JPRS ID: 9834 TRANSLATIONS ON MAJOR USSR RIVER DIVERSION PROJECTS VOLUME III

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9834
8 July 19~ 1
Tr n lati n
a s o
TRANSLATIONS ON MAJOR USSR RIVER DIVERSION PROJECTS
Volume III
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_ NOTE
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- other characteristics retained.
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- JPRS L/9834
8 July 1981
TRANSLATIONS ON MAJOR USSR RIVER DIVERSION PROJECTS
Vo~uME III ~
CONTENTS
PREFACE 1
STATEMENTS BY POLITICAL LEADERS
CPSU Central Committee Draft Directions for 1981-85 2
Speeches Made at 20th Uzbek CP Gongress
(PRAVDA VOSTOKA; 4-6 Feb 81) 3
Rashidov Report
Sadykov Speech
~ Khudaybergenov Speech
Khudayberdyyev Report
Dzhurabekov Speech
Azimov Speech
Karimov Speech
~ Akhmedov Speech
- Khaa~rayev Speech
- Ccmments Made in Speech by N. D. Khudayberdyyev at Party Congress
(PARTIYNAYA ZHIZN'; Feb 81) 9
Report ~n Uzbek CP Congress
(V. Boldin, et al.; PRAVDA, 6 Feb 81) ZO
Uzbek Party Congress Report Mentions Irrigation, Water Diversion
(M. Zamyatin, A. Uzilevskiy; SEL'SKAYA ZHIZN', 6 Feb 81)........ 11
ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS
River Diversion Scheme Part of Water Management Construction
(EKONOMIKA I ZHIZN'; Apr 80) 12
Academicians Prefer Developm~ent of Siberia's Agriculture to
Importatio; of Food
(B. Boyev, Yu. Novoselov; SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA, 5 Dec 80)��������� 13
- a - ~ [II - USSR - FOUO]
[III - USSR - 35 FOUO]
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Agronomise Urgea Tighter Control of Irrig~tion WaGer in Central Aeia
' (K. Kurochkin; PRAVDA, 8 Dec 80) 17
' Divexsion of Northern Waters Into Volga
(G. Vorapayev; IZVESTIYA, 28 Dec 80) 20
Academician Advocates River Reversal Plan
_ (S. Ziyadullaev; EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA, No 5, J~.n 81).......... 23
Potential Benefits of River Reversal: Development of Karshinskaya
~ Stegpe
� (K. Bedrintsev, P. Kalyakin; KONIl~lU1QIST UZBEKISTANA, No 1,
Jan 81) 27
- Uzbek Writers Union Advocatea River Diversion
_ (Various sourcesr various dates) 28
Union's FiraL Secretary Comments, by Sarvar Azimov
- Uzbek Report on Meeting
_ PRAVDA VOSTOKA Report, by P. Borisov
Imamaliyev on River Reversal in Connectjun with Agriculture
(A. Imamaliyev; PRAVDA VOSTOKA, 16 Jan 81) 33
` Environmental Concerns, Water Conservation, and River Diversion
(B. Laskorin; TRUD, 17 Jan 81) 36
. Interview with Geographer V. S. Preobrazhenskiy
(SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA, 18 Jan 81)...~ 38
Advantages of Diver~ing I~orthern Waters to the South
(Yu. Zhdanov, et al.; IZVESTIYA, 25 Jan 81) 41
_ ~
Geologists Urge Consideration of Effect on Aral Sea, Other Results
_ (P. Chistyakov, I. Rubanav; PRAVDA VOSTOKA, 27 Jan 81).......... 43
Needsfor River Reversal Pro~ect Set Out
, (V. Dukhovnyy, et al.; SEL'SKAYA ZHIZN', 27 Jan 81) 45
Academician Cites Need for River Divascsion
(E. Akramov; SOVET OZBEKISTANI, 14 Feb 81) 48
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ANALYSES
Report on Conference on Water Planning, Distribution for Western
Siberia
(S. M. Kudryavtseva; VODNYYE RESURSY; No Sy 1980) 49
Academicians Cite Irrigation Data, Favor River Diversion
(A. Sadykov, et al.; PRAVDA VOSTOKA, 6 Jul 80) 53
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Steady Desiccation of Aral Sea Portends Future Water Problems
(0. Tlenbekov; KAZAKHSTANSKAYA PRAVDA, 26 Sep 80) 56
Backwater Phenomena on the Rivers of Western Siberia and Possible
Consequences of Their Changes in Relation to the Redistribution
~ of Streamflow
(L. K. Malik; IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR: SERIYA
GEOGRAFICHESKAYA, No 5, Sep-Oct 80) 59
_ Report from 1980 Conference on Problems of Interzonal Water Diversion
(N. I. Koronkevich, et al.; GIDROTEKHNIKA I MELIORATSIYA,
No 10, Oct 80) 65
Exten~ of Uzbek Academy's Study of River Reversal Discussed
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 11, Nov 80) 71
Modern Problems of the Caspian Sea
(G. V. Voropayev, A. N. Kosarev; PRIRODA, No 1, Jan 81)......... 73
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PREFACE
This is the third of a four-volume special report. Most of the translations are
reports or discussions on proposals for or ramifications of projects to divert
- part of the flow of certai.n ~a~or northward flowing river systems into areas of
the southern USSR, especially Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
The collection of translations was prompted by a notable increase in the valume
of material published about the feasibility of rivex diversion projects; most of
this material was published 3ust before and during the 26th CPSU Congress held in
February 1981. The material selected is from a broad range of Soviet central and
republic newspapers and ~ournals, in the local languages of the Central Asian
republics as well as in Rusaian.
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- STATEMENTS BY POLTTICAL LEADERS
.
CPSU CENTRAL COMMITTEE DRAFT DIRECTIONS FOR 1981-85
LD021304 Moscow Domestic Service in Russian 0000 GMT 2 Dec 80
[The CPSU Central Committee draft of the main d3rections for the economic and social
development of the USSR for 1981-85 and �or the period up to 1990]
[Excerpt] The further development of land improvement is to be provided; at the
cost of state capital investments 3.4-3.6 million hectares of irrigated and 3.7-3.9
million hectares of drained lands are to be brought into use and some 26-28 million
hectares ~f pastureland are to be reclaimed from desert, semi-desert and mountainous
regions. An all-round improvement in the effectiveness af the use of irrigated and
drained lands and a reduction in the time taken to achieve planned yields on these
lands is to be attained; the technical level and quality of water-conservancy con-
struction is ta be raised; comprehensive work is to be carried out in land-improve-
ment and recovery of agricultural land; measures are to be implemented to improve
the meliorative condition of irrigated and drained lands; work is to be apeeded up
on the reconstruction of existing land-improvement systems and improvement in their
supplies of water and in elimination of their salinity and high soil acidity.
_ Preparatory work is to commence on diverting part of the outflow of northern
rivers to the Volga River basin, as well as continuing the scientific and design
studies for the diversion of the waters of Siberian rivers to Central Asia and
Kazakhstan.
CSO: 1829/235
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SPEECHES MADE AT 20TH UZBEK CP CONGRESS
Rashidov Report
LD171515 Tashkent PRAVDA VOSTOKA in Russian 4 Feb 81 pp 2-6
[Text of "Uzbek CP Central Committee Report ta the 20th Uzbek CP Congress" delivered
3 Februar}~ in Tashkent by Sh. R. Raehidov, candidate member of the CPSU Centra~ Com-
mittee Politburo and first aecretary of the Uzbek CP Central Coumiittee]
[Excerpts] Formulation of an Uzbek 5SR food program is currently in progress. It
will make provision for the dynamic and balanced development of all sectors of
agriculture, proceasing industry, transport, trade and procurements and also for
the reaolution of social queations of the development of the countryaide.
The republic is faced with resolving complex tasks in the field of water resources
_ and land reclamation during the llth 5-Year Plan. Some R6.S billion is being allo-
- cated for these purposea. It is planned to open up around 500,000 hectares of new
land in all oblasts and the Karakalpak ASSR. The prime pro3ect will be to
continue the opening up of the Karshi and Dzhizak steppes.
The Talimardzhanskoye, Tuyamuyunskoye, Gissarakskoye and Karultyubinskoye reservoirs
will be commissioned. The capacities of the Arkhangaranskoye and Kattakurganskoye
reservoirs will be increased, and construction of::the Tupolangskoye, Sokhskoye and
Shorkulskoye reaervoira will be started.
A high-powered production base has been created in the republic,and cadres have
been trained to carry out these and other water resources projects. All this is
making it possible to open up virgin landa on a broad front, to create new so ':',ozes
and to demand that agricultural and water resources workers achieve high output frum
irrigated lands.
- The central task must be to improve land that has been irrigated for a long time
and improve the operation of reclamation systems and the entire collection and
drainage system. This work must be centralized and concentrated in the republic
- Ministry of .Reclamation and Water Resources, including the operaCion of the network
within farma.
Long-term foracdsts for the coming 5-year period anticipate little water and an
increase in the sho~..age of water resources. In these conditions paramount impor-
tance ia attached to the task of comprehensively modernizing our fields, making
economical and efficient use of water, pursuing a strict policy of water distribu-
tion and seeking additional sourcea. Pr.ecisely this task must determine the
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activeneas and degr~z of reaponsibility of workers in the Ministries of Reclamation
and Water Resources and Agriculture, the Glavsredazirsovkhozstroy, the State Com-
mittee for Water Resources Construction, scientific research and design planning
organizations, party and soviet organts, kolkhoz and sovkhoz leaders and sg:cialists
and all cadres entrusted with work in this most important sector of water resources
construction.
The republic has enormous areas of fertile land for irrigation. Given the avail-
ability of water resources it is possible to open up over 8 million ha of new land
and to obtain from it a great deal of additional cotton, grain and other agricul-
tural produce. However, thia potential can only be realized on the basis of diver-
ting part of the f low of Siberian rivers to Central Asia. The Uzbek CP Central
Committee is persistently raising the question of expediting the practical start of
this work during this very 5-year plan.
Sadykov Speech
Tashkent PRAVDA V~STOKA iti Russian 5 reb 81 p 4
- [Speech by Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciencea Preaident A. S. Sadykov]
[Excerpts] Thanks to the conatant concern of the Communist Party and the Soviet
state for developing science in Uzbekistan, a powerful scieritific-technical poten-
tial has been created here--about 200 ecientific-research institutes and WZ's in
_ which 35,000 scientiata work and teach.
The important role of science in technical progrese and the large investments in
its development pose the critical question of continuing to increase research
effectiveness.
Increasing the water supply is of decisive importance to the national economic
cotton complex and the entire republic economy. The question of diverting a
_ portion of the flow of Siberian rivers to Central Asia and Kazakhstan is espe-
cially important under the conditions which have evolved. More than 100 scientific
organizations are working on this problem.
It is appropriate to begin work on building a canal and irrigating the republic's
encrmous land reserve in the llth Five-Year Plan. This will be a tremendous
contribution to increasing cotton production and implementing the food program.
Prompt water diversion wi11 have a positive influence on reducing the negative
consequences of the drying out of the Aral to a minimum and on develaping the pro-
ductive forces, economy and social life of the area near the Aral.
Khudaybergenov Speech
' Tashkei.:: PRAVDA VOSTOKA in Russian 5 Feb 81 p 4
[Speech by Khorezmskaya f~bkon First Secretary M. Kh. Khudaybergenov]
[Excerpt] Last year, we held a meeting of the All-Union Coordination Council for
Cotton Growing, at which questions associated with prospects for further developing
~ this branch in the Khorezm Oasis were raised. Their resolution at this stage is
~ inseparable from the upcoming start-~.p of the Tuyamuyunskiy hydrosystem. It is
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necessary that the USSR Ministry of Reclamation and Water Management and the repub-
lic Ministry of Reclamation and Water Management take the steps necessary to
accelerate reconstruction of interrepublic mainline canals which have long since
exhausted their throughput capacity and intraoblast irrigation systems, as well as
the drainage-collector network.
Speaking of.the water problem, which is becoming increasingly critical with each
passing year, we must not fail to mention the vitally important necessity of
diverting a portion of the f1.Q w from Siberian rivers to Central Asia and
Kazakhstan, as is outlined in the CPSU Central Committee draft.
Khudayberdyyev Report
Tashkent PRAVDA VOSTOKA in Russian 5 Feb 81 pp 5-6
[Report by Uzbek SSR Council of Ministers Chairman N. D. Khudayberdyyev]
(Excerpt] Uzbekistan has available to it very rich experience in planning and
building modern hydraulic engineering atructures, in the multipurpose utilization
~ of virgin lands., In con~unction with the profoundly assiduous attitude our peasan-
_ try has towards water and land, this has transformed republic irrigation and land
reclamation into a benchmark for many countries.
Nonetheless, the increasing water resources deficit advances questions of efficient
_ water use to the fore. Along with expanding work on the comprehensive renovation
of irrigat_Con systems, lining canals and using groundwater intelligently, with
completing construction of a number of large, medium-sized and small reservoirs,
~ we need to expand the struggle to conserve water everywhere. Improving the opera-
tion service, mechanizing surface irrigation, developing trickle and in-soil
irrigation, closed and vertical drainage, and the intelligent expenditure of water
for leaching--this is the arsenal of ineana which must be brought into play. Onl~
such a genuinely state-oriented attitude towards saving water can enable us to
retain the tempo established in d~veloping agriculture until additional water
resources can be brought into the region. '
In the courae of diacuesion of the CPSU Central Committee draft, the republic com-
munity has quite properly proposed that the diveraion of a portion of the flow
of Siberian rivers to Kazakhstan and Central Asia be accelerated. This caZ1 has
sour?ded with special force at our congress as well. The Union ministries of ;d~.~-
culture, reclamation and water management and the USSR Gosstroy have expressed
similar opinions. The technical and economic substantiation has already been worked
out. The start of preparatory work on carrying out this ambitious water-management
construction in the llth Five-Year Plan will doubtless be an important stage in the
conrinuing steep ascent of irrigation farming in the republics of Central Asia and
- Kazakhstan and in solving the Aral Sea problem.
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Dzhurabekov Speech
Tashkent PRAVDA VOSTOKA in Russian 6 Feb 81 p 3
.[Speech by Minister of Reclamation and Water Management I. Kh. Dzhurabekov]
[Excerpts] Water management workers are making a contribution to the struggle to
obtain guaranteed high harvests of co*.ton and other agricultural output. Our task
is to provide, promptly and in full measure, irrigation water for more than three
- millian hectares of plowed, irrigated fields.
Much work has been done to master the virgin lands. New virgin-land rayons-~Ellik-
kalinskiy, Parkents'~iy, Kumkurganskiy and others--have been created in recent years
alone. Lands in the Zshtykhanskiy, Urtachul'skiy, Malikchul'skiy and othe: tracts
have provided an increasingly aubstantial return.
River flow is being regulated to increase the water supply. We are completing
construction of the Andizhan Reservoir, and the Amudar'ya has been spanned by a
section of tr?e Tuyamuyunskiy hydrosystem. New canals, run-off collectors and other
facilities have been put into o~eration. Much work has been done on renovating
large hydrosystems and water carriers.
~ Machine irrigation has been developed intensively. About 4,000 km of canals was
lined with concrete during the five-~par period to increase the efficiency of the
irrigation systems and reduce water losses due to filtration.
In connection with the continuous incregse in the amount of land being irrigated
in the republic, the operation of reclamation systema is taking on increasing
importance. Operators running many canals, reservoirs and systems are fighting
actively for good yielda, enauring a prompt water supply to agricultural land.
In view of the iacL that the Syrdar'ya flow is completely regulated and the
resources of the Amudar'ya will be completely exhausted by 1985, the ministry is
taking steps to make fuller use of existing water resources. Work is underway on
the comprehensive restructuring of long-irrigated land, on which more than 14,000 km
of the drainage-collector network has been built. Irrigation charts have been con-
solidated for 360,000 ha. An increasingly large proportion of the irrigated land
is being drained.
"in spite of the successes achieved, we are well aware that the current level of�
reclamation cannot be considered adequate to carry out the assignments of the llth
Five-Year Plan. We are therefore making an analysis to reveal buttlenecks in the
activity of water management organizations, to outline ways of overcoming them and
to reveal reserves.
Crop yi~ld growth is currently being retarded on individual farms of Central Fergana,
the Golodnaya and Surkhan-Sherebadakaya eteppes and other areas of Uzbekistan due to
poorly reclaimed land. We are obligated to resolve the task of increasing yields on
theae lands.
In view of weather conditions, steps are being taken to overcome the lack of water,
we are building more pump stations to aupply water to systems with a water ahortage,
more water storage facilities are being provided and more canals are being lined
with concrete.
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Much work is being done to prepare ~rrigation systems for the growing season. In
February, we will finish flushing irrigation, and in March all water management
systems will be re~ady to supply water to the fields.
In the current five-year pZan, we will finish building the Tuyamuyunskiy hydro-.
system on the Amudar'ya the Gissarakskiy and a number of ether reservoirs, canal~
and collectors. We plan to be~in buildir.g Sokhskiy reservoir in Ferganskaya Oblast
and Tupolangskiy reservoir in Surkhandar'inskaya Oblast. In Fergana Valley, the
assault on the adyry [foothills] continues, with construction of high-pressure pump
stations, and work on converting the open collector-drainage network to a closed
network will be accelerated in Khorezmskaya Oblast.
The collectives of water management organizations warmly support the CPSU Central
Committee draft for the 25th Yarty Congress. We hope the plan for diverting a
portion of the flow of Siberian rivers to Central Asia will soon be carried
_ out. [applause]
. Azimov Speech
Tashkent PRAVDA VOSTOKA in Rusaian 6 Feb 81 p 4
[Speech by Uzbek SSR Union of Writers Board First Secretary S. A. Azimov]
[Excerpt] It ~vas proposed at an open meeting of Uzbekistan writer-communists that
one point in the CPSU Central Counnittee draft section be reworded as follows, if it
is considered appropriate to do so: "Accelerate scientific, planning and practical
work. on diverting a portion of the flow of Siberian rivers to Central Asia and
Kazakhstan in the llth Five-Year Plan in order to ensure an opportunity to carry out
Kazakhstan whose utilization will be possible only if this pro~ect is carried out."
It seems to us that this change is of fundamental political and economic importance.
'The potential opportunities and natural resources of Central Asia for further
developing the country's productive forces are truly colossal. That is why, with
concern for the good of all the peoples or the country, we think resolution of this
question is ~ust as necessary and unavoidable as was the Leninist party program for
mastering the virgin and long-fallow lands in its time.
One other question, that of the drop in the level of the Aral Sea. This can nega-
. tively a.ffect the environment and the natural potential of the Aral area. We :;~iuuLci
obviously anticipate the construction of water-storage facilities in the Aral Sea
. basin.
Karimov Speech
Tashkent PRAVDA VOSTOKA in Rusaian 6 Feb 81 p 4
[Speech by Bukharskaya Obkom First Secretary A. Karimov]
[Excerpt] Under o~ir conditions, irrigation and reclamation are the pivotal prob-
- lems of agricultural production. Renovation of the Amu-Bukhara Machine Canal,
building new pv:..p stations and increasing the capacity of existing ones, building
Shorkul'skiy and Tudakul'skiy reservoirs, lining more than 350 km of can2.ls,
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developing the drainage network--all this has enabled us to significantly increase
the water supply to the fields, to master virgin lands. However, these steps have
still r.ot ensured the use of all existing opportunities. The oblast could increase
its sown area and i~s corresponding production and procurement of cotton, grain,
meat, milk, vegetables and fruit several-fold. Cardinai resolution of the problem
will depend on the fastest possible implementation of the plan for diverting a por-
- tion of the fl ow of Siberian rivers to Central Asia and Kazakhstan. We warmly
support the proposal expressed in the Accountability Report that this work be
expanded without delay and that it be done at a high rate.
Akhmedov Speech
Tashkent PRAVDA VOSTOKA in Russian 6 Feb 81 pp 5-6
[Speech by Uzbek SSR Council of Ministers Deputy Chairman and Gosplan Chairman
K. A. Akhmedov]
[Excerpt] One of the primary tasks at the pres4nt atage is to increase national
= well-be{ng, and foremost to reaolve the food program. The republic has every con-
dition necessary to carry it out. Along with further developing cotton growing,
resolution of this problem is inseparably linked to accelerating in every way pos-
sible practical work on diverting water from Siberian rivers to Central Asia.
Khamrayev Speech
Tashkent PRAVDA VOSTOKA in Rus~ian 6 Feb 81 p 6
[Speech by 'Sredazirsovkhozstroy' Main Administration (::iief N. R. Khamrayev]
[Excerpt] Work will be continued on further increasing the potential of territorial
agroindustrial complexes of the Golodnaya, Karshinskaya and Dzhizakskaya steppes and
other tracts in i;zL-el:istan, in the fraternal republics of Tadzhikistan and Kirghizia,
and in ivanovskaya Oblast in the Russian Federation.
In 1985, our virgin lands will be producing cotton at a level of 1.2 million tons
per year, along with nearly half a million tons of rice, and the production of
stockraising output and other foodstuffs will have nearly doubled.
Virgin land residents are satisfied with the enormous amount of persistent work
being done by party organs in connection with resolution of questions of diverting
a portion of the f].ow of Siberian rivers to Central Asia and Kazakhstan.
Everything is being done in the name of the further flowering of our homeland,
growth in the well-being of our people, in the name of peace on our planet.
CSO: 1829/245
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COI~IIrIENTS MADE IN SPEECH BY N. D. KHUDAYBERDYYEV AT PARTY CONGRESS
Tashkent PARTIYNAYA ZHIZN' in Russian No 2, Feb 81 pp 54-71
[Article: "On the CC CPSU Report to the 26th Party Congress `Basic Directions of
the Economic and Social Development of the USSR for the Years 1981-1985 and the
Period to 1990'; A Report by Comrade N. D. Khudayberdyyev, chairman of the Council
of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR"]
[Excerpt] NonethelPSS the growing shortage of water resources raises questions of
efficient water utilization. In addition to expan.sion of work for comprehensive
reconstruction of work for irrigation systems, lining of canals and efficient
utilization of underground waters and the completion of the construction of a
number of locks, medium-sized and small water reservoirs, it is necessary every-
where to struggle for economy of water. Improvement of the operational service,
mechanization of surface irrigation, the development of drop and intrasoil irriga-
tion and closed and vertical drainage, and intelligent expenditure of war.er for
leaching--such is the arsenal of ineans which should be put into operation. Only
such a truly State attitude toward economizing on water will make it possible for us
to maintain the rapid rates of development of agriculture until additional water
resources are brought into the region.
During the course of the consideration of the draft of the CPSU Central Committee,
the population of the republic quite correctly made a suggestion about accelerating
the diversion of part of the water from Siberian rivers into Kazakhstan in Central
Asia. This had special f.orce in our congress as well. A similar opinion was
expressed by the union ministries of agriculture, land reclamation and water
management as well as the USSR Goastroy. The technical and economic substantiation
has already been developed. There is no doubt that the preparatiory work begun under
tfie Eleventh Five-Year Plan for carrying out this immense amount of water management
_ construction will be an important stage in the subsequent sharp upsurge in irriga-
tion farming in the republica of Central Asia and Kazakhstan and in the resolution
of the Aral Sea problem.
COPYRIGHT: "Partiynaya zhizn 1981
11772
CSO: 1829/219
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- REPORT ON UZBEK CP GONGRESS
Moscow PRAVDA in Russian 6 Feb 81 p 2
[Article by V. Boldin, N. Gladkov and Yu. Mukimov, PRAVDA special correspondents,
Tashkent: "To New Heights: From the Twentieth Congress of the Comanunist Party of
Uzbekistan"]
[Excerpt] There are also other considerable reserves. It is possible to develop
more than 8 million hectares of land within the republic. Bu~ realization of
this task, it was stated in the report and the speeches of K. Kamalov, first secre-
tary of the Karakalpakskiy party obkom, A. Karimov, first secretary of the
Bukharskih party obkom and A. Sadykov, president of the republic's Academy of
Sciences, is co~ected with reversal of part of the flow of Siberian rivers into
Central Asia. As a result of developing the new land, it is possible to expand
the zone of guaranteed harvest yields.
9194 ~
~ CSO: 1829/180
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UZBEK PARTY CONGRESS REPORT NIENTIONS IRRIGATION, WATER DIVERSION
Moscow SEL'SKAYA ZHIZN' in Russian 6 Feb 81 p 2
[Article by M. Zamyatin and A. Uzilevskiy]
[Excerpt] The congres s laid special emphasi5 on.the importance of raising the
return from the enormous amount of capital invested into development of new lands
and construction of irr igation and land improvement facilities. Uzbek SSR Minister
of Land Reclamation and Water Resources I. Dzhurabekov dwelled on this in detail
in his speech. A3~out 500,000 hectares of new irrigated land were brought intq use in
the republic in the lOth Five-Year Plan. In the new five-year plan, development
of the Karshinskaya and Dzhizakskaya steppes and virgin lands in other regions
will continue on a broad front. There are plans to introduce half a million
hectares of farm land into agricultural turnover and create new sovkhozes.
Many speakers brought up the problems of water availability and effective use of
irrigation water. They suggested that the draft Basic Directions should reflect
the need for making preparations, as early as in the current five-year plan,
_ for diverting part of the �lo w of Siberian rivers into Central Asia and
- Kazakhstan, inasmuch as the local water resources of these regions will be unable
to support further expansion of agricultural production by as early as 1985.
11004
CSO: 1824/175
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~CONOMIC ASSESSMENTS �
RIVER DIVERSION SCHII~IE PART OF WATER MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTION
Tashkent EKONOMIKA I ZHIZN' in Russian No 4, Apr 80 pp 13-14
[Article: "Capital Investments in Water Management Canstruction in Uzbek SSR"]
[Excerpt] "The future of our agriculture lies in the extensive development of land
reclamation." These words of Leonid I1'ich Brezhnev paas through the minds and ,
hearts of the workers of sunny Uzbekistan. We began with Lenin's decree, with the
first soviet labor rubles that were invested in irrigation and, aparing no efforts,
laid new canals and irrigation systems. Along this path we passed from squeaking .
Chigirs to powerful pumping stations, from primitive irrigation canals to man-made
rivers and seas and unprecedented hydrotechnical structures.
Now we have even more large-scale programs. They were earmarked by the 25th CPSU
Congress whicl~ set the task of conducting scientific research and the necessary
planning work for diverting part of the f low of Siberian rivera into Central
Asia.
As a result of the impl~mentation of the party's plana .more and more millions of
hectares of desert land wili be returned to life. The water supply for arable land
will be increased, the volume of production of agricultural products will increase,
villages, cities and powerful industrial giants will grow up and more blue arterials
will appear.
COPYRIGHT: "Ekonomika 1 2hizn 1980
11772
CSO: 1829/219
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ACADEMICIANS PREFER DEVELOPMENT OF SIBERIA'S AGRICULTURE TO IMPORTATION OF FOOD
Moscow SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA in Russian 5 Dec 80 pp 1-2
[Article by B. Boyev, director of the Siberian Scientific-Research Institute of
Agricultural Economics and corresponding member of the All-Union Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, and Yu. Novoselov , deputy chairman of the Presidium of
the Siberian Depart~r,ent of the All-Union Acaden~y of Agricultural Sciences and
candidate of econom:'.c sciences, Novosibirsk: "A Systems, Scientific Approach--
To Intensively Develop the Food Base of Siberia"]
[Excerpts] Never previously has Sibezian industry developed so rapidly as in
recent years.
The long years of experience in development of these regions shows that the success-
- ful development here of productive forces requires a cardinal solution of the ques-
tion of provision of living conditions--first of all, sound nutrition. For this
reason, the problem of establishment of a food base for Siberian ar~d northern
regional production complexea constitutes one of the most important and high-
priority problems.
Unfortunately, it is atill being solved badly, which unfortunately affects indus-
trial production.
.
Under the extreme conditions of the Siberian North, agriculture is being developed
with difficulty. Lack of experience in carrying out agriculture and shortages of labor
reaources also have their effect. Consequently~ the population residing her~ is sup-
plied primarily through the importation of food producte from regions that are f re-
quently many thous anda of kilometere away,
_ But while it may have been possible ta accept this somehow formerly, the large-scale
development of new t~erritories does not allow for dependence on this. The food
problem has to be solved radically and fundamentally. The creation of a food com-
plex requires a syetems approach. This means that it is necessary to take into ac-
eount the development of the food base and expenditures on its formation at all
stages of organization of large industrial enterprises in the Siberian North. And
~ this must be done under the conditions of elaboration of a technical-economic basis.
- Such a procedure has to be done through directives. 7'he fact is that here in the
Siberian North *.here are no reaerves with which to provide the population with food
without extra capital investments. Outlays on the creation of a food base comprise
quite an appreciable part of expenditures connected with development of the wealth
of the North. Tlierefore a situation cannot be considered normal where the working
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~ out of plans dealing with the development of natural resources is carried out with
caref ul consideration being given to the needs of industrial installations under
construction with respect to equipment, electric power, water, and manpower while ques-
tions of provision of food products for the grawing population are kept outside the
�ramework of the plans and eatimates. We are convinced that the food base must
be an obligatory composite part of all plans and the const:ruction of agricultural
installations has to be financed and provided with good mriterial resources on the
basia of a unified system and program of erection of industrial enterprises.
The orientation of a certai~ portion of managers cannot ~~ithstand criticism in re-
gard to uncontrolled importation of food products to the North. Such an approach
leads to frequent irregularitiea in supplying the populatton, large losses o~ produce,
its reduced quality and nonproductive expenditurea. Thus, for example, during the
present five-year plan deliveries of potatoes come t.i the city of Surgut in Tqumen-
ekaya Oblast from Chuvashskaya ASSR and Omskaya and Tomskaya Oblasts. In this con-
nection product losses have comprised 18-24 percent. Cabbage has beeca shipped to
Bratsk and Ust'-Ilimsk f rom the L'zbek and Tajik Republics. Less ~haa half of the
total volume of procured products reachi~ag the consumer wae of standard quality.
In 1979, the builders of the Western Sectian of the Baykal-Amur Mainline were sup-
plied with potatoee f rom Kraenoyarskiy and Altayskiy Krays, Buryatskaya ASSR and
- Uzbek SSR 3nd with meat producta from the North Caucasue, Abakan~ Buryatiya and
Omskaya Oblast. Because of big distances and numerous transahipment points, tre-
mendous lossea of vegetables occur and costa of transporting producte exceed ~
their produ~tion costs. ~
Because of a lack of guaranteed transportation it is simply impossible to deliver
to many regions of the North and the BAM such agricultural products as whole milk,
eggs, vegetables produced on sheltered ground. There is absolutely no possibility
of bringing in these products from the southern rayona of Chitinskaya Oblast to the
future Udokanskiy induatrial center. Milk can be supplied to the Baykal-Amur Main-
line zone from Buryatakaya ASSR only by meana of a difficult roundabout way through
Irkutskaya Obla~t. It ia U.nrealistic to speak of the question of bringing food
products to the central part of the Baykal-Amur Mainline from Yakutiya, where sur-
pluses will not be found for a long time because of the tec~pesCuous development of
industry. What then should the solution be?
As shown by the many years of experience of development of the countrq's northern
segione~ aections of land ara to be found even in the most unfaWOrable soil and
climatic conditions which could be used to one degree or another for agricultural
purposes, including pasture maintenance of animals. Such lande are to be found .
most often among the floodlanda of rivers and mountain hollvsas. Thus, for example~
the ccnstruction zone of the Baykal-Amur Ptainline includes among the available
land almost one million hectares of which about 140,000 hectares could be put to
use with relatively small outlays in the immediate years ahead. Of these~ about
80,000 hectares are suitable for tillage~ More than a million hectares of flood-
- lands'suitable for fodder production are to be found along the lower reaches of the
Ob' River. In Yakutskaya ASSR~ the floodlands of the Amga~ Lena, Vilyuy and Olekma
rivers have about 160~000 hectares that could be developed for cultivation. The
reclamation land of the Nizhnyy Yenisey consists of more than 250~000 hectares, the
main part of which ia concentrated in Turukhanskiy Rayon. Land suitable for agri-
cultural use also exiets in other northern latitudea of Siberia and the Far Eaet.,
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Expeditio?iary studies and atationary experiments conducted in the last five years
have shown that it would be possible to produce on these lands 11-18 tons of pota-
toes~ 13-15 tons af vegetablea and 17-26 tons of green mass of annual grasses per
- hectare. The hothouse yield of potatoes per square meter is 28-32 kilogr.ams. On
the fields of the Kureyskiy SuPport Point of the Scientific-Research Institute of
Agriculture of the Far North located on the latitude of the Arctic Circle, scien-
tists are producing 200-250 quin~als of potatoes per hectare, 300-4U0 quintals of
cabbage. Of course, yield would be somewhat lawer under production conditions.
But the "fault" does not lie so much in the severe climate as in the different
or~anizational and economic mix-ups.
The fact that it is possible to successfully dzvelop agricultural production in the
northern regions of Siberia and in the Baykal-Amur Zone is borne out by the opera-
- tional experience of the sovkhozea, kolkhozes and auxiliary farms of enterprises
created here. For example, Podymakhinakiy Sovkhoz of Ust'-Kutskiy Rayon in Irkut-
_ skaya Oblast achieved a significant growth in the productivity of caws. Iakra Kol-
khoz of Kazachinsk-Lenskiy Rayon is successfully developing production.
The accumulated experience of complex economic developmenC in the new regions of
industrial development provides a basis for the concluaion: maintenance of ~the pop-
ulation's needs for food producta ehould be carried out through organization of pro-
duction of not particularly transportable and quickly perishable products in the im-
mediate vicinity of their placea of consumption, as well as through intensification
of agriculture in contiguous regions with more favorable natural and economic condi-
tiona for the production of ineat, dairy products~ potatoes and fodder for animal
husbandry. But vegetables~ fruits, grapea and melon crops that favor heat should
be brought in from the more distant regione of the country. Moreover, the impor-
tance of sourcea of production of food products for individual regions of new con-
struction varies. Thus, for example, while the need for potatoes and vegetables
- produced on open ground~ milk and even meat can be completely eatisfied in the East-
ern Section of the Baykal-Amur Mainline through the organization of production close
to tt;e places of their consumption, in the area of the line abutting on South Yaku-
tiya, where more than 200,000 people will be living in the near future, most food
products will have to be brought in the foreseeable perind from other, distant
regions. Therefore it is necessary to consider not opposition but the rational com-
_ bination of different varianta of guaranteed maintenance of ~he populati~n with
needed food products involving minwnum expenditures.
It would appear that it would be necessary to concentrate first and foremost th~
immediate vicinity of industrial centers of the North the production of whole milk
and sour-milk products, dietary eggs and vegetablea grown on sheltered ground and
in part potatoes and vegetablea of local assortment grawn on open ground. Rear
bases ovght to become basic suppliers of other products--food and forage grain~ meat,
butter, cheese~ dry milk and parCly potatoes and ve~etables.
In the Basic Directione of Economic and Social Development of the USSR~ it is empha-
eized that it ia necessary to expend production of ineat, milk,potatoea~ vegetables
and fruits on the subsidiary farma of enterprises azid organizationa. Thie task can
be solved in Siber_~~, !n the Far East and in the northern regions. It is only neces-
_ sary to think over carefully what assistance should be provided today as well as to-
morrow. In the immediate years ahead it would be possible to greatly increase crop
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production by improving the structure of sowing areae. This would require the elab-
- oration, approval and implementation of concrete measures relating to intensif ica-
tion of the sector at each farm. Such measures have been developed by the RSFSR Min-
~ istry of Agriculture for sovkhozes of the Baykal-Amur Mainline zone, but, unfortunate-
_ ly~ their implementation is being held b ack. The preparation of concrete measures
should involve in addition to plannin~ and agricultural organs scientific.
institutions of the Siberian Department of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural
Sciences ~VASKhIVIL~, the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences and
~ other agencies. It is essential to include in the complex groups soil scientists,
land-tenure regulators, land-improvement specialists, livestock specialists and
economists. In a word, those specialists should be included who would be able to
prepare complex proposals in a qualified manner. This is how proposals were pre-
- pared in a short time for developing agriculture in the Barguzinskaya Basin of
Buryatskaya ASSR.
Taking into account the weak knowledge of the regions of the Siberian North and
- their complex natural conditions~ the great capital .intensiveness of construction
. of facilitiea~ it is necegsary to elaborate and implement all measures on a strict
scientific foundation, that is~ all planning work must be preceded by exhauetive
study, scientific expertise and active participation by scientists in the working
out of proposals and deciaions.
Unfortunately, one has the impression that certain operational personnel and plan-
- ning organs~ when turning to scientists, are only conformir~g to the mode~ so as to
be able to say should the need arise that "that ia how the scientists advised.~~
Scientista, however, prepare recommendations not for the purpoae of being praised
but for the purpoae of ~ointly finding a correct solution. We have many examples
where research carried out by order~ of operational organs and officiallq approved
by directorate organe~ has been alow in being introduced into production. Such was
the case with proposals fnr the development of agriculturein Bargunzinskaya Basin.
In most of the regions of the Baykal-Amur Mainline zone, tt?e USSR Ministry of Land
Reclamation and Water Reaources and the RSFSR Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water
Resources have f ~r all practical purposea not begun the development of land~ al-
though proposals f rom the Siberian Department of the All-Union Academy of Agricult-
ural Sciences and planning organizations exist. The material-technical base of the
- farms of the Baykal-Amur Mainline Zone (Angarskiy~ Zolotinka, Zarya eovkhozes and
others) are being poorly strengthened. For many yeare~ wide-acale introduction of
film hothouses with two-layer covering~ which have well proved themselves in Yaku-
tiya, has been held back. The Ministry of Timber and Wood Processing Industry and
industrial ministries, developing the mineral resources of the North, shoo off
agrarian scientists and do not display the necessary interest in establishing and
developing subsidiary farn~s in the naykal-Amur Piainline zone. Scientific-research
institutea often l~ave ~reat difficulty in "making headway" with their developments.
Thie atteate not only to stubbornnesa of the servitors of science but~also to the
conservativenesa of certain departtnents. The documents published on the 26th CPSU
ConAress and the deciaions of the October ~1980) Plenum of the CPSU Central Commit-
tee direct us to large-scale creative work and call us to make untiring searches,
daring experiments and purpoaeful and effective work. This is demanded in partic-
ular by the problem,s of the food base o� the new eastern and northern regions.
7697
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AGRONOMIST URC~S TIGHTER CONTROL OF IRRIGATION WATER IN CENTRAL ASIA
Nbscow PRAVDA in Russian 8 Dec 80 p 3
[Article by Uzbek SSR Distinguished Agronomist K. Kurochkin: "The Harvest Will
Compensate"j
[Text] The ability to utilize irrigation water is a measure of the cultural level
of farming. This is especially valid in application to cotton-growing regions,
where only artificial irrigation can compensate.for the long hot summer and inade-
quate precipitation.
'I'he methods of economical water consumption and reservoir construction were known
in Central Asia in deep antiquity.
- Today, irrigated farming has become the foundation of all agricultural production in
this sunny land. Rains provide about 2 or 3 percent of the water of the rivers in
this area. The two main arteries--the Amudar'ya and Syrdar'ya --get the rest of
their water from snow and glaciers. This means that everything depends on the
quantity of snowfall. According to figures of the Uzbek SSR's hydrometeorological
service, 10 of the last 20 years were low-water years. Concurrently the gross
harvests of the republic's main agricultural crop---cotton--are growing constantly,
and the size of the yields is rising. This year for example the republic will harvest
6.2 million tons of "white gold". These successes are the product of the selfless
labor of the farmers, and the constant concern of the party and government for intro-
ducing full mechanization and developing irrigation and land reclamation.
- Major measures foreseeing a further rise in tne effectiveness of irrigated crc.~;,
are outlined in the CPSU Central Committee's draft report to the 26th CPSU Congress.
The technical level and quality of hydraulic engineering construction will grow
dramatically, which will doubtles~ly help the republic's cotton-growers to increase
their production of the valuable industrial crop.
7.'here are already ].6 large reservoirs st~ring water in the Uzbek SSR. The water
travels a total of 150,000 kilometers in canals and irrigation channels. The irri-
gation system management service, which has modern equipment at its disposal, is
working in full correspondence with this truly gigantic scale.
7.'he age-old Deccani u~eam of watering the steppes and deserts and transforming them
into fluorishinc~ oases is coming true. Just in the lOth Five-Year Plan alone the
Uzbek SSR reclaimed hundreds of thousands of hectares of new land. Land improvement
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_ measure~ were implemented over an enormous area, and the kolkhozes and sovkhozes on
- old arable land received extra rations of life-giving moisture.
And still, there is not enough water. Nature failed to account for the scope of
the invasion of the vast lifeless spaces. It is no accident that the draft Basic
Directions foresee continuing ~`.he scientific research and planning in support
of diverting the waters of Siber~an waters to Central Asia and Kazakhstan. And
although it will not be long before this is done, the problem of irrigating the
cotton fields must be solved for the moment ~hrough internal reserves.
Today, the approach many farmers tak~ to the problem is rather simple: Give me more
water, and I will guarantee a high yield. They act according to the principle that
cereal cannot be spoiled with too much butter. But is this so in fact? No, it turns
out. It was precisely in the low-water years that some farms achieved their highest
cotton yields. As an example Andizhan~kaya'Oblast harvested an average of 32 quintals
of raw cotton per hectare, while when water was abundant, the figure was 27 quintals.
About the same relationship was revealed in a number of rayons of Surkhandar'inskaya
and Samarkandskaya oblasts.
It would seem that everyone has long been aware that excessive irrigation carries the
danger of swamping, salinization, compaction, and cooling of the soil, and removal
of up to 50 percent of the nutrients into the drainage network. 7.'his has been a
known fact, but somehow no one seemed very concerned about the consequences. 7.'he
main thing was to have water. Its reserves were significantly increased. But the
growth in yields was not at all proportional to the water supply. On the other hand
the water table began to rise noticeably in some places, and the condition of the land
began to worsen.
But now the approach has changed abruptly. Researchers at experimental stations
have es~tablished that depending on the soil conditians and climate, about 170
cubic meters of water would be enough to obtain 1 quintal of cotton, and that i~
the water table is near the surface, even less would be required. In fact, however,
we find that consumption is 1.5-2 times higher than the scientifically substanti-
ated norms.
What is the solution? We need to begin keeping records of water consumption. We
need to monitor its consumption not only as far as the boundaries of the kolkhozes
and sovkhozes, as is presently being done by the republic's Ministry of Land Re-
clamation and Water Resources. Inside the farms, after all, water is distributed
among the farming teams "by guestimate", without water measuring devices.
Add droplet to droplet, and you have a sea. So goes the Eastern proverb. We could
easily pe.rsuade ourselves of the truth of this proverb with simple arithmetic. For
example, ~ahat could possibly be the consequence of exceeding the irriqation norm by
200 "or so" cubic meters per he~tare of cotton? A drop in the bucket. But on the
scale of ~h~ republic as a whole, calculatedfor three instances of irrigation, the
losses would be more than a billion cubic meters, which is enough to fill an entire
reservoir.
This is why, I believe, Section Five of the draft CPSU Central Committee report,
in the place where measures to improve the condition of the irrigated land are
~
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da.scussed, the following phrase should be added: "Establish strict surveillance
over consumption of water for irrigation." I would like to add that it would not
be difficult to outfit irrigation networks with water measuring devices and with
flow control instrtunents, and the benefit would be tretnendous. By standardizing
irr;gation practices, we would raise the responsibility of farm executives and
farming teams, and help exclude drying out or excessive moistening of fiel~s. Z'he
return per irrigated hectare would increase.
We should also make broader use of another important reserve--introduci.ng the most
progressive methods of irrigation, employing flexible hoses and syphons, automatic
water dispensing systems, and buried pipelines. I thi.nk that we cannot get by in
this area without a competent, careful approach on the part of farmers, and without
the creative efforts of scientists.
11004
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DIVERSION OF NORTHERN WATERS INTO VOLGA
Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 28 Dec 80 p 2
~Article by G. Voropayev, chairman of the scientific council of the USSR Academy of
Sciences and the USSR State Gommittee for Science and Technology on problems of the
Caspian, corresponding membe~�of the USSR Academy of Sciences: "The Volga Will Be
Full"]
_ [Text~ The draf t of the CPSU Central Committee for the 26th Party Congress, "Main
- Directions for the Econrnnic ~nd Social Development of the USSR During 1981-1985 and
_ the Period up to 1990," inc?udes the following line: "to begin to conduct prelimi-
nary work for diverting part of the fl.ow of northern rivers into the Volga River
basin." What is concealed behind this line? At the present time there are about
90 million people living on the territory of the Volga Basin and the basins of the
Don and the rive rs of the Northern Caucasus as well as the interfluve of the Volga
and Ural, which are connected to the Volga in terms of water management. Almost
one-fourth of the union-wide in.dustrial and agricultural output is produced here.
The mouths of the Volga and Ural and the region of the northern Caspian produce more
than 9~ percent ~f the world catches of fish of the sturgeon family. The water
resources of the Volga Basin provide for the operation of hydroelectric power
stations with a total capacity of more than 10 million kilowatts. The potential
resources of this region are exceptionally great, and therefore further intensive
Y development of its productive forces is planned.
This region has great prospects and a great future.
The development of productive forces has always involved an increase in water con-
sumption. During the course of our century the intake of fresh water from river
systems and underground sources for the needs of the national economy has increased
6-7-fold and the tendency is such that by the end of the century it will signifi-
cantly increase even more. And this is related to the intervention in the natural
conditions of the river systems and bodies of water as well as underground water
resourceG. Water reservoirs are being created which eliminate the flooding of
rivers. The inf lux of fresh water into the mouths is decreasing. Discharges of
used water into river systems and other bodies of water are increasing. This, in
turn, changes the hydrological, hydrochemical and hydrobiological conditions of
the water enviror~ment and of the ad~acent territories. In practice one almost
never succeeds in simult?:.eously providing for equal and highly effective conditions
_ for all industries tha"t consume water. Frequently as a result of water management
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measures, fishing and agriculture as wel' as the natural environment as a whole
suffer.
Scientific and technical progress makes it possible to reduce proportional expendi-
tures of water per unit of output produced. But even taking this factor into ac-
count, an increase in the consump~ion of water is inevitable both in this region
- and in others. At the present tim~: about 20 cubic kilometers of water are taken
from the Volga alone and they will not be returned. By the end of the century this
volume can increase. But it is not permissible to take more and more water from
~ the Volga. This would disturb the water balance of the northern Caspian.
As a result of a long series~of years with little precipitation and the removal of
water from the rivers of the Caspian Sea basin, the fresh water influx into it is
constantly decreasing. As a result, the water level in the sea is becoming con-
stantly lower and in recent years has reached a level that is 28.5-29 meters lower
than that of the world ocean. If the level drops even one meter lower, all the
shallows of the northern Caspian which produce many fish will be lost. At the
present time these shallows are constantly being freahened by the water from the
Volga and the ilral, they warm well, they are rich in biogens and they are the basis
of the high productivity of fishing in the Caspian region. A further drop in the
level of water will lead to a loss of the shallows, they will be dried out, and
this will have a negative effect on all other branches of the economy which are
related in one way or another co the presently existing coastal zone of the Caspian
Sea.
Taking this into account and also the increased need for water of all the southern
regions of the Russian Federation, the 25th CPSU Congress entered in its documents:
to conduct comprehensive scientific research and, on the bas{.s of this, to begin ~o
- develop plans for diverting part of the water of northern rivers into the Volga
River basin. At the present time the technical and economic substantiation for
solving this problem has been developed. The plan envisions a complex of hydro-
technical installations (water reservoirs, pumping stations, canals, hydroe~ectric
power stations and so forth) that provide for putting 19-20 cubic kilometers of
water from northern rivers into the Volga Basin each year.
The facilities of the first stage, which involve an overall volume of about 6 cubic
kilometers= inr.lude installatione for taking in about 2 cubic kilometers of water
from the Lacha, Vozhe and Kubenskoye lakes and up to 4 cubic kilometers from the
rivers of the Uppzr Sukhona, and this water will be transferred through the
Sheksna River into the Rybinskoye water reservoir. It is also intended to remove
approximate].y 3.5 cubic kilometers of water from Lake Onega, which will also be
tiansferred through the Sheksna into the Rybinskoye water reservoir, and 9-10
cubic kilometers from the Pechora River, which will be transferred through the
Kama into the Volgs.
Technically these structules are fairly simple and their construction will not
require large volumes of work, large capital investments or long time period for
con~truction. The greatest camplexity of diverting the water consists in evaluat-
- ing the ecologica] c~nsequences. Scientific erganizations of the country have
conducted a fairly broad complex of research. A task was set: to pre3ict the
development of i.atural proces~;es in connection with the change of the water
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conditions of the river systems and territories, to reveal possible negative as-
pects and to earmark measures which would eliminate these negative consequences or
compensate for them.
_ Considerable investigatory forces have been concentrated on carrying out this taslt..
Research has established that the removal of fresh water in the earmarked volumes~,
will not c~.use large-scale changes in the climate either of the territories in-
volved directly or of those bordering on them. The changes will be local.. They .
can be predicted and therefore measures can be develcped promptly to eliminate the
unfavorable effects on the environment.
Of course it is impossible to avoid completely certain negative consequences. But .
on the whole, weighing all "pros" and " cons," one can expect that the implementa-_.
_ tion of this measure will produce a great economic ad~~antage. .
What specifically will the diversion of part of the flow of nothern rivers into the
Volga River basin produce? If one is to single out the main thing, one can say the-
following. ,
In the first place this wi11 make it possible to keep the productivity of fishing
in the northern Caspian on a fiigh level and to increase it subsequently. In recent
years 270,000 quintals of fish of the sturgeon family have been caught here--record
catches which were unknown in this region in the past. In the second place, in the
a Volga Basin and, primarily, in the regions adjacent to it conditions will be created
for more successfully development of irrigation farming. The increases in irri- ,
gated land will exceed 4.million hectares. And, finally, in the third place, the
augmentation of water resources of the Volga will prevent immense ha~ to the
national economy which would actually threaten us if these rivers were not diverted.
In view of what has been sdid, it seems expedient to somewhat strengthen the wording
in the draft of the CPSU Central Committee for the 26th Party Congress pertaining
.
to this issue and to enter it in the following redaction: ,
- "To complete technical planning and begin construction of facilities of the first
stage of the first section of the diversion of part of the ~low from northern -
rivers into the Volga River basin." ,
11772
CSO: 1824/191 , .
.
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ACADEMICIAN ADVOCATES RIVER REVERSAL PLAN
Moscow EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA in Russian No 5, Jan 81 p 7 '
[Article by S. Ziyadullaev, chaimian of the Council for Study of the Productive
Forces of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences and member of the Uzbek SSR Academy
of Sciences: "Need for More Irrigation in Central Asia"J
[Text] Uzbekistan, the other republics of Central Asia, and Kazakhstan have tre-
mendous resources for further extensive development of the productive forces of
the USSR, including agriculture.
The basis of agricultural production in Central Asia and Southern Kazakhstan is
irrigation. At the present time the irrigated land in the region amounts to 7.8
million hectares, of which 3.4 million hectares are in Uzbekistan.
A characteristic feature of this region, particularly in the last 10-15 years, is
tremendous expansion of hydroeconomic construction and intensive development of
new irrigated lands. This is naturally accompani~d by rapid increase in the use
- of water resources. Tt is enough to note that in Uzbekistan alone during the
Tenth Five-Year Plan about 500 thousand hectares of irrigated land were put into
use, which has made it possible to systematically increase the production of valu-
- able agricultural crops--cotton, hemp, and grains (particularly rice and corn),
vegetables, melons, fruits, grapes, and livestock products.
Further growth of agricultural production and of the associated branches of
industry requires radical solution of the problem of increasing the water sup;.?y
for the long-irrigated lands and for systematic development of the new irrigated
lands. .
In the future up to 25 million hectares of land may be irrigated and developed in
the region, of which the most effective for immediate development are considered
to be about 14 million hectares, including up to 8 million hectares in Uzbekistan
alone. But the water resources are not adequat~e for transforming this possibility
into reality. The specialists of the scientific-research and planning institutes
have estimated that if we maintain the present rate of development of the new
irrigated lands the Taater resources of the two primary water arteries of the
region--the Syrdar'ya and the Amudar'ya Rivers--they will be exhausted in the very
near future. radical approach to the resolution of this problem is the
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redirection of part of the flow of the Siberian rivers into Central Asia and
Kazakhistan. The resolutions of the 25th CPSU Congress indicated the need {or
carrying out ^cientific studies and the implementation on this basis of planning
_ studies of this problem.
Under the direction of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR State Committee
on Science and Engineering more than a hundred of the country's scientific-research
and planning institutes are carrying out these studies. As a result the general
planning agency--Soyuzgiprovodkhoz [All-Union State Planning, Surveying and Scien-
tific Research Institute of Water Management Construction] of the USSR Ministry
of Land Reclamation and Water Resources has completed preparation of the technical
and economic ~ustification (TEO) for the river reversal plan. The TEO examines :
_ the questions dealt with in sufficient depth and from many aspects and suffi.ciently
links the most crucial aspects of the problem of the first stage of the operations
with their further development.
In July 1980 the TEO in its final form was presented for review by State experts
of USSR Gosplan. However the review council has not yet issued its findings, and .
this is in turn holding up preparation of the technical plan and beginning of the
preparatory work.
The forecast for the development of the productive forces of the Central Asian
economic region and of Southern Kazakhstan shows that the shortage of water
resources in the near future may have a negative influence on effective utilization
of the region's natural and manpower resources. Diversion of part of the flow of
the Siberian rivers is a necessary condition for successful performance of the
tasks associated with development of the branches of the national economy which
are outlined by the long-term prospects of the economic and social development of
the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.
It is important ro accomplish the diversion in the shortest possible time, before~
the local water resources have been exhausted. Delay in the schedule for diverting
the flow of the Siberian rivexs ma.y create a difficult economic situation in the ,
Central Asian republics. ~
Prior to the arrival of the Siberian water we must obviously maximize the mobiliza-
tion of all the internal reserves toward more effective use of water resources.
The primary directions and a syatem of organizational, economic, and produc.tion and
technical measures for the most complete, rational, and economic utilization of, ~ ~ Y~~ '
I
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Caspian Sea basin. The figure shows the acheme of hydraulic structures for regulat-
ing the level regime of the Caspian: I) Black Sea-Caspian Canal; II) dam separating
the surface of the Northern Caspian; III) dam aeparating off northeastern shallow
waters. The dashed lines represent the boundaries between the Northern, Middle and
Southern Caspian.
75
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Streamflow of Volga and level of Caspian Sea during period 1900-1979. I) fitreamflow
of the Volga at Volgograd; II) mean annual sea level.
, _ . ^ . . w.~,�~~-,,;~;~;~~ -
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Changes in mean annual salinity valuea in the Northern Caspian during the period
1949-1979. I) western part; II) eastern part, III) Northern Caspian. According to
data of D. N. Katunin.
76
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Hydrological processes in the Caspian Sea during the winter (at top) and summer (at
bottom) seasons. The insert shows zones of upwelling. Top to bottom: wind currents
and dynamic mixing; winter vertical circulation; density flow of water; natural
convection, gradient currents, ice
77 .
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iF(1Ft OFxICIAII. [JSE ~NL3l
- '1'li~ mean total E low of rivers into the Caspian Sea during the period 1880-1972
- was 294 km3 per year, of which 95% was from the Volga, Ural, Kura, Terek and Su-
lak. ~fore than F30% of tYie total f.low into the sea is the waters of the Volga
251 km3 annually during the period 1~i81-1950. Thus, the main receipt component in
tlle balance, compensating evaporation, is river flow into the sea. In the 1930's
in ttle Volga basin there was a deficit of precipitation, which led to a substantial
decrease in the water volume carried by the river. The mean f lo w of the Vo?ga
duricig tt~e perir~d 1930-1945 dropped to 216 lcm3 annually.
:~ccordinoly, there was also a change in the level of the Caspian Sea. Between 1830
(ttie beginning of instrumental observations of the Caspian level) through 1930
the sea level remainecl at readings bet~aeen -25.2 and -26.6 m(absolute reading) and
on t~le aver~ge was -25,8 m. Beginning in 1930 a ma.rked decrease in sea level began
(20 cm per year); this lasted until 1941. In 1956 the sea level was already 2.5 m
lower than in 1929.
ln tne 1950's a phas~ of increased moistening began in the Volga basin and the lev-
el of the Caspian could increase, accarding to the computations of I. A. Shikloman-
ov, l~v approximately 1 m by 1975, However, the Kuybyshevskoye and Volgogradskoye
Reservcirs were created on the Volga precisely in tYie 1950's and their fill�ing re-
- quireu a considerable volume o~ water. In add3.tion, there was an increase in the
Ldlt~ldrawal of water from the river for economic needs, primarily for irrigation
(at the present time these losses amount to about 20 km3 annually). By 1977 the sea
level had dropped to the read~ng -29.0 m, the lowest in more than 400 years. True,
during 1978-1980 there was some in~rease in the level and now it is at the reading
-28.5 m. This reading also is the most probable modern position of the Caspian
level. A sea ].evel with a reading -28.5 m is th~ lowest admissible level for the
branches of the national economy associated with the sea navigation, marine pro-
duction of petroleum and especially fishing. And what are the possiule prospects?
'I'he formulation of superlong-range predictions of the level of the Caspian Sea is
an exceedingly complex problem. Science, unfortunately, for the time being does not
tiave rne~hods for preparing predictions of the hydrometeorological regime for such
water bodies as tne Caspian, for 30-SO or more years. The fact is that for the time
l~ei_nf; we cannot predict the changes in climatic conditi~ns which determine the char-
acter oE humidity and water resources of a territory. It is only possible to give
stochastic predLctions, proceeding from the premise that the process is stationary,
by mea~~s ot extrapolation of the components of the water balance of the sea. In
predictions some researcliers use the correlation between fluctuations of the level
oE tile Caspian and the indices of atmospheric circulation or other indices charac-
~er.irin~ the r~ioisture cycle conditions in tne northern hemisphere.
.'~iJ. r.e.sea.rchers come to the common conclusion that beginning in the 1950's the
;>i~us~~ o; {~ZCreased moistening of climate in the Volga basin will continue and due
to n;~tur~r, per year in comparison with the time wher the flow was not regulated. Ac-
cor-di.ng t~~ data from different organizations, by the year 7_000 the volume of non-
reCurnecl t�~ater constimption in the Caspian basin will be, approximatelq, from 66
~ 7$
r~(3~: ~3'"r'. , ~i .r:~ ;31~l~.`I
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to 100 km3 annually. Even with the withdrawal of 66 km3 each year, the level of
_ t_he Caspian, according to computations of the State Hydrological Institute, with
~ the mean natural inflow, by the year 2000 will drop by 1.4 m.
In order to maintain the level at least at the mo dern, quite undesirable low read-
ing (absolute elevation -28.5 m) urgent measures must be taken for reducing the
nonreturned losses of river water. 7'he total maximum consumption of water for all
the five principal rivers of the Caspian basin must not exceed 60-65 km3 annually,
and in the Volga basin 40 km3 annually.
At the present time, according to data from R. V. Nikolayeva, the total area of
the Caspian Sea is 360,700 km~. Since 1929 the area of the sea has been reduced b;
almost 40,000 km2, primarily due to drainage of the shallow-water Northern Caspian.
Northern Caspian
The Northern Caspian contains less than 1/2% of the total volume of water in the
sea. However, precisely this part of the Caspian is the principal area ensuring the
reproductior. of fish and sustaining the high pro ductivity for which the Caspian Sea
is famed. The great value and uniqueness of fauna in the Northern Caspian is one of
the principal reasons that several national preserves were created here. The conse-
quences of a decrease in sea level are reflected in the Northern Caspian more rapid-
ly and more intensely than in the deep basir~ of the sea.
The changes recently transpiring in the Northern Caspian were discussed in detail
at a special conference held in Astrakhan~ in November 1979. The conference was
organized by the Scientific Council on Comprehensive Study of Caspian Sea problems of
the USSR State Committee on Science and Technology and the USSR Academy of Sciences,
whose task includes the coordination of all the investigations carried out by dif-
ferent organizations interested in Caspian pxoblems.
As a result of regulation the f low of the Volga changed not only with respect to
_ volume, but also with respect to distribution within the year. The volume of spring
high water decreased from 150 km3 ~in 1881-1955) to 83 km3 (in 1971-1977), and in
1975-1977 was even less than 60 km . The high-water hydrograph changed, becoming
worse for fishing. Under natural conditions the increase and the dropoff of high
water occurred gradually. Now there is a later beginning of high water, early pas-
sage of its peak, and a substantially earlier onset of low water. At the same '_:^e,
there was some increase in flow during the autumu~-winter months. There are also
changes in the chemical composition of the river f low . We note that the fishing
industry requires an increased inflow of water at high water, water transportation
must have adequate depths at the time of summer-autumn low water, whereas the pro-
- duction of hydroelectric power requires a high f 1 ow in winter.
There was a substantial change in the distribution of flow in tne distributaries
of the Volga delta. There was a decrease in the f low through the Staraya Volga,
Bolda, Kizan' and Buzan distributaries and an increase in Bakhtemir distributary
as a result of the constant implementation of work here for the deepening of the
bottom. As a result, ~~out 25% of the Volga ~ 1 o w now is carried into the Middle
Caspian and does not participate in bioproduction processes in the northern parf
of the sea.
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i ii-~~e a
o ~ /i~~
~ ~ ~
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. ~~o~~ I, ~Q
e
O o.M
' IIM ~
Q .
~
. � .
' 7n .
Salinity (�/oo) in Northern Caspian in August (low water) 1976.
The change in the water regime of the Volga led to considerable changes in the nat-
ural conditions of its delta region