JPRS ID: 9806 USSR REPORT ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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• Collection: JPRS
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• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 103
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 45
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9806
24 June 1~981
USSR Re ort
p
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CFOUO 7/81)

~ FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9806
24 June 1g81
- USSR REPORT
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(FOUO 7/81)
CONTENTS
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF COI~UTER HARD AND SOFT WARE: CONTROL, f~UTOMATION,
- TELEMECHANICS, TELII~TERING, MACHINE DESIGNING AND PLANNING
Applications of Computer Equipment and Automation in
Electrical Power Systems 1
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY, MOTION PICTURES AND TELEVISION
~hotoelectric Characteristics of the LI459 Vidicon 10
Color Television Vidicons With a Lead Oxide Target 16
COMM[JNICATIONS, COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT, RECEIVERS AND TRANSMITTERS,
NETWORKS, RADIO PHYSICS, DATA TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING,
INFORMATION THEORY
Evaluation of the Overall Loss of Trunking Circuits and
Recording Circuits of Municipal Telephone Networks 26 ~
Line Circuit Equipment of the K-1920P Transmission System......... 3Z
PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING COLLECTIONS OF ABSTRACTS
Abstracts From the Collection 'MODERN METHODS OF SIGNAL
PROCESSING' 41
Electrical Engineering Handbook (in Three Vol~es):
'VOLUME 1; GENERAL ASPECTS. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DATA'....... 48
Electrical Power-Supply Sources With Special Characteriatics...... 62
Experimental Studies on Radio Wave Propagation 71
Fundamentals of the Electromagnetic Method of Stress Analysis
in Anisotropic Media 74
- a- [ITI - USSR - 21E S&T FOUO]
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- Handbook of Shipboard Radio Cam~unication and Radio Navi~ation
Equipment. Vol. 2: ltadio Navigation Equipment 76
Measurement of ElecCric Power in the Audio Frequency Range........ 80
Precision Design ~.n Microelectronics 82
Reliability of Multichannel Co~unicatione Systems 84
Synthesis of Redundant Discrete Systems With Structural
Reconfiguration 86
Theory and Calculation of Optoelectronic Instrnments 89
Theory of Code Division of Signals 93
Transmission of Images in Digital Form 97
-b-
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CERTAIN ASPECTS OF COMPUTER HARD AND SOFT WARE:
CONTROL, AUTOMATION, TELEMECHANICS~ TELEMLTERING,
MACHINE DESIGNING AND PLANNING
UDC 621.311.621.316.621.314.629.396
i
APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND AUTOMATION IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS
Kiev PRIMENENIYE VYCHISLITEL'NOY TEKHNIKI I AVTOMATIZATSIYA V
ELEKTROENERGETICHESKIKH SISTEMAKH in Russian 1980 (signed to press 14 Oct 80)
PP 2. 215-224
[Annotation and abstracts of papers in the collection "The Application of
Computer Equipment and Automation in Electrical Power Engineering Systems",
editor-in-chief L.V. Tsukernik, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", Institute of
Electrodynamics of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences, 800 copies, 224 pages]
[Text] Questions of the development of procedures, algorithms and programs
(includin~; comprehensive programs using a single data base) for the calculation
of the normal and emergency modes of complex electrical power systems are treated
in this collection. Urgent problems of relay protection as well as the design
and study of autamation and remote control devices are also analyzed.
The collection is intended for scientific, engineering, technical workers, ele~-
trical power engineers and specialists in the application of computers to elec-
trical power~engineering; it will also be useful~to s~udents of the higher
educational institutes in electrical power engineering specialt~.es.
Editorial Staff:
L.V. Tsukernik (editor-in-chief), V.N. Avramenko, K.V. Korobchuk, O.M. Kostyuk,
V.A. Krylov, V.V. Rogoza, I.M. Sirota, B.S. Stogniy (deputy editor-in-chief),
P.A. Chernenko (executive secretary) and V.N. Shestopalov.
UDC 621.311.011.1
A PROCE~URE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF LONG DURATION ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSIENT
PROCESSES IN A POWER SYSTEM IN THE CASE OF DISTURBANCES WHICH LEAD TO LARGE
FREQUENCY CHANGES
[AbsCract of paper by Avramenko, V.N. and Olyanishin, V.A.]
[Text] A procedure is proposed for the analysis of long duration electro-
mechanical transient processes with significant frequency excursions; the possibi-
lities for realizing it with the ChASTOTA-1 program are indicated and the results
of calculations as well as comparisons with program analysis of the dynamic stabi-
lity of the UDAR-2m are given. Figurea 4; references 10.
Z
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UDC 621.311.1
AN ALGORITHM AND COMPUTATIONAL ROUTINE FOR THE STEADY-STATE MODES OF POWER
SYSTEMS TAKIN~ INTO ACCOUNT A SPECIFIED OR OPTIMALIZING FREQUENCY
[Abstract of paper by Sukhenko, V.I.]
[Text] A method is developed for the calculation of the steady-state modes of a
power system, taking its frequency characteristics into account. Special attention
is devoted to accelerating the rate of convergence of Newton's method in calculat-
ing the optimalizing frequency. The question of accounting for the available
reactive power of synchronous generators is analyzed in the calculations of the
steady-state modes of power systems. Referencea~9.
UDC 621.316.925
THE CALCULATION ON THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS OF THE OPERATING CONDITIONS INVOLVING
INCOMt'LETE PHASES IN COM~.'LEX ELECTRICAL NETWORKS
[Abstract of paper by Krylov, V.A. and German, A.I.]
[TextJ An algorithm developed for the calculation of operating modes with
incomplete phases in complex power grids is analyzed. The basis for the algorithm
is the insertion of an additional voltage source in the switched branch in the
original symmetrical network. The industrial program compiled for third genera-
tion computers in which the algorithm considered here is realized is described.
References 3.
UDC 621.316.001.24
THE CALCULATION OF THE PRE-EMERGENCY CONDITIaNS IN COI~'LEX POWER SYSTEMS WITH A
LARGE NUMBER OF NODES FOR THE SUBSEQUENT CALCULATION OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS
CURRENTS
[Abstract of paper by Khrushchova, Ye.V. and Krylov, V.A.]
[Text] An algorithm for one of the variants of Newton's method is described as
applied to calculations of the pre-emergency conditions in complex power systems.
The computational results are intended for the subsequent calculation of the
,hort circuit current. References 4.
UDC 621.311
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPERATI IXdAL EXPERIENCE WITH COMPLEXES FOR DETERMINING THE
EQU7VAL~NT CIRCUITS FOR THE'CAL~ULATION OF STEADY-STATE OPERATING MODES
[Abstract of articl.e by Kachanova, N.A., Kozlenko, A.N., Makarevich, R.A. and
Perga, S.P.]
[Text] The following equivalent circuit design complexes are described: a) The
"Ekvis-4", which is interfaced with the "Set program for steady-state operational
mode calculations, developed by the TsDU [central dispatcher control] of the
2
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YeES [unified power system] of the USSR; b) The "Ekvis-5", which is interfaced
with a variant of the "Set program for steady-state operational mode calcula-
_ tions, developed by the Institute of Electrodynamics of the Ukrainian SSR
Academy of Sciences; c) The "Ekvis-6", which is interfaced with the "RUER"
, program for steady-state operating mode calculations, developed by the ODU Yug
[southern integrated dispatcher control]. The volume of problems which can be
_ solved: the original circuit - 1,000 nodes; the equivalent circuit region -
500 nodes. The complexes are written in FORTRAN-4 for unified series computers
and the M-4030. Figures 4; tables 2; references 9. .
UDC 621.311
A PROGRAM FOR SELECTIVELY DETERr~INING EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF A NETWORK TO
CALCULATE STEADY-STATE MODES
[Abstract of paper by Kachanova N.A. and Kozlenko A.N.]
[Text] A program for selectively determining an equivalent circuit is described,
which includes the following operations: the transformation of parallel lines,
the exclusion of radial lines and the exclusion of nodes having two ties to
adjacent nodes. An example of a calculation using the program is given. The
program is written in FORTRAN-4 for the unified series of computers and the
M-4030. Figures 2; tables 3. .
UDC 621.311:001.33:001.57
THE GENERATIaN OF A LIBRARY OF CALCULATED STEADY-STATE OPERATIONAL MODES FOR
ELF.CTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS
[Abstract of paper by Chernenko, P.A. and Zorin, V.V.]
[Text] The construction of a library of operational modes which have been
calculated beforehand (BR) is described. Methods of classifying the operational
modes are treated, as well as the ascertaining of the significant criteria. The
operating mode library is intended for the storage and output on displays of
information on the steady-state mode based on a specified complete or litnited set
of significant criteria and can a13o be used in the operation and plannning of
electrical power systems. References 4.
UDC 621.391.2:621.311,1
TH1's SPECIAL7ZED IVS-IED INFORMATION COMPUTER SYSTEM
[Abstract of article by Zharkin, V.F., Kuz'min, I.A. and Rudenko, P.N.]
[Text] The general concepts of the development of the specialized IVS-IED
information computer system are proposed. The requirements placed on specialized
information computer systems are formulated. The principles of program dispatcher
control of the information computer process are worked out based on the input
language for the control of the information computer system operation. Figures 1;
references 3.
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UDC 621.311.001
THE STRUCTiIRE OF A DATA BASE FOR THE SOLUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PROBLEMS
[Abstract of article ~y Rosterev, N.V., Tsyganov I.V. and Tseplyayev, V.G.]
[Text] A formal description is given for the in�ormation file of a data base.
Its logic structure is presented. Ttie universal nature of its applications is
demonstrated. Figures 2; references 5.
UDC 621.311.001.57
QtT~STIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND DEBUGGING OF MULTIPHASE PROGRAMS (USING THE
EXAMPLE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COI~REHENSIVE PROGRAM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE
STATIC STABILITY OF COI~LEX POWER SYSTEMS)
[Abstract of article by Korobchuk, K.V., Sambur, S.B. and Rhimyuk, I.V.]
[Text] Experience with the organization of the program~ing, interf acing and
comprehensive deb.ugging of large multiphase programs is brought to light. The
methods employed by the authors in the development and debugging of a caapre-
hensive program using a third generation computer to analyze the statistical
stability of complex power systems, the STATUS program, is described; this
program incorporates a number of algorithmicallq complex and voluminous routines
(in terms of the program realization and the large amount of input and inter-
mediate data which is used), which are oriented towards the practically complete
utitization of the immediate-access memory of the computer in the case of
autonomous use. The solutions employed by the authors in interfacing the programs
written in different pragramming languages are set forth (FORTRAN-4 and the
ASSEMBLER language). Figures 2; references 5.
UDC 621.391.2:621.311.1
AN ADAPTATION TECHNIQUE FOR THE INFORMATION MODELS OF POC~TER SYSTEMS
[Abstract of paper by Zharkin, V.F. and Rudenko, P.N.J
[Text] The operational mode for making corrections and changes in the parameters
of power system models is described. A definition is given for the adaptation
for informat~on models of power systems. A generalized adaptation.algorithm is
proposed.based on an information retrieval system using standardized data struc-
tures in the information moaels. Figures 1; references 2.
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UDC 621.391.2:621.311.1
THE DESIGN OF A UNIT TO INTERFACE THE "STe~TUS" COMPR~HENSIVE PROGRAM F~JR THE
ANALYSIS OF STATIC STABILITY TO THE SPECIALIZED IVS-IED INFORMATION COMPUTER
SYSTEM
[Abstract of article by Trokhimenko, A.I.]
[Text] One of the variants of a unit for interfacing the program for static
stability analysis to an information camputer sqstem (the IVS-IED) is proposed.
Its algorithm is described. The advantages of running the "STAT[TS='0" program
in con~unction with the IVS-IED are demonstrated. Figures 1;-references 3.
UDC 621.311.016.35
ON THE DEGENERATION OF THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION ~JF MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND
THE PROBLEM OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY .
[Abstract of article by Kostyuk, O.M.]
[Text] The question of the degeneration of the characteristic equation of :i
power system is discussed where thi~s dengeneration occurs as a result of nefjlecting
small parameters. It is emphasized that the degenerate equation sulves tYie
problem of original system stability and is therefore of practical importance, if
_ the tending of the small parameters to zero carries away part of the roots of the
total (nondegenerate) equation to infinity to the left of the imagined axis.
However, if a portion of the roots is shifted to the imaginary axis or to a
small neighborhood of it and there are no right roots, which are suff iciently
remote from the imaginary axis, then the degenerate equations of the stability
problem is not solved (a special case similar to Lyapunov's special case).
It is shown that such is the characteristic equation of the positional model
of a power system. References 12.
UDC 621.313.322
A STUDY OF A METHOD OF MATHEMATICALLY PROCESSING THE RESULTS OF AN EXPERIMENT
TO DETERMINE THE TRANSIENT PARAMETERS OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
[Abstract of article by ~erdyakov, V.V.]
[Text] Likelihood criteria are analyzed, which limit the order of the mathe-
matical model of a synchronous generator derived on the basi:~ of the results of
specially organized experiments. Figures 1; tables 1; references 9.
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UDG 621.317
THC APPI.ICATIdN OF GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS TO T~iE MEASUREI~NTS OF ELECTRICAL
POWER LOSSES IN 75Q KV NETWORKS ,
[Abstract of article by Neyman, V.A. and Ruznetsov, G.G.j
[Text) A method and an algorithm for the estimation of electrical power losses
in 750 KV networks using general-purpose computers are presented, which make it
possible to reduce the est3mate error by an order of magnitude as campared to the
error of the existing estimation technique. The economic impact on the inter-
national 750 KV electrical power transcnission line fram the.introduction of the
proposed algorithm is discussed. Figures 2.
UDC 621.311:621.3.016.312:621.372
POWERING THE RAPIDLY CHANGING LOADS OF AN AUTONOMOUS POWER SYSTEM THROUGH
. SYNII~iETRICAL COMPONENT FILTERS
[Abstract of article by Vasetskiy, V.M. and Tsukernik, L.V.]
[Text] A method of powering a rapidly changi~g load through symmetrical component
filters is described, in which the impact of the symmetrical rapidly changing
load on the power supply operating conditiona is practically eliminated, something
which boosts the operational reliability as well as the electrical quality in
independent power systems. Figures 5; ref erences 4.
UDC 621.314.224
ON THE CHOICE OF THE OPERATING MODE OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC CURRENT CONVERTER IN
RELAY PROT~CTION AND AUTOMATION.DEVICES i,
[Abstract of article by Stogniy, B.S. and Slyn'ko, V.M.]
[Text] The amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics of an electro-
magnetic measurement current transducer (IPT) are derived, where the transducer
operates as a current transformer and a transreactor. The change in the current
and angular errors of the IPT is analyzed for the case of a change in the temper-
ature conditions, and the promise of the application of a transreactor to power
relay protection and auCamation devices is demonstrated. Figures 6; references 7.
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UDC 621.314.224
~ON THE QUESTION OF THE CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE OPERATION OF CURRENT
MEASURIIrIEEIVT TRANSDUCERS IN RECTIFIER CONVERTER CIRCUITS
[Abstract of article by Chernenko, V.A. and Vaynshteyn, Yu.A.]
[TextJ Expressions are derived which establish~the relationship between the
quantities characterizing the operation of a measurement current transducer
in the steady-state mode. A conclusion is drawn concerning the possibility of
evaluating the operation of a measurement current transducer based on only one
criterion. Figures 3; tables 1; references 2.
~ UDC 621.314.224
AN ALGORITHM TO GENERATE EQUATIOTTS FOR THE CIRCUIT MODEL OF CURRENT MEASURII~NT
TRANSDUCERS
[Abstract of article by Stogniy, ~.5., Kii~ilenko, A.V. and Levitskiy, V.G.]
[Text] The major standard companents ar~ determined which are the basis for
the design of electromagnetic current measurement transducers (IPT). A technique
is proposed and an algorithm is described fo;. the generation of the circuit model
of a measurement current transducer, which utilizes information on its standard
camponents and makes it possible to study devices anq configuration which are
treated here. Figures 1; tables 1; references 8.
: UDC 621.314.224
TH~ DETERMINATION OF TOLERANCES IN THE PRODUCTION OF LINE CUR1'~ENT TRANSFORMERS
[Abstract of article by Stogniy, B.S. and Orobets, Yu.N.]
[Text] Design expressions are derived for the determination of the ult~..~ately
permissible mean square deviations and tolerances of the ma~ or production ~;ara-
meters of line current measurement transducers. An example of the calculati~.-~ oi
the tolerances of a single stage line current transformer is given. Figures 4;
ta~~les 1; references 6.
UDC 631.316.925
TH~ YULSE-WIDTH MODULATOR IN THE INFORMATION TRANSDUCERS OF DIGITAL RELAY
PROTECTION DEVICES
[Abstract of article by Kholodenko, Yu.N.]
- [Text] The requirements placed on a pulse-width modulator as an element in an
infarmation tran~ducer for digital relay protection devices.are analyzed. A
- modulator circuit is proposed. A number of the parameters and properties of the
modulator are also analyzed, in particular, the conversion error. Figures 5;
references 8.
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UDC 621.398:621.391.3
AN ANALYSIS OF THE aPERATING MODES OF A TRANSMITTER UF A REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM
TRANfiMITTING VIA DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
[Abstract of article by Koshman, V.I.] .
[Text) The operation of a transmitting device, designed in the form of a f lip-
il.op with an active inductive load in the legs of the circuit is analyzed and the
conditions for its optimal operation are ascertained. Recammendations are made
cancerning the selection of the basic parameters of the flip-f lop. The efficiency .
of the transmitter is determined. Figures 4; references 2.
UDC 621.398:621.391.3
A STi1DY OF VOSCE-FREQUENCY INTERP'ERENCE IN THE DISTRIBUTYON NETWORRS OF AN
IRRIGATTON COMPLEX
[Abstract of article by Koshman, V.I. and Trach, I.V.]
[Text] The results ~re given for an experimental study of the harmonics and
pulse noise occuring in the distribution network of an irrigation cmnplex for
various operational conditions of the compl~x. Figures 4; tables 2; references 6.
UDC 621.3Y7.08
A MF.TER rOR THE TRIGGERING ANGLES OF TAE RECTIFIERS OF THE TRANSMITTER OF AN
EMERGENCY CIRCULAR LOAD RELIEF SYSTEM
(Ahstract of article by Buslov, L.I., Osnach, A.M. and Shestopalov, V.N.]
[Text] A meter for the triggering angles of thQ rectifiers of the transmitter
- of an emergency circular load relief system is described, in which standard
devices are used to measure the time intervals. Figures 3.
UDC 621.316.925
A S'fATISTTCAL METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE BAMAGE 't0 AN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BY FALSE
R~SPONSES OF REALY PROTECTION FOR POWER TRANSMISSTON LINES
[Abstract of article by Karinskiy, Yu.I.]
(Text] A method is described for calculating the damage to~an electrical system
duc. to excessive actuation and failures in the actuation of the relay protection
for the electrical power transmission lines as applied to the problem of optimizing
the settings of the measurement devices for remote and current protection circuitry.
Thls damage depends on the increase in the probabilities of a disruption of the
, power supply to Qystem consumers because of the false reactions of relay protec-
tion, taking into account preventive maintenance and post-breakdown repairs to the
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lines and equipment of substations as well as the cost of a disruption in the
c�tectrical power supply for each consumer, taking intc+ account violations in the
rr.~~di~cti~n procea~, rejecta and insufficient product output. Figures 3;
tabl~s 3; references 7.
UDC 621.316.925
ON THE QUESTION OF THE SDNSITIVITY OF PROTECTION AGAINST SHORTS TO GROUNDS OF
POWER GENERATION UNITS
[Abstract of article by Bogachenkov, A.Ye.] .
[Text] The specific features of the design of various kinds of protection
against short circuits to ground in the generators of power units are treated,
as well as their sensitivity to various values of the resistance of the neutral
circuit, and transient resistances at the point of the short to ground.
Figures 3; tables 1; references 16.
UDC 621.316.92.00124
THE CALCULATION OF THE IMPACT OF OVERVOLTAGES ON LIMITERS IN NETWpRKg WITH AN
INSULAT~D NEUTRAL
[Abstract of article by Samoylovich, I.S.]
[Text] A technique is presented for the statistical calculation of the effect
of overvoltages on limiters in netarorks with an isolated neutral. The functions
~ and parameters of the distribution of the major characteristics of the discharge
current are detex~ined, where there are data on the distribution of the over-
voltage levels and the network parameters. Figures 3; tables 2; references 2.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1980
8225
CSO: 1860/217
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CERTAIN ASPECTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY~
MOTION PICTURES AND TELEVISION
UDC 621.385.832.564.4~
PHOTOELECTRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LI459 VIDICON
Moscow TEKHNIKA KINO I TELEVIDENIYA in Russian No 1, Jan 81 pp 43-46
[Article by A.Ye. Gershberg, N.N. Mikhaylov-Teplov, S.P. Nizhegorodov and
Yu.V. Savel'yev]
[Text] The development of vidicons with targets based on cadmium selenide (cadmi-
cons or halnicons) has substantially improved vidicon parameters. The sensitivity
and signal uniformity over the image field have been increased, while the response
lag and dark currents have been reduced. Along with this, the linearity of the
rise in the photoelectric current, which is inherent in vidicons with such targets,
- has brought about a rapid rise in the charge accumulated on the target with the
presence of illumination. Since the current of the commutated beam must be limited
to assure high resolution of the device, the light range of the vidicon proves to
be narrow. This circumstance forces increased complexity on the transmitting camera
design through the introduction of light controlling devices.. For this reason, it
was desirable to design a vidicon which has the advantages of vidicons with cadmium
selenide targets, the light characteristic of which would be nonlinear in a definite
range (Y < 1). The latter would provide for a slower rise in the charge accumulated ~
on the target as a function of the light and a correspondingly wider light charac-
teristic.
The LI459 vidicon.is the first vidicon with a cadmium selenide target having an
expanded light range. This is a half-inch vidicon with mixed beam control (electro-
static focusing and magnetic deflection), which is similar in terms of its structural
design to the LI437 and L1448 vidicons, differing from the L1430 and LI453 vidicons
only in the structural design of the grid positioned at the target. T~e parameters
of the device are checked for a working target surface of 4.9 x 6.5 mm , and a target
illumination of 1 lux (a type "A" source) with standard TV resolution. Under such
conditions, the vidicon provides for a signal current of no less than 0.1 uA, a dark
current of no more than 5 nA, a resolving power at the center of no less than 500
lines, and no less than 400 lines at the corners, a residual signal 40 msec after ~
the light is cut off of no more than 20% and a signal nonuniformity over the raster ~
of no more than 15%. The set of parameters indicated here, as well as the spectral
response, are extremely close to the parameters of cadmium selenide target vidicons
(for example, the LI448). The difference consists in a slight inerease in the
sensitivity and the response lag. However, the light range of the latter is quite
limited (for example, the minimum range of the L1448 is 3 lux). The L1459 vidicon
is like*aise tested at an illumination of 500 lux, at which it should provide a
10
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signal current of no less than 0.1 uA and have a resolution of no less than
500 lines.
Along with this, the parameters cited do not contain any information on the pro-
perties of the vidicons for illuminations in a range of 1 to 500 lux. Obtaining
dat~ on the properties of the devices throughout the entire range of illuminatiott
variaCion was the major task of this paper.
~cRA isig~ ~icroamps Fi re 1.
~
1 ~ 21 2 3
~ The light characteristics of one sample
4>~~ Jy 29 ~ of a LI459 vidicon. The numbers desig-
i py ~ nate the residual signal after 40 msec.
~y f S2 28 The regions of rise in the residual
zs ~66 SB . signal with illumination are shown by
the dashed lines, while the regions of
J9 ~ ~ decay are shown by the solid lines.
i~ USp� 2. 20 volts;
40~ fnrr
~ /p 100 2003A7~A7 3. 10 Vo1tS;
4. The light characteristic of a
~ cadmicon.
The light characteristics of one of the devices, which are shown in Figure 1, were
mc,asured using a slot in an opaque diaphragm. This provided for signal measurement
in accordance with its definition as the ~ifference in the currents at the black-
-white transition. Such a test pattern corresponds to natural subjects with a small
illuminated area. The light characteristics were recorded for several values of the
signal plate potential [Usp]. In this case, the greatest value of Usp corresponded
to the optimal alig~ent for an illumination of 1 lux. At this light level and the
maximum USP, Y was close to unity. The light range for such values of USp is 1 to
10 lux (depending on the specific value of USP and the properties of the sample).
With an increase in the illumination and a reduction in USp, the value of Y falls
off. Thus, at the maximum USp , the light characteristic is linear for low level
~ illumination, and for high illumination, it is nonlinear. The light characteristic
in cadmicons (see Figure 1) is linear under similar conditions practically to the
point of image blooming, caused by insufficient beam current. At low values of USp
and for signals which are not very small, the entire light characteristic is non-
linear. The appearance of nonlinearity provides for an expansion of the light
range for a specified beam current and a specified value of the signal plate poten-
tial,
It must he added that the curve for the light characteristic will depend on the
ratio of the transparent and opaque regions in the diapositive of the test pattern,
since a consequence of the high target sensitivity is that a small fraction of the
incident light which has passed through the target and is then reflected back to
the target, substantially increases the dark current. For this reason, when a test
pattern with considerably transparency is employed, the signal currents are lower
and the light characteristic can change over from an increasing one to a falling
characteristic, reducing the light range.
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- TABLE 1.
H~ N2~ r ~ � - - - . _ _
�~Z ~ax~tex Sam~le 3 Sam~le 4
DO flap~raTp ( puaq 3 I pa~eu 4
~
A
40 r40 N~o e~ ~30 ~40 ~47 ~30 ~33 � ~36 ~38 ~50
2 T~ HK~ ,6 6 10 8,5 3 3,5 8 7,5 6
10 3
5 4
> f0 f00 Enk ~1tt~C TABLE 2. -
signa YKA u
j~bia
Figure 2. The change in the residual _ o,os ~ o.t o.s ~ o,a ~ o,~ ~ o,s
signal (140 I200 in various p 4p 26 28 35 48 61
reg:ions of the light characteristic 10 ~A ~ 40 26 28 35 48 61
for one of the LI459 u~.dicons. ~ pA nA 37 26 28 35 48 61
Key: I40: l. USp = 10 v;
2, USp = 20 v; The lag (the residual signal 40 msec and
3. USp = 30 v, 40 v; 200 msec after the light is cut off) was
measured at all points on the light char-
I200~ 5: USP 20 v, 30 v, 40 v. acteristics of the vidicons. Three re-
sP gions of residual signal levels are
observed on individual light characteristics: with an increase in the illumination
from the minimal value, the response lag decreased, and thereafter increased, for
the most part up to very high values (in particular, above those shown in Figure 2);
it then dropped off, sometimes down to values substantially below the initial val-
iies. Some of the light characteristics contain two (rarely one) of the indicated
regions. The first region (the reduction in the inertial~lag) is characteristic of
all vidicons with photodiode targets and is explained by the reduction in the
switching lag with an increase in.the target potential, which corresponds to an
increase in the illumination and the signal.
t ~
HA nanva~nap~~cR~ ~
JOO Figure 3. The volt-ampere character-
istics of one of the LI459
, ~ samples. '
100
2 Key: 1. E= 2 lux;
!00 3 2. E= 1 lux;
'U , ~+o1,C~. ~ 3 . E = 0. 5 lux .
0 >0 20 30 40 JO Ucn B ` '
12 ~
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- At reduced values of USp, the light
~ characteriatics now ahow y< 1 in~the
N~ ~oaia~eree initial section; in this case, with an
~ increase in the illumination, not a re-
,!0 duction, but rather an increase in the
40 ~ response lag is observed. The sharp in-
10 crease in the response lag as a function
of the illumination at values of the
20 2 latter above the control point is a spe-
Vsp, roolts cific feature of LI459 vidicons.
~ 0 l0 2o Jo 40 5o Ui,;e Measurements of the commutation component
of the response lag (Ik) were ma.de with
Figure 4. The dark current as a function Special equipment for a number of samples.
of the voltage at the signal The results of the measurements are
plate for two LI459 vidicon shown in Table 1 for samples 3 and 4.
samples.
It follows from these data that for LI459 vidicons, the commutation lag amounts to
an insignif icant part of the overall response lag. It follows from this that the
application of external bias lighting of the target to reduce the response lag is
not expedient in the given case, something which is also illustrated by the values
of the response lag (140, which are shown in Table 2,(the bias lighting lag is
characterized by the target current it produces: ibias~�
The small value of the commutation response lag is explained in turn by the relat-
ively small target capacitance (about 500 pF).
Typical volt-ampere characteristics and the dark current as a function of the signal
plate voltage are shown in Figures 3 and 4 for two samples.
The spectral characteristics of LI459 vidicons, measured using the adopted procedure
with standard test equipment, agree with the spectral characteristics measured under
the same conditions for vidicons with a cadmium selenide target. In the case of
measurements under typical conditions, the signal current is small, something which
is due to the low energy sampled by the monochromatox in a narrow spectral range.
To check how much the spectral characteristic determines the properties of a tube
in a].1 operating modes, the spectral characteristics were measured with changes in
I1sp and the signal (energy) l~vel 1 60 ~
u
a~ ~ ~ ~
~ ?0 sp~ ~ 10 10 ~
~ ~ ~ c~
~ . ~ ~ 8 4a m
~ ~ A
ai ~ ~ 6 y JU ~
~ ~o ~ N ' a.?
~ ~ 4 1` ~ 4 D s ?0 ~
~ 8 ~ .b w
~ 9 6 ~*a ~ 1 IO ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ 0 p D 0
o !00 ?00 i~ HA 0 >00 100 l~ NA
Figure 4. The signal rise and decay Figure 5. The signal rise and decay
response lag. response lag
Key: 1. Rise (40 msec), L1432 s; Key: 1. Rise (40 msec), LI457 ya, z;
2. Rise (40 msec), L1442 ya, k; 2. Rise (40 msec), LI458 ya, z, k;
3. Rise (40 msec), LI432 ya, z, k; 3. Rise (40 msec), L1457 s;
4. Decay (40 msec), LI442 ya, k; ~4. Decay (40 msec), L1458 ya, k;
S. Decay (40 msec), L1432 s; 5. Decay (40 msec), LI457 s;
6. Decay (40 msec), LI432 ya, z, k; 6. Decay (40 msec), L1457 ya, z, k;
7. Decay (200 msec), LI432 s; 7. Decay (200 msec), L1458 ya, k;
8. Decay (200 msec), L1442 ya, k; 8. Decay (200 msec), L1457 s;
9. Decay (200 msec), LI432 ya, z, k. 9. Decay (200 msec), L1457 ya, z, k.
All of the vidicons can operate at beam currents sufficient to read out signals
down to 1.2 uA, however, somewhat of a degradation in the modulation level and an
increase in the geometric distortions as compared to the nominal beam current, are
possible in this case.
As can be seen from Table 3, the modulation level is higher for vidicons for the
blue channel and vidicons which have an increased sensitivity in the red portion
of the spectrum. This is due to the fact that for lead oxide target vidicons, the
factors which limit the resolving power are the light scattering in the target and
- 23
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the s~reading out of the potential relief on the commutated surface of the
target. In the case of illumination with blue light, the scattering is small ~
because of the strong absorption. For the L1442, L1462 ~~nd L1458 vidicons, the
modulation level is greater because of the increase in the surface resistance of
the target caused by the introduction of sulfur. '
i
The most important parameter of vidicons is the response lag. For lead oxide tar-
get vidicons, the response lag for the signal rise and decay is governed, just as
f.or other vid~cons, by the ratio of the signal generated after a definite time has ~
elapsed following the illumination being turned on or off to the steady-state value ~
of the signal. This ratio is usually expressed in percent and is defined at 40 msec ;
and 200 msec intervals, i.e., after the fourth or fifth frame following the change ~
in illumination.
i ~ `NOp/c m,
1
~ 1
J
a~e
~ ,7p 75 ~
~
' ~ '
U 3"~
~
N ~
i~ V
~ f~~
N S
~ 4 ~
.d N
. ~
d b
~ ~
~ 10 15~ .
~ 6 ~
~
.~y d .
~
~ y ~ '
~ 0 8 0
~ ibias ~ n~~~pere~ ~noac6 HA
Figure 6. The response lag ~.n the rise and decay as a
function of the current produced by the bias
lighting.
Key: 1. Rise (40 msec), LI460 ya, z, k;
2. Rise (40 msec), LI460 s;
3. Rise (40 msec), LI462 ya;
4. Decay (40 msec), LI462 ya, k;
5. Decay (40 msec), LI460 s;
6. Decay (40 msec), L1460 ya, z, k;
7. Decay (200 msec), LI460 s;
8. Decay (200 msec), L1460 s;
9. Decay (200 msec), L1460 ya, z, k.
Tt~e curves for the signal response rise and decay lag as a function of the signal
current level are shown in Figures 4 and 5. The lower values of the response lag
for equal. signal currents for the LI457 and L1458 vidicons, as compared to the LI432,
T.IG42, LI460 and LI462 are due to the lesser capacitance of the working target sur-
face.
24
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The curves for the signal current
rise and decay lag are shown in
~ocr~ % i�ap~, Figures 5 and 6 as a function of the
`cn icT current produced by the bias lighting.
~ 1
4 A substantial reduction in the 1ag
occurs with an increas~ in the cur-
5 rent produced by the bias lighting
f0 up to 5 nA (Figure 7). However,
6 when cameras operate in reduced light,
it is possible to increase the bias
8 lighting intensity up to 8- 10 nA in
~ ~ blue and red channel vidicons, where
the lag is most pronounced. The bias
0 9 InvacB. NA lighting current nonuniformity does
ibias~ nanoa6mpe~es not exceed 15% in this case.
Figvre 7. The response lag in the decay Conclusion
and rise as a function of the
current produced by the bias T~'1O years of operational experience
lighting, with the 30 mm diameter vidicons at
45 of the nation's tel~evision centers
_ Key: 1. Rise (40 msec, 40 nA), LI457 ya, z; have demonstrated that the devices
2. Rise (40 msec, 20 nA), LI457 s; meet all of the modern requirements
3. Rise (40 msec, 20 nA), LI458 ya, k; for color TV broadcasting during oper-
4. Decay (40 msec, 20 nA), L1458 ya, k; ation in three and four tube cameras.
5. Decay (40 msec, 20 nA), LI457 s;
6. Decay (40 msec, 40 nA), L1457 ya, z;
7. Decay (200 msec, 20 nA), LI458 ya, k;
8. Decay (200 msec, 20 nA), L1457 s;
9.,Decay (200 msec, 40 nA), LI457 ya, z;
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Stupp E.H., Levitt R.C., "The Plumbicon", PHOTOEL~CTRONIC IMAGE DEVICES, 1971, 2,
p 275-280.
2. Belousova V.S., Kalantarov M.A., Kozlov V.A., Lapuk A.G., Mikhaylov-Teplov N.N.,
Si~bbotina G.N., Trifonov V.P., Yudovina G.A., "Novyye vidikony LI457 i LI458
dlya tsvetnogo televideniya" ["The New LI457 and LI458 Vidicons for Color
Television"], TEKHNIKA KINO I TELEVIDENIYA [MOTION PICTURE AND TELEVISION
ENGINEERING], 1980, No 1, p 7-12.
' COPYRIGHT: "Tekhnika kino i televideniya", 1981
8225
CSO: 1860/228
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~
;
COMMUNICATIONS, COMMUNICATION EQUIPI~NT, RECEIVERS ,
AND TRANSMITTERS, NETWORKS, RADIO PHYSICS, DATA ~
TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING, INFORMATION THEORY
~
UDC 621.395.7 ~
EVAI,UATION OF THE OVERALL LOSS OF TRUNKING CIRCtTlTS AND RECORDiNG CIRCUITS OF MUNICI-
PAL TELEPHONE NETWORKS
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 11, Nov 80 pp 27-29
[Article hy L. V. Andreyeva, M. Ya. Raller, Yu. I. Ropacheva, Yu. A. Parfenov, and . ~
E, I. Sankovskiy, submitted 4 Jun 1979]
[Text] The automation of transmission processes of intercity
telephone messages, introduction of crossbar ATS [automatic tele-
phone exchanges] in local telephone networks, creation of multi-
c}iannel transmission systems, cables of new types, and, at the
same time, retention of the existing technical equipment, for ex-
ample, coil-loaded circuits, made it necessary to evaluate tele-
phone channels more precisely from the viewpoint of ensuring the
quality of telephone communications and the possibility of trans-
mitting service information by a multifrequency code via trunk-
ing circuits (SL) and recording circuits (ZSL) at the municipal
telephone network.
: This article gives the basic principles for evaluatinr overall
attenuation of composite SL and ZSL which include low-frequency
cables, KRR [cable radio relay] (R~) and IKM-30 transmission
systems, bridge-type amplifiers, coil-loaded cables, and station
quadripoles of various ATS with consideration for the mismatching
of input resistances of Che channel elements.
Methods oE Constructing SL and ZSL and Their Elements. As is known, city telephone
networks, with respect to their structure, are divided into single-office and multi~
oCfice networks, and the latter into networks wi.th toll-switching planning and
networks without toll-switching planning. The connection between rayon ATS (RATS),
ItATS and junction center ATS points of incoming messages (WS) and points of out-
going messages (UIS), as well as between WS and UIS, is accomplished through trunk-
ing circuits.
Automatic long-distance communication of subscribers of RATS with AMTS is accomplish-
ed through recording circuits, and in the oppoaite direction from AMTS to RATS
ehrougi~ connecting lines of the long-distance trunk (SLM).
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The t'ollowing two types of ATS are introduced widely in mua~cipal telephone metworks
oE our country: ten-step-system ATS (ATS-DSh) and croesbar-type ATS (ATSK). In or-
der to ensure automatic long-distance communication, domeatic and foreign crossbar
AMTS [automatic long-distance telephone exchanges] are introduced. The matching of
the tnteraction of switching devices of varioua systems of ATS and AMTS is uchieved
by using sets of trunk line relays (RSL).
During the stage of establishing the connection of aubscribers included in an ATS-
DSh, the digital information of dialing and other interaction signals are transmit-
ted tiirough the SL by direct-current pulses, and in the case of the ATSK by a"2
out of 6" multifrequency code, i.e., pulses of two different frequencies out of six
provided for in the code are delivered simultaneously into the line. Two-frequency
signals arrive at the SL input from a multifrequency generatar of the ATSK equipment.
The output level of the signal is 7.4 dB. The working frequencies of the code are:
0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 kHz. The same frequenci.es are used fnr transmitting
signals of the equipment of automatic number identification (AON).
Digital information of thQ interaction signals between ATS and AMTS is transmitted
through SLM and ZSL either by the multi.frequency method of the above-mentioned fre-
quencies, or with direct-current pulses by the decade method, depending on the type
of the interacting ATS and A1~S [automatic long-distance telephone exchange].
In the speech channel, after establishing the connection via SL, ZSL and SLM, tele-
phone information is transmitted in the analog form (frequency spectrum 0.3-3.4 kHz).
At an a utomatically switching city telephone network, compoaite sections of SL, ZSL,
cind SLM channels are formed by connecting several different elements: physical (non-
multiplexed) cable lines; cable lines equipped with amplifiers; coil-loaded lines; ~
channels of frequency and digital transmission systems; switching devices Af junction
ATS with interoffice connecting cables. In the designing of SL and ZSL (SI,M), the
choice of elements is determined by the necessity of ensuring the attenuation norms.
- TG or TPP-type cables with cores 0.5 and 0.7 mm in diameter are used as physical
cable lines for SL and ZSL (SLNn. Their individual sections are equipped with UMT
[bridge amplifiers] or are coil-loaded. In some instances, TZ-type cables with
cores of 0.8 and 0.9 mm are introduced.
Trunk lines are organized through four-wire TCh [tone frequency] channels with the
aid of KItR or KAMA transmission systems and matching equipment special multiplex
trunk line relays (RSLU).
There are several types of RSLU used in SL and ZSL, depending on the type of the
telepllone exchange (ATS-DSh, ATSK, or AMTS), type of service (local or long distance),
purposes of the sets (incoming or outgoing). Each set, regardless of its type, in
addition to a relay, contains attenuators and differential systems included in the
speech channel which determine the overall loss of the SL.
SL rections w~hich liave multichannel transmission systems can have a two or four-wire
termination. For composite SL and ZSL (SLM) channels which include sections of coil-
loaded and noncoil-loaded physical cable circuits equipped with amplifiers (for uni-
form or mixed connection of the above-mentioned elements), the test jacks of the SL
27
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distributing frames of RATS should be considered as an input or output. A composite
SL, ~SL (SI~M) formed by TCh channels of the KPP equipment has an input and output on
two-wire differential systems(DS) located at terminal RATS.
Requirements for the Overall Loss of SL and ZSL Tranamission Channels. These re-
quirements are established on the basis of the condition of ensuring normal function-
ing of the speech channel in the specCrum of frequenciea of 0.3-3.4 kHz. For the
system of Statewide Automatically Switching Telephone Network (OAICrS), attenuation �
is distributed over the sections of the long-distance and local speech channel. .
~
Table 1
~ ~
` Pa6oaee aa�
~1~ ~(F~ i 7yxsx~te, ~tE
Yvacror rpaeTa ~J
Ha~Na�ictiiNe u~ s s a
coe~HNNrenbHdx ~ s^ ~ ~
Ci1N f11 7NflNA ~ 5V' p S C � .
~ ~~u ~
~ 9~Y x`~e
_ Y = j = ~ K
I ' ~ o=~ ,
ATG-ATr, j P:\TC-~'BC (~'Id 1 ~ 13,0 ' 7,0
~ ~�3C-YIIC ~ 9,0 ~ 7,U
~2~ I � PaTC-J'DC-~~ l ~s~~ : -
~ P.>TC i
_ ATC ~~;c: ' ~\.~1'IC-PATC9 ~8~ I 4,0 ~ 4,U
! ~
Key: 1. Purpose of service 5. RATS - WS (UIS)
2. ATS - ATS 6. WS - UIS
3. ATS - MTS 7. RATS - WS - UIS - RATS
4. Route section of connect- 8. RATS - AMTS
ing lines 9. AMTS - RATS
10. Overall loss, dB
11. Along physical cable networks
12. Along channels of transmission systems
Table 1 shows normalized maximum values of the overall loss at a frequency of 0.8 kflz
for SL, ZSL, and SLM. ~ ~
In c~rder to ensure sCable transmission of interaction signals on frequencies of 0.7,
0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1nd 1.7 kHz, there are additional requirements with respect to
the overall loss for SL and ZSL (SLM) channels of the city telephone network which
- depend on the technical characteristics of code receivers.
A code receiver must normally work: through noncoil-loaded cable lines at a relative-
ly lower level of the upper transmitted frequency by not over 4.3 dB when adjacent
trequencies are transmitted, and by not over 10.4 dB in transmitting extreme fre-
qt~encies used (0.7 and 1.7 kHz); tlirough coil-loaded cable lines at a relatively
low level oE the lower transmitted frequency of not more Chan by 2.6 dB during the
transmission of adjacent frequencies and not more than by 3.5 dB during the trans-
mission of frequencies of 0.7 and 1.3 kHz.
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Initial Data for Evuluating the Overall Loas of SL and ZSL Ch~nnels. In evaluating
tlie overall loss of a section of a chann~l equipped with bridge-type amplifiers,
their characteristic impedance ZX on all frequencies is ta~en to be equal to the
wave impedance ZW of the cable circuit to which the amplifier is connected. There-
fore, the changes in the operative attenuatic~n of the amplifier-linp joint are not
taken into consideration in calculations. The value of the net loss of the section
of the line with the amplifier is taken as the attenuation of the composite channel
a.
The characteristic I.mpedence of the section of the channel containing the KRR (KAMA)
and IKM-30 equipment is establi.shed to be equal to 600 ~hma. The image attenuation
of Che TCh channel af multichannel transmission systems is taken to be equal to its
overall attenuation on all frequencies.
~
Table 2
~ fl:~p~~:a*pw nepeaaan CTaHllifO11H0T0 veTapex-
noiacex~;a ~2~
~1} '
o ~
~ ~ ~
; I ~zx' (3) ~ ~,x' rpaA.t) q z. aL; !t~i 0.51 ~ 0.51 1 0.57 I U.63 I O.FiB O.i1 0.74
7 ,^.at~KN 0.0.iB I ~60U~ ~ ~566 I ~5123 ~465 I ~~309 ~ ~4/0
~ ~ 641 ~
; re~ ~ra1 -43.00~ -42,65~ ---1=.50: ~I2.OOI -41,55, -41.00, -a0.5
Key: 1. Type of cable 7. TZ-0.9
2. TG-0.5 8. Designation of parameter,
3. TG-0.7 ~ unit of ineaeurement
4. TPP-0.5 9. dB/lan
S. TPP-0.7 10. rad/km
6. TZ-0.8 11. ohms
12. degree
13. Parameter value on frequency,kHz
The frequency dependence of the overall attenuation of SL and ZSL not containing
coil-loaded cables is uniform within the frequency range 0.7-1.7 kHz. For lines
formed by physical circuits, attenuation grows in proportion to ~ , and for
lines containing UMT amplifiers or a transmission system, it practically does not
depend on the frequency.
The increment of the channel attenuation due to mismatching of the input resistance
depends little on ehe frequency in the frequency range of the interaction signals
and l~as negative values. Therefore, the evaluation of the overall loss of SL and
ZSL (SLM) composed of physical circuits of noncoil-loaded cables, UMT amplifiers and
TCh cliannels formed by KPP equipment is done by simple summation of intrinsic losses
on a frequency of 0.8 kHz, which ensures Che fulfillment of the norms over the entire
operating frequency range (0.7-1.7 kHz).
30
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In the case of composite channels containing coil-loaded cables, the increment of
chaxznel attenuation due to the mismatching of input resietance changes in a wavelike
utiaruier with frequency and can be positive. Due Co this, the evaluation of the over-
all losses of such channels is done on a frequency of 0.8 kHz on which the attenua-
tion of the speech channel is monitored, and on the operating frequencies of code
receivers (0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7 kHz).
Bibliography
1. Kaller, M. Ya. "Teoriya lineynykh elektricheskikh tsepey" [Theory of Linear
Electric Circuits], Moscow, Transport, 1978
2. Kuleshov, V. N.,and Sokolov, V. V. "Pupinizatsiya Kabeley na gorodskikh tele-
fonnykh setyakh" [Coil Loading of Cables in Municipal Telephone Networks], Mos-
cow, Svyaz', 1950
3. Col'shteyn, L. M., and Sasonko, S. M. "Organizatsiya mezhdugorodnoy svyazi na
?nestnykh telefonnykh setyakh" [Organizatio:i of Long-Diatance Service in Local
Telephone Networks], Moscow, Svyaz', 1976
COPYFIGHT: Izdatel'StVO ~~SvyBZ ~ "Elektrosvyaz I980
10,233
CSO: 8144/0897
31
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UDC 621.395.44:621.315.212
LINE CIRCUIT EQUIPMENT OF THE K-~920P TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ~
Moscow ~LEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 1, Nov 80 pp 6-11
[Article by N. Ye. Lugovskoy and G. N. Stepanov, submitted 1 Aug 1979]
[Text] The development and state testa of the domeatic transis-
torized tranemission system R-1920P have been completed. This
equipment is inCended for uae in new main cable communication
lines and for replacemant of the operating Cube equipment K-1920
for Che purpoae of raieing technical and economic indexes of cir-
cuits and channels. The length of the repeater aection remains
the same 6 km. One of the main advantagea of the new equip-
ment is a longer distance (240 km) between attanded repeater
stations, which makea it possible to use manpower reaources ec-
onomically in operating the primary communication network. The
K-1920P operates with the standardized terminal equipment with
frequency division of channela OROP and with terminal television
equipment. The new transmission system eatisfies the YeASS
[Unified Automated Network of the Soviet Union] standards with
reapect ro ita basic parameters. Ita series production has been
started.
Composition and Purpose of the Equipment. The line circuit set K-1920P contains all
types of equipment neceseary f.or normal operation of main linea. This set includes:
high-frequency equipment of the line circuit, including equipment for the line cir-
- cutt of rhe distribution system K-24R and the remoCe power aupply unit (DP); equip-
ment for the link berween operators (5S); Celemechanics equipment (TM); equipment
for the introduction, awitching, and branching of television channels (TV); phase
correcti.on device, device for inCroducing a cable inCo NUP [unatCended repeater sta-
tion~~; auxiliary equipment moni.toring equipment, connecting lines with the tele-
vtsion center, bay of DP fileer for at~ended stationa, device for checking DP cir-
cuits, and the Celephone of the patrol lineman.
The K-1920P also includea the following: equipment for coupling the line circuit
with the terminal converaion equipment OKOP [2] and Celevision equipment [3]; equip-
ment f.or isolating from the line frequency specCrum two lower in gpectrum 60-channel
groups of conversion of the video spectrum of television and sound signal$ into the
line frequency apectrum.
~z
F OR OFF IC IAL US E ONLY
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High-frequency equipment of. the line circuit is intended to work through coaxial ca-
bles witl~ pairs af the normal diameter of 2.6/9.4 mm (chiefly through the I~IB-4 ca-
- ble). The use of the I~-8/6 cable appears to be unlikely. However, if in some
concrete case this provea to be practical, it is posaible to use the K-300R working
tt~rough 1.2/4.6 mm coaxial pairs.
Variants of the uses of the line apectrum of frequencies in the K-1920P transmission
system are shown in Figure 1. The first variant corresponda to the organization of
standard TCh [tone frequency] channels and group channels; the second variant shows
the organization of 300 TCh channels, TV channels and sound channels (ZS); the third
variant shows the organization of 120 TCh channels, a TV channel and three broadcast-
ing channels one of which is intended for ZS.
It is evident that the second variant would be used chiefly in the reconstruction of,
old main lines when it is impossible to reduce the number of TCh channels, and the
third variant will be used in the construction of new main lines for simplifying the
organization of tandem operation by the line spectrum of TV and broadcasing channels
when changing over to the K-3600 transmission aystem.
kV.i.~. ~ o
(1) k~esaa E~
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(2) Hu~ r
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~
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Figure 1
Key: 1. Pilot frequency 5. kHz
2. RSh [cod~e bus] 6. ZS
3. Telephone channels 7. Broadcasting channels
4. Telecontrol g, ~
33
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In all variants of spectrum organization, its lower part is intended for operation
of the equipment for noiae power monitoring both in individual sectiona of OIIP [at-
tended repeater station]-OUP, and over the entire retranemission section (develop-
ment of this equipment is not completed).
The K-1920P transmisaion aystem contains NUP [unattendad repeater staCions] of two
types: basic and regulating. The basic NUP (their number on the main line con$ti-
tutes approximately ?5% of the total number of NUP) ompeneate the attenuation of
the repeater aection of the cable 6-~0.3 lan long at a soil temperature of degrees
C and do not contain regulating devicea except those canpensating the variations in
ttie lengths of the repeater $ections.
Regulating NUP are inatalled after each three basic NfJP, preform their functions, as
well as automatic gain cotttrol (ARU) depending on the changes in the attenuation of
the cable at fnur repeater aectione. ARU devices work when there are changes in the
soil temperaCure ax?d the level of the K~Ch [pilot frequency] of 8544 kHz. The regu-
latian of gain by the soil Cemperature ie ensured by preragulation at the output of
the regulating NUP provided for in Che tranemiasion system.
The K-1920P transmission eystem u~ee OUP of the foYlowing types; without any addi-
tional functione (OUP); with 7'V' channel branches (OUP-OT); with separation of groups
of telephone channels (OUI'~V); witih eeparaCion and intrnduction of a T'V channel (OUP-
VT). The last type of OUP ie used rarely end usually Curne into a termin~l point
(OP) .
ARU devices in OUP perfnrm gain Conerol only by the 1eve1 of tha I~h current. The
devices of ARU by th~ bttsic K~Ch of $544 kH~ are supplamented by devices of ARU by
an auxiliary f requency nf 308 kt~~. Moti~ov~~', iC is possible to ineroduce ~ third
KCi~ inro Ch~ syseem, iE it proves to be neceasgry frnm the results of teets ~nd ~p-
eration of Che first m~ir? 1ine~.
- Remote monitoring of tihe conditiion of NUl' ~mpltfiers (Cheir grain ~rayue) is perfnrm~+~
from OUP tihrou~h a specittl chgnne~ ~~rm~d wieh the ~id of filCere included in e~ch
NtIP between the routeg o~ ehe oppogi.te direc~ion~ d~ tir~n$m~.gsions. The filt~r~
hav~ u passband of the order n~ 140 kH~ and ~ m~fli.um fr~qu~n~y of g21~ kHz. Test
signals, which are currentig of 9216 kH~ moduY~ted by ~ qua~~.Wrandom s+~qu~ence o~
pulses, form in ~he tiransmitting p~rt of tha monit~ring equipm~nt. During the mon-
itoring periods, thay arrive ~som tihe otlr at ehe outigbing ~h~nn~l ~nd r~turn through
the incamin~ channel. The time ~~l~ction and an~lyrsi~ o~ ~h~ ~rriv3:ng r+espons~ sig-
nals from a11 NUP o~ the maintet?~nce aecCion are per~orm~d in Ch~ re~~iving part of
the monitoring equipment.
A block diagram of the main ]~ine wiCh indicatiotta of tnaximum di~t~n~+es betwe~en in-
dividual points and the main compo~itiidn of the equi~m~nt o~ BCrati.an~ o~ a11 types
i s ehown i.n ~iguze 2, wh~re SS, S~,t1K, 5b1~-4, S7'~'T, 57'M, Sit~, 3ri~ ~~e, respp~ct-iveiy:
coupling bay, line ~mplifier gnd corr~c~nr bay, remote pow~r ~supply bay, telev~-
sion lead-in bay, tel~meChanics bey, TV ~hannel corYeCtion b~y, remdt~e channel mon-
ieoring bay; TTs e~levi~ibn centes; R'rpp dire�t commun3.~~ti~an ~hannel set;
KPW tone ftequency ~hannel conver~idn, separ~tion ~nd 1~a~~in ~~C.
~4
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35
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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The new K-1920P equipment complex is distinguished by a high degree of unification
with equipment of the same type ofthe R-3600 transmission system [4]. The equipment
of the distributive transmission system K-24R, remote power aupply, service communi-
cation and telemechanics, device for cable entrance into NUP, and the majority of the
devices of auxiliary equipment have been completely standardized. Containers of the
high-frequency equipment of NUP and high-frequency equipment of OUP (OP) SLUK
bays have been standardized structurally.
The equipment ensuring the organization of TV channels was developed with consider-
ation of the experience in creating analogous devices of the R-3600 transmission sys-
tem. The equipment for monitoring the operating conditions of NUP of R-1920P was
developed on the same principles and structural basie as in R-3600, and differs only
i.n the pilot frequencies, i.e., line frequency spectra.
Line Amplifiers. The equipment of the line circuit R-1920P for NUP uses two types
of amplifiers: BUL (line amplifier unit) and BUR (regulating amplifier unit). The
former is installed in the containers of the basic NUP, and the second in the ~on-
tainers of regulating NUP.
The line amplifier BUL has four stages and is fully transistorized: ICT-335A in
the first two stages, RT-610A in the third stage,and RT-904A in the fourth
stage. The maximum undistorted power at the output of the amplifier is +16 dBn (300
mW) .
The frequency characteristic of the amplifier is formed by line equalizer which is
installed at the input of the amplifier and by the circuit connected in the feedback
circuit. The amplitude-frequency characteristic (AChKh) of the amplifier corresponds
tcs the attenuation of the coaxial cable with pairs of 2.6/9.4 ~n 6 km long at
t o=+8 degrees C. The negaCive feedback circuit (OOS) of the amplifier has a man-
ua]. gain control which makes it possible to change the gain depending on the length
of. the repeater section within the limits of 5.7-6.3 km in stepe of 0.1 km. The in-
put and the output of the amplifier has protective devices again the effects of
l~.ghtning discharges. The power supply device provides for protection against the
influence of LEP [electric power transmission lines].
The ~hermal noise level at the output of the amplifier adjusted to its input is 142
dBn on a frequency of 8.0 MHz, 137.5 dBn on a frequency of 4.0 MHz, and 126 dBn on a
frequency of 0.5 MHz.
Nonlinearity attenuation at a fundamental frequency of 0.4 MHz and the output level
on tlie second harmonic is not less than 88 dB, and on the Chird harmonic not less
tt~an 96 dB. Nonlineariry attenuation on the second harmonic at a fundamental fre-
quency oF 4.2 MHz is not less than 72 dB, and on the third harmonic at a fundamental
freqi~ency of 2.8 MHz not less than 91 dB. The attenuation of mismatching at the
input and output of the amplifiers within the frequency range 2-8.6 MHz not worse
than 25 dB, and within the range 0.3 2.0 MHz not worse than 20 dB.
Tl~e BUR amplifier contains two amplifiers; linear and flat. The term "flat" is
understood to be an amplifier with a frequency-independent gain characteristic.
Moreover, BUR have: a�-eceiver of the pilot channel of the fundamental R~Ch of $544
kHz, a variable equalizer of ARU [automatic gain control] (VP ARU), and a device for
gain control by the soil temperature (TRU).
36
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In the experimental model of NUP, the variable equilizer of ARU is included between
the linear and flat amplifiers, Gain adjustment depending on the length spread of
adjoining repeater sections (RRU) is done in the OOS circuit of the linear amplifier.
In the series-produced equipment, the VP ARU circuit is included in the OOS circuit
of tl~e linear amplif ier, and the RRU circuit is connecCed at the input of the BUR
~mit .
The TRU circuit is connected to the OOS circuit of the flat amplifier; its charac-
teristics are controlled by a temperature sensor buried in the ground at a distance
of approximately 10 m from the NUP, ~
TFic limits of gain adjustment on a frequency of 8.6 MHz by KCh are �3.5 dB; by the
soil temperature +2.1 dB. On the remaining frequencies of the range used, changes
in the gain take place depending on
Atter~~iation of nonlinearity of the BUR at the same output level as in the BUL, is
normalized by 6 dB low2r than in the BUL.
The OUP equipment has amplifiers of reception and flat amplifiers. With respect to
, its design and characteristics, the amplifier of reception is the same as the linear
amplifier of BUR. The OOS circuit of flat amplifiers of OUP performs frequency-in-
dependent adjustment of the gain characteristic by �1.0 dB. Structurally, these
variants ot amplifiers are designed in application to the structure of the OUP bay.
Service traffic is organized through symmetrical pairs with conductors 0.9 mm in di-
ameter. The number of the available conductors makes it possible to organize two
fotir-wire cliannels through the KM-4 cable for station service traffic (PSS-1 and PSS-
~ 'L) and one two-wire channel for section service traffic (USS). When the KMB-8/6
cable is used, the number of PSS channels increases to three. These channels ensure
the transmission of frequency spectra from 0.3 to 3.4 kHz, and through the USS chan-
nel from 0.3 to 2.6 kHz.
5tations service traffic is organized in the OP-OP section of up to 1500 km between
the OP then?selves and between the OP and OUP; section service traffic is organized
f~etween OUP and NUP situated in sections adjoining the OUP through a coil-loaded
pair with terminal amp lifiers without intermediate amplifiers.
WV~en the PSS is organized, intermediate amplifiers are installed every 30 km, as well
as ter.minal amplifiers in OP and OUP. Selective calls through PSS channels are made
with the aid of a TV [voice-frequency ringing] oscillator on 23 fixed frequencies;
simultaneous calls to all OUP by a conference call on a frequency of 2460 Hz; a
cal] to OUP f rom NUP with the aid of telemechanics devices;a call to NUP from
OIiE' by a phonic signal with a frequency of 1020 Hz.
Tl~e service traEfic equipment in OP and OUP is arranged on the SS bay. USS and PSS-
2 cliannels can be used for communicating with NUP. A portable speaking set (PPU)
containinb terminal amplifiers of tonal frequency with gain control is connected to
the SS channels in NUP. It is possible to connect to the USS channel through a sock-
et situated on the TM [telemechanics] container or through a socket on the ground
part oL tlie NUP, and to the PSS-2 channel only through the socket on the contain-
er.
37
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. ~
'lelemechanical Systems. The transmissi:on systems K-3600 and K-1920P have two kinds ~
of telemechanical systems: section telemechanical system ('TMU) and main-line tele-
mechanical system (TMNI).
TMU systems are intended for receiving at the OUP (OP) announcement signals trans-
mitted from NUP of adjoining service sections. These~systems are used to transmit ;
conrrol commands to NUP in order to connect measuring oscillators (if this is re- ~ '
quired Eor monitoring the amplifiers of the NUP). The TMU equipment is located in
telen~ectianics units (BTM) in NUP, and on separate Celemechanics bays (STM) in OUP. ,
The TMU operate through four signal conductors 0.9 mm in diameter.
OUP can receive eight announcement signals from each NUP, and NUP can receive six
i
control commands from each OUP.
The TMU devices are using a time-cycle method of interrogating NUP in the service I
sections. For this pur~ose, the TMU equipment at OUP have an oscillator of timing
pulses which are relayed to all BTM in NUP. OUP and NUP have signal distributors
wtiich operate synchronously and cophasally. Moreover, OUP have a distributor of NUP
numbers. BTM in NUP have a remote supply system through phantom circuits organized
through conductors set aside for the operation of TMU.
The main-line telemechanical devices TNINI make it possible to monitor the condition
of high-frequency channels on terminal or retransmission centers in all main line .
sections. Monitoring signals are formed in all OUP on the basis of signals arriv-
ing via the TMU system from NUP with addition of signals from local sensors.
The TNINI system uses a reversible consecutive method of interrogating all OUP and OP
of tlle main line, fc~r which purpose there are regenerative repeaters of the ampli-
tude and length of transmitted pulses every 18 lan, at each third NUP.
As a result of the processing of all arriving signals, four announcement signals are
transmitted to OP from each OUP; "normal", "warning", "damage", "emergency".
Two signal conductors 0.9 mm in diameter are set aside for the operation of the TNIM
system,
Electric power supply for the K-1920P equipment, including remote supply, is received
from a direct-current source of 24 V+10%. The positive pole is grounded. The
equipment of each transmission system is fed independently, and NUP equipment has a
remote power supply with stabilized direct current through internal conductors of co-
axial pairs with series connection of loads in the DP [remote power supply] circuit.
'Plie current in the DP circuit is 340 mA; the voltage delivered to the internal con-
ductors oE two coaxial pairs from attended stations, depending on the number of NUP,
is from 50 to 1500 V. ~
'1'lie DP equipment is arranged on the remote power supply bay SDP-4.
T1nat~ended Repeater Stations. The degree of automation of main coaxial cable lines
is determined by the number of repeater stations operating without attending person-
nel. NUP equipment is l~cated in underground metal tanks. As a result of this, in-
significant fluctuations of the soil temperature at the depth of the location of the
- 38
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tank,in comparison with the fluctuations of the air temperature on the surface of
the ground, do not affect the stability of the operation of the repeater equipment.
This makes it posaible to minimize the inspection of NUP by the operating personnel.
The fourth page of the magazine cover shows a NUP container K-1920P containing two
units with line amplifiers for the basic NUP. Containers with NUF equipment are
installed in tanks on special frames.
Small dimensions of transistorized equipment and smaller amounts of liberated heat
than that of tube equipment made it possible to reduce the overall dimensions of the
tank. The tanks developed by TsIVIIS [Central Scientific Research Institute of Com-
mun:ications] have a diameter of 2.6 m and length of 2.4 m, and are intended for in~
stallation of containers of NUP of all types of the transmission systems K-3600 and
K-1920P with the use of the cable RMB-4 or KMB-8/6, as well as the system VLT-1920.
Figure 3 shows the general appearance of a NUP installed in the ground. The NUP has
five cable Iead-in holes: two holes 60 mm in diameter for the main-line cable of
l~oth directions and three holes 20 mm in diameter for cables from ARU temperature
sensors and a branch cable. Technicians enter the NUP through a manhole located in
the upper part of the tank. Containers are fastened with bolts to special removable
Frames of the Cank.
Two types of tanks are produced: with frames for fastening the equipment of K-3600
or K-1920P and with frames for fastening Che equipment of VLT-1920. The tanks are
covered on the outside with a special anticorrosive layer of bitumen with a fiber
glass fabric. Moreover, in order to protect it against corrosion, negative poten-
tial is delivered on the body of the tank with the aid of four magnesium electrodes
buried near the NUP. ~
The sensors located in the NUP transmit to the OUP with the aid of telemechanical
devices signals about the opening of the manhole, about the appearance of water in
the NUP, and about the dropping of air pressure in the cable, and from the points
witli ARU signals about the lowering of the KCh level, etc.
Main cables entering the tank terminate in terminal cable devices (UOK) to which
containers are connected with the aid of flexible station cables.
Arrangement of Equipment. The equipment of OP and OUP is arranged in bays of a func-
tional unit design of 26Q0 X 680 X 225 mm. The external appearance of the bay of
line repeaters and correctors of terminal points (SLUR-OP) is shown on the fourth
page of the magazine cover.
Results of Line Tests. The state tests of the specimens of the line equipment com-
plex of K-1920P conducted in an experimental section of the main line of 115.7 km
~ containing the equipment of 14 basic and 5 regulating NUP, as well as the equipment
of OP and OUP showed the following. ~
Tl~e divergence between the AChKh of the gain of line repeaters and the attenuation
of the cal~le sections is not over 0.1 dB, the power of total interference of the line
ci.rcuit in the band of the TCh channel at the loading of the channels by white
noise signals of 50 microvolts at the point of the relative zero level is not more
rhan 1 pkW�psoph/km. ,
- 39
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The equipment ensures high stability of the overall loss of the line circuit. The
dynamic characteristics of the line circuit correspond to thel~rT [International
Telegraph and Telephone Conaultative Coamiittee] atandards. Protective devices en-
~ sure normal operation of the line with all typas of regulated external influences.
Bibliography
- 1. "New Advances of the Five-Year Plan", ELERTROSVYAZ', 1978, No 4
2. Astashkina, 0. I., et al.� "Standardized Terminal Equipment for Transmission
Systems with Frequency Division of Channels", ELERTROSVYZA', 1976, No 4 ~
3. Oksman, A. K. "Peredacha televizionnykh signalov po koaksial'nym kabelyam"
[Transmission of Television Signals Through Co~xial Cables], Moscow, Svyaz',
1978
4. Milevskiy, Yu. S., and Petukhov, V. P. "K-3600 Transmission System", ELEKTRO-
SVYAZ', 1975, No 10
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'8tvn "Svyaz "ElektTOSVya2 1980
10,233
CSO: 8144/0897
. 40
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PUBi.ICATIONS, INCLUDING
COLLECTIONS OF ABSTRACTS
ABSTRACTS FROM THE COLLECTION 'MODERN METHODS OF SIGNAL PROCESSING'
Moscow TRUDY MOSKOVSKOGO ORDENA LENINA ENERGETICHESKOGO INSTITUTA: TEMATICHESKIY
SBORNIK: SOVREMENNYYE METODY OBRABOTRI SIGNALOV in Russian No 455, 1980 (signed to
press 26 May 80) pp 2, 147-154
[Annotation and abstracts of articles from the collection "Transactions of the Mos-
cow Order of Lenin Power Engineering Institute: Topical Collection: Modern Methods
o~ Signal Processing", edited by Professor G. D. Lobov, 300 copies, 154 pages]
[Text) The material of this collection treats urgent problems of modern science and
technology. Investigation of new principles of signal processing and their practi-
cal application are developing widely. This is connected with the development of
new Functional assemblies for radio electronics. This collection presents the re-
sults of studies of some general principles of signal processing, functional pro-
cessing devices with the use of new physical principles and the results of work on
the synthesis of new materials for such devices. In accordance with these directions
of studies, the material of the collection is divided into three topical sections.
Tlie articles in this collection are the results of original studies by the authors
on the above-mentioned problems. On the whole, the collection will be useful for a
br.oad section of scientists and engineers working in the area of radio electronics
and related areas of science and technology.
UDC 621.371
ON THr: INFLUENCE OF A DISPERSIVE MEDIUM IN A RADIO COMMUNICATION CHANNEL ON MATCHED
RFCCPTT.ON OF PHASE-MANIPULATED SIGNALS
[Abstract of article by Kramm, M. N.]
['lext) '.rhe author examines the passage of radio signals through a section of a ra�-
di.o communication channel which includes a dispersive medium and an optical proces-
_ sing device matched filter. The results of calculations are given for signals
witti phase manipulation by the Barker code. The~sh~pe af the s'ignal envelope at the
output of the matched filter is analyzed for various combinations of the parameters
of the signal and Che medium.
41
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UDC 621.391.81
APPROXIMATION OF TI~ SHAPE OF ANOMALOUS OVERSHOOTS OF THE PHASE, FREQUENCY, AND THE
ENVI3LOPE OF THE SUM OF TI~ SIGNAL AND NOISE BY THE MOST PROBABLE TRAJECTORIES
[Abstract of article by Zhukov, V. P., Ivanova, N, N., and Rasumov, L. A.]
[Text] The authors found relations describing changes in the phase, frequency, and
lhe envelope of the sum of the signal and narraw-band Gauasian noise at phase jumps
by �2 5C . The solution is done by the method of the most probable tra~ectories.
Distribution functions of random parameters determining the shapes of such trajec-
tories are given.
UDC 621.391
ACCURACY OF THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF A MULTIBEAM COMMUNICATION CHAN-
NEL AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF QUASI-STATIONARY GAUSSIAN INTERFERENCE
[Abstract of article by Arapov, S. M.]
[Text] The author examines the block diagram of subsystems of the identification of
the parameters of a multibeam receiver. Basic relations describing the operation
principle are obtained. Conditions are found in which the accuracy of identification
- increases. The dependence of the accuracy of identification on the signal phase is
found.
UDC 621.398.1
INVESTIGATION OI' SIGNAL PROCESSING ERRORS IN MEASURING SHORT DISTANCES WITH THE AID
OF ULTRASOUND
[Abstract of article by Ra.gozin, Yu. D., Volosskiy, V. P., and Pakhomov, V. P.]
[Text] The authors examine basic sources of errors occurring in measuring short
distances with the aid of ultrasound, They show that measurement errors under cer-
tain conditions can be reduced to decimal fractions of a millimeter. ,
UDC 621.391.272:539.143
METHOD ERRORS IN PROCESSING SIGNALS WITH THE AID OF SPIN ECHO .
[Abstract of article by Kalinin, V. A.]
[Text.] The author examines errors in the realization of the signal correlation and
delay functions connected with the properties of pulses of primary and stimulated
echo. Errors are found in solving Bloch equations by the method of successive approx-
imations. The author determined the errors connected with an insufficient amplitude
of th~ reading pulse and excessively great intensity of the input signals. Require-
menr_s Eor the parameters of signals and the reading pulse are formulated.
42
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UDC 620.179.162
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECTRUM OF PULSED SIGNALS DURING ULTRASONIC CHECKING OF MULTILAYER
MCDIA
[nbstract of article by Skogorev, M. Ye.]
[Text] The author examines the spectrum of a signal occurring during ultrasonic
checking of layered media. It is shown that the spectrum can be used for obtaining
information about the gluing layer. The bifurcation of the resonance peaks of the
spectrum revealed in the experiment is connected with the resonances withiri the lay-
ered material itself.
' ~ UDC 621.38
THERMAL STABILITY OF MEMORY DEVICES USING CHALCOGENIC GLASS-LIKE SEMICONDUCTORS
[Abstract of article by Borovov, G. I. and poronkov, E. N.]
[Text] The authors give the results of experimental studiea of a memory matrix
K524RPI. It is shown that thermal properties of an instrument are determined chief-
ly by the properties of the glass. They obtained Che parameters of a kinetic equa-
tion of crystallization which make it possible to evaluate the service life of an
instrument at higher temperatures. The results indicate the necesaity of using glass
with high values of activation energy.
_ UDC 621.379.54
COMPiTrATION OF FILTERS ON ACOUSTIC SURFACE WAVES WITH NONEQUIDISTANT COUNTER-PIN
CONVERT~RS
[Abstract of article by Kartashev, V. G.]
[Text] The author examines the synthesis method of band filters on acoustic surface
waves with two identical nonequidistant counter-pin converters. He concludes that,
in order to obtain a prescribed frequency characteristic close to rectangular, it is
necesslry to achieve the amplitude apodization of at least one converter. The char-
acteristics of filters synthesized by this method are given.
~ UDC 621.37:534
TEMPI:RATURE DEP~NDENCE OF THE PHASE AND ANIPLITUDE OF THE OUPPUT SIGNAL IN AN AMPLI-
FI~R OF ACOUSTIC SURFACE WAVES ~
[Abstract of article by Gavrilin, V. I., Gulyaev, A. M,, Rarpeyev, D. V., and Bash-
kirov, A. M.]
[Text] The authors give the results of their experimental studies on the character-
istics of an amplifier of acoustic surface waves in a range from 100 to 400 K. It
is shown that, when the temperature decreases, the losses increase and there are
chan~es in the phase of the signal at the output of the amplifier. It is concluded
that the increase of losses is connected with the increase of acoustoelectronic
interaction.
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~ UDC 620.179.1
PROBI.~MS OF PROCESSING ROENTGEN-TELEVISION SIGNALS
[Al~stract of article by Volkov, A. V., and Zorin, A. Yu.] ;
[Text] This article gives the results of studies on the use of series-produced ,
ultrasonic delay lines in television roentgen defectoscopy of .reinforced ob3ects.
Circuit diagrama of matching and use in the radio-pulse and video-pulse modea are
given. Requirements for the delay lines for the above method of defectoscopy are ~
formulated. It ia indicated that it is necessary to develop delay lines for a car- ,
rier. frequency of about 30 MHz.~
UDC 621.391.272:539.143
~FFLCTS OF THE SHAPE OF THE WORKING BODY ON THE TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT OF A SPIN
FUNCTIONAL ASSEMBLY .
[Abstract of article by Ivanov, Yu. V., Lobov, G. D., and Shtykov, V: V.] , ~
[Text] On the basis of the known solution of the Bloch equation, the echo signal
voltage was found at the output of a spin functional assembly with consideration for
the configuration of the working body and the registering coil. Results of computer
computations for a toroidal core are given.� It is shown that cores with a minimum,
radius-thickness ratio should be used in order to increase the transmission coeffi-
cient.
UDC 621.179.1
LLCCTROACOUSTIC CONVERTERS OF SYSTEMS FOR OPTIMAL PROCESSING OF ULTRASONIC SIGNALS
[Absrract of article by Aksenov, V. P., and Popko, V. P.]
[Text] On the basis of the analysis of inethods of optimal processing of signals,
the authors determined the requirements for the parameters of electroacoustic con-
verters �or instruments of ultrasonic nondestructive inspection. Designs of proposed
modifications o.f wide-band electroacouatic converters are described and experimental
data confirming the correctness of the initial theoretical premises are given.
' UDC 621.37:534
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF USING THE ACOUSTOMAGNETOELECTRIC EFFECT FOR STUDYING THE PRO-
PERTIES OF ANIPLIFIERS OF ACOUSTIC SURFACE WAVES
[Abstract of article by Gavrilin, V. I., Gulyayev, A. M., Karpeyev, D. V., and Pra-
pors}~ch ikov, V . V . ] ~
[Text] The authors propose a new method for studying the characteristics of ampli-
fiers oF acoustic surface waves. Results of their studiea are given. It is shown
that tliis method will be useful for studying the parameters of carri~rs in the area
of acoustoelectronic interaction not only of amplifiers, but also of other instru-
ments with a layered pie2oelectric-semiconductor structure.
44 ~
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UDC 621,3'/3,12
SELF-OSCILI~ITOR ON THE DELAY I.INE OF ACOIISTIC SURFACE WAVES WITH EXTERNAL SYNCHItO-
NIZATI~N
[Abstracl- of nrticle by Dvornikov, A. A., Ogurtsov, V. I., and Utkin, G. M.]
- [Text] The authors examine a self-oscillator on a delay line of acoustic surface
waves with external synchronization. They analyze shortened equations of such an
oscillator. For the cubic approximation of the dependence of the output current of
the active elemeiit, characteristics of a synchronized oscillator of this type are
given. Qualitative experimental confirmation of the theoretical results is obtained.
UDC 621.372.8
FILTRATION OF PARASITIC WAVES IN MEANDER-TYPE STAGGERED PRINTED DELAYING SYSTEMS
[Abstract of article by Berezin, V. M., Guttsayt, E. M., Mal'tov, V. N., and Skripov,
n. A.J
[Te~ct] The authors investigated the possibility of effective suppression of parasi-
tic waves of antiphase oscillations in a two-storeyed meander by means of filters
on the basis of subsidiary delaying systems of printed ring vibrators which in com-
hination with a clamp-type systems make it possible to obtain losses of 1.3-1,5 dB
per cell, while the losses at the working type of oscillations are not over 0.05 dB
per cell.
UDC 621.38
Di:VICC rOR AUTOMATIC REGISTRATION OF THE DRIFT OF VOLT-FARAD CHARACTERISTICS IN THE
PROCi:SS OI' TEMPCR.A,TURE AND FIELD TESTS
[Ahstract of article Uy Sobolev, M. V., Korchagin, S. N., Kolomeychuk, A. S., Varla-
stiov, I. 13 and Soldatov, V. S.]
[Text] Ti~e authors give a block diagram of a device for registering volt-farad char-
acteristics in the process of temperature and field tests. They describe the method
of mc,ls~~rements. The developed device makes it possible to register a shift in the
vult-farad characteristics of 0.05 V at a time constant of not less than 0.1 sec.
Comparison with the standard method indicated the correctness of results obtained by
thi.s method.
UDC 621.373.826
OP~t~T]~ONAL CFiARACTERISTICS OF A PYROMAGNETIC RECEIV~R OF INFRAR~D RADIATION
[Abscract of article by Lobuv, G. D., Shtykov, V. V., and Drugov, L. V.]
[Text] Rest~lts of experimental studies of a pyromagnetic detector are given. The
functional scheme of. the experiment is described. Experimental relations are com-
parzd witl~ eheore~ical relations obtained for the simplest model of this phenomenon.
- Recommendations are given for improving the characteristics of the receiver.
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UDC 534.422.8.063
PROBLEMS OF TFIE METHODS OF ROENTGENOSPECTRAL MICROANALYSIS OF MULTICOMPONENT GARNET
SYSTEMS
[Abstract of article by Tsvetkova, A. A., Yegorov, S. K., and Kon'kova, M. M.]
[Text] The authors examine the peculiarities of conducting quantitative analysis in
tl~e system Gdg-x CaXGa3_yZry012. Single crystals and polycrystals were used as sam-
ples. Problems of the methods of preparing samples and standards are discussed.
Stoichiometric peculiarities of this system are examined.
UDC 535.212.
DETERMINATION OF THE SPEED OF THE MOTION OF TRANSLATION OF CYLINDRICAL MAGNETIC
DOMAINS BY THE PHOTOELECTRIC METHOD .
[Abstrnct of article by Nikolayev, L. V.]
[Text] The author proposes a method making it possible to determine the speed of
motion of cylindrical magnetic domains in a Bi-containing film of ferrite garnets with-
ou~ possible errors connected with the inertia effect during Che motion of transla-
tion of the domain (ballistic effect). A scheme for the realization of the proposed
method is given.
UDC 621.365.6
EFP'I:CTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON THE CONFIGURATION OF THE THERMAL FIELD IN
MEL'L'S DURING CZOCHRALSKI CRYSTAL GROWTH FROM A COLD CRUCIBLE
[Abstract oL article by Balbashov, A. M., and Zavartsev, Yu. D.]
, [Text] Negative results during the growing of crystals from a cold crucible are
caused by unfavorable distribution of temperature in the melt which is characterized
by the overt~eating of the central areas. The authors show that it is possible to
obtain a favorable configuration of the thermal field in the melt by controlling the
size a~id direction of the convection flow.
UDC 621.317
STAT]:C MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF Bi-CONTAINING GARNET FILMS
[Abstract of article by Pavlova, S. G., and Cherkasov, A. P.]
[Text~ The at~thors give the results of their experiments in the investigation of
static magnetic properties ot garnet films of the systems (Yb Gd Bi)3 (Fe A].)5 012;
(YRi)3 (Fe Ga)5 012. They studied the behavior of a domai~i structur.e in the temper-
ature i_nterval from -100 degrees C to the Curie point. Conclusions are made on the
optimization of tlie compounds in the studied systems in order to increase the ther-
~nal stabi.lity of magnetic characteristics.
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UDC 621.317:535,212
SYNTH~SIS OF MULTILAYER FILMS IN TI~ SYSTEM (YBi)3 (FeCa)5 012 AND INVESTIGATION OF
THE BLIND DOMAIN STRUCTURE IN THEM
[Abstract of article by Cherkasov, A. P., Chervonenkis, A. Ya., Cheparin, V. P., and
Shupegin, M. L.]
[Text] The authors~describe methods of synthesizing multilayer Bi-containing garnet
films possessing a prescribed profile of magnetic conetants over their thickness.
They give results of their etudies on variants of blind domain structures in such
films. They suggest the uses of blind domains in the information and measuring tech-
niques. ~ .
UDC 621.317:535.212
OPTICAL ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF EPITAXIAL FILMS OF Bi-CONTAIIJING GARNETS
[Abstract of article by Balbashov, A. M., Bakhteuzpv, V. Ye., Tsvetkova, A. A., and
Chervonenkis, A. Ya.]
[Text] The authors analyzed absorption spectra of epitaxial films of Bi-containing
garnets in the 0.4-2.5 micron range. They revealed individual contributions into
the absorption of ions Bi, Pb2+, Pb4+, Fe2+, Fe4+, Co2'~'. Corresponding curves of
additional absorption make it possible to evaluaCe the concentration of the above
ions and optimize the conditions of synthesis.
UDC 621:317:533.9.74
SELECTION OF THE PARAMETERS OF A SIMICONDUCTOR FOR OBTAINING THE MAXIMUM MAGNETIC
MOMENT OF THE ELECTRONS AT A ZERO MAGNETIC FIELD
[Abstract of article by Gratsianskaya, Ye. I.]
[Text] The author calculated the magnetic moment of~electrons of the canductivity
zone of a semiconductor in the absence of a constant magnetic field when an electro-
magnetic wave with circular polarization falla on the specimen.
COPYRIGHT: Moskovskiy energeticheskiy institut, 1980
10,233
CSO: 1860/211
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK (IN THREE VOLUMES): VOLUME 1; GENERAL ASPECTS.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DATA
Muscow ELEKTROTECKANICHESKIY SPRAVOCHNII~ (V TREKH TOMAKH): TOM 1; OBSACHIYE VOPROSY. '
ELEKTROTEKHNICHESKIYE MATERIALY in Russian 1980 (signed to preas 5 Jun 80) pp 2,
5-7, 23-24, 69, 106-7, 175, 222, 248-9, 263, 287, 316, 325, 351, 397, 422, 481
[Annotation and section tables of contents f rom book "Electrical Engineering Hand-
book (in Three Volumes): Volume 1; General Aspects. Electrical Engineering Data",
edited by I. V. Antik, Izda.tel'stvo "Energiya", 80,000 copies, 520 pages] .
[Text] This volume contains. informatio ertiesleofhconductors,asemiconductorscand
engineering, on the electrophysical pr p
insulators, on the general aspects of electrical equipment and eaf ety engineering,
on relevant papers on electrical engineering, on the measurement of electrical and
magnetic qurintities and on cable equipment. Instructians are given regarding the
execution of drawings and circuit designs. The preceding f ifth edition of this
handbook was published in 1974.
It is intended for a broad circle of electrical engineers.
Contents � Page
Foreword to the Sixth Edi~ion of the Electrical Engineering Handbook, ~3
Section 1. i7nits of Physical Quantities. Most Important Physical 7
Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �
Section 2. Basic Rules for Drawing Up Design Docwnentation 23
Section 3. Basic Information on Electrophysics . . . . . . � � � 69
Section 4. Theoretical Bases of Electrical Engineering 106
Section 5. Measurement of Electxical and Magnetic Quantities 175
Section 6. General Aspects of Electrical Equipment 222
Section 7. Ascertaining the Effectiveness of the New Technology 248
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Seceion 8. Safety of Electrical Installations and Equipment 263
Section 9. Ele:.trical-Insulation Mater3als . . . . . . . . . . 287
SecCion 10. Semiconducting Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Section 11. Magnetic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Sect-ion 12. Conducting Materials, Noninsulated Conductors and Buses 351
Section 13. Electrical-Insulation Designs and Insulators 397
Section 14. Cable Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 22
Section 15. Semiconductor Instruments and Microcircuitr}? . 481
Sub ~ ec t Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Volume Ztao Contents
Electrical Equipment
7 Section 16. Resistors, Capacitors, Reactors
Section 17. Transformers and Autotransformers
Section 18. General Aspects of Electrical Machinery
Section 19. Alternating-Current Electrical Equipment .
Section 20. Direct-Current Electrical Equipment
Section 21. Electrical Machinery in Automatic Equipment
Section 22. High-Voltage Switching and Protective Apparatus
Section 23. Current and Voltage Transformers
Section 24. Low-Voltage Apparatus
Sectiou 25. Unitized High-Voltage Installations
Section 26. Rectifier Transducers of Electric Power
Sc_ction 27. Chemical Current Sources and Their Application
Volume Three Contents
Book 1.
Production, Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power
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Section 28. General Aspects of Power Systems
Section 29. Circuit Deaigns for Electrical Connections of Electric Power Stations
and Substations ~
Section 30. Designs for Switching Equipment
Section 31. High-Voltage Electric Networks
Section 32. Transmission of High-Voltage Alternating and Direct Current
Section 33. Designs of Overhead and Cable I.ines
- SecCion 34. Electric-Power Supply to Cities and Rural Areas
Section 35. Transients in Electric-Power Systems
Section 36. Short-Circuit Currents and the Selection of Apparatus
Section 37. Overvoltages and Overvoltage Protection
Section 38. Automation in Power Systeme
Section 39. Relay Protection ~
Section 40. Control, Monitoring and Alarm Systems at Power Stations and Substations .
Section 41. Technical-Economic Indicators in Power S~ stems
Book 2.
Utilization of Electric Power
Sec:tion 42. El~ctric Drive
Section 43. Automatic Control of Electric Drives
Section 44. Electric Drive of Commonly Used Industrial Mechanisms .
Section 45. Electrothermal Equipment
Section 46. Electrical Engineering Equipment . '
Section 47. ElecCric Welding Equipment
Section 48. Electrl.c Lighting
Section 49. Electrical Equipment in Explosion-Hazard Industries
Section 50. Electric-Power Supply to Industrial Enterprises
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Section S1. Electric Transport
Section 52. Electrical Equipment for Automobiles
Section 53. Electric Appliances
Section 54. Electric Hand and Portable Machines (Electric Tools)
Section 55. Industrial Radi~ Interference
Section 56. Industrial Noise
' VoZume One Contents Page
Section 1. Units of Physical Quantities. The Most Important Physical
Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1. International system of units (SI) . . . . . . . . : . . 7
Basic SI tmits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Additional units . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . , . $
1.2. Units of inechanical quantities . . . . . . . . . , , . , g
System of units in mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . : ~ 8
Units of inechanic3l quantities in the International System of
Units . . . . . . 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Units outside the system accepted f or use on a level with SI
units . . . . . . 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Units outside the system accepted f or use in special areas 10
List of units of energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
List of units of power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
List of im its of the moment of inertia and the flywheel moment 10
Metric and nonmetric units of length, area, volume, mass, work
and energy, power, pressure, velocity, f requency of rotation 11
Decibel and neper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3. Units of acoustic quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4. Units of thernial and light quantities characterizing ionizing . .
radiation and radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 �
Units of thermal quantities in the International System of Units. . 14
Comparison of temperature scales . . . . . . . . . . . � 15
Units of light quantities in the International System of Units . . 15
Units of quantities characterizing ionizing radiation and
radioactivity i.n the International System of Units 15
1.5. Units of electrical and magnetic quantities 16
Units of the International System of Un its 16
Units of electrical and magnetic quantities accepted on a levei
with SI units up until 1 January 1980 18
1.6. Factors and additive terms for forming multiple and fractional
units and their designations . . . . . . . . . . . ig
1.7. Most important physical contants (fundamental constants) 18
1.8. D. I. Mendeleyev's periodic chart of the elements 2Q
5I
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1.9. Letter designatians of the ma~or electrical and magnetic quan- . ;
tities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,s 22 ,
Bibliography, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
~
Section 2. Basic Rules for Drawing Up Design Documentat~on
2.1. General information and basic points of the Unified S~stem of '
Design Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 :
2.2. Basic requirements for producing drawings . . . . . . . . . 26 ,
Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 '
Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 27 ~
Basic legends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 27
Letteri.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 27
Depiction of objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 27
Laying out dimensions and legends . . . . . . . . . . . � 29
2.3. Producing drawings at the design stage . . . . . . . . . � 30
Stages of development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 30
Detail design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 31
Working documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 31
2.4. General rules for executing design documentation of various items 33 �
Rules for executing design doctmtentation for ob3ects with elec-
trical wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 33
Rules for executing drawings for electrical wiring . . . . . � 33
Rules for executing drawings of bundled co~ductors, cables and
individual conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 34
Drawings of ob3ects with electrical windings and magnetic
circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 35
Depiction of printed circuit boards . . . . . . . . . . � 36
2.5. Rules for graphic layout of electric circuits . . . . . 37
Circuit classification~ . . . . � � � � � � � � � . � 37
General rules for executing circuits . . . . . . . . . . � 37
Rules for executing block diagrams and itmctional diagrains . . � 38
Rules for executing schematic diagrams . . . . . . . . . � 38
Rules for executing diagrams of connections and switches 41
Rules for executing general and Zayout diagrams 42
2.G. Graphic symbols used in circuit designs . . . . . . . . . � 43
Commonly used symbols (according to State Standard 2.721-74) 43
Electric machines (according to State Standard 2.722-68) 43
Inductance coils, reactors, chokes, transformers, autotrans-
formers and magnetic amplifiers (according to State Standard
2.723-68) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 45
Current collectors (according to State Standard 2.726-68) . . . � 47
Arresters. Fuses (according to State Standard 2.727-68) 47
Resistors. Capacitors (according to State Standard 2.728-74). 48
Electrical measuring instruments (according to State Standard
2.729-68) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 51
Semiconductor devices (according to State Standa.rd 2.730-73) 51
Light sources (according to State Standard 2.732-68). 54
Chemical current sources (according to State Standard 2.742-68) 55
EZectrothPrmal equipment and installations (according to State
Standard 2.745-68) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 55
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Nature of current and voltage, types of winding connections,
shapes of pulses (according to State Standard 2.750-68) 56
Lines of electrical communicatian, conductors, cables and buses
(according to State Standard 2.751-73). . . . . . . . . . 57
Switching devices and contact connectiona (aacording to State
Standard 2.755-74) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5g
Sensing portion of electro~nechanical devicea (according to State
Standard 2.756-76). . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . 62
Binary logic elements (according to State Standard 2.743-72) 62
Analog and analog-digital computers (according to State Standard
23335-78) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Section 3. Basic Informatian on E~ectrophysics
3.1. Electromagnetic phenomena in conductors and semiconductore. 70
Band theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Intrinsic an d extrinsic~conduction in semiconductnrs. 72
Contact phenomena at the metal-semiconductor boundary 73
Electron-hole movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Galvanomagnetic phenomena.~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Magneto-optical phenomena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Internal photoeffect . . . . . . . . . , . . , .
Luminescence . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.2. Electric processes in insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Polarization of insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Insulator conductivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Insulator breakdown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.3. Electromagnetic phenomena in ferromagnetic substances . . . . . 85
Magnetization processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Eddy currents during magnetic reversal and magnetic viscosity. 86
3.4. Superconductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Basic information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Electromagnetic properties of superconductors . . . . . . . . 88
Areas of application for superconductors. . . . . . . . . . 90
3.5. Electron emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Thermoionic emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Autoelectronic emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Photoemission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Secondary emission under the influence of positive ions, metastable
atoms and discharge radiation. . . . . . . ~ . . . . . 92
3.6. Movement of electrons and ions in a vacuum and in gases 93
Electric current in a vacuum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Collisions of electrons and ions with atoms and molecules of a gas . 93
Movement of electrons and ions in a gas 94
3.7. T~pes of electric discharge in gases . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Dark discharge and evolution of a self-maintained discharge 96
Glow discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Arc discharge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Corona and spark discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Gas plasma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.8. Fundamentals of quantum electronics . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.9. Electromagnetic phenomena in a moving conducting medium. 103
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Magnetohydrodynamic equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 ,
"Freezing-in" and "diffusion" of a magnetic field . . . . . . 104
Magnetic pressure, electromagnetic pumpa and accelerators 104 ;
. . . . . . . . . . .
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . 106
Section 4. Theoretical Bases of Electrical Engineering , ~
4.1. Linear circuits for direct and einusoidal currer~ts . . 107
Direct current . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 ;
Instantaneous, root-mean-square and mea.n values of sinusoidal
quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Representation of sinusoida.l quantitiea through complex numbers 108
Parameters of circuit element and equivalent circuits 108
Passive two-terminal networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Resistance and conductance of two-terminal networks 110 '
Active two-terminal networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Mutual inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ~.4
Electric current diagrams and their f low sheets 115
Kirchoff's law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Topographical vector diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Voltage and current resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Application of Kirchoff's laws for calculating electric circuits ' 120
Loop-current method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nodal-potentia.l method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Application of topographical methods of calculation 123
Mutual equivalen~t exchange of sources of current and e.m.f. 124
Active two-terminal network method . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Method of superposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Transforming circuit element connections with deltas and stars 125
Similitude method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Principle of compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Theorem of variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Reciprocity theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
L3near relationships . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 126
Transfer functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Designating voltages on circuit diagrams . . . . . . . . . 126
Signal-flow graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.2. Three-phase circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Three-pi~ase system with a neutral wire . . . . . . . . . . 129
Three-phase system without a neutral wire . . . . . . . . . 130
Method of symmetric components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.3. Nonsinusoidal currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Expansion of periodic functians into trigonometric series 131
Root-mean-square and mean values of nonsinusoidal periodic quan-
t3ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Nonsinusoidal factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
~quivalent sinusoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Higher harmonies in three-phase circuits . . . . . . . . . 134
Intercoupling of magnetic flux. E. m.f . of induction, voltage and
current in a coil with a steel magnetic circuit 135
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Equivalent circuit of a coil with a steel magnetic circuit when
loases are considered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.4. Transients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Transients in linear circuits with lumped conatants 136
Classic method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Transients in the simplest circuits . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Method of atate variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Operational method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Heaviside's formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Duhamel integral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Fourier integral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Cutting in a network branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Cutting off a network branch. . . . . . , . . , . . . 149
4.5. Passive four-term3nal networka, filters and lines . . . . . . 149
Nonsymmetrical four-terminal networks . . . . . . . . . . 149
Symmetrical four-terminal networks. . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Ladder circuits and other connections for four-terminal networka . 155
Line with losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Determining line constants by means of no-load and short-circuit
tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Simplified formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Low-loss line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
No-loss line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Transients in circuits with distributed constants. 159
Reflection of a square wave from the end of a line 160
Incidence of square wave at the ~unction of two lines 161
4.6. Electric field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Coulomb's law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Field strength. Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Polarization, shift, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Current, current density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Laplacian and adiabatic equatians. Baundary conditions. 166
Distribution of potential in a system of charged conducting bodies . 166
Capac itanc e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 7
Direct capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . 167
Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Electrostatic field energy. Forces . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.7. Magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Magnetic induction and magnetic flux . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Magnetization. Magnetic field strength . . . . . . . . . . 168
Ampere's circuital law. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Magnetic field potentials. Boundary conditions 168
Energy. Electrodynamic forces . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Electromagnetic induction (e.m.f. 3nduction) . . . . . . . . 169
Self-induction and mutual induction . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.8. Electromagnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Maxwell's equations for an electromagnetic field in a stationary
medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
- Botmdary conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
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Maxwell's equations in combined form . . . . . . . . . . . 170 ;
Assessing losses. Umov-Pointing theorem. . . . . . . . . . 170 �
4.9. Resistance, capacitance, inductance . . . . . . . . . . . 170 '
Resistance of a conductor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 ,
Capacitance of capacitors and conductors. . . . . . . . . . 170
Electrostatic analog method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Inductance of coils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Capacitance, inductance~and mutual inductance in overload li.n.es 173
Coaxial cable inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . 174 ~
Section S. Measurement of Electrical and Magaetic Quantities
5.1. Basic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.2. T~pes and methods of ineasurement . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.3. Means for measuring electrical quantities and their basic character-
istics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.4. Measurement of voltages and currents . . . . . . . . . . . 182
5.5. Measurement of electrical circuit parameters 183
5.6 . Measurement of power . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5.7. Measurement of the expenditure of electric power 190
5.8. Direct and alternating current bridges . . . . . . . . . . 190
5.9. Direct and alternating current potentiometers . . . . . . . . 191
5.10. Direct and alternating current digital vo].tmeters. . . . . . . 191
5.11. Integrated digital instrutnenta . . . : . . . . . . . . . 193
5.12. Panel-mounted analog instrumesits . . . . . r . . . . . 194
General information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Small-size inatruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 '
Large-size instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.13. Measurement errors. Processing of direct measurements 201 .
Methods of describing random errors . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Conf idence intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Processing direct measuremeats . . . . . . . . � . � � . 204
Systematic errors in measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
5.14. Representation of ineasurement results. . . . . . � � � � � 207 �
5.15. List of State Standards for electrical measurement instruments 208
5.16. Methods of ineasuring magnetic quantities. . . . . . . . . . 210
5.17. Means for mea.suring magnetic quantities . . . . . . . . . . 214
Bib1 iography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Section 6. General Aspects of the Utilization of Electrical Equipment
6.1. Standardization in the electrical engineering industry. Utilization
of the System of State Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Categories and types of standards . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Standardization of electrotechnical products . . . . . . . . 224
Qiiality certification of electrotechnical products . . . . 225
Utilization of ranges of preferable numbers in electrical engineer-
ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 .
6.2. Ma~or parameters of electric networks and the equipment connected to
them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . 231
General aspecCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
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Ranges of nominal direct and alternating voltages. 231
Nominal f requenc ie s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2
Range of naminal currents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Ranges of basic parameters for electrical machinery . 233
Nominal outputs of power tranaformers. . . . . . . . . . . 234
Ranges of nominal linear dimenaions . . . . . . . . . . . 235
6.3. General requirements for safety and for protecting electrical
equipment from external influences . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Electrical equipment saf ety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Degrees of protection of electrical equipment provided by sheathing. 236
Degrees of protection of electrical machinery 237
Degrees af protection of electrical apparatus . 237
General aspects of the effects of inechan3cal and climatic environ- ~
mental factors upon electrical equipment under operational con-
ditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Specifications regarding climatic effects . . . . . . . . . 239
Specifications regarding mechanical effecta. . . . . . . . . 243
Electrical equipment for regions with tropical or cold-weather
climates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
. Testing electrical equipment for resistance to the effects of cli-
matic and mechanical factors of the environmeat . . . . . . 245
6.4. Classification and coding of electrical products . . . . . . . 246
6.5. Standardization of terms, definitions and letter designations. 247
System of standardization of terms and def initions in electrical
engineer ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7
Letter designatians in electrical engineering . . . . . . . . 248
Section 7. Ascertaining the Eff ectiveness of New Technology
7.1. General aspects of determining the economic effectiveness of new
electrical products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Place and role of calculations of economic effectiveness during the
development of new electrical products. . . . . . . . . . 249
Determtr?ing the annual economic impact . . . . . . . . . . 250
Selecting bases for comparisan and conditions for contrasting
variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Calculation of the time factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.2. Determining expenditures for the manufacture and operation of elec-
trical equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Composition of capital investment and current expenditures for the
manufacture of new electrical equipment . . . . . . . . . 252
Cost of manufacturing electrical equipment . . . . . . . . . 252
Determining expenditures for the operation of electrical equipment . 256
7.3. Limiting costs of and allowances for the quality of electrical pro-
ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Calculation of the limiting costs for a new electrical product 257
Calculation of the cost allowances for a new product. 257
Stepped costs. Maximum price . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7.4. I'ree analysis of the effectiveness of new electrical products. 259
Technical-economic indicatora of compared versions of electrical
produc t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
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Example for determining the annual economic impact due to the intro-
duction into the economy of a new electric motor 259
Determining the effectiveness of new electrical products on the
basis of the graduated-index method of evaluation 260
7.5. Procedure for economic optimization of electrical products be3ng
designed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Economic optimization matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Methods for determining the significance of the indicators and
measures for improving the effectiveneas of electrical products . 261
Functional-coat analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7.6. Features of determining the economic impact of ineasures taken to
improve production methods. . . . . . � � � � � � � � 262
B ib 1 io gra phy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3
Section 8. Saf ety of Electrical Installationa and Equipment
8.1. General information on electrical safety. . . . . . . . . . 263
Basic concepts and def initions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Eff ect of electric current on the human organism 264
Classif ication of electrical installations . . . . . . . . . 264
8.2. Electrical equipment safety (safety engineering) . . . . . . 265
8.3. Protective measures in electrical installations 268
Grounding and neutral-wire grounding in electrical installations. . 268
Gro~ding in electrical installat3ons of over 1,000 V. . . . . 269
Grounding in electrical installations of up to 1,000 V. 270
Calculating the ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Grounding connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Grounding and protective neutral conductors. . . . . . . . . 276
Grounding and neutral-wire ground3ng of portable receptacles 277
Protective disconnect . . � � . . � � � � � � � � � � 277
8.4. Protection from electrostatic discharge . . . . . . . . . � 279
Sources of electroatatic discharge during production. 279
Eliminating discharge hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
8.5. Electrical equipment in fire-hazard areas and installations 282
Classification of types of production and areas with respect to f ire
hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Selecticm of equipment for fire-haza.rd areas . . . . . . . . 283
Classification of materials and designs wi~th respect to the degree
of combustibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Fire precaution and the extinguishing of f ires. 286
B ib l io graphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 7
Section 9. Electrical-Insulation Materials
9.1. Basic def initions and classif ication of electrical-insulation
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . 287
9.2. Heat resistance of electrical insulating materials 288
9.3. Liquid and semiliquid insulatora . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
9.4. Organic polymer insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
9.5. Electrical-insulating papers and cardboards. . . . . . . . . 297
9.6. Laminar electrical-insulating plastics . . . . . . . . . . 300
9.7. Electrical-insulating compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . 304
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9.8. Electrical-insulating varnished fabrics . . . . . . . . . 308
9.9. Wound electrical-insulating products . . . . . . . . . . . 309
9.10. Mica-based electrical-insulating materials . . . . . . . . . 310
9.11. Electroceramic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Bibl iography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Section 10. Semiconducting Materiala
10.1. General inf ormation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
10.2. Obtaining semiconducting materials . . . . . . . . . . . 316
10.3. Basic parameters of semiconducting materia.ls and methods for their
application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
10.4. Electrophysical parameters of semiconductors . . . . . . . . 319
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Section 11. Magnetic Materi,als
11.1. Purpose of magnetic materials. General information about their
parameters and characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
11.2. Classification of magnetic materials. � � � � . . . . . . 328
11.3. Magnetic materials for operations within a broad range of applica-
tions of magnetic induction at low and elevated f requencies 333
11.4. Magnetic materials for operations in weak magnetic f ields. 337
11.5. Magnetic materials with a square hqsteresis loop. 341
11.6. Special-purpose magnetically soft materials . . . . . . . . 344
11.7. Magnetic materials for pernanent magnets . . . . . . . . . 346
11.8. Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Section 12. Conducting Materials, Noninsulated Conductors and Buses
12.1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
12 . 2 . Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
12.3. Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
12.4. Conducting bronz~s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
12.5. Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
12.6. Aluminum alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
12.7. High-resistance alloys for electrical measuring.devices 367
12.8. High-resistance heat-resistant ~lloys . . . . . . . . . . 371
12.9. Superconducting and cryoconducting materials . . . . . . . . 375
i 12.10. Contact materials and electrical brushes 377
12.11. Copper wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
12.12. Aluminum and al~inum-alloy wiring . . . . . . . . . . . 385
12.13. Noninsulated wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
12.14. Buses and bonding strips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
12.15. Contact conductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
- 12.16. Sections for commutators of electrical machinery. 394
12.17. Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Bibl iography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Section 13. Electrical-Insulation Designs and Insulators
1.3.1. General requirements for electrical-insulation designs. 397
General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Internal and external insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
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Requirements for dielectric strength of insulators . . . . 399
13.2. Dielectric strength of standard electrical-insulation gaps 401
General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Gaa gaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Air gaps along along the surface of a conductor 403
Insulating gaps in oil . . . � . � . . . � . � . � . 4~ �
Gaps in oil along the surface of a aolid dielectric. 406
Paper-oil insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Dielectric strength of ceramic producta. . . . . . . . . . 407
13.3. Insulator calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Calculation of electrical f ields . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Calculation of the mechanical strength of insulators 409
Calculation of a base inaulator . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Calculation of a bushing ineulator . . . . . . . . . . . 410
13.4. Insulators for high-voltage 50 Hz alternating current 411
Designation and classif ication of ineulators 411
Base insulators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
. . . . .
Bushing insulators. . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Line i.nsulators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
13.5. Lead-ins for 100-kV lines and higher. . . . . . . . . . . 418
13.6. Insulation designs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Columr?s of base insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Line-insulator atrings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Bib liography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
.
Section 14. Cable Equipment 422
14.1. Clasaification of cable equipment. . . . � � � � � � � � 422
14 . 2. Design and identif ication of power cables . . � � � � � ' � �
14.3. Electrical characteristics of power cables. 430
14.4. Methods of laying power cable . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . 432
14.5. Maximum allowable load currents . . . . . . . . . . . 437
14.6. Power-cable f ittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
14.7. Control and pilot cables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
t4.8. Power and ~installation wiring and connecting cords . . . . . . 458
14.9. Hook-up cables and wires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
14.10. Insulated magnet wire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
14.11. Magnet wire with enamel-fiber, paper and film insulation . . . . 472
- 14.12. Wires with f iberglass insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
14.13. Other types of magnet wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
14.14. Costs of cable equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Bibl:Lography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
.
5ection 15. Semiconductor Instruments and Microcircuitry 4g1
15.1. Semiconductor diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �
15.2. Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
. .
Bipolar transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Field-effect transistors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Equivalent circuits of bipolar transistors. . . . . . . . . 487
15.3. Thyristors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
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15.4. Electrooptical devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Barrage photocells and photodiodes . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Phototransistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Opto-isolators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
15.5. Integrated circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
15.6. Operational amplif iers and their application 497
Basic parameters of operational amplifiers. . . . . . . . . 497
Feedback in operational amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Summation of voltages. . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . 499
Integration of voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Stabilization of voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
~ Active f ilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Voltage limiter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
, Comparator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Square-wave voltage generators. . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Voltage-to-frequency converters and duration of pulse 501
15.7. Integrated logic circuits and their application 501
Basic concepts of logic functions. . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Relations of logic algebra . . : . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Minimization of logic expreasio~ns. . . . . . . . . . . 503
Examples of the description and minimization of logic expressions . 503
Hardware implementation of logic relations. . . . . . . . . 505
Decoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Flip-flops and flip-flop devices . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Re gister s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Distributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Synthesis of inemory circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Integrated circuits with a high degree of integration and micro-
processors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
B ib l iography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1980
9512
CSO: 1860/243
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ELECTRIC POWER-SUPPLY SOURCES WITA SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Kiev ISTOCkINIKI ELEKTROPITANIYA SO S~ETSIAL~NYMI KHARAKTERISTIKAMI in Russian 1979 ,
(signed to press 6 Feb 79) pp 2, 162-3, 165-71
[Annotation, table of contents and list of abstracta from book "Electric Power-
Supply Sources With Special Characteristics", edited by N. I. Sukhomlinslcaya,
Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1,500 copies, 172 pages]
[Text] This collection includes papers devoted to the development and investigatian
of electromagnetic and semiconductor devices for the regulation and stab ilization
of current, voltage, power and other parametera~influencing the workin,g capacity
and efficiency of electrical and electronic equipmmt. This collectian covers ques-
tions of the theory and practical application of regulators of electrical quantities
as applied to loads ha.ving variable parameters. ~
This collection is intended for scientific and engineering workers specializing
in the f ields of transformer engineering and automation equipment .
Conte~ts Page
Volkov, T.. V., Gubarevich, V. N., Isakov, V. N., and Kaban, V. P.
Inductive-capacitive converters wi~h regulated amplitude and constant 3
phase for the output current . . . . � � � � � � � � � � �
Volkov, I. V. , and Smolyanskiy, I. I.
The application of wave matrices in the study of inductive-capacitive 11
converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gubarevich, V. N., Isakov, V. N., and Kaban, V. P� 17
Two-element circuits for inductive-capacitive converters
Gubarevich, V. Ne, Isakov, V. N., and Kaban, V. P.
n-type circuits for three-phase inductive-capacitive converters 28
Kalinin, V. N., and Kusnetsov, 0. G.
Calculation of the spectral composition of nonsinusoidal currents in 39
an inductive-capacitive converter using~a digital.computer
62 ~
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Kusnetsov, 0. G., and Kalinin, V. N.
Power relations among components of polyharmonic oscillations arisiag
in a single-phase inductive-capacitive converter . . . . . . . . 46
Lipkovskiy, K. A., and Aleksandrov, M. M.
Structures of composite power-supply systems . . . . . . . . . 51
Zakrevskiy, S. I., and Basan'ko, Yu. V.
Effect of parameter variations on the operation of an inductive-
capacitive converter in the constant current-consumption mode 57
Samcheleyev, Yu. P., Obukhav, S. G., Kalyuzhnyy, V. V., and Komarskiy,
V. V. ~
Controlled-velocity direct-current electric drive supplied f rom a
parametric power source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Samcheleyev, Yu. P., Zhilyakov, V. I., Kalyuzhnyy, V. V., and Chernoivan,
- V. P.
Synthesis of automatic velocity-control systems when a direct current
motor is supplied from a power source . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Zozulev, V. I., Gorbachev, M. N., Zakrevskiy, S. N., and Inyakin, I. A.
Analysis of the electromagnetic processes in a three-phase series-type
re gula t or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2
Dovgalevskiy, A. Yu., Starodumov, Yu. I., and Tsymbal, K. K.
Two-terminal current regulators fn circuits with high-voltage power
leads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Grechko, E. N., Adamishin, M. M., Boyko, A. P., and Kutovoy, V. I.
Control of a three-phase asynchronous motor based on impulse duration
modulation of alternating voltage curves . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Pentegov, I. V., and Legostayev, V. A. ~
Comparison of the technical-economic cha.racterist3cs of and limitations
on the application of reservoir reactors with and without steel 97
Sarv, V. V.
Improving the quality of the output current f rom gate-type converters
through the use of a regulated inductive power-storage circuit. 106
Spirin, V. M.
Simplif ied equation f or designing reactors with a linear voltage-
amperage characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Tonkal', V. Ye., Bezgachin, N. I., and Nikitin, V. B.
Power characteristics of reactive two-terminal networks ~ 118
Kuznetsov, V. G., and Ugrimov, S. F.
Inductive-capacitive circuit for zero-series current compensation with
nonsymmetry in the power-supply voltage . . . . . . . . . . . 130
63
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Mostovyak, I. V.
Compensation of a three-pha.se system with a nonsymmetrical power so;~rce 135
Starodumov, Yu. I. i~9
Frinciples for constructing devices for igaiting gas discharges . . .
Andriyevskiy, Ye. A., and Sheverdia, G. P.
Pulse magnetizing device with stabilization of the discha.rge current
amplitude and the time for charging ti?e capacitor bank . . . . . . 146
Spirin, V. M., Krynko, N. V., and Kurach, A. M.
Eff ect of power-supply voltage f luctuatians on the pulse recurrence
rate of pulse-current generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Pavlov, V. B., Kravchenko, Yu. I., and Yakimov, 0. S.
Study of thyristor converters with parallel capacitive switching 158 .
UDC 621.372.061
INDUCTIVE-CAPACITIVE CONVERTERS WITH REGULATED AI~LITUDE AND CONSTANT PHASE FOR
THE OUTPUT CURRENT
[Abst'ract of article by Volkov, I. V., Gubarevich, V. N., Isakov, V. N., and
Kab an , V . P . ]
[Text] This article gresents circuits of three-phase inductive-capacitive con-
verters whose re~ulating element is a choke with a rotating magnetic f ield. It
is shown that the circuits described make~it possible to employ a smooth contactless
method of regulating the level of stabilized current in a load while keeping its
phase tmchanged. Areas for the practical application of the circuits studied are
determined. 6 illuatrations, 6 titles in bibliography.
. UDC 621.372.061
THE APYLTCATION OF WAVE MATRICES IN THE STUDY OF INDUCTIVE-CAPACITIVE CONVERTERS
[Abstract of article liy Volkov, I. V., and Smolyanskiy, I. I.]
[Text) The article examines questiona of the application of wave-matrix apparatus
in ~he study of multiphase inductive-capacitive converters. It assesses the capa-
b ilities of inductive-capacitive converters in connection with their power charac-
teristics and the application of the given apparatus. It also cites conditions
- under which these characteristics are optimal.
Further approaches are outlined for the effective utilization of wave matrices in
the study of inductive-capacitive converters. 1 illuatration, 8 titles in b iblio-
graphy.
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ITJC 621.372.061
TWO-ELEMENT CIRCUITS FOR INDUCTIVE-CAPACITIVE CONVERTERS
[Abstract of article by Gubarevich, V. N., Isakov, V. N., and Kaban, V. P.]
[Text] The article provides a comparative analyeis of two-element circuits for
- inductive-capacitive converters. General mathematical relation ships are obtained
for converters of L-type structure which make it possible to carry out the best
_ possible selection of this or that circuit when designing spec if ic equipment with
given specificiations. 3 illustrations, 4 tablea, 1 title in b ibliography.
UDC 621.372.061
!i-TYPE CIRCUITS FOR THREE-PHASE INDUCTIVE-CAPACITIVE CONVERTERS
[Abstract of article by Gubarevich, V. N., Isakov, V. N., and Kaban, V. P.]
[Text] The article analyzes various methods of connecting the phase e.m.f. of a
three-phase power supply network to inductive-capacitive converters of II-type struc-
ture. Formulas are obtained for calculating the parameters of the current source.
Recom~endations are given regarding the selection of.the most eff icient circuits.
5 illustrations, 3 tables, 3 titles in b ibliography.
UDC 621.372.061 .
CALCULATION OF THE SPECTRAL COMPOSITION OF NONSINUSOIDAL CURRENTS IN AN INDUCTIVE-
CAPACITIVE CONVERTER USING A DIGITAL COMPUTER
[Abst,:act of article by Kalinin, V. N., and Kusnetzov, 0. G.]
[Text) This article examines the use of a digital computer to calculate the ampli-
tude, frequency and phases of the harmonic components of a nonsinusoidal function
with regard to ita discrete spectrum over a f inite interval of time. An algorithm
is suggested and its flow-chart is presented. Results obtained are illustrated
by examples of calculation. 2 illustrations, 2 titles in bib liography.
UDC 6 21. 3 72 . 061
POWER RELATIONS AMONG COMPONENTS OF POLYHARMONIC OSCILLATIONS ARISING IN A SINGLE-
PHASE INDUCTIVE-CAPACITIVE CONVERTER
[Abstract of article by Kusnetzov, 0. G., and Ka.linin, V. N.]
[Text] Based on power relationships, tt:is article proves the existence of steady-
state nonsinusoidal oscillations in whose spectrum at amplitude predominate the
harmonics of frequencies w and w+ ~w, where w is the f requency of the converter's
sources of e.m.f. 1 illustration, 2 titles in bibliography.
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UDC 621.314.572
STRUCTURES OF COMPOSITE POWER-SUPPLY SYSTEMS
[Abstract of nrticle by Lipkovakiy, K. A., and Aleksandrov, M. M.J
[TextJ The article examinea the construction of power-supply systems which are
various combinations of voltage and current sourcea. Structures are analyzed for
composite power-supply systems and conditions are ascertained in each of the comb i-
nations which make it possible to stabilize the load current. 2 illustrations,
1 table, 4 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.372.061
EFFECT OF PARAMETER VARIATIONS ON THE OPERATION OF AN INDUCTIVE-CAPACITIVE
CONVERTER IN THE CONSTANT CURRENT-CONSUMI'TION MODE
[Abstract of article by Zakrevskiy, S. I., and Basan'ko, Yu. V.]
[Text] This article analyzes the operation of a thr.ee-phase bridge-type circuit
for an inductive-capacitive converter in the constant consumption-current mode with
variation in the circuit element parameters and the supply-vol~age frequency. 4
illustrations, 4 titles in bibliography.
UDC 6 2. 83 . 001. 5
CONT1tOLLED-VELOCITY DIRECT-CURRENT ELECTRIC DRIVE SUPPLIED FROM A PAR~METRIC POWER
SOURCE
[Abstract of article by Samcheleyev, Yu. P., Obulchov, S. G., Kalyuzhnyy, V. V.,
and Komarskiy, V. V.]
[Text] Principles are examined for the construction of revereible and nonreversible
electric drives when the DC moto~'s armature is supplied f rom a parametric current
source.
The suggested drive systems possess high dynamic and static indicators, simplicity
of circuit design and reliability. Control is accomplished at the motor's armature
circuit. 2 illustrations, 4 titles in bibZiography.
. UDC 62.83.001.5
SYNTHESIS OF A'JTOMATIC VELOCITY-CONTRUL SYSTEMS WHEN A DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR IS
SUPPLIED FROM A POWER SOURCE
[Abstract of article by Samcheleyev, Yu. P., Zhilyakov, V. I., Kalyuzhnyy, V. V.,
and Chernoivan, V. P.]
[Text] This article synthesizes the structure of a DC electric drive when the
current is provided by a parametric current source. Results are presented for a
66
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study of a drive based on a mathematical model and an actual unit. The electric
drive possessea high response speed and simplicity of circuit design. 5 illustra-
tions, 5 titles in bibliography.
_ UDC 621.314.722
ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC PROCESSES IN A THREE-PHASE SERIES-TYPE REGULATOB
[Abstract of article by Zozulev, V. I., Gorbachev, M. N., Zakrevskiy, S. N., and
Inyakin, I. A.]
[Text] An analysis is given of the electromagnetic processes for periodic operation
of a three-phase preresonant series-type voltage (current) regulator. Expressions
are derived for the instantaneous values and the voltage and current waveforms at
the regulator output are ascertained. 5 illustratians, 4 titles in bibliography. ~
UDC 621.316.721.1:621.382
TWO-TERMINAL CURRENT REGULATORS IN CIRCUITS WITH HIGH-VOLTAGE POWER LEADS
[Abstract of article by Dovgalevskiy, A. Yu., Starodumov, Yu. I., and Tsymbal,
K. K.]
[Text] This article examines circuit designs for two-terminal current stab ilizers
possessing high values for the output resistance. Mathematical expressions are
found and the characteristics of the stabilizers are analyzed. Experimental data
are cited. 6 illustrations, 4 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.314.26
CONTROL OF A TI~EE-PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR BASED ON IMPULSE DURATION MODULATION
OF ALTERNATING VOLTAGE CURVES
[Abstract of article by Grechko, E. N., Adamshin, M. M., Boyko, A. P., and Kutovoy,
V. I.]
['l'ext] This article conducts a harmonic analysis of the alternating voltage curves
processed through impulse duration modulation. The basic mathematical relations
are derived. A thyristor device is described which controls an asynchronous elec-
tric drive and which realizes the given f orm of impulse duration modulation in the
starting and stopping modes of operation. 2 illustrations, 3 tables, 3 titles in
bibliography.
UDC 621.3:621.791.75
COMI'ART.SON OF THE TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC CH~R~iCTERISTICS OF AND LIMITATIONS ON THE
APPLICATION OF RESERVOIR REACTORS WITH AND WITHOUT STEEL
[Abstract of article by Pentegov, I. V., and Legostayev, V. A.]
[Text] Questions are e~mined regarding the optimal geometry for reactors. Formu-
las are developed for determining their optimal geometric parameters. The arCicle
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comp~ires reactors with and without steel on the basis of weight and the cost of
the core materials. Power engineering areas for the most prof itable application
of these types of reactors are indicated. 4 illuatrations, 9 titles in bibliography.
UDC 6 21. 314 .0~ 1
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF THE OUTPUT ~URRENT FROM GATE-TYPE CONVERTERS THROUGH THE
USE OF A REGULATED INDUCTIVE POWER-STORAGE CIRCUIT ~
[Abstract of article by Sarv, V. V.]
[Text] It is shown that the operat3ng eff icieacy of an inductive power-storage
circuit can be increased substantially and the spectral composition of the input
and output currents of gate-type converter circuits can be improved while rhythmi-
ca11y varying the inductance of the storage circuit. This article examines the
suitability of the proposed method in an altemating voltage regulator, in a recti-
f ier and in a current inverter. 5 illustrations, 10 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.318.434.1
SIMP'LIFIED EQUATION FOR DESIGNING REACTORS WI~H A LINEAR VOLTAGE-AMPERAGE CHARAC-
TERISTIC
[Abstract of article by Spirin, V. M.]
(Text] A method is described for deriving a sim~plified equation for designing
reactors with a linear voltage-amperage characteristic. The method is based upon
the realization of the full factorial experiment 23 with the conversion of indepen-
dent variables. An example is provided f or deriving a aimplif ied equation for the
design of reactors for a specific case.
UDC 621.372.061
POi~JER CHARACTERISTICS OF REACTIVE TWO-TERMINAL NETWORKS ~
[Abstract of article by Tonka.l', V. Ye., Bezgachin, N. I.., and Nikitin, V. B.]
[Text] Questions are examined regarding the application of characteristic impedence
and characteristic admittance fimctions f or the analysis and synthesis of alter-
nat3ng current power circuits containing reactive elements. Four classea of two-
terminal networks are.analyzed with respect to the total output of the reactive
elements. Features relating to the application of reactive and chara~cteristic
impedence and admittance are examined when calLulations are performed on a digital
computer. 3 illustrations, 1 table, 4 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.317.619
INDUCTIVE-CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT FOR ZERO-SEQUENCE CURRENT COMPENSATION WITH NONSYP'IlrfETRY
IN THE POWER-SUPPLY VOLTAGE
[Abetract of article by Kusnetzov, V. G., and Ugrimov, S. F.]
68 .
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[Text] An analysis is made of the influence of voltage nonsymmetry and unbalance
as well as of the variation in the element parameters in the zero-sequence inductive-
capacitive current-compensation circuit due to calculated values. Formulas are
preeented which make it possible to asseas the influence of these factors upon the
cdrrent in positive and negative sequences during total and partial compensation
of the zero-sequence current. 3 illustrationa, 4 titles in bibliography.
UDC 621.326
COMPENSATION OF A THREE-PHASE SYSTEM WITH A NONSYMrIETRICAL POWER SOURCE
[Abstract of article by Mostovyak, I. V.] ~
[Text] This article establishes conditions for balancing a three-phase system with
a nonsymmetrical load. The nature of the balancing is determined. 2 titles in
b ib liography .
UDC 62I.377.534.032.43
PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTING DEVICES FOR IGNITING GAS DISCHARGES
~Abstract of article by Starodumov, Yu. I.]
[Text] This article axamines various devices for igniting a gas discharge. The
advantages and disadvantages of each are analyzed. Their areas of application are
determined. Ignition systems are classified. 1 illustration, 9 titles in biblio-
graphy.
UDC 621.311.6:621.317.44
PULSE MAGNETIZING DEVICE WITH STABILIZATION OF THE DISCHARGE CURRENT AMPLITUDE AND
THE TIME FOR CHARGING THE CAPACITOR BANK
[Abstract of article by Andriyevskiy, Ye. A., and Sheverdin, G. P.]
[Text] This arCicle describes a pulse magnetizing device with stepped variable
voltage supply to the capacitor bank and stabilization of the discharge current
amplitude with variation in the parameters of the charging and discharging circuits
and in the charge time of the pulse capacitor bank.
Mathematical expressions are presented which make it possible to select parameters
for the circuit elements which will insure the stability of the discharge current
and the charge time of the capacitor bank. 1 illustration, 4 titles in bibliogra-
phy.
UDC 621.373.072.6
~FrECT OF POWER-SUPPLY VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS ON THE PULSE RECURRENCE RATE OF PULSE-
CURRENT GENERATORS ~
I~Abstract of article by Spirin, V. M., Krynko, N. V., and Kurach, A. M.]
69
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[Text] This article provides an analysis of the influence of voltage oscillations
- in the power supply upon the pulse recurrence rate in pulse current generators of
electrohydraulic installations. For pulae current generator circuit designs with
inductive reactance in the primary alternating current circuit and with inductive-
capacitive conversation of the voltage source to a current source, variation iri
the pulse recurrence rate is specif ied when there are f luctuations in the aupply
network voltage. 3 illustrations, 7 titles in b ibliography.
- UDC 621.382.2.014.2
~ STUDY OF THYRISTOR CONVERTERS WITH PARALLEL CAPACITIVE SWITCHING
[Abstract of article by Pavlov, V. B., Kravchenko, Yu. I., and Yakimov, 0.�S.]
[Text] Variants of circuit designs for thyristor direct-current interrupters.
Their operational characteristics at low inpuC voltage are shown. The c ircuit
designs presented are calculated on a computer and the results of the machine
computation are compared with the experimental results: A deduction ie made
regarding the unsuitability of shunting.a power thyristor with a circuit of
inductance and a diode when supplying the interrupter with parallel capacitive
switching from a low-voltage source. 2 illustrations, 1 table, 3 titles in
b ib liography . .
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1979
9512
CSO: 1860 /223
70
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. UDC 621.371
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
Moscow EKSPERIMENTAL'NOYE IS3LEDOVADTIYE RASPROSTRANETTIYA RADIQVOLN in Russian 1980
pp 2, 150-151 ~
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Experimental Studiea on Radio Wave Pro-.
pagation", by V. Ye. Kashprovskiy, Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, the Ionosphere
and Radio Wave Propagation of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo'Nauka"]
[Text] On the basis of the analysis of propagation processes and properties of re-
ceiving antennas, the author studies the effects of their characteristics on the re-
gistered values of field intensity and the degree of their applicability in experi-
ments. Modern methods of ineasuring low voltages are examined, fundamentals of the
computation of dummy antennas are given, modern field recording instruments are de-
scribed, and ways of increasing the accuracy of ineasurement are mapped out.
It is shown that multibeam propagation mechanisms impair the quality of radio chan-
nels and limit the volumes of information about propagation processes. The book
gives an idea of the methods of oblique sounding and organization of ineasurements of
the intensity of individual beams, their number, and angles of arrival at the recep-
tion point. Methods for measuring three components of the wave field are outlined.
Methods for determining parameters of soils information on which is necessary for
calculating antenna characteristics are presented. Reconunendations are given for
the planning of.systems of oblique sounding of the ionosphere and systematic obser-
vations of propagation processes.
This monograph is intended for scientists and engineers, and for graduate and under-
graduate students of vuzes engaged in studying propagation processes of radio waves
controlling the work of real radio channels, as well as for designers of such instru-
ments. �
Fi~ur.FS 89, tables 2, bibliography 91 items.
~ Contents page
Introduction 3
Chapter I. Propagation of Long, Medium, and Short Radio Waves. Structure
of Wave Fields 5
1, Some General Considerations 5
2. Propagation of "Earth" Waves 5
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3. Propagation of Waves of Medium and Long Wave Ranges Through
the Ionosphere 12
4. Mec~ianisma of the Propagation of Radio Waves of the Short-Wave
Range 15
Chapter II. Receiving Antennas as Elements of Field Intensity Measurers 19
1. Frame Antenna and Its Basic Properties 19
2. Vertical Asymmetrical Dipole (Rod Antenna) 27
3. Horizontal Dipole anrl Its Basic Properties as a Measuring Antenna 34
4. Characteristics of a Traveling-Wave Antenna . 40
S. Log-Periodic Antennas and Their Peculiaritiea 46
Chapter III. Organizational Problems of Intensity Measurements of Wave Fields 49
1. Classification of Field Intensity Measurements 49
2. Minimal Dimensions of the Wave Zone 51
3, Area of Farth Surface Actively Participating in the Formation of
Wave Fields ~ 53
4. Influence of I.ocoi Objects 56
5. Antenna Systems of Receiving Centers and Their Interaction 67
Chapter IV. Fundamentals of Measuring the Electromotive Force of
ReCeiving Antennas and FieYd Intensities Corresponding
to Them
1, Differences in the Conditions of Field Measurements
2. Basic Principles of Wave Field Measurement 71
3, Substitution Method ~ 74
4. Calibration Method 76
5. Method of Antenna Short-Circuiting 78
6. Equivalents of Antenna-Feeder Systems and.Their Realization 80
7. Problems of Continuous Recording of Field InCensity $5
8. Amplification Systems with Logarithmic Characteristics and Their
Basic Properties ~ 91
Chapter V. Field Intensity Measurement as a Means for Determining the
Yarameters of a Radio Channel 95
1. Measurement of the Power Emitted by Antennas of the Medium and
Long-Wave Ranges 96
2. Method for Measuring the Resistance of Antennas of the Medium and
Long-Wave Ranges ~ 101
3. Measurement of the Impedances of Antenna-Feeder Systems of the
Shortwave Range and the Con:.rol of the Parameters of Dummy Antennas 104
4. Field Intensity Measurement for Evaluating the Characteristics of the
Directivity of Receiving and Transmitting Antennas 107
5. Measurement ot Soil Parameters Along the Propagation Route of
Earth Waves (Route ConducCivity of Soils dT) 112
G. Measurement of Local Soil Conductivity 114
7, Measurement of Local Effective Parameters of Soils in the Short-
wave Range . 115
Chaptcr VI. Ways of Improving the Methods and Techniques of Measuring
Wave Fielda 120
72
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. )NLY
1. Specific Raquirements in Measuring Wave Fields 120
2. Determination of the Main Properties of Propagation Mechanisms 124
3. Possible Principlea of the Organization of an Obaervation
System of Ionoapheric Situation and Effective Control of
Radio Co~nunication Syatem 141
Conclusion 144
Bibliography 147
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
10,233
, CSO: 1860/221
73
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UDC 620.17
FUNllAMENTALS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD OF STRESS ANALYSIS IN ANISO-
TROPTC MEDIA
Kiev OSNOVY ELEKTROMAGNITNOGO METODA ISSLEDOVANIYA NAPRYAZFIENIY V ANIZO-
TROPNYKH SREDAKH in ftussian 1980 (~igned to press 3 Oct 79) pp 2-1t
[Annotation and table of contents from the book ~~Fundamentals of the IIec-
tromagnetic Method of Stress Analysis in Anisotropic Media"~ by Ivan Petro-
vich Vasil~chenko and Bogdan Lyubomirovich Pelekh~ Izdatel~stvo "Naukova
dwmka~~, 1150 copies, 116 pages]
[Text] This monograph presents a method for determining stress-strain con-
ditions in anisotropic media through the use of
the non-visible region of
the electromagnetic apectrum. An eaposition of the theoretical basis of
the electromagnetic method for determining stress in anisotropic media is
provided. Possibilities for applying this method to cLynamic problems for
anisotropic bodies are indicated. State-of-the-art implementation of the
method is described. F~nctional diagrams of eacperime~ntal devices are also
provided, as well as results of the investigations.
The work is intended for the use of scientific and technical engineerin~g
personnel sngaged in experimental investigations of the strength of solid
deformable bodies. '
Table of Contents
Foreword � 5
Introduction 9
l. Analysis of stress-strain conditions in anisotropic model
materials using the visible-light region of the electro-
magnetic spectrum. Current status of the problem 9
2. bctension of photomechanical methods to non-transparent
materials using the microwave region o�.eiectromagnetic
waves . 13
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Chapter l. Theoretical Bases of the Electromagnetic Method for
~ Determining Stress in Anisotropic Hedia 16
1. PY~yaical bases of the method 16
2. Some data from the theory of electr~magnetic xave propaga-
tion in electrically eni~otropic dielectric media 18
3. Relationship of the phase difference of polarized waves to
the strain state 21
!t. Passage of a polarized electromagietic wave through a
stressed plate. Intersecting and parallel planes of
polari zat:~on 22
5. Basic cori�espondences which determine the rel~tionship
between the strain state of a medium and the electromag-
netic characterisitics of a polarized wave 24
Chapter 2. Apparatus and Technical Applications of the Electromag-
netic Method 31
1. Radiopolarization equipment 32
2. Radiointerferometry 35
3. Characteristics of stress analysis in planar plastic models
using millimeter wave~s a�_microwave,region � 38
Characteristics of ineasurements made in the visible-light
and infrared ranges on f1~11-scale fiberglass products 42
5. Stress distribution analysis us3ng the millimeter region
of electromagnetic waves ~ 45
6. Concerning the determination of c~jmamic stresses 1~9
Chapter 3. Acoustic Methods for Investigating the Ph3rsical-Mechanical
Properties of Anisotropic Rsinforced Plastic 53
l. Introductory remarks 53
2. Resonance methods for determining the elastic properties
of composite materials 5~
3. Some problems in the measurement of inechanical properties
at high temperatures 63
Chapter !i. Analysis of the stress-strain condition o~ anisotropic
media in the visible-light range(method dealing with the
photoelasticity of anisotropic bodies) 70
1. Obtaining piezo-optical material with anisotropic elastic
properties for use in optical modeling 70
2. Strain concentration in orthotropic perforated plates ?3
3. Analysis of granular structttres 76
~~F~eezing'~ of straine in the analysis of thick lamellate
reinforced plastic by the polaxization-optical method 80
5. Aasesaing the effect of Poisson~s ratio on the stress
state in the solution of volumetric problems by the
freezing method 89
6. Stress state analysis in thick-xalled conical shells 99
Bibliography 109
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Naukova dumka~~, 1980
9481
CSO; 1860/19?
75 ~
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UDC 621.396.932(031)
HANDBOOK OF SHIPBOARD RADIO COMMUNICATION AND RADIO NAVIGATION EQIIIPMENT.
VOL. 2: RADIO NAVIGATION EQIIIPMENT
Leningrad SPRAVOCHNIK PO SUDOVOMU OBORUDOVANIYU RADI~SVYAZI I RADIONAVIGATSII.
TOM 2: OBORUDOVANIYE RADIONAVIGATSII in Russian 1979 (signed to press 13 Nov 79)
pp 2-G, 230-31
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book "Sandbook of Shipboard
Radio Communication and Radio Navigation Equipment", by Alel~sandr Mustafovich
Bayrashevskiy, Yuriy Yeliseyevich Gornostayev, Aleksandr Vasil'qevich Zherlak,ov,
Aleksandr Anatol'yevich I1'in, Oleg Vasil'qevich Rononov and Nikolay Timofeyevich
Nichiporenko, Izdatel'atvo "Sudostroyeniye", 12,000 copies, 232 pages]
[Text] Annotation '
The second volume of this handbook contains basic information on modern radio
navigation and radar equipment for seagoing vessels. A clasaification of the
devices is given along with their characteristics, and the makeup aad composi-
tion of the equipment are given along with functional diagrams. The basic re-
quirements for installing and operating the equipment under shipboard conditions
are explained. .
This handbook is intended for a wide group of engineering and technical worlcers
in design organizations, as well as apecialists who operate equipment aboard
ships of the merchant marine and river fleets and the Ministry of the Fishing
Industry.
This handbook can also be used by students of higher educational institutions
and technical schools as weZl as atudents of marine training institutions in
their course and graduation design.
Foreword
The requirements for navigational satety are increa.sing significantly in con-
nection with the growth and tonnage and increases in the apeed~ size and inertia
of modern vessels. The radio navigation instruments used aboard ships of, the
merchant marine and fishing industry fleets are extremely important. T'hese
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instruments make it possible to reduce the number of accidents, which result in
substantial material losses, and sometimea create a real threat to the environment.
Voltmme II of the Handbook on Shipboard Radio Communication and Radio Navigation
Equipment is devoted to modern domestic radio navigation instruments used aboard
ships of the merchant marine and fishing industry fleets. E~Camined here are func-
tional and structural diagrams, operating and technical characteristics, and rules
for techn3cal operation of radio navigation instruments.
Chapter 1 examines shipboard radio direction finders with audible readout of the
"Rybka" and "Barkas" type, and the type "Rumb" two-channel visual radio direction
finder.
' Chapter 2 c~ntains a description of the types "Pirs-1D" and "Pirs-1M" receivers
used to det~.~mine the location of the vessel by means of signals emitted by the
shore stations of the "Dekka" phase radio navigation system.
Chapter 3 examines the type KPI-5F shipboard receiver, which is used to determine
the location of the ship by means of signals from the shore stations of the pulse-
phase "Loran-S" radio navigation system. ~
Chapters 4 and 5 provide descriptions of the type "Lotsiya", "Mius" and "Nayada"
shipboard navigational RLS jradar stations] and type "Okean" and "Okean-M" auto-
mated navigational RLS.
Chapter 6 eacamines the operating features of the "Istra" navigational Doppler RLS
for measuring docking speed.
Chapter 7 is devoted to the "Mgla" night-vision shipboard infrared equipment and
the "Gorizont" television system.
Each chapter in the handbook is concluded with recommendations on the installation,
mounting and operation of the radio navigation equipment in question aboard the
ship .
The development of technical ship navigation equipment in the past ten years is
characterized by the ~rtdespread introduction of digital computing technology and
the use of new systems principles which increase the operational capabilities of
instruments. The implementation of circuits for digital processing of radio
navigation data makes it possible to use optimal processing methods and to repre-
sent navigational data in a form convenient for the navigator.
At the time work on the handbook was bein; finished, the development of the
"Yenisey" radar set was completed and experimental operation had begun. The
"Briz-Ye" and "Kron" computerized aituation indicators are nearing completion,
and production will begin in 1981. The more sophisticated "Birqusa" navigational
set is now under development.
Unfortunately, none of these navigational sets are included in this issue of the
Handbook. However, the authors have noted the trends in the development of
77
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teclinical ship navigation equipment, and have tried to provide a more thorough
explanation of those questions which will help the readar to overcome difficulties
in studying the radar-computing units not covered in the preaent Aandbook.
This work was done by a collective of suthors. Chapter 1 was written by
0. V. Kononov, Chapter 2, by A. V. Zherlakov, Chapter 3 by Yu. Ye. Gornostayev,
Chapters 4 and 6 by A. M. Bayrashevskiy, Chapters 5 and 7 by N. T. Nichiporenko,
and Section 4.2 by A. A. I1'in.
Please direct any remarks to 191065, Leningrad, ul. Gogolya, 8, izdatel'stvo
"Sudostroqeniye".
Table of Contents
Foreword 3
Part I. Shipboard Radio Navigation Systems 5
Chapter 1. Shipboard Direction-Finding Radio Navigation System.......... 8
1.1. Shipboard radio direction finders and their classification...,..... 8
1.2. "Rybka" shipboard radio directioa finder with audible indication... 9
1.3. "Barkas" portable shipboard radio direction finder with audible
indication 14
1.4. "Rumb" two-channel shipboard visual radio direction finder......... 18
1.5. Requirements for installing, adjustiag and operating shipboard
radio direction �inders........ 28
Chapter 2. Phase-Type Radio Navigation Sqste~ms 30
2.1. Classification and featur~es of shipboard phase-tqpe radio
navigation systems 30
2.2. "Pirs-1D" shipboard rer_~eiver display 36
2.3. "Pirs-1M" shipboard receiver display 50
2.4. Requirements for 3.nstallation, ad~ustment and operation of
receiver displaq under ahipboard conditions 56
Chapter 3. Pulse and Pulse-Phase Rad~o Navigation Systems 59
3.1. Classification and features of ahipboard pulse and pulse-pt~ase
radio navigation systems 59
3.2. KPI-5F receiver display 63
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3.3. Recommendations for shipboard installation of receiver display..... 77
3.4e Basic operating rules for KPI-5F receiveY~ display 77
- Part II. Shipboard Navigational Radar Stations 85
Chapter 4. Pulsed Shipboard Navigational RLS 87
4.1. Features of pulsed RLS and their op~rational and technical
characteriatics 87
4.2. "Lotsiya" shipboard navigational RLS 95
4.3. "Mius" shipboard navigational RLS 106
4.4. "Nayada"-series shipboard navigational EtLS 121
4.5. Requirements for install.ation, ad~ustment and operation of
shipboard navigational RLS 139
Chapter 5. Automated Shipboard Navigational RLS 152
5.1. "Okean" shipUoard navigational RLS 152
5.2. "Okean-M" shipboard navigational RLS 176
5.3. Features of ahipboard radio navigational and radar sets............ 210
Chapter 6. Doppler Navigational RI,S 214
6.1. Operating features of Doppler navigational RLS 214
6.2. "Istra" RLS for measuring docking speed of vessels 218
Chapter 7. Shipboard Infrared and Television Equipment 221
7.1. "Mgla" infrared night-vision equipment 221
7.2. "Gr~rizont" shipboard television installation 225
Ribliography 229
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sudostroyeniye", 1979
6900
CSO: 1860/247
79
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I
~
UDC 621.317.38
MEASURF~~fENT OF ELECTRIC POWER IN THE AUDIO FREQUENCY RANGE
Leningrad IZMERENIYE ELEKTRICHESROY MOSHCflNOSTI V ZWKOVOM DIAPAZONE CHASTOT
in Russian 1980 (signed to press 25 Oct 80) pp 2, 166-7
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Measurement of Electric Power in
the Audio Frequency Range", by Aleksandra Yak,ovlevna Bezik,ovich and
Yef3m Zinov'yevich Shagiro, Izdatel'atvo "Energipa", 5,900 copies, 168 pages]
[Text] This book examines modern methods and means of inea.suring the true power in
alternating current circuits in the power and audio frequency ranges. Block
diagrams are presented for analog and digital wattmeters and devices for calibra-
ting power-~measuring equipment. Information on this sub~ect from domestic and
foreign literature is likewise catalogued.
This book is intended for power-+measurement.specialist~ engaged in the develop-
ment, production and operation of ineasurement equipment. It will also be useful
for metrologists involved in the calibration of various tgpes of power~measure-
ment equipment and for students at higher education establishments of the elec-
trical engineering professions.
Contents Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 1. Aspects of the Theory of Electric Power Measurement 5
l.l. Power in direct and alternating current circuits 5
1.2. Direct and indirect measurement of power 7
1.3. Method of direct estimation and the method of comparison when
measuring power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4. Measuring power by the simultaneous comparison method 19
1.5. Methods of comparing equal and unequal values 21
1.6. Methods of constructing measuring power transducers 24
~hapter 2. Direct-Evaluation Instruments for Measurement of True Power . 34
- 2.1. Electrodynamic and f errodynamic wattmeters . . . . . . . . 34
2.2. Electrostatic wattmeters . . . . . � � � � � � � . 45
2.3. Wattmeters with Hall-type transducers . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.4. Wattmeters with modulation measuring power transducers 51
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Chapter 3., Comparison Instruments f.or Measuring Electric Power 62
3.1. Type:. of ineasuring power transducers for realizing the comparison
method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.2. Camparison instruments with electromechanical measuring power
traneducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3. Electrott~ermal transducers for comparison instruments 77
3.4. Thermoelectrical comparison instruments with pasaive input value
adders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.5. Thermoelectrical comparison instruments with active input value
adders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Chapter 4. Construction Features of Digital Wattmetere for Alternating
Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2. Dig:ital wattmeters with automatic error correction of ineasuring
power transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.3. Digital waL�tmeters with partial analog transduction of the input
values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.4. Digital microwattmeter with additive correction of inethodical error 119
4.5. Digital wattmeter based on the statistical testing method 122
4.6. Digital wattmeters with transduction of power into an interval of
time or into frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Chapter 5. Primary Transducers of Voltage and Current 130
5.1. Types of primary transdu~ers and their basic parameters 130
5.2. Resistiva primary voltage transducers . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.3. Resistive primary current transducers . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.4. Resistorg of primary voltage and current transducers 139
Chapter 6. Calibration of Power-Measurement Equipment 145
6.1. Calibration features of power-measurement equipment 145
6.2. Complete calibration of power-measurement equipment 146
6.3. Experimentally calculated methods of calibrating power-measurement
equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1980
9512
CSO: 1860/242
- 81
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UDC 621.396.6
PRECISION DESIGN IN MICROET.y~'.~TRONICS ~
Leningrad TOCHNOSTNYYE RASCHETY V MIRROELEKTRONIKE in Russian 1980 (signed to press
5 Feb 80) pp 2, 138-39 ~
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Precision Design in Miroelectronics" by
Anatoliy Semenovich Shumilin, Izdatel'stvo Leningradskogo universiteta, 3099 copies,
1~+0 pages]
[Text] This book analyzes the requirements for the accuracy of the output parameter
of the microelectronic device as a complex system and presents detailed studies on
the influence of the instabilities of technological in�luences on its accuracy. The
at~thor examines the most popular variants of technological processes: vacuum-thermal:
ion-plasma, and semiconductor processes. As a result of mathema.tical studies, the
author found calculated relations for the most characteristic points of accuracy
losses.
The book is intended for a broad section of readers and primarily for researchers
- and engineers working in the area of microelectronics, as well as ~or senior stu-
dents in these areas.
~ Contents Page
P'orewurd 4
Chapter 1. Technological Accuracy of Microelectronic Systems 6
1.1. Equation of Technological Accuracy 6
1.2. Precision Design of Complex Systems 10
1.3. Synthesis of Optimal Tolerances for Individual Operations of
the Technological Process 20
Chap~er 2. Precision Design in Thin-FiTm Technolo~y 35
2,1, Block Diagram of the Technological Process and the
Composition of Calculations ~ 35
2.2. Basic Elements of Thin-Film Microcircuits and Sources of Errors
in Their Manufacturing 37
_ 2.3. Accuracy of Specific Volume Resistance of the Film ~ 41
2.4. Accuracy of the Thickness and 5pecific Resistance of the Square
of the Film 46
2.5. Accuracy of Achieving the Dielectric Constant 54
8'L
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2.6. Accuracy of Achieving Geometrical Dimensions by Photolighographic
Mettiods 55
2.7. Influence of the Shading and Evaporation Effects and Errors in
the Basing of Masks in the Masking Method 7p
2.8. Special Characteristics of PrQCision Design in Using Ion
Technology 77
Chapter 3. Precision Design in Semiconductor Technfllogy 79
3.1. Block Diagram of the Technological Process and the Composition
of Calculations 79
3.2. Component Parts of Semiconductor Microcircuits and Their Basic
Parameters 82
3.3. Accuracy of Achieving the Parameters of the Epitaxial Layer 92
3.4. Accuracy of Achieving the Parameters by the Technological
Diffusion Process 102
3.5. Accuracy in Manufacturing Oxide Masking Films on a Semicon-
ductor 113
Chapter 4. Selection of the Means of Technological Control 115
4.1. Classification of the Means of Controlling Integrated ~
Microcircuits 115
4.2. Evaluation of Effectiveness and Selection of a Complex of
the Means of Control. by Statistical Methods 121
Supplement. Computation of Optimal Tolerances on an Electronic Computer
by the Method of Dynamic Programming 131
Bibliography 134
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo Leningradskogo universiteta, 1980
10,233 �
CSO: ]860/222
83
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UDC 621.13.019:621.395.4
RELIABILITY OF MULTICHANNEL COM[~iQNICATI~NS SYSTEMS
Moscow NADEZHNOST' SISTEM MNOGORA?~IAL'NOY SVYAZI in Russian 1980
(signed to press 20 Aug 80) pp 2, 94-95
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Rel3ability of Multichannel
Communications Systems", by Ivan ivanovich Gnidenko and Nikolay Parfent'yevich ~
Truskalov, Izdatel'srvo "Svyaz 6000 copies, 96 pages]
[Text] Questions connected with determining the basic indicatora of the reliability
of primary system componenta and factors affecting the equipment during its produc-
tion and use are discussed. Methode for designing and insuring reliability of the
primary system, its equipment and traasmission systems are described. Questions
concerning inspection, preventive maintenance, organization of repairs and providing
spare parts for electrocommunications offices are examined. Principles for designing
systems for assembling information about the reliability of the equipment and instal-
lations of the primary system and methods for procesaing statiatical data on their
fa3lures are presented. :
The book is for specialists studying questions of reliability during planning,
production and operation of multicharinel communications systems, as well as for
students of electrical engineerfng co~mmunications inatitutes.
- . CONTENTS Page
Foreword 3
Introduction 5
Chapter 1. Insuring reliability of the primary system. 8
1.1 Indicators of the reliability of primary system components 8
1.2 Methods for insur3ng reliability of the primary system 15
1.3 External factors causing failures of primary system components 20
Chapter 2. Methods for calculating reliability during planning and
operation of systems and transmission lines of the primary
system 29
2.1 Selection and basis for reliabi?ity indicators during planning 29
_ 84
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2.2 Calculation of reliability of transmissioa systems equipment
in the developmental stage 39
2.4 Determination of certain reliabilitq indicators of
transmission systems equipment based on performance data 4],
2.5 Economical effectiveness of improving transmisaion ayatems
reliability of the primarq ayatem 44
Chapter 3. Methods for providing reliability of tranemisaion systems
and of the primary system while in operation 46
3.1 Program to insure reliability of tranemission systems equipment 46
3.2 Structure of the primary system maintenance work system 49
Chapter 4. Supplying spare parts for the primary system 68
4.1 Supplying electrocommunications offices with complete sets
of spare parts,.tools and accesaories for repair and with
camplete sets of replaceable parts 68
4.2 Structure for supplying spare units to a sector of the
primary system 72
4.3 Optimum distribution of the quantity of spare units in the
structure of a sector of the primary system 76
Chapter 5. Information about primary system equipment and
installation reliability 79
5.1 Sources of information on the primary system equipment
and installation reliabi].ity 79
5.2 Significance of reliability information for operational
enterprises of the primary system 80
5.3 Assembly, distribution and realization of information about
primary system equipment and insta~lation reliability 81
Appendix 1. The parameter ~ of the Poisson distribution given
various values of the inder., (1-S, 1-e2, el) 87
Appendix 2. Values of coeff icient R1 88
Appendix 3~ Values of coeff icient R2 89
Appendix 4. Initial data and formulae for calculating the probability
of the lack of spare units at OUP [attended tandem station],
ZRB jzone repair center] and TsRB [cen~~al repair center]
warehouses 89
Appendix 5. Formulas for calculating coefficients lAA, 2~A, 3AA 91
Appendix 6. Form for recording equipment failures of transmission
systems 91
Bibliography 92
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 1980
9194
CSO: 1860/212
85 ~
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UDC 681.142.32
SYNTHESIS OF REDUNDANT DISCRETE SYSTEMS WITH STRUCTURAL RECONFIGURATION
Kiev SINTEZ IZBYTOCHNYKH DISKRETNYKH USTROYSTV S REKONFIGURATSIYEY STRUKTURY
in Russian 1979 (signed to press 3 May 79) Pp 2, 155-6
[Annotation and table of contents from the book �The Sy?nthesis of Redundant
Discrete SysteQns with Structural Reconfiguration'~, by Vadim Yevgen~~yevich
' Obukhov and Vadim Vladimirovlch Pavlov~ Izdatel~atvo "Naukova dumlca", 1500
copies, 156 pages]
[Text] This monograph constitutes an a~camination of the method Which in-
corporates structure-reliability syntheais of redundant discrete systems
(DS) subject to internal disturbances(failurea). ~The method has its basis
in ttie development of the prescriptive theory of c~}mamic syste~as as it
_ applies to DS as a c'lass. The applied body of mabhesnatics provides the
means for syntheais of redundant structures of diagnosible DS xi.th contin-
uous self-recovery of predetermined fwnctional characteristics. Boolean
functional equations of absolute invariance constitute the bases of this
body of mathemstics. A deacription of the DS reconfiguration method is
given. Also provided is an overview of the synthesis of redundant diag-
nosible and autodiagnosible DS ~rith adaptive recovery.
This book is intended for the use of scientiric research ~rorkers and post-
graduate students specializ3ng in the field of computer technology, as well
as for engineers involved in reliability design of discrete systeras.
Table of Contents ~
Foreword 3
Ch~.pter 1
General Considerations of Reliability in Discrete S~rstems. 5
l.l. Definitions of reliability theory 5
1.2. Methods for increasing reliability 6
1.3. AnalYsis of some reliability problems 8
, 86
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Chapter 2
Struc~,ural Redundancy in Discrete Systems 13
2.1. Parallel reservation of nancontrollable DS 13
2.2. Reservation of controllable AS 20
2.3. Homogeneous D5 wlth variable atructure 22
Chapter 3 ~
~anctional Synthesis of S`ystems 31
3.1. Dymamic systems and automatic devices 31
3.2. Failures and disturbances 36
3.3. Prescriptive theory of dynamic system eynthesis t12
~ 3.1~. Fl~nctional Boolean equations of absolute invari.ance ~t3
.3.5� ~inctional synthesis of structures in finite automatic devices !t6
Chapter !t
Reconfiguration of Redundant Discrete S~rstems ~8
l~.1. Principles of reconfiguration ~a
lt.2. An example of redundant DS with structural reconfiguration 51
~..3. Fluictional and structural features of the s~~ructural
reconfiguration method 55
- l~.4. Reconfiguration of redundant DS S+rith autocontrol 61
Chapter 5 '
Mathematical Bases for the Synthesis of ftedundant Discrete Systems
with Structural R.econfiguration 6g
~.1. Boolean equations and analysis of inethods for their solution 68
5.2. Solution of Boolean equations with diatributed terms 79
5.3. Solution of Boolean equations using the Veitch diagram 87
5.1~. Special features of the preceding solutions 89
~.5. General algorithm for the solution of extended 9oolean equations 93
5.6. Generalized algorithm for the solution of Boolean equations 102
5.7. Matrix method for the solution of Boolean equations 106
5.8. Solution of Boolean equations of arbitrary structure u1
Chapter 6
Reliability Synthesis of Logic Systems 116
6.1. Synthesis of redundant stracture in a reverse-code converter 116
6.2. Synthesis of redundant structure in a converter of direct
substitution code to cyclic code 1~8
6.3. Synthesis of redundant structure in a converter of direct
substitution code to 2l~21 code~ 120
6.1~. Synthesis of redundant structure in a single-digit adder 128
87
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Chapter 7
Raliability Syntheais of Automatic Devices with MeQnory 137
7.1. Characteriatic features of the description of Boolean
- equations for automatic devices with m,e~ory 137
7.2. General synthesis of redundaat strncture in automatic
devices with meomory . 139
7.3. Synthesis of redundant structure in counters and scaling
circuits 1~
7.4. Simul.taneous synthesis of redundant structure in logic
devices and automatic devices ~?rith memory 1l~5
Bibliography i52
COPYRIGHT: Izdateltstvo ~'Naukova dumka", 1979
9481
CSO: 1860/196 .
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UDC 621.384.31
TFIEORY t~NU CALCULATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS
Moscow TEORIYA I RASCHET OPTIKO-ELEKTRONNYKH PRIBOROV in Russian 1980 pp 2-6
[Annotation and tabJ.e of contents from book "Theory and Calculation of Optoelec-
tronic Instruments", by Yu. G. Yakushenkov, Second edition, revised and supple-
mented, Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 392 pages]
[Text] The physical basics of optoelectronic instruments are presented. Typical
components of the primary information processing system of an optoelectronic
instrument are described: optical radiation sources and receivers, optical system,
image analyzers, scanning systems and modulators. Basic attention is devoted to
the calculation and selection of the parameters and charactexistics of these
components from the standpoint of optimum mating with each other and signal fil-
tration on a background of interference.
I'rocedures are presented for calculating and selecting the most important parameters
of optoelectronic instruments: range, precision, signal to noise ratio, design
parameters and characteristics of sources, optical systems, receivers and elec-
tronic circuitry.
The book is intended as a textbook for students enrolled in optical courses at
collcges and universities. It may also be beneficial to a wide range of
specialists, engaged in optical instrument design and familiar with physics and
electronics within the scope of the programs of general engineering institutions.
T'he text is accompanied by 86 figures, 23 tables and 131 bibliographic references.
Contents Page
Preface 7
1. Introduction 10
1.1. Optoelectronic Instruments: Definition, Generalized Diagram and
Onerating Methods 10
1.2. Brief Classification of Optoelectronic Instruments 13
1.3. Comparison of Optoelectronic Instruments with Visual Optical and
with Radio Electronic Instruments 14
1.4. Brief Historical Outline on Development of Optoelectronic Instrument
Uesign 17
89
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Part I. Physical Fundamentals and Elements of Optoelectronic Instruments
2. Optical Radiation. Sources of Radiation 21
2.1. Optical Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves 21
2.2. Basic Energy and Photometric Parameters and Relations Between Them 22
2.3. System of Astrophysical Celestial Values 31
2.4. Basic Parameters and Characteristics of Radiators. B1ack Body 33 .
2.5. Laws of Thermal Radiation 3~
2.6. Incandescent Lamps and Gas. Discharge Tubes 42
2.7. Light=Emitting Diodes and Electroluminescent Panels and Capacitors 45
2,8. Application of Lasers as Radiation Sources in Optoelectronic
Instruments 48
3. Influence of Propagation Medium of Optical Radiation on Performance of
Optoelectronic Instruments 58
3.1. General Aspects of Propagation of Radiation in Atmosphere 58
3.2. Absorption of Radiation in Earth's Atmosphere � 62
3.3. Scattering of Radiation in Atmosphere 66
3.4. Fluctuations of Atmospheric Transparency and Their Ef�ect on
Performance of Optoelectronic Instrument ~ 72
3.5. Refraction of Optical Rays . ~5
4. Optical System of Optoelectronic Instrument ~ ~
4.1. Purpose and Features of Optical System of Optoelectronic Instrument 77
4.2. Preliminary Electrical Calculations of Optical Systems of Optoelec-
� tronic Instruments. Basic Energy Equation of Optoelectronic
Instrument 79
4.3. Energy Losses in Qptical System of Optoelectronic Instrument 91
4.4. Image Quality as Function of ~Parameters of Optical System 92
4.5. Transmi.tting Optical Systems of Optoelectronic Instruments 96
4.6. Lenses of Optoelectronic Instruments 99
4.7. Capacitors of Receiving Optical Systems of Optoelectronic Instruments 104
4.8. Qptical Analyzers 111
4.9. Optical Correctors ~ Y19
4.10. Blinds 125
4.11. Optical Filters 12$
_ 4.12. Materials of Optical Systems of Optoelectronic Instruments 13A
5. Radiation.Receiver as Component of Optoelectronic Instrument 140
5.1. Classification of Radiation Receivers 140
5.2. Parameters of Radiation Receivers 142
5.3. Characteristics of Radiation Receivers 150
5.4. Certification of Receivers. Conversion of Their Parameters 153
S.S. Cooling of Radiation Receivers 159
5.6. Basic Kinds of Radiation Receivers and Their Application in Opto-
electronic Instruments 161
5.7. Application of Coordinate (Position-Sensitive) Radiation Receivers
in Optoelsctronic Instruments 176
5.8. Matching of Receiver with Radiation Source and Optical System of
Optoelectronic Instrument 187
5.9. Matching of Radiation Receiver with Electronic System of Optoelec-
tronic Instrument 190
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6. Scanning in Optoelectronic Instruments 195
h.l. Purpose and Role of Scanning 195
G.2. Parameters and Characteristics of Scanning Systems 197
G.3. Basic Types of Scanning Systems 201
Part 1I. Theoretical Fundamentals of Signal Reception in Application to
Qptoelectronic Instruments
7. Signals and Interference in Optoelectronic Instruments 204
7.1. Deterministic Signals and Methods of Describing Them 204
7.2. Random Signals and Methods of Describing Them 215
7.3. Quality C~citeria of Optoelectronic Instruments 219
8. Modulation and Demodulation of Signal in Optoelectronic Instrument 222
8.1. Purpose, Classification and Features of Modulation of Radiation
Flux in Optoelectronic Instrument 222
8.2. Signal Power Losses in Modulation 233
8.3. Optical Signal Modulation Using Rasters 235
8.4. Electrooptical and Certain Other Types of Modulators 241
8.5. Demodulation of Signal in Optoelectronic Instrument 244
y. Optoelectronic Instrument as Linear Filter 248
9.1. Structural Diagram of Qptoelectronic Tracking System 248
9.2. Optical System as Linear Filter (Fourier Transformation in Incoherent
Qptical System) ~ 252
9.3. Fourier Transformation in Coherent Optical System 259
9.4. Space-Frequency Characteristic of Raster of Analyzer 263
9.5. Spectrum of Deterministic Signal at Output of Primary Informa.tion .
Processing System 26~
9.6. Passage of Random Interference Through Optoelectronic System 271
9.7. 'fransfer Function of Propagation Medium � 273
10. Optical Signal Reception on Interference Background 277
10.1. Methods of Receiving Optical Signals 277
10.2. Optimal Filtration in Signal Detection on Interference Background 286
10.3. Optimal Filtration in Signal Parameter Measurement 293
10.4. Spectral Filtration 299
1U.5. Spatial Filtration in Incvherent Optical Systems 304
lU.G. Spatial Filtration in Coherent Optical Systems 313
10.7. Optical Correlation in Optoelectronic Instruments 317
Part III. Methods of Calculating Basic Parameters and Characteristics of
Optoelectronic Instruments
11. I'rocedure for Calculating and Designing Typical Optoelectronic
~ Instrument 322
11.1. Features of Design and Development of Optoelectronic Instruments 322
11.2. Basic Calculations Done in Design of Optoelectronic Instruments 325
12. Energy (Optical Engineering) Calculations of Optoelectronic Instruments 326
12.1. Generalized Energy Calculation Procedure 326
12.2. Calculatior: of Signal Detection Probability on Interference and
Noise Background 333
91
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12.3. Efficiency Calculation of Optoelectronic Instrument 335
12.4. Calculation of Signal-to-Noise Ratio at Radiation Receiyer Output 338
12.5. Calculation of Effective Range of Optoelectronic Instrument 340 ~
13. Precision Calculations of Optoelectronic Instruments 344
. 13.1. Basic Stages of Precision Calculation of Optoelectronic Instrument 344
13.2. Potential Precision Calculation of Optoelectronic Instrwnent 346
13.3. Calculation of Dynamic Errors for Deterministic Input Signals 348
13.4. Calculation of Fluctuation Errors for Stationary Random Signals 349
13.5. Calculation of Instrumental Errors 351
14. Calculation of Certain Design Parameters of Optoelectronic Instruments 352
�14.1. Calculation of Diameter of Input Lens of Optoelectronic Instrument 352
14.2. Calculation of Field of View of Optical System 354
14.3. Calculation of Basic Parameters of Radiation Sources 357
14.4. Selection and Calculation of Basic Parameters of Radiation Receiver 360
14.5. Selection and Calculation of Parameters of Scanning System 364
15. Calculation and Selection of Certain Dynamic Parameters of Optoelectronic
Instruments 368
15.1. Comparative Evaluation and Selection of Kind of Optical Signal
Modulation 368
15.2. Selection of Working Modulation Frequencies 374
15.3. Selection of Passband of Electronic Circuit 3~~
Ribli.ography 381
Subject Index 388
COPYRIGHT: Izdatzl'stvo "Sovetskoye radio",.1980
7372
CSU: 1860/246
92
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~
~ UDC 621.391.2
THEORY OF CODE DIVISION OF SIGNALS
Moscow TEORIYA KODAVOGO RAZDELENIYA SIGNALOV in Russian 1980 (signed to press
3 Dec 80) pp 2-4~ 207-8
[Annotation, excerpts f rom foreword and table of contents f rom book "Theory of Code
Division of Signals", by Igor' Mikhaylovich Pyshkin, Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 4,000
copies, 208 pages)
[Excerpts] This book presents the basis of th~e theory of._COde multiplexing and
division of signals as applied.to asynchronous address sys~~ for the transmission
of information. An analysis o� the performance in terms of error probability for the
moat widely used types of asynchronous address systems is carried out fo r given models
of interference. The synthesis and analysis of the best possible structures for
processing signals in asynchronous address systems are also carried out. This book
investigates performance in terms of error probability for nonparametric detectors
and examines the feasib ility of transmitting continuous traffic in asynchronous
address systems using nonparametric modulation methods. This book likewise studies
the use of code multiplexing and division of signals in practicable systems for
the tranamission of information.
This book is intended for engineering and technical workers in the f ield of data
transmission.
Foreword
The networks and systems of data transmission that now exist or are in~ the design
stage must insure simultaneous communications for a great many fixed and mob ile
installationa randomly disposed over a given territory. As a result of this, multi-
station and multichannel data-transmission systems, the design of which requires
a comprehensive approach, form the basis of future co~unications networks. Along
with the multistation and multichannel capabilities of modern data-transmission
systems, their basic fEatures are:
- the trarsmission of both continuous and digital information on the same communi-
cation channels;
- the introduction of pulse modulation;
- the application of digital methods of shaping and processing signals;
93
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- the application of equipment based on digital integrated circuits.
- Considering the overloading of the frequency range and the great coat of cable lines ~
for the construction of mv.ltichannel and multistation systems, it is necessary to '
develop and introduce methods for multiplexing and dividing signals which make i.t '
possible to improve performance in terms of error probability and the traffic~
handling capab ility of communication networks.
The development of new operating ~principles. for multichannel and multistation sys- ;
tems should improve their traffic-handling capacity, increase their immo~unity to
industrial interference and jamming and insure reliable operation under conditions
of multipath radio-signal propagatian and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of
various radiotechnical systems.
All the positive characteristics of code multiplexing and divisian, based on the
utilization of the redundancy of complex signals, manifest themselves most fully
in asynehronous multistation data transmission systems or asynchronous address sys-
tems (AAS's). At the same time, the problems solved during the construction of
AAS's extend beyond the scope of those problems relating to the analysis and synthe-
sis of a spec if ic system. The basic f eature of AAS operatian which distinguishes
these systems f rom multistation systems with f requency and time-division of signals
is the presence of structured interference, that is, interference whose wave form
is coincident with the signal and which operates in the same band as the useful
signal and which overlaps the signal with respect to time. The detection of a use-
ful (working) signal of a given AAS subscriber is carried out against the background ,
of signals (interfering signals) from the system's other subscribers. These signals ,
overlap with respect to time and frequency. The influence of the interfering sig-
nals at the detector input of any of the system subscribers creates interference
which can be approximated by a random process whose distribution density .is essen-
tially diff erent from Gaussian. As a result of this, the optimum linear circuits
for processing si~als against a backgrouad of white Gaussian noise as well as the
methods for the optimum processing of signals in the presence of correlated Gaussian ~
noise gives unsatisfactory results in this case.
The main task for the theory of code multiplexing and divisian of signals is the
, Cask of "separating" the signals, that is, the aelection of criteria and the dis-
covery of algorithms that make it posaible under the inf luence of non-Gaussian
noise to detect and separate the useful signals and measure their parameters.
~ Contents . Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . � � � � � 6
Chapter 1. General Characteristics of Asynchronous Address Systems for
Data Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1. Classif ication of multiaccess systems . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2. Digital asynchronous address systems for data transmission 22
1.3. Representation and selection of signals for asynchronous address
sy s tems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
94
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Chapter 2. Performance in Te~cros of Error Probability and the Efficiency
of Asynchronous Address S~stems When Normalizing Mutual
Interf erence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.1. Energy and correlation methods of describing mutual interference 32
_ 2.2. Correlation method of determining mutual interference 35
2. 3. Ef f ic iency of asynchronous address systems when transmitting
digital information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 3. Performance in Terms of Error Probability When Using
Time-and-Frequency Signals in a Channel with Constant
Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.1. General characteristics of asynchronous address systems with
. time-and-frequency signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2. Performance in terms of error probability for asynchronous address
, systems with t3me-and-frequency sigaals . . . . . . . . . 48
3.3. Performance in terms of error probability for coherent detection
of digital information exposed to structured interference . . . 50
3.4. Performance in terms of error probability for asynchronous address
systems during coherent detectian and individual processing of �
the elements . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . 59
3.5. Performance in terms of error probability for asynchronous address
systems during coherent detection by sequence estimation 63
Chapter 4. Performance in Terms of Error Probability for Asynchronous
Address Systems with Time-and-Frequency Sigaals and Ran-
domly Varying Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.1. In+croductory remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2. PF:rformance in terms of error probability for noncoherent detec-
tion of digital information exposed to structured interference 76 ~
4.3. Performance in terms of error probability for asynchronous address
systems with time-and-frequency aignals during noncoherent
~ symbol-by-symbol processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.4. Performance in terms of error probability for asynchronous address
systems with quadratic summation of the signal elements 92
4.5. Performance in terms of error probabilitq for the noncoherent
detection of time-and-frequency signals in asynchronous address
systems with coherent summation of the elements 101
Chapter 5. Questions of the Design and Opi:imal. Structures for
' Asynchronous Address Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.1. Stating the problem of design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.2. Design for the optimal detector of address signal elements in
non-Gaussian interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.3. Realizing a quasi-optimal detector of time-and-frequency signal
elements for asynchronous address systems . . . . . . . . . 129
5.4. Investigating performance in terms of error probability for
optimal detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.5. Asymptotically optimal method of weight accumulation 149
5.6. Method of quasi-optimal weight accumulation . . . . . . . . . 154
~ 95
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Chapter 6. Transmission of Continuous Traffic in Asynchronous Addresa ,
Systema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.1. Application of nonparametric methods of modulation in asynchronous
address systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 '
6.2. Improving the efficiency of asynchronous address systems when ,
- transmitting telephone traffic . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.3. Analysis and realization of pulse-code modulaiion with an amplified
top digit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.4. Delta modulation in asynchronous address systems 189

=a Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz"', 1980
9512 ~
CSO: 1860/224
~ 96
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UDC 621.397
TRANSMISSION OF IMAGES IN DIGITAL FORM
Moscow PEREDACHA IZOBRAZHENIY V TSIFROVOY FORME in Russian 1980
(signed to press 23 Jul 80) pp 3-4, 12'0
[Foreword and table of contents from book "Transmission of Images in Digital
Form", by Boris Yevseyevich Trofimo~r~ and Oleg Valentinovich Kulikovskiy, '
Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 5900 copies, 120 pages]
[Text] FOREWORD ~
The modern stage in the development of cammunications technology is characterized
by the widespread introduction of digital image transmission systems. Such systems
are more efficient than analog systems. The high efficiency of digital systems is
explained by three factors: the possibility of regenerating the digital signals
in intermediate and terminal equ~pment, the high technical and econamic indicators
of equipment for digital signal processing and corr~ction and the possibility for
using existing digital communications networks for transmission of television,
video telephone and facsimilie images in digital form.
_ An almost total liberation of a digita.l sign~l from linear distortions and inter-
ference occurs in the regeneration process. This'permits images to be transmitted
over communications lines with a large number of.regenerators over a distance which
is practically unlimited. During transmission of television programs via Earth
satellites and for digital image transmission from space it is possible to reduce
the power of on-board transmitters as the result of digital encoding. Regeneration
and encoding permit multiple re-recording of images and noticeably to improve the
equipment indices which are used for correctior., of aperture and geometrical dis-
tortions, color control, combined image sqnthe~is, aualysis of 3nitial images,
conversion of signals from one standard to anot.her artd for other ends.
There are about 100 methods presently known~for converting tlie analog signal of an
image into a digital one. The extent of their suitability is determined by the
concrete operating conditions of the system. All of the methods are based an one
of the following types of modulation: pulse code (IKM), differential pulse code
(DIKM) and delta modulation (DM). Moreover, the methods differ in the type of
proceasing of the analog signal before analog-to-digital modulation and the type
of subsequent processing of the initial digital signal. The properties of the
image anc~ of the visual analyzer are taken into consideration, which permits the
maximal efficiency of the signal conversion process to be attained overall.
97
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Recently several books and topical collections devoted to digital image trans-
mission methods have been published in our country and abroad. Theoretical
questions of conversion of images into digital foran based primarily on IIQ~I are
examined in [1]. Certain theoretical aspects of orthogonal image conversion are
examined in [2]. A number of articles of a review nature are published in [3-5~.
A number of questions aseociated with converaion of television images into digital
form have f ound reflection in [6].
In this book a description and analysis of the methods for analog-to-digital
conversion of semitone images are given in systematized form, taking into considera- '
tion the peculiarities of their transmission via communication channels.
The authors acknowledge advice and cri~~cal remarks expressed by Prof. and Doctor
of Technical Sciences N. B. Zeliger, honored scientist and technician of the
RSFSR, Doctor of Technical Sciences Ye. L. Orlovskiy and Candidate of Technical
Sciences A. G. Likiardopulo, and also the great task of reviewing and editing the
book performed by V. S. Ignatkin and Candidate of Technical Sciences
Yu. M. Braude-Zolotarev. .
We ask that wishes and remarks concerning the book be directed to the "Svyaz
publishing house at the address 101000, Moscow Chistoprudnyy Blvd., 2.
The Authors
CONTENTS Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Image transmission and reproduction 5
1.1 Electric signa.ls for image transmission 5
1.2 The image transmission channel 9
1.3 Peculiarities of sensing and image quality evaluation criteria 11
~ Chapter 2. Digitization of signals 21
2.1 Principles of digitization 21
2.2 Distortion during digitization 25
2.3 Diatortion during restoration 28
Chapter 3. Analog-to-digitial conversion based on IKM (pulse code
modulation) 33
3.1 Pulse code modulation 33
3.2 Precode signal processing ~ 37 ~
3.3 Postcode unit-by-unit processing of digital signals 47
3.4 Improved methods of postcode proce~sing 63
Chapter 4. Analog-to~digital conversion based on delta modulation 71
4.1 Delta modulation with singular integrator 71
4.2 Delta modulation with double integratax 78
4.3 Adaptive delta modulation 82
98~ .
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Ch~~pter 5. Analog-to-digital conversion based on differential
pulse cod~ modulation (DIKM) 88
5.1 Di�f erential pulse code modulatlon with single integrator 88
5.2 Refined prediction with DIKM 95
5.3 Improved DIKM algorithms 101
5.4 D~fferential pulse code modu?ation with irregular metering
currents ~ 107
Conclusion 111
Bibliography 115
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 1980
Q?.9 4
CSO: 1860/21$ END
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~
i
99
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