americans.
The railroads therefore had to experience stagnation, a state of affairs that was
"inherited" by the Revolution, both with respect to equipment as well as the scarce
tecnnical personnel.
Consequently, designing the lines of railroad development implied combining the
process of_ investment and replacement of equipment with the training of personnel
capable ot its startup, maintenance and profitable operation. In other words,
there had to be a strong link between training and production both in economic
strategy as well as the training and productive situation.
This was the framework for the training of specialists, with particular intensity
and priority, for the development of rail communications. During the 1976-1980
period, the following results were achieved: "Rail freight transport increased
26 percEnt. Passenger traffic_totaled 20 million in 1980, an increase of 82 per-
cent over 1975. Some 102 heavy locomot~ives and 1,860 freight and passenger cars
joined the rolling stock. Over 750 kilometers of the central railroad were re-
built." (ridel Castro: Central Report to the Second Congress of the Communist
Party of Cuba)
During the current 5-year period, as the Report states, there are plans for the
construction of railroad passenger cars and an improvemerit in passenger transporta-
tion by rail. Completion of the centr�al railroad and initiation of construction
of the railruad junctions are scheduled, along with stations and basic secondary
railroads.
How has higher education responded to these requirements?
This was the initial question that the reporter took to the School of Transporta-
tion of Che Jose Antonio Echeverria Polytechnical Institute (ISPJAE), where com-
rades specializing in railroad transportation awaited her.
Dear~ Antonio Romillo immediately replied:
"For� the L-ime being, the School of Transportation of/the ISPJAE is the only one
wher.e this area of special study is available, one which results from the reorgan-
iz~ztwon ot- areas of specialization in higher education by branches of the economy
iti 7.'=~,'6-�1977. To date, we have not yet had a graduating class; the first wi11 be
this year, :L980-1981. We shall.have the first 19 engineers graduating in our
country. I emphasize that this constitutes a praiseworthy effort on the part of
our professors."
"Naturally, 1)ean Romi11~, you would te11 us about the graduating class and your
enrollment."
"A.t ri~e present time, we have 140 stuclents divided into the 5 years of the special
training. Of them, 19 are in their last yea*:. They are the ones I was talking
about when I mentioned our first graduating class.
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"Concerning promotion, I can tell you that it has gradually improved from the low
initial levels to what we have now. The increase has jumped considerably, fro~n
10 percent to approximatel}� 68 percen~t. We hope that by 1981-1982, we shall
achieve a 70-percent promotion rate." ~
"Sarria, in our early talks before this, let us say, formal one, we understood
that you were among the pioneers in the field~. What can you tell us?"
- "I remember that it was a rather difficult situation because the task fell upon
three comrades who had..recently graduated from the Automotive~Transport training.
Naturally, we practically knew nothing about railroad transport.
"You must realize that the affection, if I may express it that way, which we 1-,egan
_ to feel was born in comrades who in fact knew only.that railroads had iron wheels.
New horizons then opened up before us because the field includes mechanics, elec-
tricity (for example, the locomotive is a kind of miniature electrical power plant).
In short, it is one of the broadest field of action in engineering as a whole. ~
In conclusion, I assure you that the work we took up was well worth.the trouble."
"I think that the reader; especially a student who might enter the f ield, would
like to hear about the program of study."
Juan Rodriguez answered: "Since we are dividing up the questions, I think it is my
turn to answer and I do so with great pleasure. The field, which takes 5 years,
has basic sub~ects of study (physics, chemistry, mathematics, and so on) during the
first cycle. In the second, we find the basics of inechanics, although, as S~rria
said, the locomotive is a camplex that has a large ~lectrical part with a whole
series of automatic circuits, which are also studied in electrical engineering and
electronics. ~
"Concerning the fi~st aspect, the student acquires knowledge of inechanical theory,
the resistance of materials, machinery design. '
- "Beginning in the third year, normally, the student begins to work in the field,
where the disciplines he receives in our plan there are 15 give him his
final area of specialization either in railroad cars or locomotives.
"I would like to clarify something else. The student learns the elements needed
to build railroad cars and receives knowledge about locomotive systems, which enable
him to determine what systems of operations are to be used in both cases. In addi-
tion, he learns what methods of repair will be'used. He studies aspects of econo-
mics in order to be able to evaluate the most rational solutions from the technical-
economic standpoint.
"In recent years, students have completed a series of pro~ects which, as you know,
are actually on-the-j.ob training where they combine theory with practice in solving
specific problems which the country faces.
"Finally, during the last semester of the fifth year, the student devotes himself
entirely to his graduate project, an independent technical project of an advanced
nature on which he must demonstrate what he has learned in four and a half years
of study. This pro~ect is discussed before a committee named for the purpose,
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and once it is approved, the student receives the degree of inechanical engineer in
the specific L-i~ld of railroad transportation."
"Comra3e, I*aould ].Ike to add samething here that we consider to be of great impor-
tance," the dEan interrupted. "We must emphasize the role glayed by Soviet advisers
in developing our field. At a11 ti.mes, we have had help in the preparation of
classes, the material studies base, in literature and the training c~ our teachers.
"At the pr.esent time, we have an agreement with the Railroad Institute of Moscow,
in addltion to the cooperation of Soviet specialists in the Ministry of Transport."
I "Precisely, this leads us to inquire about the cooperation of the Ministry of
J Transport in training in this area."
"Although Comrade Molina may speak about this aspect,". engineer Sarria said, 01I
should lik~ to note, first of all I have already spoken about the initial diffi-
culties that our comrades in the Vice Ministry of Rail Transport (at that time,
the Railroad Union dld not yet exist) helped us decisively in drawing up the plan
of study because from their suggestions came the sub~ect matters given in the
early years, for esample, description of the railroad, which gave us a general idea
~ of everything whlch railroad transport took in."
- "We are on the right track and it is necessary to speak about the occupational
profile, Lor how else can one know what and why one is going to study?"
"That is true," engineer Dimas Hernandez agreed, "and this field is very good, at
least we a11 believe it is. The occupational profile can be divided into two main
areas: the repair of.locomotives and railroad cars and their technical operation.
"With regard to the former, the specialis;. can work in the repair of plants, work-
snops or th:~i.r. sect.ions br plan the way and manner in which the different pieces
o~: equipment are repaired. He can organize the different operations for that re-
pair. Or tie niay plan, organize and supervise the assembly and dismantling of the
anCir.e unlts, supervise the quality of the pieces that have been repaired and the
~ testizz~ af complete units that have been repaired.
"W;th reg::irc3 i:o technical operation of locomotives and railroad cars, he plans the
_ wor~kstiops where they are maintained and the technical inspections of such equip-
men~. 1{e selects the materials needed for.the proper operation of equipment and
ovr~rsee:, ~he quality of maintenance work. He supervises the choice�of the differ- .
enL typ~s of locomotives and~their principal characteristics, �or which purpose
he work;., u~it the traction calculations, determines the weight of trains and the
sr;ee~l at whj.cl~. they can operake. He also works with the air conditioning of cars,
~~:hich I.s an essential aspect of the transport of refrigerated freight such as
meat, vegetabJ.es, and so on."
"This means that the specialist has a very wide range of possibilities of work and
prof~ssional advancement, Is this not eorrect?"
"Exactly," Hernandez immediately replies, "because he can work as an engineer, sec-
tion head, department head or senior engineer in the repair shops and the operation
of locomotives and cars, shops such as the Jose Rodriguez Casamayor (Cienaga),
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the Revolucion de Octubre; the Candido Gonzalez (Camaguey), in San Luis, and so
on. He can also work in the Railroad Union, in the Minis~ry of the Sugar Industry,
which transports great volumes of cane by rail, in SIME [Steelworking Industry],
wheze the cars are now built, in the Transpori: Research Institute, in teaching,
and so on."
"I am sorry, but I believe engineer Molina understands that this is a summary
description...."
"Very good, because I think that it is up to us to present our urgent needs. We
must remember that it was in 1973-1974 ttiat the general development of the railroad
and i*_s consistent modernization began. This presumed an immediate demand for tech-
nicians (naturally, I am lucky enough to be among the first graduates frvm the
socialist countries).~
"At the present time, we have a national network of shops from Havana to Oriente,
where a veritable rail center is going to be set up with a very large shop for
locomotives, cars and track repair equipment of the most advanced nature.
"In the closing years of the 1976-1980 period, the equipment was modernized. The
locomotives have more horsepower and their technology is much more complex, with
more electronic and autamatic mechanical parts. We have very good cars that have
a diesel system to generate eler_tricity, which is used in air conditioning and
other areas.
"~rthermore, the development of the workshops planned for this 5-year period is
fundamental. Our workshops were designed to use old techniques and it was necessary
to remodel them to take on the new and complex technology that has entered the coun-
try. This is what is happening in Cienaga and Luyano, which has grown 100 percent.
"To date, this work was directed by skilled workers with great practical experience,
who were already approaching retirement. In other words, we urgently need an in-
jection of highly skilled technicians."
"How many specialists will be needed in this 5-year period and the coming years?"
Engineer Molina unhesitatingly gave the figure: "In our calcuiations, we came to
about 200 for the 5-year geriod, at least to meet the needs of the workshops and
higher-level management.~
"Remember this: At the present t~.me, we have four large repair shops: Luyano,
Ca.maguey, Sagua la Grande, Guantanamo-San Luis. We plan to expand the one at
Camaguey, which from 200 repairs will go to 3,000. At the San Luis combine, there
will be a large repair shop for locomotives, cars and track repair equipment. We
are going to modernize the shops at Guantanamo, Sagua and Luyano, where we are in
the final phase. Modernization cannot be conceived of without highly skilled per-
sonnel, without engineers specializing in rail transport."
"As you can see," the dean explained, "the number of comrades we have in the school
is far below the country's needs. Both in studies done by JUCEPLAN [Central P1an-
ning Board] as well as by tHe Ministry of Transport, one sees the need to raise
the number of students enrolled. Engineers now working in the field have either
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graduated in ttie socialist coLU?tries, as 3n the case of Molina, or are comrades
from other fields. Our school, as I said in the beginning, will turn our 19
angineers this year, but the figure is insufficient in every ~aay. In other words,
thp prospects and realities are there: Young people must analyze the future in
that light."
"I would like to ad~i something very important to what the dean has said," Hernandez �
interjected. "Those interested in entering our field, which is now studied at the
I5PJAE, should kr.ow that they have priority for requesting scholarships, even from
other pr�ovinces, which is a g�reat incentive and stimulus."
"Finally, I should like to bring in the subject of the incorporation of women into
this field, especially since we have one student with us."
"I can tell you this," Coralia Bernal emphasizes, "women have no limitations in
this field, especially given the progress being made by the Revolution in all areas.
I just rr~mgleted my practical work at the Cienaga cable shop. I was just another
worker there. I learned a great deal and at no time did i feel that I could not
learn sumethi.ng because I was a woman. We have the same skills as the men, although
there are things in heavy equigment that I could not do, but that does not totally
excl.Lde us, In my class, the second year, there are two women, but I believe that
iF there arF~ not more, it is because of a lack of information."
"What comrade Bernal says is completely true," Molina says, "because there are even
areas where it is better to have a woman. This is shown by statistics done by our
Soviet comrades, which state that women are~more observant. There are no objective
limitations, especially with progress in automation, and this is the direction
being taken by the railroad."
11,464
CSO: 3010;1598
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COUNTRY SECTION CUBA
FINANCIAL, ECONOMIC, ACCOUNTING TERMS DEFINED
Capital Assets, Equipment
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 5 Jun 81 pp 32-33
[Article by Alexis Codina]
[Text] Capital consists of the machinery, equipment, buildings or installations
an enterprise has for production, service activities or complementary activities
of production, management, or so.cial needs such as housing, day care, etc.
Sometimes the term "capital assets" is used to express the monetary aspect, while
"capital goods" is used in the material sense. However, in economic practice both
terms are used interchangeably. With respect to other productive resources, such
as raw materials, supplies, etc., capital goods conserve their material form
throughout the productive process. They transmit their value to the product
partially through the estimate of their deterioration, which is included in the
Cost of Production in the form of depreciation costs. In addition, capital goods
play a role in production over a long period of time, while materials are
consumed totally in the production of an item.
The socialist economy is interested in meeting the needs of production and
popular consumption as much as possible with the least possible investment of
capital, since that allows it to have more resources for the economic-social
development of the country. For the socialist enterprise, to have more capital
assets than is absolutely necessary causes economic damage, because it increases
the Cost of Production, reducing earnings and therefore the possibility of
accumulating funds for economic stimulation.
Bearing this in mind, the General Regulations for state enterprises that is now
in force in Cuba enables enterprises to sell the capital assets that are defin-
itely idle, with prior authorization from the agency in charge. The enterprise,
without the need for prior authorization from above, can also rent out the
capital assets that are temporarily idle. It thus receives monetary income thar
allows it to increase its earnings.
The principal ways to achieve the greatest utilization of resources invested in
capital assets are the reduction of the equipment that must be installed,
increased utilization of that which is already installed through appropriate
maintenance policy, adherence to technical operation norms, increased production
on each shift, and more shifts.
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Depreciation, Amortization
Havana BUHEMIA in Spanish 12 Jun 81 pp 32-33
[Article by Alexis Codina]
[TextJ Depreciation means a loss of value. Amortization is used to express the
liquidation of a debt, the elimination of a plant, etc., but also "the periodic
devaluation of goods through their use."
In economic practice, the two terms are used interchangeably to express the loss
of value of equipment, machinery, buildings or installations as a result of their
use or through the action of natural elements such as corrosion, rain, etc.
Capital goods also lose their value through what Marx called "moral obsolescence,"
which is what happens when a new machine that meets the same needs as those that
are already functioning, but with greater yield, better quality or lower
e~xpenses, comes on Lhe market.
Then the existing equipment becomes "old," antiquated, in comparison with the new
mac,hine. It can be more economical to replace it than to continue using it,
a1r_hough it is still capable of producing with a certain efficiency. But this
decision does not depend only on that, but also on the possibility of acquiring
the new equipment. It also depends on whether the technological complexity of the
new equipment can be assimilated by the labor force at hand, on the availability
of raw materials, etc.
The deterioration of capital assets is incorporated into the Cost of Production
by means of the application of a percentage of the initial value of those assets.
A machine wi.~h a value of 100,000 pesos and an amortization rate of 10 percent a
year adds 10,000 pesos to the enterprise's costs each year. These expenses are
independent of the equipment's yield. For that reason, the enterprise is inter-
ested in using iCS capital ass~ts as efficiently as possible, because otherwise
its costs would rise and its earnings drop.
A capital asset is not replaced every year; only when its "useful life" has
ended. At that time it is necessary to have the financial resources to buy the
ne~~r equipment. For this purpose, a fund is created with the resources the
enterprises incorporates in its costs for this item; the enterprise sends it to
the Sra~e F3udget f.or ~he financing of investments and other social expenses.
After 1981, a grcup of selected enterprises in Cuba will be able to keep these
resources for financing their own investments.
Turnover Resources
Havana BOH~MIA in Spanish 19 Jun 81 pp 32-33
[Article by Alexis Codina]
[Teat] i'~arnover means all the material and monetary resources an enterprise has
at its disposal to carry out its planned tasks, except for capital assets. It
includes stocks of raw material, supplies, fuel, production in progress, finished
goods, cash in hand and money in the bank, and others.
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Unlike capital assets, turnover experiences a materiai transformation during the
productive ?rocess; its value is incorporated totally in the product as part of
the cost of production, and it is consumed completely when it contributes to the
production of a good. For practical reasons, turnover also includes some means of
production with a value of less than 100 pesos or a duration of less than 1 ye~Y~
- such as small tools, for example.
Turnover is involved in all phases of the cycle of production, in different
forms. In the first phase, the enterprise buys raw materials and supplies with
the cash it has in the bank. During the second phase, the enterprise consumes the
- raw materials and supplies in production, and the turnover adopts the form of
products in the process of transformation. When this phase is finished, it
becomes finished goods. During the third phase, the enterprise sells its finished
goods and obtains monetary resources, with which it once more buys raw materials
and supplies, beginning the cycle of production again.
In the second phase of this cycle, man's work creates new values. Thus, the money
the enterprise receives through the sale of its products allows it not only to
replace the materials it consumed and pay wages and other costs, but also to earn
a profit.
In sum, turnover is constantly moving, changing from the form of money to that of
raw materials and supplies, products in the process of being made, finished
goods, and once again money, as the process is begun again. It is constantly "turn-
ing over," hence its name.
The fact that turnover participates in the entire productive cycle means that by
establishing efficient control over turnover, the enterprise can in practice
control the entire productive process.
COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA 1981
~ 8926
_ CSO: 3010~1596 .
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I
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~
j COiTI3TRY SECTION CUBA
i
I
I
i '
~
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j IMPORTANCE Or DATA PROCESSING TO DEVELOPMENT NOTED
i
' Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 29 May 81 pp 28-31
i
_I
; [Report on interview with Pror Fermin A. Bernasconi, general director of the
Intergovernmental Office for the Development of Data Processing (IBI), by Pedro
; Rioseco: "Data Processing: A Basic Element of Development"] .
i
[Text] I learned of his presence one afternoon at the Palace. I confess that I
had the idea that he would be one of those venerable academicians th~t inspire such
distant respect in us, as if we were standing before a veritable mountain of wisdom
admiring its height. And yet, the man who came to greet us did not fit the image.
Foraier professor of operations researeh at the Catholic University of Buenos Aires
who now holds the highest post in the Intergovernmental Office for the Development
of Data Processing (IBI), he was relatively young, in addition to being a passion-
ate defender of his theories which he converts into his own work, and an enthu-
siastic conversationalist. Ulive-skinned;and with greying hair, he could easily
pass for Cuban if it were not for his unmistakable Argentine accent. His presence
in Cuba on the occasion of the meeting of the most well-known economists in the
Third World has very specific ob~ectives which he combines with his duties as a
guest at the event. Furthermore, the ver~ raison d'etre of the organization he
heads is to contribute to the development of most of the countries represented
here, consistent with his position that data processing is one of the sine qua non
conditions of development.
After talking for a time with a man who is a recognized authority on the subject
mat~er at hand, we could not fail to share with our readers his interesting ideas,
motivating him with a topic that is precisely the very core of current problems
of the ~anderdeveloped countries in the world. It is none other than the relation-
ship between techr~ological progress and strategies for development, particularly
the role played by data processing in this process.
"On this Point, I am going to refer to my field of competence. The first observa-
tion to be made is the famous matter of the difference between computers and data
processing. In the action which the IBI takes, more than once we have encountered
' people of good will, worried over the development of Third World countries, who
say, when we talk about data processing: 'But gentlemen, whose idea is it to take
such sophisticated equi.pment, with which even the advanced countries have problems,
to countries struggling to meet their vital needs, countries that do not have enough
to eat, that have no public health system and that have problems in education?'
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"Our answer in these cases is always that they are right, that it would be ridicu-
lous to talk about computers and that consequently, we do not do so. Our su~ject
is data processing. Defining data processing can take time, but there is an analogy
that enables one to understand that concept rapidly. It is that dat~ processing
is to the computer what astronomy is to the telescope. We might add that the data
processing discipline is a basic, unreplaceable~element for development in which
the computer is a tool.
"We maintain that there can be no development and I emphasize this strongly
no development without data processing. It is a necessary, although inadequate,
condition. Naturally, many other things are needed, but data processing is an
a priori condition for any development process because one constant of underdevel- '
opment is the lack of management and administrative infrastructures. This me~_Ls
� that since data processing is in turn a tool for the establishment of infrastruc-
tures, it has an indispensable role in creating basic conditions leading to higher
forms of organization.
"Here one should ask: Data processing, alright, but which data processing? The
fact is that data processing has undergone changes in time. For 2 years, we at
the IBI have been trying to promote what we call the 'new data processing.' Imme-
diately after the SPIN-1 (Strategic and Politic for Informatics [sic]) conference
in 1979, the entire 4-year period that followed, until 1982, had that concept as its
frame of reference.
"The new data processing is that derived f~om the combination of two basic elements:
on the one hand, the use of data transmission in order to link computers or computer
perispheres and create systems of data transmission and processing. This, along
with the microprocessers, is what we call microdata processing and it has a far-
reaching effect because it totally changes the traditional focus of data processing.
"Previously, what we had was a technology that had been conceived, given dimensions
and been structured based on the specific needs of the developed countries and with
a degree of sophistication respondfng to the sophistication and problems of those
countries. When the so-called 'transfer of technology' took place with developing
countries, wnat happened was quite simply that th~ recipient country had to adapt
its structures and problems to the computer and to the systems of imported data
- processing. Today, it is possible, on the basis of the new data processing, to
structure the means and use of this discipline in such a way that it is adapted to
the needs of the developing countries instead of the opposite, as was customary.
That is the basic concept we wish to emphasize."
We knew that Professor Bernasconi was a student of the economic problem5 afflicting
- the world and particularly the underdeveloped countries and consequently, when he
paused for a second, we could not resist the temptation to ask his opinion of the
results of the last two decades for development postulated by the United Nations
and of prospects for the third decade now beginning.
"Well, look," he said thoughtfully, "in order to answer your question, I am going
to use the words of the secretary general of the United Nations himself. In Geneva
not long ago, he admitted the failure of the last decade. I can assure you that
he, or whoever replaces him in the future, will hav~e to recognize a similar failure
at the close of this decade. Unless he understands that the traditional paths
being taken are indeed the right ones to follow, but that they must be preceded by
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the creation of management infrastructures in the developing countries. One con-
st~nr of uilderdevelopment is that these structures do not exist. In these coun-
tries, aid to development encounters a rather stattc economic srructure and a
generally inadequate management and administrative infrastructure, one that managea
only with great difficulty to head the socioeconomic system.
"We can il.lustraze this with an example. Any of the so-called 'lineal� systams has
a subs~~stenR for control. If we analyze man as a living system, he has a control
subsystem g~5~~erriing the aperation of everything. Society Ls also ~ living system
anci its control subsystem is the government with its whole admj.nistrative appara-
- tus. Noca tiien, if sae analyze the case of the human being as a living sy~tem, how
does i.~s control system operare? Ima~ine a person putting his hand over the
flame of a candle. There is a combination of sensors that determine a variation
in temperature and that information passes to the processing centers which in
thls case are the brain which an~lyze the variation in temperature, determines
that there is a danger to part of the living system and issues an order causing
the llrind to withdraw inunediately before anything happens. But if, in place of
thc prc~viaus exzmple, one puts one hand in an oven heated to 2,500�, by the time
the information ~.s processzd and the order comes back, the hand is burned. The
Fact is that ther.e is a basic condition for any living system.and it is that the
cont.rol subsystem has to have a.speed of reactlon compatible with the speed with
which ~_he ~.~nvironment changes. Otherwise, there will be deterioration and even
the c,e~th of the living system.
"You may appiy this to a society or a reduced socioeconomi:c system in whieh all the
processes oF infonnation gathering, transmission and processing, decision-making and
orders or exer.ution are traditionally very slow. If the socioeconomic system is
stimulated with new investments witliout any variation in the conditions under which
iniormation is g~thered, transmitted and processed and decisions are adopted, then
this has to impI.y a deterioration in that socioeconomic system.
"Th:3~ is tl~~ reason for thP failure noted by Kurt Waldheim, who did not analyze
ci.~~ :.~.~ason:, SJII'~y but simply noted that there was no develo~ment.
"Irs hIs opening speech before the Congress of ~conomists of the Third World that
~ZO one ~.zve us the right to tha~ conference, that we had to win it, Nor is anyone
go~ia, to gi.ve us develonment; ir_ wi.ll have to be won by the developing countries
SI1C1 the only way to do so is by crea~ing economic infrastructures."
"In tliL d�_ve7.opment of the Thir.d World, it is a well-known fact that there is no
un~fc,xm level. Rather, there is a great diversity of levels of development and
th; 5]..n.;~ically r.c~FJ_ected in progr.ess acquired by data processing in each country.
ftow ci~, you evaluate the passibilities that fihis intrinsic unevenness imposes on
tha de~,r~~~lcpment of data processing?"
"Titat is a good question and i am going to tell you why. The question implicitly
contains ane of the great defect~ in aid to development, which is always based on
the transfer of models to developing countries that were fairly successful in the
ir,~u.stiial:i.zed countr:ies. That is a mi5take. In my opinion, development is an
eridogenous matter in every qountry. If eveiy country has a different technological
level with its own characteristics, culture and different habits, it has to plan
its futu-re based on those facts. What then is the way to help those who have to
develop things that are their own? Give them the tools to do so. Nothing more.
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"Here we have one of the great tasks of education, which is another necessary condi-
tion because obviously, it is necessary to train the upper-level personnel who will
head up development. Nothing can be done with personnel if the infrastructure does
not exist, but nor can the infrastructure function without trained personnel. The
warning and at the same time the message of hope we transmit is that to date, these
necessary conditions have not been properly taken into account.
"The difference of levels of development of data processing in the different coun-
tries is another component that must be taken into consideration. The understanding
- of the importance of this topic was the reason for the SPIN-1 conference. Its
main message was that countries need data processing�ta be developed. We must
create governmental data processing structures, define national policies and stra-
tegies as a preliminary condition for development. We repeat that message no~r
~~~ith greater conviction and experience."
The warm, friendly room and a hot cup of coffee caused us to pause and talk of the
intense schedule of our distinguished visitor to the city, his second visit to our
country, where he says he feels a~ comfortable or more comfortable than the last
time but not as comfortable as he expects to feel on the next occasion! With
renewed enthusiasm, we then took up our topic again, asking Professor Bernasconi's
opinion on a very controversial topic: the cost of data processing. Coinciding
with his position on the role of data processing as a tool of development, we had
to ask how the underdeveloped countries., the poorest on the planet, could acquire
such an expensive instrument for which they generally do not have enough funds.
"There are two aspects to be considered: one specifically referring to the costs
associated with data processing and the other the creation of an international
current of thought resulting in the financing of these projects.
"Concerning the first point, one has to admit that data processing is indeed expen-
sive, although not aG expensive as it was. Today, microdata processing and the use
of minicomputers makes it possible to build systems that once.required extremely
large computers and very large budgets. Today these things are much more accessible,
although they are definitely expensive. We can give an example much used by com-
mercial advertising, but it is a fact. It is said that if the automobile industry
had achieved the progress of data processing, a Rolls Royce would cost $3 and would
go 3 million kilometers on a gallon of fue1, which is an eloquent example of the
reduction in costs of data processing.
"Referring to the other aspect, the creation of a movement of opinion, I am going
to quo~.e the last line of a verse by Ruben Dario that goes as follows: 'Oh! Land
of dreams and harmony, Still guarding the hope of Pandora's bo~c!' In our civiliza-
tion, man has opened Pandora's box in his thirst for progress and in particular,
men in the developed countries have changed the self-regulating mechanisms of the
world. Pollution is reaching intolerable lim~ts, many natural resources are being
exhausted and evil conditions continue to grow, such as disproportionate growth of
metropolitan areas and their deterioration and the increase in population while
living in subhuman conditions. On this point~, after taking so many evils and crises
out of Pandora's box, there emerges the hope still left in it and it is, to a cer-
tain extent, data processing.
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' Fo~ or~tc[~L us~ ~~r~.~r
"llr~t-a process:Lng is not only a necegsar.y, b~sic condition for de`~elopment, but for
peace and Ualance in the world as well. It is a privileged instrument for the
solurion of some of the great problems of mankind, given the complex interdepen-
dency of the world in which we live."
"ProFessor, a number of authors have recently written on the subject, but perhaps
' with an exa~gcrated emphasis on the 'miraculous' role of data processing in solving
all the afflictions besetting mankind. You have stated very well that it is part
of the solution, but not the complete solu~ion."
"Ttiat is very important to point out becattse nothing is worse than idealizing in-
:~trum~,nts ~hat have their limitations. As we conceive of it and as so many authors
_ say, datu proces~ing is proposing a form of ~ife and society to us with one charac-
teristic and i~ is that its uses are possible under any ideology and structure of
economic thought."
"~~hat- is a fact that admits of no discussion," we empriasized, "is something that
you yourself said, to the effect that dat~ processing is politics."
"~+Jithout an;~ doubt. Uata p~rocessing is not only a technological phenomeuon; it is
alsa t~tie of. Che most important political phenomena af the times in which we live.
What was and what can be an instrument of domination must be transformed into a
tool for planuing and development."
"It is unFortunate that the greatest development of data processing has been for
the war inciustry and not for peacetime industry."
"That is triie, but it is in the hands of those of us who are more interested in
peace and world balance, in the development of nations, to do everything necessary
to see tha~: the uses of data processing wi11 be for the benefit of mankind."
"Prnfessnr, yo~i have annout~ced that our country wi11 be the location of the next
wc~rlci data processing conference in 2 years. What, was the fundamental balance sheet
~~f the first SPIN-1 conference and what objectives wi11 be pursued in calling
SPTN~-II
~~itlz conclusions of SPIN-1 are those that enaUle us L-o view this new phase of
~ac.a processing in terms oE develo~ment, which is precisely the basis of SPIN-II.
The SPIN-J_ confcrence was a lcind of warning to the world of the political nature
o~- *_ni~ ci~scipline and its importance to a11 countries. Go9.ng agalnst all the
ef~orts of those who wanted to view it as a mere tecixnalogical phenomenon and
th~.~ ?,~.~;riT~~ and sellinti of equ:Cpment�, the confer.ence emphasized its political
narure and reconanended the establishment oF structures in every country and the
aefinit.:_nr. of nat-Lonal p~licies and str.a~egies. The fulfilLnent of these recom-
mendations is what has established the foundations so that now, in addition, we
stiail propose to turn data processing into an instrument of liberation and develop-
ment. Thar_ is Y:ow we are planning SPI.1-II, For our next conference, we are
- drafting a much broader program, because we are not only aspiring to approve re-
; commendations that the IBI would later accept and implement, but we also intend
t~ put in effect at the time of the conference a program for. data processing in
the Third World with the sum of $1 billion whieh must have its financing assured
at that time. Obviously, this is not only ambirious, but could be called pretentious,
; but we are convinced tY:at :it is necessary and feasible."
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"It is frequently said that to possess information is to possess power. In this
context, what can you tell us about the role played by transnational companies,
which use data processing as a tool of espionage and domination?"
"There is a great deal of talk now about the new superimposed forms of exercising
power provided by the transnationals, aUove and beyond government or national
structures. Obviously, in their thirst for profit, the transnationals will use all
means within their reach and following a very liroad code of ethics. If dominating
in some way is a necessary condition for doing business, they will do so.
"It is up to every country and to all countries working together to prevent this
from happening and to put relations wifih these enterprises in their rightful place.
The transnational companies use all their economic might to do business and tc
earn more money. One can condemn their efforts to dominate, but the problem is
even simpler: They are dominating. It is not then a matter of screaming protests,
but rather, of setting up the structures to prop up the government."
"In practice, the transnationals have corroborated the extraordinary role of data
processing and telecommunic:ations in econamic management."
"Here we get into the matter of the flow of infor[nation across borders. It is a '
very troublesame and interesting sub~ect. There is a poem which.talks of a flower
that grows in the eye socket of a skull: 'Leaving you is sad and picking you is
' hard; One must take your life or leave you with death:' Here we have a very similar
problem because on the one hand, the world in which we live requires as fluid a
flow ~f information possible because we are indeed interrelated. On the other
hand, the interrelation is such that strong information infrastructures have to
exist, but it is in turn by ueing these infrastructures that the tran$nationals
function. They often manipulate and take information from countries without their
knowledge or control. This would not be so serious if the information were not
~ often used to fonnulate pol3cies that ~un counter to the interests of the country
from which the information was taken."
"There is an actual example that,is very characteristic. A given multinational
oil company was doing research, with an official concession, in a given African
country. The first phase of oil exploration is seismic exploration. Since in
the country in question there was no way to.~process the research data, the multi-
national country sent all its technical information to.its headquarters in the
- United States by satellite so that it could be processed as required by the
research. The implication is that this enables the company, outside of the country
in which it is working and beyond its control, to determine the true situation and
if there should be oil, to decide at that time whether or not it is advantageous
for the company to drill and extract it. The country does not know what is hap-
pening because it has no way of knowing. The information leaves its control, is
processed abroad, and the decisions are also made abroad. That is a fact. It has
been done and is being done."
"That will be one of the sub~ects of the next SPIN-II conference. We already have
several work groups investigating the sub~ect, expanding upon the documents debated
_ at the world conference on the flow of data between countries, a conference spon-
sored by the IBI and held.in Rome in the middle of last year. Some 350 persons
- from 55 countries participated and there were about 100 representatives of inter-
governmental, transnational and other organizations.
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"The worlc of these groups will culminate in agreements that we shall adopt in Havana
in 1983. In addition, we are putting all of this into a legal fram~work which at
the time being does not exist for data processing on an international level and
concerning which we believe some agreement ~vi11 be signed at the coming conference."
Our conversation came to an end, and with it our ~_ncursion into that fascinating
world so rightly defined as a radical revoltition greater in magnitude than the
industrial revolution. Professor Beriiascon2 wi11 have to rei:urn to his occupations
that demand his presence in different places atid countries, but the interview is
not over.
COPYRtGHT: I~OHErIIA 1481
11,464
CSO: 3010/1484
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COUNTRY SECTION CUBA
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CONSTRUCTI011 CONTINUES
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 5 Jun 81 pp 28-31
[Article by Ramon Lobaina Consuegra: "The Pro~ect of the Century")
[Text] When it is stated that the first nuclear power plant will be the most com-
plex project ever undertaken in the history of Cuba, in addition to the source of
pride that this might represent for the Cuban people, we are moved by the awareness
of the immense responsibility borne by the upper-level personnel and workers who in
one way or another will participate in the gigantic venture.
The Revolution has completed ma3or industrial projects throughout the national
territory in recent years: fertilizer factories, textile mills, different types of
food product plants and sugar mills, to mention but a few examples, and during the
' past 5-year period, the Punta Gorda nickel plant in Moa and the Kar1 Marx cement
works in Cienfuegos are among the most important ones. Hawever, in the opinion
of specialists, the Nuclear Power Plant (CEN) that will be built in the Juragua
area in the municipality of Cienfuegos, bordering on Abreus, will surpass all of
them in size as well as complexity of construction. The amount of cement and pre-
fabricated concrete, thn ::J~3 in re9_nfoa-ceme:.t the ?xcavations arP far
greater than those of any of the pro~ects previously undertaken.
For this year alone, ~arthwork costing 2 million pesos is planned. Civil construc-
- tion will cost 2.18 million pesos and another 100,000 will go for assembly. When
it reaches its peak, the pro~ect will require the presence of s~me 7,000 construc-
tion workers and the assembly will cost over 30 million pesos annually.
Considered to be the country's priority pro~ect, startup of the CEN will substan-
tially increase the nation's electric power with the incorporation of 880 megawatts
during the initial phase. At the same time it increases the country's energy capa-
city, it wi11 help save oil. Consequently, progress according to the schedule drawn
up is essential to the development of our economy.
Related Projects
Reynol Duarte, delegate from Industr.ial Projects Construction Enterprise No 6 at
the nuclear power plant, and engineer Nestor Fernandez, who heads work, explained
that in order to complete a pro~ect such as the CEN, a group of additional facili-
ties has to be built to provide the technical support to guarantee the construction
process.
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Among these are the construction yard, the heavy machinery dock, social facilities,
the CEN compound, a polytechnical school and road repair and construction, each of
which has various component parts on which work is underway.
The construction yard, with an area of 50 hectares and costing approximately
20 million pesos, will provide the nuclear power plant with large automotive,
civil engineering, machine and welding shops. It will also have waYehouses with
complete staffing, national and inflammable produets and an industrial gas plant.
Near what will be the nuclear power plant, the construction yard is currently in
the earthwork phase for one of the sections. At the same time, work is staggered
on the other five, meaning that sometime this year, the remaining sections will
be opened.
The roar of the bulldozers, the ceaseless movement of the loaders and the coming
and going of the trucks, among them the magnificent Belaz, with a capacity of
15 cubic meters, show what progress is being made, thanks to skillful operators.
Equipment earmarked for this and other areas will be complemented by more trucks,
bulldozers and high-powered excavators supplied by the Soviet Union.
The loading dock (in the planning stage) where supplies will arrive should be
completed by the end of 1983 and will require the construction of an accessway
1.5 kilameters long. Some 300,000 cubic meters of fill will be needed and will
come from the other excavations for the plant.
With respect to the social facilities, the administrative buildings of the con-
struction and investment enterprise will have~to be built and in the first phase,
a camp for 1,000 workers will be constructed, with its sociocultural facilities.
A tour of the areas shows how work is prbgressing. At the administrative base,
- we met Julio Niebla, head of the pro~ect and an experier~ced builder with 36 years
in the field. Niebla proudly told us about work on the nuclear power plant and
about the spirit among workers at the base, which now involves same 50 men. As
Niebla talked, he pointed out different areas where work is underway.
Organized into special teams and paid based on an agreement, the men at the admin-
istrative base are putting up the buildings using the Sandino system. The walls
of some are already up; others are having the foundations laid.
Housing for 1,000 Construction Workers
Accom~anied by Nestor Fernandez on a tour of several kilometers, we arrived at
the area where the rest of the social facilities are going up. Situated on the
summi= of a hill same 300 meters above sea level, looking toward the Hotel Pasaca-
caballos, with Cienfuegos Bay on one side and the vast fields of henequen charac-
terizing the region on the other, the site where the construction workers will live
looks like a tiny city in the building.
First one sees the eight dorniitories, each with a capacity of 140 persons, built ac-
cording to the two-storey Sandino system. One is already finished. Alongside them
is the hrightly colored building that includes the central kitchen, dining room
and cafeteria. The civil construction is completed and the building awaits the
modern equipment that will be installed.
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- Close-by are other buildings that will, in the months ahead, become a medical dis-
pensary, communications center (postal and telegraph office), barber shop, beauty
shop, recreation room with different games, and an amphitheater.
The polytechnical.school where skilled workers and intermediate-ievel technicians
who will work at the nuclear p.ower plant will be trained is be~ng set up and com-
pleted at the end of the esplanade. It will have modern equ~ipment and will be able .
- to receive 60 students. It should go into operation in September. .
Also part of the whole is the f irst housing to be turned over to the Soviet special-
ists who will work on constructior of the nuclear power plant. Some of this hous-
ing is near completion. .
Among the related facilities is the nuclear power plant compound~, where earthwork
began in January. It is estimated that in this~�5-year period, 1,800 housing units
will be completed with their accompanying sociocultural facilities. Their com-
- plete construction is ir~dispensable in order to be able to house the specialists,
builders and workers who will operate the plant.
Construction work also involves the rebuilding of the section of highway from
" Abreus to the nuclear power plant area, abour, 30 kilometers. The constant motion
of equipment, graders, levelers and trucks results in new paved sections of road.
New road systems will also be built, as in the case of the road from the loadin~
dock to the nuclear power plant and accessways leading to other facilities.
Fieldwork is now underway as part of the geological studies of the zone that will
be the location of the special building, the reactors and the machine room. Work
is proceeding according to schedule.
Another Gigantic Undertaking
At the present time, some 400 construction workers are at the site, some of them
living there. Many participafied in construction of the Karl Marx cement works and
they recall when Commander in Chief Fidel Castro summoned them.to the new project,
when he officially opened the Guabairo industry. Responding to the challenge were
men like Juan Manuel Jauregui, Bernardo Iznaga, Hector Naranjo and Jose Florin,
who we learned are from different parts of the country.
Juan Manuel Jauregui is 60 years old. He is a carpenter and has been in construc-
tion for 22 years. "We fit~ished up at Guabairo and are now here, as Fidel asked.
This is a source of pride for us because ,just look, there you have the cement
plant, which is a great pro~ect, but we know this will be even greater, but we are
not afraid."
During the break, Jauregui i,s surrounded by the younger workers, to whom he trans-
mits his experience. His ~ovial nature and discipline on the ~ob earn him the re-
spect of those who attentively listen to his opinions. He tells them of the ex-
tremely difficult conditions under which construction workers toiled under capital-
ism and of the.concern that now exists for the men. The young men listen to the
_ anecdotes and nod their heads in agreement, as if to corroborate every word of the
fluent language of the old builder and learn the lessons emanating from living
history, from this participant in another undertaking of giants.
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! ~ .
` Construction of the nuclear power plant with the cooperation of the USSR will take
; place through an intensive investment program repreaenting a high percentage of
( the national plan for this S-year period and double the amount undertaken by the
, province in the S previous years. ~
i ,
i The program scheduled for Cienfuegos includes other economic objectives of great
~ importance to the nation, such as the oil refinery and 31 other industrial projects,
( 119 agricultural programs, ma3or water project for irrigation and industrial and
~ social uses, ot~her pro~ects devoted to~health, education and recreation, and an
~ extraordinary housing construction plan providing for an increase four times greater
~ than what existed in the preceding 5-year period. . ~ ~
I '
i In order to undertake this gigantic construction ptogram, the Ministry of Construc-
j tion has worked out a wide-ranging plan to prepare the labor forces. The plan in-
{ cludes the retraining, in Cuba and abroad, of a large part of existing workers and
i the admission to schools for training as assemblers or civil construction special-
; ists another 4,000 new workers, a large share of whom will be from Cienfuegos.
i Training in the USSR.will be 326 workers from all over the country. In alternate '
` groups, they will receive suitable training for construction work on Cuba's first
~ nuclear power plant. ECOI [preaumably Industrial Conatruction Enterprise] No 6 in~
' Cienfuegos, the main enterprise involved in current industrial pro~ects for the
` nuclear power plant; has already chosen the first 45 engineers, intermediate-level
~ technicians, foremen and skilled workers ~aho will go~ to the Soviet Union, which
i represents 50 percent of the total of the first group. , ~
j Conscious of the volume of creative work planned for the 5-year period and inde-
~ pendently of the help they will receive from other provinces, the Cienfuego people
are getting ready to put their organizational and mobilizing abilities to the test
in order to successfully.wage these new battles.
~
1 COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA 1981
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COUNTRY SECTION ~A
NEED FOR QUALITY IN EI~IULATIONS STRESSED
Havana BOHF~IIA in Spanish 5 Jun 81 p 34
[Article by Gloria Marsan Sanchez: "Emul.ate, but With (~uality"]
LTextJ In the construction branch, special emulations have generally caug~t on: in-
dustrial works, salt mines, railc~rays, ~ile, cement, projecLs, etc. Never~heless,
there are still weak poi.nts which are, of course, correctable. Everyone lmows that
emulation is the password to econ~mic d~v~elopment. It plays an important role in
the fight for procluction efficiency and quality sin~ce it helps a~hieve better work
organization and the fullest use of the potential of each labor Genter.
When it fur.ctions correctly, emulation influer~es production in the main organism
as well as in iche enterpris~s, industries, shops and projects under cons~,ruction.
Projects under construction mean work done in a definite cy~cle which, aL any given
moment, requires many workers who then disperse to other construction. Therefore,
i~ is necessary that this emul.ation catch fire at the beginn~ng to be a Y,rue moti-
vating force.
It is vital. tha~ the emulation maintain an even, steady rhythm the whole ~ime in-
stead of "quickening the pace" at critical moments with classi~ surges. When this
happens, it unquestioriably endangers the production quality and, therefore, the re-
liability of the project.
It is also indispensable that the emu7.ation achieve enough organization to permit
adjustments in the methodology to avoid indicators i~hat, a~ a given moment, would
permit surges and 1e~ those who have no~ maintained a consist.en~ work rate come in
first. This would depreciate the awards ancl the emu].ation would lose quali~y.
One example or warning was presented in "La Puesta en Marcha" in JWENTUD REBELDE.
Colleague Pedro Rodri.guez stated that, inexplicably h~king back to past agreements,
an indica~or thai; reflects cost and profit was el~mi.nated in the preevaluation of
the last annual industrial works evaluation. Some collectives lost their leads and
those who did not show these vital aspecics in the reflection o~ the profi~s or
losses of an entiity won.
To fight for qualit,y in emulation means: to expl.oit a11 iche possibilities to in-
crease work productivitiy, achieving better use of time; to more fully use tihe basic
produ~tion funds, increasir~g the coefficient of equiprnent use; ~o achieve rational
use of labor and material and Financial resources; and t,o st,rengthen tihe sys~,em tio
save raw materials, fuel, energy, etc. in order precisely to decrease production costs.
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It is unportant to fi.ght for development in ecnul.ation at the different levels
throughout the country. It is especia].ly ne~ess~ry that all the participants in
each evaluation feel that they win or lose by well-defined, stable indicators which
truly reflect a daily, sustained struggle, not an acciamulation achieved aver a per-
iod of major efforts to overcome lack of ful.fillment in previous stages.
Also there must be care that the worker maintain conti.nuity in his labor relations
- with his center. The value of the moral and material stimul.i should be equal but
the worker should feel real pride in individual and group awards as well as in be-
longing to his collective.
To the degree that ea~h person is more demanding in the fulfillment of the different
emulation parameters and as these accurately reflect the individua.l and collective
efforts, the emulation flame will bt~n brighter and better quality will be achieved
in construction projects. These projects will also be finished within the initially
planned deadlines.
CAPYRIGHT: BOH~~lIA 1981
7717
CSO: 3010/1599
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COUNTRY SECTION CUBA
INCREASE IN HAVANA SUPERMARKETS EXPLAINED
Havana BOHII~~IIA in Spanish 19 Jun 81 pp 46-49
[Article by Janet Salva: "Modernity Is Imposed"]
[Text] "How can I not be sad if I am going to be demQlished: T have lived in this
same place for more than 70 years and now they wa~t ~o get rid of ine to make a
supermarket . "
Poor, dear grocery store. I will try to console you.
"My dear, you have been very useful, that is truet_.,l~ut t.~e city is growing. Look
at how many large buildings have been built and you--w~11, look at yourself. It
looks like you are going to bt~st with so many articles cratrrmed in. Don't you want
to be more convenient and to hel.p modernize and beautify the ci.ty?"
"Of course, but it is hard to accept the idea that one is trash. I am still use-
ful. Look at how many people visit cne daily."
"That is true, but we must also go to the butcher shop, the produ~e market, the
bakery, the dairy and the poultry market. In other wcmds, modern life demands es-
tablishments where one can buy as much food products as he wants at one single place
without having to visit five or six places. Do you understand?"
"That part, yes. I am not that stupid. However, it will not be as convenient for
everyone si.rice some will have to walk many blocks to reach the...I do not want to
name it."
"The supermarket. You are wrong. These are built so that they are only 500 or
600 meters away at most. Look, I am going to tell you something. There are 2,361
grocery stores, 1,220 butcher shops, 412 produce markets, 217 poultry stores, 283
dairies and 2~i2 fish stores in Havana City. I do not even lmow how many bakeries
there are. A plan has been drawn up to have 425 supermarkets which will offer ~he
services that these more than 4,745 establishments mentioned abave do now."
"Now I understand: The distribution of the wholesale enterprise$ will be easier, too,
with fewer places to supply. However, there will be more lines in the supermarkets
sin~e many people will shop there."
"Tha~ can be fixed. To give better facilities to the wr~rking woman, the supermar-
kets remain open Por 13 hours--that is, �rom 0800 ho~s to 2100 hours. If' a.t a
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certain time there are more people, it is a problem of ha.bi~ si.nce the majarity
of the people who do not work go shopping early in the mor~ning. When they realize
that they can shop more easily #'rom 1100 ho~ms to 1600 ho~,ms or after 1900 hot~s ~
for example, crowds will be avoided. It is all a question of getti.ng used to this
new cornrenient schedule."
"Why aren't we open 13 hours?"
"It is not possible to extend the uninterrupted schedule of the entire retail net-
work; the ir~crease in wr~rkers makes it unfeasible."
"You have conviriced me. What will become of ine, then?"
"You will no longer be old but will become a beautiful, mod~n establisYmient with
many produ~ts that will fill yo~ shelves. You will iook like any of the 9$ super-
~ markets tha.t we already have."
"And the rest of my colleagues?"
"Well, they will stop being grocery stores and maybe become parks where children
can play. You can be s~e that the spaces that they occupy will always be used."
Some Time Later
"Good afternoon. How lovely you look: How do you feel, dear �riend?"
"More respect, car~ade. What do you mean by lavely and friend? Don't you see that
I am a supermarket?"
COPYRIGHT: BOI-iEMIA 1981
7717
Cso: 3010/1599
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COUNTRY SECTION ~A
HIGHER PRICES IN FREE MARKETS EXPLAINED
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 29 May 81 p 35
[Interview with Adalberto Gonzalez, member of the 10 de Octubre Cooperative in
. Sancti Spiritus Province, by Magda Martinez]
[Text) On more than one occasion, Cuban humorists have used the topic of the
farmers free market in order to make a few points and put them into the very Cuban
context of laughter. Later comes the nece$sary meditation.
For example, in order to make a criticism, the Los Compadres duo appears executing
their well-known phrase "Get down; get down!" And there are many others that es-
cape one's memory, but the message as such remains.
For our part, we have provided aur own touches and wish to do so now from the
angle of the interview.
The BOHEMIA reporters were making a working visit to Cabalguan in Saneti Spiritus
Province and took advantage of the opportunity to see the 10 de Octubre cooperative.
The first person interviewed was Adalberto Gonzalez, member of the cooperative.
[QuestionJ Why do the cooperatives participate so little in the farmers free "
market?
[Answer] When the market began in 1980, we only had plans to turn our production
over to the storage facilities and there was little surplus. The case of the small
farmer is different. He has always planted in order.to sell for storage and then
transfer to the market.
[Question] But what prospects do the cooperatives have then?
[Answer] We can plant for both. We have to plant more and the price decided upon
will help the cooperative. .
[Question] If the cooperatives all go to the market, what will happen to current
prices?
[Answer] For us, selling malangas at any price is business. We will _
never stop selling them. ~'or the individual producer, it is not the same.
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With our participation, prices will definitely have to take a more reasonable turn.
[Question] What do you think of the prices that now prevail on the market?
[Answer] I personally do not believe they are right. A bunch of bananas has never
cost so much and why should it cost 10 pesos? Let us take an eacample: If you
plant 1,000, get 800 and then a bunch sells for 3 pegos, you have a good price.
[Question] Can the cooperatives create healthy competition in this area?
[AnswerJ Yes, and in addition, our participation will have a double function.
On the one hand, the products will drop in value and on the other, we will make a
profit and our production.will be cheaper than that of the private farmer.for
reasons that are well known. We have the equipment: irrigation, qu~lity seed,
fertilizer. Consequently, our costs logically have to be lower. They have the
solution in their hands.
However, we cannot analyze the situation in an isolated manner. It is not only
the cooperatives that must put pressure on the market. State enterprises should
bring continuous, systematic pressure to bear. They should became a kind of
detonator that will help achieve a balanee.
When we come to the town squarA, wW can afford the luxury of lower prices and
without a doubt, everything is.going to sell.
COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA 1981
11,464
CSO: 3010/1484
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- COUNTRY SECTION ~A
1MPROVII~NTS IN HAVANA FOOD SERVICE
Havana. BOHEMIA in Spanish 12 Jun 81 pp 4-7
[Report on interview with Arsenio Torres, m~nber of bcecutive Co~nittee of Havana.
People's Government Assembly, by Susana Tesoro; date and place not specified]
[Text] The city of Havana has proposed new lines in food service, trade and services
in general this year. This includes recovering centers, traditions and mechanisms
that seemed to have been l.ost when the local government was being organized and
structured, to the detriment of the good service that o~ people demand and deserve.
Comrade Arsenio Torres, a member of the Havana Executive Comu~ittee, is in charge of
the /services/ [in boldface] sector. We ~ine that that is not easy but he him-
self feels tha.t the worst is aver. Now they must maintain what they have achieved.
According to what he told BOHE1~lIA, the basic conditions for considerable impravement
have been created.
Food Service
When the people's ~wernment was organized, the city of Havana inherited structures
from several. entities: the Enterprise INIT-Habana, worker dining rooms and units
of the past local government.
[Question] What did the young provi.ncial government do?
The first thing was to organize the food service directorate with 7 provincial en-
terprises and 15 municipal enterprises devoted basically to the popular network.
~,~ro other specialized restaurant enterprises were established: food service sup-
port; and maintenance, repairs and transportation.
Arsenio Torres explained: "The greatest effort was made to form and start up new
structures. This was the task at the beginning when we tried to improve the mech-
anisms. l~i.though we are still making adjustments, we have already found effective
methods in some branches."
He added: "We feel that, duri.n~ this ti~e, important steps have been taken in food
service, especially in organization. However, there are still many subjective
problems left from before the creation of the people's government which we have not
been abl.e to overcome."
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Basic Problems
Torres stated: ~~Existing limitations ma,de us comnit many errors. I mean that when
w~e began, it was hard to be de~mar~ding, primarily for la,ck of effective labar 12~ws
tha.t gave auth~ity to the administration. That has been partially resolved today.
Fcr an administrator to be strict with his employees, he has to begin by being
strict . One of the basic problems ir. food service is the constant change in acuni.n-
istrators which leads to a shortage of personnel and atable leadership. Why is
there constant char~ge? It is almost al,ways due to the fact that the administrator
loses authority in front of the workers because he tries to 'reason' and then does
not have the basis to make demands."
[(~uestionJ It was ~xplained that that problem is partially solved by the present
laws but there is still lack of hygiene, pocr service....
He answered: "The problems of hygiene are a constant that we have not been able
to solve. There have been improvements but they are not solved; this is a basic
food service area. 'Fhis problem is caused at times by lack of administrative de-
- mand and worker i.nitiative because they have not yet understood tha.t this is part
of their job.
"The poor treatment of the public is another problem tha.t exists but I do not be-
lieve that it will last mu~ch longer. The new payment mechanisms and the fact that
supply is increasing over demand, especially with restat~ants, will force the food
service personnel to prwide better service because, otherwise, tt~ey will lose pa-
trons and will earn less."
[Question] Have the applied systems of payment yielded good results?
[Answerl We are not going to be absolute; the present systems of payment are not
perfect. We have not arrived at definitive forms that are adapted to food service.
We began with the collective tie which gave us experier~ce but not many results be-
cause the unit was tied. If one person sold a lot and another a little, they
earned the same. Now we are applying the individual tie.
[Question] What does that consist of~
[Answer] Whoever sells more, earns more. Any~one who sells less than.an established
norm lo~es wages. I will give you an example in trade. A wage of 100 pesos was
paid. Now 60 pesos are paid; it is necessary to earn tY~e rest by sellitSg. The
_ present average is already 132 pesos; therefore, it has positive results.
[(~uestionJ What is needed, in your opinion, to perfect it?
[Answer] I think that until "pure piecework" is a~hieved, there will not be an ade-
quate mechanism. This would benefit the unit and the w~ker. Under this system,
you would earn a percentage of ea~ch product o~ article that you sell, in addition
to yo~.m basic wage.
There is another element. There is a difficu].t situation with food sErvice sup-
plies. At times, there is a shortage of attractive products and, therefore, a de-
crease in sales. ~
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Supplies
Tvrres said: "We have had serious problems with supplies, especially with 'meat'
products, not only in quantity but in the la~k of systematization. There are times
when certain basic products are la,cking and the offer of food must be changed. Of
coi.mse, a good cook can sometimes create meals with other components.
"Instability in raw materials and not ha.ving reserves make us give pricrity to the
first-class units so the second-cl.ass units and the popular network are affected
the most. Therefore, we are making every effort to guarantee supply to the popular
network in order to solve this problem."
He explained: "It is not only a shortage of products. At ti:mes, the lack of nech-
anisms for distribution and administrative management conspires against us. We are
working on the idea of creating a wholesale distribution enterprise with the idea
that there be a warehouse in each muni.cipality that distributes to retail food en-
terprises as well as food service centers. In that way, i~' potatoes are not sold
in retail establishments, for example, they will be sent to the food service sector
or the processing centers. We will not let them be thrown out.
"Another aspect that affects the good use of supplies is lac:k of fu]~'illment of
consumption norms. It is true that, at times, scales and weights are needed but it
is easier and more 'profitable' not to be measu~ing so much."
[OuestionJ What concretely has been done to eliminate these problems?
[Answer] One method that has helped is the "Meetings on Food Service Technique."
- They not only improve technique but i.mprove service to the public and permi.t the
worker to get more involved in what he does. The worker begins to like his work
more. Since these meetings are held fY~om the municipal to the na.tional, level, it
is necessary to work the entire year to compete in the finals. First there are
training classes which unquestionably imprave quality. Although there is a small
number of winners, this means recognition of an activity that, at times, is under-
estimated; it demonstrates that food service is a complex and difFicult art even
if it does not seem to be.
(Question] I thought the meetings were a tempar~ary measure. There is conscientious
attention during them but then it fades.
He stated: "I can assure you that it is a systematic task because the training at
the meetings is valid at the municipal level. It is necessary to improve in tech-
nique. We believe that, sooner rather than later, this will i.mprove attention and
service.
"A system tiiat we feel is very good is the conti.nual inspections of the units.
There has been pr~gress here and w~ believe that we must insist on this method which
has eliminated sane probl.~s like the so-called 'Indian line.' That is when the
food service worker stands in one place and the consumers have to go look for the
product. This was a wa.y to orgacv.ze service for the benefit of the employee instead
of the cons~uner who is the one who pays."
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H~ stated: "For the policy we want to develop this year to strengthen the popular
netwark and redeem the best tralitions in restaurants, it is necessary to have
skilled personnel.
"There was an advisory department planned in the initial structure; it has been
established permanently. Food service workers are trained for bars, restatmants
and cooking. In this way, the new personnel have been trained and those who have
wnrked for years without receiving techni.cal orientation have~been retrained. To-
day there are vocational schools f~ young people who do not think it is degrading
to serve. They see the wr~rk as an art. Now we are also going to have a school for
the cadres who will graduate with a degree as intermediate technicians; that is,
we will demand this level from thP leadexs.
Year of the Popular Network
The popular network includes "popular centers": coffee shops, kiosks, dining rooms
an~ other places where sna~ks are sold. This food service sector was almost aban-
doned in the first years under the people's government. While all the attention
was being given to the grand and not so grand resta~mants, the places where you
could "eat and run" at moderate prices deteriorated and, in some cases, disappeared.
This year there will be a turn toward the popular netwcmk. A proviricial committee
has been created to solve the primary problems: organization, remodeling and the
incorporation of services that were l.ost like the so-called "deli stands." There
are already 76 stands of this type and there should be 300 by the end of this year.
Arsenio Torres said: "Experience has shown us that these 'carts' not only offer a
solution but another possibility, another option." (O~u~ primary concern was
supplies.)
"We have called these carts 'delis,' precisely in order not to bind them to a cer-
~ tain product. We offer what is on the market. If there are potatoes, they sell
potatoes. The same is true about croquettes, hamburgers, etc.; they sell whatever
_ there is. This is a fast way of receiving service without ha.ving to go into a
coffee shop, sit down, wait for the waiter, the menu, the bill and lose an hour or
more."
[Questionl In addition to the raw materials, I was interested in the great de~nand
for preprocessed products that 300 carts in the city would cause.
He reported: "We already have an enterprise devoted to mass food processing but
rae are also working to have at least one processing center in ea~h municipality so
that sales will not be stopped for lack of products. We also want to try to main-
tain the greatest variety possible."
Dining Rooms
Also in the popular network are the worker and school dining rooms which have been
the source of innt.unexable complaants, almost all justified. Now there is a com~ni.i -
tee to study this problem. A new system is bei.ng tried in 16 dini.ng roans in the
city. With an optional menu, the wnrker can ask for his food the da,y before.
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"This experiment has ha.d very positive results. In the first place, there has been
a physical savings of food that was thrown away before. There are also improvements
in quality because it is not the same to make 100 scrambled eggs as to make 20 ome-
lets, 20 fried eggs, 20 boiled eggs and 20 scrambled eggs. With this system, the
cook works more but the consLUner is more satisfied."
Rescue of Centers
Under the policy of strengthening the popular network, centers practically lost for
years due to lack of repairs have been restored. There was almost no place in the
outlying muni.cipal.ities "to get a glass of water"; everything was in downtown Ha-
vana, Old Havana, Plaza and Playa. To develop food service in the distant munici-
palities, for example, E1 Terry, a second-c lass restatmant in San Miguel del ~adron
was remodeled and a recreation center that will have a resta~ant, swimming pool
and dance area has been begun. In Cotorro, a luxury restaurant was started where
there was no first~lass center; now there is the recently opened Bello Palmar.
[Question] This will be done only in the periphery? I am concerned about three
establishments right here: the Wakamba, Marakas and Karaba.li.
[Answer] Thes~ units have been neglected for many years but we will "rescue" them.
We will change them back to the way they were--nice, pleasant coffee shops. We
will use the magni.fi.cent instai.lations that they ha.ve. We have also remodeled the
Payret Coffee Shop and Bar next to the movie theater that is naw being repaired.
There will be a bar~offee shop-movie complex like there used to be--a trio of out-
standing centers in the popular network.
Beverage Kiosks and Outdoor Stands
[Question] After the fairs, some i.nstallations became permanent at the demand of
the people. However, the indispensable sanitary conditions of water, etc., were
missing. We have seen some disappear and others appear.
[Answer] We will not close these centers but move them to better pla~es with perma-
nent installations. We feel that these units cannot disappear because even if they
are rejected by part of the population, they are accepted with pleastme by another.
The best thing is to reconcile both interests. We will not put a bar next to a
school or downstairs in a building or near a hospital or ntmsery school but, i.n the
city, there are more than enou~h areas for these centers.
Look, if we closed all these places, we would eliminate fY~eedom of choice for a
certain clientele that prefers them by habit, by economy or by choice. St is not
a matter of speculating whether this is good or bad but tha.t this is one more re-
creation. Beer production is increasirag by bulk and not by bottle so we have to
taice advantage of these centers.
On this same subject, I am going to tell you that the famous pilot projects were
closed in sane places because the people complained at their nei.ghborhood assem-
blies. Certainly, nars where people had to stand and use metal pif,chers were not
very pleasant. Now we will put in little tables and chairs and use glass pitchers.
We are improvi.ng them but not too mu~h because if we put in air conditioning and
- fancy waiters, they will be lux~my bars with higher prices. We believe that these
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popular centers should not disappear because there is a deuiand far them; they
are filled daily.
Inns and Nightclubs
"Inns" or hotels that rent rooms by the ho~ have been a forbidden topic because
of well-rooted social prejudices remai.ning in ot~ society. This matter does not
come up i.n an accounting assembly. They were in the hands of the municipal.ities
and these could not even repair schools, grocery stores and parks, much less inns.
Torres stated: "It is undeniable that the people demand this service; therefore,
it must be improved. There are those who believe that they should be converted
into housir~ or simply eliminated. This sector which has been in the hands of the
municipalities without allocated resources just became w~rse and, at this ti.me,
they are in a situation of alarmi.ng deterioration. What did we do? We formed an
entexprise that only takes care of i,nns, an integral maintenance establishment.
First, wP will undertake genera]. repairs; then we will evaluate the units with mi-
nimal conditions of hygiene and good treatment. By the second half of this year,
about 10 of these centers will be repaired.
"The same thing happened to the ni.ghtclubs that were also initially under the muni-
cipalities. Now there is an enterprise that takes care of them and all ha.ve been
remodeled."
; [~uestion] Is maintenance guaranteed?
[Answer] 0~ best enterprise is fcr food service construction mai.ntenance. A sys-
tem of specialized maintenance with small lrigades has been adopted. There have
been considerable transfor~mations like, for example, Kasalta--a coffee shop and
restaurant in Playa which was ruined. They made it look like new again. They even
~ made the li.~hts. In the routine maintenar~ce, only 1.1 percent of the refY~igerators
~ in the food service sector are Lroksn. Comnerce canes under another enterprise and
has 28 percent unrepaared refrigerators. I think this enterprise is the heart of
the food service sector; if it functions, there are no major problems.
Where Is the Ke~
[(luestion] After hearing the problems that remain, are the objective conditions
there to eliminate them?
Arsenio Torres answered: "They are; the only thing that is out of our hands is
supply. If we meet techni.cal norms and the products are not wasted, we will
achieve somethi.ng even there. The rest is to maintain the resta~.mants and in-
, crease the popular network so that we can offer the ~eatest quan~ity of alterna-
tives to the 2 million inY~abitants in the capital."
i
, 1. To fulfill technical consumption norcns.
2. To improve hygiene and cleanliness.
~ 3. To insist on administrative demand.
4. To a~hieve stability in supplies.
5. To ir~rease the technical knowledge of the food service personnel.
6. To select new personnel.
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7. To imgrove payment systems.
8. To do more effective wcrk in socialist emulation.
g. To de~nand better treatment for the public.
10. To help the cons~er defend his rights and fulfill his duties.
COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA 1981
7717
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COUNTRY SECTION GUATF,MAI~A
ORGANIZATION IN MEXICO DENOUNCES REPRESSION OF CHURCH
PA102150 Mexico City ANSA in Spanish to Buenos Aires ANSA 1610 GMT 10 Aug 81
[Text] Mexico City, 10 Aug (ANSA)--The repression of the church in Guatemala
follc7ws the government's decision to exterminate not only the moet active and
_ committed priests and laymen but also those who maintain a conservative and .
pacif ist line.
The Ecimmenical Christian Coordinating Committee of Solidarity with Guatemala
[Coordinadora Cristiana Ecumenica de Solidaridad con Guatemala] (CCESG) made the
charge here today, adding that the Guatemalan Gover~ent follows "the methods of
Argentina and Chile, el3minating whole families."
Priests Juan Hernandez and Cirilo Sanchez, spokesmen of the CCESG, said that from
- January 1980 to June 1981, five priests were killed, three kidnapped and 63 active
Catholics had to leave Guatemala due to repression, which included death threats.
They said that in June, two priests were killed and two others were kidnapped and
are missing. The attacks against the church are directed not only against the
most co~itted priests but also the conservatives and pacif ists, the CCESG
spokesmen added.
They said that since Gen Romeo Lucas Garcia took office in 1978, 10 priests have
been killed: two Guatemalans, three Spaniards, two U.S. citizens, one Philippino,
one Belgian and an Italian.
The priests indicated that "in Guatemala, the priestly ministry has been reduced
to its minimum expression and the cases of persecution of Cathechiste and co~itted
laymen are literally countless, while in many peasant communities the observation
of religion is watched, made diff icultor:~prohibited and many Catholic militants
have been kidnapped and killed after their homes were raided for bibles, a book
now considered dead in our country."
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COUNTRY SECTION HONDURAS
BRIEFS
NONINTIItVENTION IN EL SALVADOR--Mexico City, 8 Aug (ANSA)--Honduran Ambassador
Humberto Lopez Villamil has said here that Sonduras is not allied with any govern-
ment to interf ere in E1 Salvador and it is not keeping Salvadoran refugees ~
imprisoned in its territory. The diplomat talked to the press after approximately
1,000 people gathered ia front of his embassy in this capital to pr.otest the alleged
Honduran intervention in the Salvadoran conf lict. He said that the accusations
against his government "are false" and that "they are part of a campaiga to
discredit the country which is being carried out in Mexico with increasing force."
He noted that this campaign is aimed at injecting an element of tension to provoke
a confrontation, and he recalled that on 28 July, Honduras lodged a formal protest
with El Salvador over the actions of the Salvadoran Army on the border. The rally
was organized by the Permanent National Forum of Solidarity with the Salvadoran
Revolution and was held without any incidents. [Text] [PA090029 Mexico City ANSA
in Spanish to ANSA Buenos Aires 1625 (~IT 8 Aug 81]
- CSO: 3010/1669
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i
~
COUNTRY SECTION NICARAGUA
WHEELOCK DENOUNCES c1A PLANS AGAINST LATIN AMERICA
PA050337 Havana PRELA in Spanish 2220 GMT 4 Aug 81
[Text] Managua, 4 Aug (PL)--Commander Jaime Wheelock Roman today deaounced an
ovexall plan headed by the CIA and the Pentagon's reactionarq sectors to turn
Latin America into a completely fascist sector.
- The Nicaraguan agricultural development and agrarian reform minister analyzed a
number of events which have occurred on the continent, in a speech opening a
seminar for ministry officials.
Wheelock, who is also member of the Sandinist National Liberation Front's National
Directorate, labeled as suspicioua the airplane accidents in w~ich Gen Arturo Hoyos,
Peruvian Army chief of staff; Ecuadorean President Ja3me Roldos; and no~w Gen Omar
Torri~os, commander of the Panamanian National Guard, have lost their lives.
He said, "We have no doubt that the CIA has participated in many political murders
and crimes against revolutionary leaders."
He said that as progressive and democratic trends advance in Latin America,
criminal sectors within the U.S. Govertm?eat are even more intent in foxging all
types of actions against those processes in the continent.
He cited the examples of the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala, Salvador
Allende in Chile, and Joao Goulart in Brazil.
He said, "When U.S. reactionary adminiatrations come across progressive, indepen-
dent, sovereign processes which affect their geopolitical interests and. cannot be
curbed with their economic and f inancial aggression...then they resort to political
murder."
The Sandinist leader also noted the destabilizing and aggressive activities
against Nicaragua, the arms shipments to E1 Salvador and Guatemala "and the
abetting of counterrevolutionary (former Somozist guards) in Miaani."
Wheelock said that the Reagan adminiatration is determined to destroy N~caragua.
He said that the United States has not made its destructive plans more apparent
because there are important forces ia the world which will not tolerate military
aggresaion to that Central American country.
He said, "For them (the United States) Nicaragua is lost, that is why they aeek
to speedily disband or destroy us."
CSO: 3010/1669
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~ COUNTRY SECTION pANAMA
BRIEFS
SANDINIST ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION--Panama City, lU Jul (PL)- Actiivities of ,
solidarity with Nicaragua will be held here beginning 14 July to greet the
second anniversary of the triumph of the Sand3nist revolution. A spokesman
of the Panamanian Co~ittee of Solidarity With Nicaragua, the organization
~ sponsoring the activities, told PRELA that they wi11 be held under the slogan
"Sandinist Nicaragua, Panama Is Always With You." The activities include
_ a news conference to be held on Tuesday which w311 include labor, student
and peasant leadera who will expresa their re~ecti.on of U.S. maneuvers
againet the Sandiniat revolution, he noted. A political and cultural
meeting of the masses will be held on 17 July with~the participation of
Edgar Parrales, Nicaraguan social welfare min~.ster, as epecial guest and
other local speakers. Representatives of the popular organizatione will
also visit the graves of the Panamart3.~n combatants who fe11 in the struggle
to oust the Somozist tyranny. [Text] [PA120201 Havana PRELA in Spanish
1327 GMT 10 Jul 81]
CSO: 3010/1546 ' END
~
~
;
48
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