JPRS ID: 9906 WORLDWIDE REPORT TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9906
_ i 2 August 198 ~I
~ Worldv~ide Re ort
p
. TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELUPMENT
CFOUO 11/81)
,
FB~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVlCE
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~PRS ~/9906
. 12 August 1981
WORLDWIDE REPORT
TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(FOUO 11/81)
CONTENTS
WI~RZWIDE AFFAIRS
Brief s
Apple in Qrbit 1
ASIA
JAPAN
Small Ra.dio Unit for Land Mobile Telephone System Described
(TECHNOCR.AT, May 81) 2
Test oi' Telephone Exchanges in Stricken Areas, Cround
~ Telephone Network
(TECHNOCR.AT, May 81) 1~
Telex Teletype Switching System Announced
(TECHNOCRAT, May 81) 5
Pilot Plant for ISDN To Be Installed
(TECHNOCRAT, May 81) ............................o......... 6
Brief s
� Computer Network Using Satellite 7
Optical F`iber for Practical Use 7
_ a _ [ III WW - 140 FOU(?]
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EAST EUROPE
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CSSR~s Interkosmos Space Cormnunications Research Described
(Anton Kuchar; SI~ABOPROUI7Y OBZOR, Apr 81) $
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
COMORO IS?~ANAi
Briefs
Kuwaiti Loan 23
NIGERIA
Briefs
Air Space Coverage by Ra.dax 2~
Aerostat System Abandoned 2~,
Japanese Contract for Project 21~
New VON Transmitter ~4
SUDAN
Brief s
Technical Accord ~5
Sudan-Ethiopia l~i.nk ~5
- b -
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WORLllWIDE AFFAIRS
BRIEFS
APPLE IN ORBIT--The Indian experimental telecommunications satellite, Apple, launched
on 18 June 1981 by the third Ariane rocket (see AIR & COSMOS No 8ci6) is now in
geosynchronous orbit. A trajectory correction was effected by Indian technicians on
27 June. The Apple satellite should reach its geostationary emplacement (102� East)
about 20 July. But one of the two solar Panels is still jam~ed. The App1e is the
fifth satellite laun~hed by India. The first Indian satellite, Aryabhata, was launched
in 1975 by the USSR, which also placed the second Indian satellite, Bhaskaxa 1(re-
mote sensing) into orbit. India itself next launched two small experimental satel-
lites with its own SLV3 rockeC: the Bohini 1, successfullv, in July 1980 and the
Rohini 2 on 31 May 1981. But the satellite fell prematurely on 9 June after only
- 9 days in orbit (instead of 30Q) because of an orbit which was too low as a result
of improper functioning o� the launcher. Five other satellites are contemplated
withinthe scope of the Indian space program. The Bhaskara 2 satellite is to be
launched by the USSR at the end of the year. Then, two telecommunications and
meteorology satellites, Insat lA and 1B will be launched by the United States i.n
the beginning of 1982 and the end of 1983 respectively. Next, starting in 1986 India
plans to launch two telecommunications satellites, IRS 1 and 2 with its own facilities.
[Text] [Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 4 Jul 81 p 35] [COPYRIGHT: A. & C. 1980]
11706
CSO: 5500/2261
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~ JAPAN
SMALL RADIO UNIT FOR LAND MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM DESCRIBED
'lokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 5, May 81 p 73
[TeXt j lyq-r has completed tria( producdon of a IC hcs bee,a used jor a nceiving mlxer wh:ch
rtew land mobi(e teiephone nadlo ur+lt whtch is +nises recefved signa/s and tha output oj the
.u corrrpect as ISOOcc in volume and 2.4kg local ~osctltator ro'producs an intermedtate
in weight. Compa~ed with a convenNona/ jrequency (IFJ carrter of 90MKz. Newly de-
mobile unlt, rhe size of the new untt ls re� veloped monolfthic cryatal fTlter jabrrcadon
duced to fesr than i/4, the wergh[ to about technology hos oJso ht(ped tn the manufactu~e
1/3, and the DC power consumpdon to about' of a 90MHz IF filte~.
2/3 jor transmission a�d less than 1/2 jor NIC's uxd jo~ the t?ansm~tting secNoR
_ stand-by. have rcduced a greae number oj adJustment
N7T has also developed some unique items potnts. A uniquely structured and compact low
ej technalogy to miniaturize and reduce the /oss duplexer using hJgh ditlecMc metevials hos
weight oj the machlne. The ma%or eJjorts made also Deen incorpomted.
by rhe corporatron during rhe manujacrure oj The logic vait perjorms logic operadons
the machine are aa jollows: required jor ca!! p?ocessing, chartnel coniro! ete.
!n a locol osci(lafor which must generate The circuits are composed mainly oj genera!
accurste and srable radio channels jor steadter purpose LSI's, so that junc[fons oj the (ogtc
communicetion, microwave p/ane~-circuit ttch- unit can 6e pt~formed on a digttal basis.
nology has been emp(oyed to simpltfy tht Also, t~ansmitter power amp!ljier ejjPciency
circuit strucrurc. A varfable jrequeney loea( has been improved mainly Dy 30% to 40%,
oscillaror copabfe oj di~ect oscillation oj reyvlting in a decrease !n power consumption.
800MHz jrequency has been developed to be Tabte 1 showa the main featu?es of the new
built into the machrne. Thir is based on thick- mobtJe radlo unit.
jlm pfaner�hybrid IC technvlogy. The com-
bination oj bipolar semiconductor and CMOS
technologies has enabled miniatuarizuNort oja
prescaler and a variable divider conducting
high-speed conrrol ojjrequency into LS!'s.
In the tmr.smitting section, a I45MHz FM
modulator jor voice and deta has been re-
quired. But because nn osci!ladon jrequency Table 1. Specific'itions of ihe New Mobile
of l45MH: is roo high to be caughiby a crysta[ Radio Unit�
osciflator, u new device called SAW has 2placed 214mmx140mm
it as rhe osciJlation source oj the modulator. Size x50mm
_ An up�convrrrer provrdea an 800MHz band 7500cc
_ ourput by mixing the /45MHz modulated Volume
ramer with the ou~pat oj a loca! oscil(a[or. Weipht 2.dkq
A(thvugh upplicarion oj thick�film techno(ogy Transmission powx 5W
to higher jrequencies has convtntlonally been
very dijftcult due to [arge :mnsmissfon.lo,ues, Frequanc;~ 800 MHz band
N7T has lviceessjulJy compkted the e!?euit Consumpticln Tran~mittiny 35W
� using a thick fiJm hybrid 1C by applyrng (ow- power peeeivfnp 7W
loss technology developed by tMe corporaHon.
In the receiving secNon, a thick j~fm hybrfd
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Radio ~ectlon
Antenne ~
~ 1----------�-----------------~i
i
I Rx~iving Amplffier Demaduletor
i mixsr i
-------------------'I
I Rxeivlnp section
`m
x
� Local ouillator Lopie Un(t Telephone
. a
~
O Trensmittinp I
soction
f ; Powar Tra~smitting Modulator~
, amplifiar mixer ~
~ , ~
I -
L~.-
_ Radio unit
' Fig. 1. Block Diagram of a Neul Radio Unit
_ COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd. '
CSO: 5500/4586
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JAPAN
TEST OF TELEPHONE F,XCH~NGES IN STRICKEN AREAS, GROL'ND TELEPHONE NETWORK
. Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 5, May 81 p 73
[Text) q,~tN~ite communfca:ions circuif, which is ~ycrtge ~mobllt siation --~CS-+ baseatation-?
masr unllkely to be ajjected by ground dis- ground telephone network waa tstabUshed ajter
aaters, may be the most ejjecNvt means jor the an ho~r-?ong atrcmpt.
rcprd reassignmen: into a telcvhone network q trnnsmisslon tesr via the above-mentfoned
oj a region isaJcted jrom the netwo~k by dls� crrcuir was also conducted ro check the !n�
asters. N7T has succeedcd Jn c circuif instafl- fluence oj dia( pulse delay caused by transmis-
ment connectron tes[ in which a ground ~efe- sivn delav time.inherertt in a communicaNons
phone network and the telephone exchanges oj ci?cuit through the operarion oj a tt/ephone
o strrcken area a~e linked via an experimenta(, exchange. Kowcver, no ~roubfe wos recorded.
medium capacity, srafiortary cornmanicattons On the othe~ hand, whrn a large pa~t ojthe
sateflite (CSJ. trunk !!ne between tefephone vjfices is dnmag�
When a trunk !!ne between tefephone ex- !d, the ?equired work ts not only ta change rhe
changes or telephone ojfices is damaged by a route of the circuit, but afso to buiid, the
- disaster, rt is nece.uary to organize qt~ickly an structure oj a sarel!!te cdmmunicattons ci~cult
earrh stadon for sate(lite communication jv~ mainly jor communications with the stricken
immrdfate use by lnsta!ling a satefllte ci~cuit. creas. 'The former wi(1 6e conJucted Dy the
To cope with these emergency cases, on the route alterarion junctton oJ an exchange, anJ
assvmprion oj trojfic lnrerrupt(on, a tes~ was the Intter by the rimr sharing mulNple con-
conducred in whtch a helicopter canled a quosi- necdon juncHon. !n the resr, using these mrth-
mi(limrrer wuvr mobile station which com- ods, circuit stn~cru~e cMange requirrd only a
munic�arrs x~irh u CS. Nsxt, ~n the Ka?aruyama ~ery shorr dme.
_ Te(epnunr Ojlce of Tvkyo, the mobile statfon 77iese tests huvr provrd that pub(ic tele-
~~s.s :inkrd wrrh Jn �merqrncy te(ephone es� ~ommunicottoris wirh stricken areas can De
change substttuttng jor the dameged tefephone qurckly securrd rvcn i( exchanyrs ~n~i rrunk
ojfice. A circult covering the route oj an ex- (Jnea in rhose urras arc Jamayrd,
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 5500/4586
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JAPAN
TFLEX TELETYPE SWITCHING SYSTEM ANNOUNCED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT ir. English Vol 14, No 5, May 81 p 72
[TeXt] � Toyo lnsatsu Denshinki Co. has announced messages. (3) simple retrieval of inessages [rom
that it has developed a"I.iessage switching ~e dixcs and transmission of them -to any
system VIT 1100" which allows considerable desired port including a CRT, paper tape
reduction of manpower and geat improvement printer, printer and circuits. (4) fixed message
of efficiency in telex�teletype communications, registration, repeated use of the registered
both domestic and internatioml. mescaResand correction at terminals. (5) output
The system comprises a main bady and ot messages to a journal printer (6) relay of
terminals, such as a multi functional CRT. The messages for international (5 unit) and domestic
main body incorporates a 14.9 Mbyte magnetic unit) uses. (7) transfer of faulty messages
disc, 1 Mbyte tloppy disc and a system con- back to the input terminal after highly ac-
trolling microcomputer, DEC�LSI ] 1/2. The curate checking of the messages.
maximum number of input/outpui ports is 22. As mentioned, this system uses magnetic
. TeleFraphic messages input is stored on magnetic and floppy discs, excluding any kind of tapes
disc of variable length. used in the storage and retrieval of inessages
These features al]ow lhe following: (1) auto- from telex and teletypes, which normally have
matic allocation of teledraphic messages input been performed by paper punch tapes and
from each port. (2) storage of inessages in monitor copies. It is reported to be most
magnetic and floppy disks, the latter being also suited to comp~ies with channel capacity of
used, especially for long-term preservation of about ]0 eucuits.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 5500/4586
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JAPAN
PILOT PLANT FOR ISDN TO BE INSTALLED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 5, May 81 p 72
[TeXt] � N1-I' wrill atart in FY1982 to establish a from all kinds of telecommunication networks
p~7ot plant for a digital communiption network ~to pulses.
so ihat the analogue communication netwotk '('here may be many technical problems to be
currently used mainly for telephone calls can overcome involved in the conversion of the
be replaced by the integrated system digital present analogue system into the digital one.
- network (ISDN), which is used by various kinds Tech~ical interface of both systems, mainte-
of communiption systems. nance of the digital network, uainin8 of the
The telecommuniration network used at Staff, and introduction of digital elecuonic
present is made up of an analogue system which exchanges are some of them.
permits only transmission/reception of oral To clarify these technical problems, a pilot
signals by telephone. Analogue-based telecom- plant will be established in a few years in a
munications, however, which transmit voice practical stage following the theoretical study.
wave-form as it is in order to conrey natural !n the plan, some of the elecuonic exchange
voice, are accompanied by defects such as dis- of the present telephone oCfices will be
tortion and noiu. digitalized and be connected to diptal devices
Recent development of digital technology such as data terminals, facsimiles, and data
has enlivened the transmission/reception of telephones. Seleeted offices and telephone sub-
digita! information using data terminals and scribers will have a monitor for the digital
facsimiles. However, transmission of digital devices, and telephone of~ces and these ter-
information using the analogue network requires minals aze also expected to be linked by an
specially designed signal conversion equipment. optical fiber uutead of a copper calbe. The
Most urgently needed, therefore, is a digifal number of monitors expected to be subscribed
network which unifies vazious kinds of . siRnals for will reach about 2000.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 5500/4586
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JAPAN
BRIEFS
COMPUTER NETWORK USING SATELLITE--The Agency of Industrial Science and Tech-
nology of MITI has started a study for a computer network program in which the
Information Center of Tsukuba Sctence City and seven local research institutions
of the Agency are linked via a communication satellite. A network using optical
fibers has already been established between nine major research institutions of
Science City. Furthermore, a new work for a wider area covering local institu-
tions will use a co~unication satellite as well. The Agency also expects that
the progress of this program will clarify technical problems underlying a com-
puter network formation using a satellite, and find other areas of application
for the same kind of technology. [Text] [Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14,
No 5, May 81 p 72] [COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.]
OPTICAL FIBER FOR PRACTICAL USE--NTT will use on a practical basis an optical
fiber method for inter-office transmission lines with a total length of 110km
in respect of 12 sections of Tokyo, Osaka and other areas. It will use 32Mb/s
and 100Mb/s medium capacity methods, in which new aspects of technology, such
as long wave length elements of about 1.3um, as well as optical fiber manufac-
tured by the VAD method, will be employed. NTT is expected to start construc-
tion in March, 1981 and complete it at the end of the year for service commence-
ment. [Text] [Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 5, May 81 p 72]
[COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.]
CSO: 5500/4586
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
UDC 621.396.43:621.396.946
CSSR'S INTERKOSMOS SPACE COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH DESCRIBED
Prague SLABOPROUDY OBZOR in Czech. No 4, Apr 81 pp 177-182q
[Article by Eng Anton Kuchar, CSc, Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics,
CSAV, Prague: "Some Information on Space Communications Research Conducted in
Czechoslovakia Within the Interkosmos Program"]
[Text] This article describes the scope and direction of work done ~
in Czechoslovakia in the conzext of the Perma:~ent Working Group on
Space Communications, Interkosmos. Specific results achieved in
space communicatxons by Czechoslovak organizations are presented
and the prospects for development of this field in Cz~chosJ.ovakia
are described.
1. Introduction
Practically every manmade ~bject launched into space is provided with equipment for
one-way or two-way communications with the earth. In terms of their missions we
distinguish two types of sa~ellites: reconnaissance satellites and communications
- satellites.
In the case of satellites of the firsC type, radio communication is used for trans-
mission of telemetric signals and is generally conducted in the meter or decimeter
wavelength region, the throughput capacity is generally small, and the energy balance
is generally quite critical on deep-space probes, requiring the use of special modu-
lating methods, extremely sensitive receivers and large antennas at the ground
stations.
The primary mission of comanunications satellites is transmission of signals between
. different points on the surface of the earth. The throughput capacity of modern
communications satellites is generally many thousands of telephone channels. Geo-
stationary~satellites, synchronously orbiting the earth in the equatorial plane at
- a distance of about 36,000 kilometers, are the type most often used. The design
of thesc satellires ~s geared tio the service which they perform. They are used ~o
transmit huge streams of information between communications centers or for communi-
cations with moving objects (aircraft, ships), and in the near future they will be
used for broadcasting radio and television programs, data transmission and small-
channel telephone communications between small ground stations, precise time and
frequency broadcasting, determination of spatial position and the like.
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Because of the uniqueness and importance of the problem of cou~unications with or via
- satellites, the Permanent Working Group for Space Communications (SPSKS) was created
within the Interkosmos program. By agreement with the Czechoslovak Acade~y of _
Sciences [CSAV], which manages Interkosmos program research done in Czechoslovakia,
management of Czechoslovak participation in the work of SPSKS was undertaken by the
Federal Ministry of Communications. Joint assignments on several subejcts are carried
out in accordance with a work plan. Work on individual sub.jects is coordinated by
the countries which can make the greatest contribution to solving the problem in
question. Information on results achieved is exchanged through regular or special
- conferences and sci~ntific symposia, and experimental equipment which has been de-
- veloped is made available to the cooperating countries through bilateral or multi-
lateral agreements. The operation of the satellite communications system developed
in the Interkosmos program is managec~. by the Intersputnik organization.
'L. The Nature of the Research Done :.n ~~~.t~ellite Communications
While physica.l phenomena are the priuiar~ subject of study in the other areas of space
research conducted in the Interkosmos program, the main objective of satellite communi-
cations research is the development of inethods for the optimal use of satellites for
cotmnunications purposes. The culmination of this work is the development of a plan
for a satellite communications system which is at a qualitatively higher level thar..
previous systems. Communications networks are extensive systems whose effects reach
far beyond the boundaries of individual countries. Immense sums are invested in ttiem
and their operation is subject to inzernational regulations. The applicability of
the results of space communications research depends on these factors. New princxples
are utilized only after thorough testing, and accordingly innovations are introduced
slowly in this field. Research and development work must be thoroughly coordinated.
The conditions must be created for transferring research results obtained in the~
" Interkosmos program to the Intersputnik operating organization and to producers of
satellite communications equipment.
3. Areas of Satellite Communications Research
Satellite communications research in the Interkosmos program is conducted in accor-
dance with the Permanent Working Group on Space Communications plan, which includes
several subject areas. Below we present information and comment on the following
selected subject areas:
1. Opening up new frequency bands for satellite communications.
2. Organizing the operation of satellite communications, methods of signal trans-
mission via satellite, and direct broadcast and reception of signals from satellites.
3. Methods of processing signals intended for transmission by satellite: modulation
- and coding methods.
4. Questions of the electroma.gnetic coexistence of ground and satellite systems.
3.1 The Use of Higher Frequency Bands for Satellite Communications
Currently the frequency band from 3.7 to 4.2 GHz is the one most heavily used for
' satellite-to-ground communications and that from 5.925 to 6.425 GHz for earth-to-
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satellite communicatiuns. These bands are particularly well suited for use because
there are only yery minor atmospheric effects on signal propagation in them. However,
they are also used for ground communications and are almost filled by satellite
~ommunications. Ac:cordingly most new satel.lite communications systems will o~erate
in frequency bands above 10 GHz.
Bands in the vicinity of 12, 14, 20 and 30 GHz, among others, have been reserved for
satellite communicatzons. Signal propa~ation at these frequencies is subject to ex-
tremely unfavorable atmospheric effect~, especially f.rom precipitation. Attenuation
is increased and it becomes necessary to adjust the carrier wave plane of polarization.
These phenomena are of a statistical nature and must be specially measured for each
- region. For this purpose SOSKS has designed an experimenral satellite system which
will make possible:
--the study of signal propagation at frequencies in the vicinity of 12 GHz, and
--experiments with the transmiss~.on of television, telephqne and other signals in
this frequency band.
Opening up higher frequency bands also entails mastering the technology for producing
microwave circuits (especially integrated circuits), such as low-noise and power
amplifiers, generators, mixers and filters, as wei~ as antennas.
The experimental satellite system consists of:
--geostationary satellite~ of the Luc I and Luc II types, each of which will allow
the transmission of one high-frequency channe~ in Che 12 and 14 GHz bands;
--class I and class II ground stations;
--ground sections of ineasurement links in the Y2 anc'. 14 GHz bands;
--radiometers.
Class I ground s*_ations are equipped with transmitt~�rs and receivers and can trans-
mit a television signal or 200 to 400 telephone chaT..nels when operating with another
class I station, or 20 channels when opera*_ing with 3 class II station. These stations
have antennas with a reflector diameter of 12 meter~.
Class II stations have both a receiver and a transmi.tter or only a receiver. The
antenna diameter does not exceed 4 meters. These stations will be used for rESearch,
for experimental reception of television signals fr~~m satellites, and for small-
capacity communications.
- The measuring stations of the ground links have equi..pment for manitoring ~eteoro-
logical conditions in the vicinity.
We now present the main specifications of the Interkosmos experimental satellite
system.
J.O~
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. Signals transmitted 1 television channel with audio, 1
telephone trunk, measurement signals
Modulation frequency-modulated television signal,
i audio on 6.4 MHz subcarrier with double
frequency modulation; FM/FDMA/SCPC or
Q,M/DPSK/FDMA/SCPC for telephone trunks~
Bandwidth of high-frequency channel 40 MHz
Frequency channels
uplink 14 GHz
downlink 12 GHz
Satellite position 14� W(Luc I), 53� E(Luc II)
Radiated power (EIRP) of satellite 40 dBW
Polarization circular
Class I ground station
EIRP 92 dBW
transmitting antenna gain 63 dB
transmitter power 3 kW
receiver quality G/T 33 dB/K
noise temperature of receiver 250� K ,
receiving antenna gain 60 dB
Class II ground station
EIRP 71 dBW
transmitter antenna gain G= 51 dB ~
transmitter power 23 dBW
receiver quality 23 dB/K
~ noise temperature of receiver 300� K
receiver antenna gain 49 dB
*[FDMA: frequency division multiple access; SCPC: separate carrier pulse coding;
p M: delta modulation; DPSK:
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- FM modulation with a carrier swing of + 15 MHz is proposed for transmission of a
television signal between class I stations, which taould give a signal-to-noise ratio
of 55 dB; a smaller swing will be used in communications with class II stations,
assuring that the FM demodulator operates above threshold by decreasing the signal-
. to-noise ratio at the detector output to less than 50 dB. The audio frequency is
modulated onto the 6.5 MHz subcarrier with a swing of 50 kHz, which in turn is fre-
quency-modulated onto the principal carrier with a swing of 5 to 7 MHz. Digital
transmission of the audio signal in the blanking pu].ses of the television signal
is also being investigated. The complete television signal, including rhe audio,
takes up a 27 MHz band.
ltao modes of voice telephone transmission will be investigated:
1. Each signal will be subjected to delta rnodulation with a speed of 32K bps on a
separate carrier (SCPC system). This will make it possible to combine up to 400
channels into a telephone trunk wi.th a carrier spacing of 45 KHz.
2. Each voice signal will be digitized by PCM [pulse code modulation] with a speed
of 64K bps. In the ground station several channels will be combined by time division
multiplexing into a connected sequence of bit pulses with frequencies up to 1,540
Mbps, which will be used to phase-modulate a single high-frequency carrier (PSK
modulation).
Questions of organizing communications via satellite and of modulation methods are
the subjects of other research being carried out by SOSKS Interkosmos.
As part of the work on the opening up of higher ferquency bands � the problem of de-
si.gning small receivers for direct reception of tel~:vision signals from satellites
in the 12 GHz band is also being solved; this will be di~cussed in the next section.
3.2 Methods of Satellite Transmission of Signals
In terms of the width of the band taken up by the signals transmitted we distinguish
narrow-band and wide-band signals. The former group includes primari.ly telephone and
data signals, k*hile we assign to the other television signals and telephone trunks
produced by multiplexing many telephone signals together in the ground station.
The main problem arising in the transmission of narrow-band signals is that of choosing
a suitable operating procedure for the satellite system so that the capacity of the
- transponder installed on the satellite will be optimally used, even when a large num-
ber of transmissions are passing through the satellite. Under SPSKS, two basic
methods of multiple access to the satellite have been developed, the first based on
frequency division (FDMA) and the second on time division (TDMA). Currently work is
under way on a third method based on signal switching in the satellite and the use
of controlled-beam antennas, which is extremely promising. The data can be trans-
mitted on television channels if suitable modems are used. But work is proceeding
on special methods of data transmission via satellite which take account of the
characr_eristics of the data signals, such as intermittent transmission in short bursts,
the requirement for nearly error-free transmission and the like.
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loday, wideband signals are generally transu~itted via satellite between large com-
munication centers which are the interface points between ground and satellite com-
munications systems. But satellites allow contin~aous coverage of a large territory
by a signal wh.;.ch may be simultaneously received by an unlimited number of suitably
equipped stations. These advantages of communications satellites will be utilized
_ in so-called satellite broadcast service (RPS), or direct broadcast of radio and
television signals from satellites.
- Development of the RDS concept has an important place in the SPSKS program. Since
the World Administrative Radio Conference (Warc BS 77) reserved a frequency band in
the vicinity of 12 GHz ior RDS, solution of the problems associated wizh the iiitro-
duction of KDS has been proceeding in close connection with the exgeriments with the
satellite system described in section 3.1. Here we present certain baszc information
on the RDS concept developed in the Interkosmos program.
In addition to reception by the industry, using stations with a G/T ratio of 16 to
- 20 dB/K connected to a cabl.e or radio distribution system, plans are also being made
for group reception (G/T - 10 to 14 dB/K, distribution by residential cable), and,
in the future, for individual reception (G/T = 4 to 8 dB/K). The high-frequency
signal will take up a band 27 l~iz wide, the video signal will be frequency modulated,
and the wideband audio portion will be used to modulate a 6.5 MHz subcarrier with a
50 kHz swing, which in turn will be used to modulate a 70 MHz carrier, which will
then be transponded into the microwave region. A si~al-to-noise ratio of 48 to 50
dB for the video and 52 to 55 dB for the audio is expected. The satellite trans-
ponder and its transmitting antenna will be so dimensioned that for receiving stations
= with these G/T values the signal-to-noise ratio at the input of the FM detector
- will not fall below the threshold voltage of 10 dB for more than 1 percent of the
tim~. ~
Czechoslovakia has been assigned the same position for pJ.acement of communications
_ satellite~ in the geostationary orbit as the other socialist countries of central
and eastern Europe and has had reserved for it a frequency ban3 which will make it
possible to establish five high-frequency channels 27 MHz wide.
3.3 Methods of Processing Signals Intended for Satellite Transmission
Questions of source coding and channel coding are addressed under this heading.
Source coding consists primarily of converting a signal produced by a certain source
(audio, video and the like) into a digital signal and processing it, wi~h the aim of
minimizing the bandwidth required for transmitting the information which the sigr.al
- contains, i.e. suppressing as much as possible of its redundancy. Audio and video
signals are the main subjects of interest. In both cases several different modulation
methods (different variants of delta modulation or differential pulse code modulation)
or transformation methods are available. Methods coming under the first category have
been developed for real time transm:i.ssion of audio and video and their use is planned
in the Interkosmos system and later in the Intersputnik system.
The notion of "channel coding" refers to protection of a(digital) signal against
errors and modulation of the signal onto a carrier frequency.
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Protective coding is of critical importance in the transmission of signals with
suppressed or zero redundancy, e.g. in data transmission. It allows the trans-
mission error to be decreased by widening the transmission band used.
Selection of a su~~table modulation method will allow optimal uSe of the transmission
capacity of a given type of communications through a compormise between power and band-
width which is required to achieve certain transmission qualities which in analog
signals are characterized by the signal-to-noise ratio ~t the detector outFut and in
digital signals by the transmission error rate.
SPSKS is doing both theoretical and experimental work on this problem. The theoret-
ical work is based primarily on computer simulation of the characteristics of satel-
lite co~nunications. The formulas developed are used for experiments with signal
transmission via the Intersputnik organization's existing satellite system.
3.4 Questions of Electromagnetic Coexistence of Ground and Satellite Commiunications
Since many signals modulated onto carrier waves arrive in a given space at the same
time, the frequencies or polarization of these carrier waves must differ from one
another so that there will not be greater-than-permissible mutual interference between
individual communications links. The frequency spectrum which can be used to trans-
mit signals through space must therefore be used according to a specific plan. Cer-
tain frequency bands below 10 GHz are used by both ;round and satellite communications.
One measure which is expected to decrease the possibility for interference between
ground and satellite communications is the establishment of a maximum power density
for signals on the earth's surface transmitted from satellites in these bands.
At the World Administrative Conference held in Geneva in 1977, a frequency band was
reserved for direct radio and television broadcasting from satellites. The benefits
of long-term cooperation between the socialist countries in the Interkosmos organi-
zation manifested themselves at the conference in their advocacy of their interests.
An inseparable part of the planning of satellite systems is the solution of the
problem of optimal use of the geostationary orbit, which is unique and in which only
a limited number of communications satellttes can be placed.
4. Satellite Communications Work in Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia has taken part in the accomplishment of subtasks in practically all
' of the subject areas, based on its capabilities and interests. Important factors
have been the industrial applicability of the findings and long-term approaches to
the introduction oi satellite communica.tions into the national comrtnunications net.
4.1 Implementation Work
An important aspect of implementation which documents Czechoslovak industry's ability
and interest in involving itself in the satellite communications field is the exper-
imental class II ground station for receiving signals ftom satellites 3n the 12 GHz
band. The station was developed by TESLA-WST [A.S. Popov Research InstitLte of
Communications Engineering] on the basis of a r~equest by the Communications Research
Institute. URE [Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics] CSAV and the Nuclear
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and Physical Engineering Faculty (FJFI) of CWT [Czech Institute of Technology] j.n
- Prague also took part in developing the station. Below we give a brief description
of the maiii capabilities of the sration (Fig. 1).
12 (~Hz. Stanice byla realizov~na v TESLA-V~`IST A. S.
Popova n~ z~klad~ za,d~ni V~zkumn~ho iSstavu epoju.
Na realizaci stanioe se podilely t~ tIRE ~SAV a Fakulta
~ jadern~r a fyzik~ln~ in~en~rak~ (FJFI) ~VUT v Praze.
POL n~ AIIPA/iP f SH 1 ~ D~P
~ (
I
36 GHz SH 2 ~ ~
25 MNr I
X-~a, ~ H~ D ~ .
t70 HN. f x 1!5 n.