JPRS ID: 9797 JAPAN REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400020036-6
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 34
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 36
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9797
18 June 1981
Ja an Re ort
p p
CFOUO 36/81)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9797
18 June 19 8~1
_ JAPAN REPORT
(FOUO 36/81)
CONTENTS
POL?TICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
Suzuki's Tour o.f Europe Viewed as Far From Easy
(Philip H. Trezise; THE DAILY YOMIURI, 26 May 81) 1
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Electronics Executivee on Prospecta for Next Decade
~ (NIKKEI ELECTRONICS, 13 Apr 81) 3
Hitachi President 'Yoahiyama, Hirokichi Yoshiyama
Interview
Nihon Electric President Sekimoto~
Tadahiro Sekimoto Interview
Fujitsu President Robayaehi,
Taiyu Kobayashi Interview
Electronics Induatry Executives on Future Prospecta
(PIIKKEI ELECTRONICS, 13 Apr 81) 10
Toshiba President Saba, Shoichi Saba Interview
i Matsushita Electric Preaident YamashiCa,
Toahihiko Yamashita Interview
Oki Electric preaid~nt Miyake
Masao Miyake Interview
; Posaibility of Launching Reconnaiasance Satellites Viewed
(Yoshiteru Oka; BUSINESS JAPAN, May 81) 17
Plant Exporta Marked by Steep Demand Fluctuationa
t
I (Kazumi Taki; BUSINESS JAPAN, May 81) 19
~
Electronic Technology Aida Overaeas Salea of Electric Tools
! (Yasuo Inoue~; BUSZNESS JAPAN, May 81) 24
i
New Technology Provides Greater Measuring Machine Accuracy
(Michio Kawada; BUSINESS JAPAN, May 81) 26
- a - [III - ASIA - 111 FOUO]
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Simplified Process To Speed U~e of Hydrogen ae Energy
Source Discussed
(BUSINESS JAPAN, May $1) 29
- b -
nr+r~T/~TAT T,eF nNt.Y
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FOR ( ~
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
SUZUKI'S TOUR OF EUROPE VIEWED AS FAR FROM EASY
Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI in English 26 May 81 p 1
[Article by Philip H. Trezise, contributor editor]
[Text ] For anYone aspiriu8 to be- community ~in�~Hrussels. The
come. the prime minister ot conversations during this
Japan; I would propose a. visit nndoubtedly will be the
c.~,retul ex~~niaation o! the most difficult, ior the Euro-
~ present prlme miaister's pro- peana can be expected to be
gram ior the Srst hsl! of very demandin6 about their
1981. . longatandinB complaiuts over
Mr guank! has the honor trade wlth Japan. Indeed,, ii
- and uhe burden oi being the the Load'on Economist is
head oi the government oi ri~t~~
~ope ar~e at he .
- the currently most snccesefuL ~~t in� years:' '
o! the advanced lnduatrisl . '
countries. At home ~ he has ~ G~oWing Coniplaints
the .nsual problema oi ,a po- g,e~e~~ ~y ~ea I Sn.d
lttical leader avlth a~big par- a 197~ press relesse ~on the�
1lamentary maiortty, ovhich 8ub~ect oi the community's
are to recondle diaerenceg trade deSclt with
withia his party and to keep Japan ~it was eatimsted to
the country on a ateady ye ~~,5 billio~). Zye deSclt,
coursa. When he $oes abroad, ~las �roa~ in every aubsequ-
however, Y~e is bound to :be. ent year, r?nd so have the
- expected to be catr9~B Pres- complaints. In 1979, as is well
- ents with him: ' remeiabered, a. senior bu-
W'he~.~ the prlme minister reaucrst oi the EC Comini~,-
took his lengthy tour oi' sion wrote irritably thati the
8outhesst Aaia in Jsnuary, it Japanese~ peoPle are "work-
was naturally suppoee~.that ~a~~~ living in "what
he would bring promiaea oi Wester,aers wopld regard as
Japsneae econ.omic eaafst- iittle more ~ Lhstt rabbit
ance to the AEEAN n~?tions. h~itches: '
He� then made the tradition- Laet November th@ com-
- al apring vfalt to. Waatilng- munlty's Canncil o! aiinis-
ton, to be told politely by ters isaued a tormal de-
Preaident Reagan and his claration strongly edtical
8enlor associates that the o! Japan's policies and .
Ug wlshes Japan to do more trade practices. At the end .
!or defense. On. a side trip of gebrnary the counail met.
to Ottawa he lesrned with agatn and proposed that
~ no surpriee that Canada impnrta oi certain products
hopea to have restrictions ir~~:. ~apan be placed under
placed on ~apan'a autqmobile ~~surveillance:' It also sug-
exports, paralleling the un- Beated that the "question
derstanding between Tokyo ot trade with Jag~n" should
and Washington. � be raised at the Otta~wa
In June, prior to the sev- aummit, thia being a trans-
en-count �ry summit that wlll parent threa~i; to make Mr
~ take place in Canada !n July, Suzuki the obiect oi pres-
Mr Suzuki most dutitully pay sure from ~ th2 other stx
a 10-day call on Weatem Eu- summiteers. And now tha~
rope. There he will see heads Japan's sutomobile expori,s
o! government o! the Euro- to the U8 are to be re-
pean Community countries strained, it can hardly be
and .the leaderahip of the , the case that the, Euro-
1
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. .
peans will not ask for like over a projec~ed ' Nlssan perity or securlty far either
treatment. plant in Wales is sure to ' or ior the P`ree World.
Some o! the rhetoric from be ignored, h~wever, and it The European .Commis-
the community is rather is hard to believe triat op- ~o~~ the secretarlat oi the
odd. The continuing em~ position to Japanese ~ direct communlty, has proposed is~
pht~sls on the bilaternl im- investment can be auatained ESect that there should be
balance with Japan passes for very long anqwhere in a general bilaternl negoti-
over without comment'other the community. ' ation in order to arrive ut :
bila~teral accounts ot the No small part oi the a common community trade
community. In 1979, Yor ex- problem between Japan and pon~y toward Japan.
ample, UN statistics show Europe is simply lack oi ~ether the member states
Japan to Y~ave had a~5 bil- lrnowledge about one ari- ca,n be b~ought together on
llon surplus with the com- other. Relations have been ' this approach is uncertain.
munity, while the com- diatant far three decadea If they can be, Japan
munity's surplus witY:~ now, as both have� put pri- should examine it sym-
- Switzerland (population 8.4 ~ry o~ '~~-~ies
~ patheticsAq.
miltion> was ~7 blllion and the II8. . Harrlers $eparate ~bstacIes
with Austrla (populatlon ~deistanding are slowlp : ~ matteis atand, the
7.3 milllon) a4.8 billion. The be~g ~~~n dowa, l~ly danger is that the member
U8 regularly runs a verq through o~cial contacts, ~
large bilateral surplus witki p~rtly through' private ~ iountries will separately
the community-in 1980, groups 1lke the Trilateral ~'ge additional ob- ,
nearly ~18 billion-withont stacles to trade with Japan
Commission. But the US ~ snd set o8 a surge of pro-
a"racting hostile attention atlll Snda itseli in the mid- ~~~an~~ It is true that.
fr.,m the Council oi Minis� dle between allies who are Japan would be negotiating
ters. ~ not very certain �aboat one , to obtain commercial treat-�
To iocus on the bilateral another. ~ ' ment irom the community to
aceounts is a pernictoua no- ~ea too the , EuropeRn . w~ich it is already entitled
_ tioa anyway, ~~e economies are going through : ~der the rules of the �
Japanese wisemea properly an especlally tryinB Pe~~� � C3ATT. 6till, 1! a bargain
obaerved in their report. Ii ~1 four oi the big coun- could be struck under which
bilateral balancing ever be- t~e~~~ny~ t~ ~ropean national restric-
comea the obiective, preci- ~ U~~d. ~gda~~ ~d Ytaly tions could be traded oS for
ous littie will be lelt ot ~n ~ recesaion and only , reductions in particular
world trade. ' gr~ce seems likely to avoid ~apanese trade barriers, the
In other respects, too, Ja- ha~g Q.I,~p grpwth , outcome could be a proSta-
pan has grounds for taking 1or the full 9ear ot 1981. ble one tor both sides. It
exception. Atter 20 YeSrs~ ~e bellwet2~er economy, could also be a long step ior- �
neither the community's ~~any~ ~ e~cted to ward for iree trade, which
common commercial poliaY have a;16 billion external these days desperately needs
- nor its C3ATT commitments de8cit thia year, aiter a help.
are fully operative in re9- f~15.3 billion de9cit in 1980~' It is evident that Mr
pect oi Japan. The IInited ~d t~ p~ench 1981 de8cit~ Suzuki's European visit will
Kingdom~ F'rance, �and. ~y be Ae~y $30 b111lon. not be an easy one. Flis hosts
Benelux have bilateral safe-- ~e Japan cannot psoper- are certain to ask him !or
guard cIauses left over trom' 1~ ~~ued the source oi' actions that at a minimum
past trade agreements wlth. ~ro~.g ~~~es~ it ie at will be costly and embar-
Japan. Italy retains a riBht ~ least undersf,andable that ~~~g at home. Hut if he
not to accord communitg 8entiment agalnat impurts !s able to explore the Iws-
treatment to items liberal- would be risinB in a time sibilities !or an eventual ef-
ized with regard to Japan.. of high. unemployment aad to~ ~ put Japan-communi-
Most o! the community gl~my economic prospects. t relations on a more even
countries maintain resi- q
dual quantitative restric- Nevertheless, Japan and and sensible basis it may
tions against Japan, some the community have sha*ed be that his travels and
of them on a discrimina- ~~ns~~ ~~eir, security labors will not have been in
alliances with the US and' vain.
tory basls. ~ ~e~ ~utual atake 'm a
Resistance Strong reasonably open, grow~ng
Even when Japanese world a~onomy. As the ex-
flrms prupose to manufac- cellent coramunitY rep~'
ture their products in Eu- se:ntative in Tokyo, Mr
rope, they sometimes en- F'lelding, has said, wlthout
counter resistance, as Hita- cocYperation between Japan
chi discovered in the Unit- and Western Europe there
ed Kingdom and Nissan in can be ao long teral pros-
italy. French diapleasure
COPYRIGHT: THE DAILY YOMIURI 1981
CSO: 4120/238 2
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SCIENCE AND TECANOLOGY
ELECTRONICS ERECUTIVES ON PROSPECTS FOR NEXT DECADE
Hitachi President Yoshiyama
Tokyo NIKKEI ELECTRONICS in Japanese No 262, 13 Apr 81 p 245
[Interview with Hirokichi Yoshiyama, president of Aitachi Ltd: "Time to Develop
Original Technology Independently"]
[Text] [Questi~onJ What kind of growth will take place in the electronics indus-
try from now on?
[Answer] Since the entire Japaneae economy is in a period of slow growth, it is
hard to expect a very large figure for overall growth. Electronics will not grow
as fast as in the past, but it will probably be higher than average for the next
10 years.
[Question] How much ~aill your company's sales grow?
[Answer] The electronics area will grow by a double digit annual rate. The area
of energy will probably show a high rate of growth as the results of previous
development emerge. However, we also have areas like hom~ electrical products and
industrial equipment where we cannot expect a great deal of growth. On the average,
I believe it will be impossible for the company to grow by double digit rates from
- now on. In the future, certain areas will become more prominent.
~ ~[Question] What will be the size of your work force?
[Answer] I believe the total number of people will not change much, but the places
where they work will change. The number working in factories will probably de-
crease and the number involved with software and systems technology will increase.
Since software-related ~obs will increase in number, the number of employees in our
affiliated companies will expand.
[Question] Will productivity continue to increase?
[Answer] I believe there is still plenty of room for improvement. There is an
especially great deal of room for improvement in software productivity.
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[Question] Wh~t will be your major products? '
- [Answer] Instead of saying what our major products will be, I woul.d rather say
that the development of integrated circuit technology is the basis of everything.
Everything else is made up of them. Of course, software is important, but computera,
microcomputers, or other hardwar~ made with combinations of IC's only work we11 if
the foundation is strong.
[Question] How much will Fesearch and development expenses increase?
[Answer] Research and development expenses for 1980 slightly exceeded 100 billion
yen. This is about 5.8 percent of sales. We would like to increase this percentage
a bit, but I doubt that the amount of research and development will rea.ch 10 per-
cent of sales~in the next 10 years. GM and IMB both have about the same ratio as
Hitachi right now, but there is a difference in the actua.l amount spent. Since
IBM is only involved in electronics, its actual expenditures ~n tha~ area are much
higher than ou1~s. We are investing the most money in the area of electronics aLso,
but it is impoasible to be on top in everything. We muet selectively develop the
items that can move to the front and, with them as a basis, carry on equal tech-
nological exchange wtth the United States and Europe. I believe this is the ~ath ,
we should take.
[Question] What areas will be emphasized in future research and development?
[Answer] One goal is to take a position of leadership in developing integrated
circuit technology. Also, development related to energy measures is impnrtant for
carrying out the responsibility of the country, and not ~ust that of th~ company.
- Also necessary is the development of new materials as a conprEhensive foundation
for everything else. There are many important areas here ~ust related to elec-
tronics. Another very big ~ob is development fqr increased productivity in soft-
ware.
[Question] Do you believe that original development is possible2
[Answer] We must carry out original research and development. This is Japan's
assignment from here on out. There are suddenly more and more people coming to
Japan to learn about production technology, but we are still behind in original
tecl~nology. It is time for Japan to employ money and people for independent
development of creativity. I believe the reason we have not had original resuits
- thus far is that over a long period of time we have gotten into a bad habit of
following others in technology to avoid risk.
[Qiiestion] What do you think about government aid for development?
- [AnswerJ A grpat deal of money is required for energy development so we would like
government assistance in that area.. Rather large expenditures will also be required
for electronics. Up to now we have received some forms of assistance, but we would
like to see it increased. The Keidanren has put out figures on the government share
- of development expenses in the United States and Japan, and it is still small in
Japan when compared with the United States. The government seems to be in the mood
for expanding assistance, so I think things are moving in the right direction.
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[Question] Will Japan continue to be interna~ionally competitive?
[Answer] At present, I believe there are a number of reaeons why Japanese products
are known for reliability and quality. One possible reason is the unity of
management and labor, the company labor unions, and the lifetime employment system.
This environment cannot be easily dupiicated in the United States and Europe.
In this respect, I believe Japan will continue to be strong. However, if we just
r~st on our laurels, they will catch up with us. Japan is behind in mar.y respects,
but if we do not slack off and continue to work hard, I believe we can keep growin~
during the nexC 10 years.
Nihon Electric President Sekimoto
Tokyo NIKKEI ELECTRONICS in Japanese No 262, 13 Apr 81 p 246
[Interview with Tadahiro Sekimoto, president of Nihon Electric Company: "It Is
Prema.ture To Say That Japan Does Not Have Original Technology"]
[Text] [Question] What will be the scale of production in the electronics industry?
[Answer] The Japan Electronics Industry Development Association has estimated
that it will be doub~~e the present amount in 10 years. However, electronics will
enter into another field and the VLSI will move into practical application between
1985 and 1990. The electronics industry may uzdergo a qualitative changc uut not
in a negative direction. Therefore, I think that the scale of growth will be a
little more than double the present amount.
[Question] What will the amount of exports be?
[Answer] They probably will not increase 4.5 times as they di..d in the last 10
years. The amount of exports already exceeds 4 trillion yen, so the base is very
high, and also it will be necessary to expand local production. I think the in-
crease will be about 1.3 to 1.5 times the present level.
[Question] How much will your sales grow?
[Answer] Sales have increased about 3.5 times in the last 10 years at the rate of
13.5 percent a year. In the next 10 years, we would like an annual growth of 10
- percent plus alpha, and we would like the alpha to be at least 5 percent. I be-
- lieve there is a potential for growth in our operations.
[Question] What will be the size of your work force?
[Answer] Including regional factories, it has grown to about 1.1 times its size
10 years ago, from 40,000 to 45,000 employees. In the next 10 years, I believe it
will increase even more. The productivity of hardware production will continue
to increase from now on, but software jobs will expand. In 10 years, I helieve
the number of employees will be 1.3 times that at present, or about 55,000.
[Question] Will software productivity improve?
~
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[Answer] Of course, we intend to increase productivity. We are going to estab-
lish a software production technology laboratory and work hard at it. We will
strive to make products subject to software F~ngineering. However, at present there
is a great diff.erence between individuals in software production efficiency. If
we compare software to Mt Fuji, we find differences in quality at the peak, in
the middle, and at the foot of the mountain. The software at the peak can only
be produced by superior people. Software at the foot of +the mountain may be pro-
duced automatically by machine. So, depending on the item, there will be a great
difference in rh~ increase of software productivity.
[Question] What about future investment in plant and equipment?
[Answer] The largest area for future investment will continue to be the production
of electronic devices. Another area of investment growth will be reduction of labor
through office automation.
[Question] What will be your major products?
[Answer] There will be little change from the present in general categories. Com-- ~
munications equipment, computers, and electronic products for the home (new NEC
household electrical products and computers, which are expected to be brought into
the home soon) and the electronic devices on which these products are based will be
our ma3or proc:ucts. C and C(computers and communications~ are the fusion of these
_ products. Balancing the composition of sales is our basic policy.
[Question] How much will you spend on research and development?
[Answer] At present, we are spending about 6 percent of sales. The actual amount
spent will continue to grow, but this ratio probably will not change much. Industry
cannot put a great deal of money into research and devel.opment. Thp government should
- put out more money for work close to basic research. I believe we should maYQ the
research expenditures necessary to utilize government research plus alpha.
[Question] What areas will you emphasize in research and development?
[Answer] New materials, new devices, digital technology including signal proces-
sing, sensory Cechnology, and optoelectronics. Last year we reorganized our central
research laboratory and set up four laboratories. In organization as well, emphasis
was placed on the fields publicly announced.
[Question] Will more original research come out of Japan?
[Anewer] I think it is premature to say that original research results are riot
forthcaming from Japan. Of course, heretofore, according to a study ;f the National
Science Foundation in the United States, of tl~.e technical innovations which have
been important breakthroughs, 65 have come fram the United States, 25 from Britain,
4 from France, 3 from West Germany, and 2 from Japan. However, in the last 5 or
6 years, Japan has been catching up with the United States in certain limited
fields. Wheth~:r we can move ahead or not will be an issue for the next decade.
Therefore, the methods of research and types of investment will be different from
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now on. A declaration that something has been "done" is very important informa-
tion. If Japan does original research, we must announce that we have "done" it
before anyone else. In addit~on, a.lot of moeny will be required.
[Question] What is your view on government assistance?
_ [Answer] Looking at the Science and Technology White Paper, we see that the govern-
ment share of research and develogment expenses is far too low in Japan as com-
pared to the United States and other countries. In 1977, ~he government share of
these expenses in Japan was 27.4 percent, compared to 50.5 percent in the United
States and about 50 percent for Britain, France, and West Germany. If we are
aiming at establishing this country on the basis of technology, the government
should put out at least 50 percent of these expenses without delay even though ~_t
may be difficult.
Fu~itsu President Robayashi
Tokyo NIKKEI ELECTRONICS in Japanese No 262, 13 Apr 81 p 247
[Interview with Taiyu Kobayashi, president of Fujitsu: "We Can Improve Software
Productivity"]
[Question] How much growth will there be in the electronics industry during the
next 10 years?
- [Answer] We could not forecast 10 years ago what would be happening today, and we
cannot really predict th~~ next 10 years. However, there wi11 probably be as much
growth as indicated in the figures put out by the Japan Electronics Industry
Development Association.
[Question] What about the size of your company's sales and weric force?
[Answer] Since there is a market, if appropriate stimulus.is given to industry,
sales will increase. I believe that sales will triple or quadruple in the next 10
years. The number of our employees will grow to four times the present figure.
[Question] Will productivity continue to increase?
[Answer] In the 1.ast 5 years, we have doubled sales without increasing the number
of employees. r believe that we will keep this momentum. Important areas for the
future will be office auto~mation and rationalization of software and IC design.
[Question] Will you increase software productivity?
[Answer] Yes, we definitely can. We are getting our tools sharpened and concen-
trating all our efforts on this, so I am sure we can do it. We have become much
more inventive in producing software and we have stopped using "human wave" tactics
for everything, so I believe that productivity will go up.
[Question] What about future plant and equipment investment?
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[Answer] Very sophisticated equipment is needed for productiou of both semi-
conductors and computers fron the design stage through manufacturing and testing.
Also, the depreciation must be limited to a short period. The game moves fast
with dramatic changes. We are mentally prepared to keep expanding at the same
pace. Whether we can actually do this or not is the main problem facing manage-
ment.
[Question] Wi~at will be your major products in the future?
[Answer] Future electronics products all depend on IC's. There are very sophis-
ticated IC's and some which are not especially so. Fu~itsu will concentrate its
strength on high-technology products such as computers and digital communications
equipment, especially electronic switching systems. The basic orientation will
~ remain the same. Because of the nature of our sales network, we are not par-
ticularly skil"led at selling large volumes of products which are not so sophisti-
cated. However, comparing the situation to Mt Fuji, I believe that the areas at
the foot of the mountain will make great progress in the next 10 years and we should
not ignore these areas. In particular, the society of the future will connect the
peak and the foot of the mountrain with a network of communication lines. This will
require a high level of software technology, and it is our ~ob to produce it. What
bothers me is that if we do not develop an approach which will obtain a little more
profit from software, we will end up with more work and less profit.
[Question) Will software become profitable in the future?
[AnswerJ If a strong social need developes, money will be spent on it. But things
wi11 be difficult until that happens. I believe our most difficult period is right
now.
[Question] How much will research and development spending increase?
[Answer] Ten years ago, research and development expenses~:were 5.5 billion yen,
4.6 percent of sales. In 1979, they were 30.5 billion yen, or 6 percent of sales.
We would like to continue expanding these expenditures, with the condition that
dividends b~ kept stable. Since our main strength will be high-technology products,
we cannot be stingy orith research and development or it will end up like the
octopus who ate his own legs. Simply piling up money is not the same thing as main-
taining internal reserves. We want to increase internal reserves in the form of
research and development spending.
[Question] What research and development areas do you intend to emphasize?
[Answer] We are coming up against a wall with LSI's based on silicon. We will
emphasize new elements and new materials such as gallium arsenide, Josephson's
element, and other new elements.
_ (Question] What do you think about gavernment assistance?
[Answer] We were able to have rapid growth from the end of the war until recently
because of the great stimulus of government assistance. The amount of money was
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_ not great, but directions were set for research and development in our society
through the assistance obtained. Furthermore, other companies in the same field
are turned in the same direction and develop througt? competition. This is why the
effect has been rather large for the amount of money involved. I believe that this
is an excellent system that is unique to Japan.
[Question] Will original research emerge from Japan?
[AnswerJ Only irresponsible critics say that it will not. The things that are
now known as original research were desperatel.y sought out by the United States
during World War II with government money. In Japan, even if the concepts were
there, they wer.e not properly developed. Therefore, I think that the present method
- of administering assistance in Japan..is very good. This year also, a forward-
looking budget was set up for the next generation of basic technology. If things
continue in this way for the next 10 or 20 years, we will no longer have a situation
~ in which original ideas do not develop in Japan.
[Question] Oan high reliability be maintained?
[Answer] Middle level personnel who have been out of college for about 10 years
think that machines are highly reliable. They do not know the difficulties of
working with umreliable machines. Because of this, I am rather apprehensive about
maintaining high reliability over the next 10 or 20 years.
COPYRIGHT: Nikkei-Mcgraw-Hill, Inc, 1981
9651
CSO: 8129/1021A
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOi~GY
~
ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY EXECUTIVES ON FUTURE PROSPECTS
Toshiba President Saba
Tokyo NIKKEI ELECTRONICS in Japanese No 262, 13 Apr 81 p 248
[Interview with Shoichi Saba, president of Toshiba Corporation: "Office Glork
Efficiency To Be Pramoted"
[Text] [Question] What will be the scale of production in the electronics
industry?
[Answer] Between the electrical and the electronic industries, the electronics
industry will probably show the greater growth. If we consider the emergence of
new products and the expansion of practical applications, production in the elec-
tronics industry is expected to more than double in the next 10 yeara.
[Question] How about export growth?
[AnswerJ Since there are problems such as trade friction with the advanced coun-
tries, growth will not be unlimited. In the next 10 years, exports should reach
1.4 to 1.5 times the present amount. By providing new technology, materials, and
parts, we will try to find new markets without friction. Depending on how well
- this goes, there is a possibility for further growth.
[Question) How large will your sales be?
[Answer] We would like sales to grow by at least 10 percent annually. Under
generally stable growth conditions, it will be difficult to achieve this. But if
we make an effart in the area of electronics, I believe it is possible. Of course,
heavy electrical equipment is our main business. Growth here is not likely to be
spectacular, but the demand for energy will continue to grow and the heavy elec-
trical equipment business will expand steadily. However, the leading growth areas
will be electronics and related fields (off ice automation [OA] eqttipment, electronic
equipment for medical use, etc.).
[Question] What will be the size of your work force?
[Answer] We would like to keep the total number of employees about the same. How-
ever, the composition of the work force will change greatly. Direct workers will
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be reduced in number and there will be an increase in people who uae their mindc;
such as software engineers, systems engineers, and design engineers. New employc~eti
- will be hired systematically without regard to cha.nges in the economy.
[Question] What are the proepecta for. improving productivity?
[Answer] There is no limit to improving productivity. There wili probably be
a slowing down in the improvement of hardware productivity, but it will continue.
From now on, Chere will be an increase in the productivity of sof tware and indirec
operations. Toshiba has been conducting a campaign called EPOC (engineering
efficiency and productivity of coming age} to increase the productivity of technical
operations, and we are now starting a campaign called POWER (program for office work
efficiency revolution). This program aims at improving the eff iciency of office
w~rk (clerical work and indirect operations). We expect great results in this area.
[Question] What are the prospects for improving clerical productivity?
[Answer] Technical productivity increased a great deal with the introduction of
computer-aided deaign. The clerical area also, for example, the preparation of
documents, wil:l be greatly simplified in the future. Actually, however, we are not
only thinking of OA. What would happen if the production engineers from the factory
looked at the flow of clerical work? Production engineering methods which have':been
effective in the factory may be applicable to the flow of clerical work. This is the
main focus of the POWER campaign. If necessary, machines will be used.
[Question] What areas will you emphasize in plant and equipment investment?
[AnswerJ The electronics area alone (semiconductors, electron tubes, pa~ts, and
industrial electronics apparatus) presently commands 50 percent of the total plant
and equipment investment.
[Question] What will be your main products?
I [Answer] The two "E's," electronics and energy, will be our ma.in strength. The
former includes semiconductors and electron tubes which will form the basis for
office automation, electronic medical equipment, and consumer electronic equipment,
especially video. The latter is nuclear energy. Therefore, Toshiba wi11 not change
greatly in character in the next 10 years. Electronics will probably emerge as
the top area in sales composition in that period.
[Question] What areas will you emphasize in research and development spending?
~ [Answer] The two "E's" I have mentioned, and materials. There is a wide variety
of materials including all types of ultimate materials, amorphous materials, and
ceramics. Materials development will be undertaken with aff iliated companies.
[Question] Will original development emerge in Japan?
[Answer] Japan has already left the era of importing and imitating technology.
- However, there is still a lack of attention to basic fields of research necessary
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for doing something original. Basic research and very dangerous research cannot
be done by industry alone. Research which requires a long period of time before
results emerge or involves riak makes it necessary to increase the government
budget and create the proper environment. If this is not done, we will not b~ 8b].e
- to get original results. I do not believe that the Japanese are unintellig~nt.
[Question] Can we maintain international campetitiveness?
[Answer] One could say that Japan is in danger of traveling the same road as
Britain and the United States. However, we have these exa.mples in front of us and
- I believe we can get by without taking the same path.
Matsushita Electric President Yamashita
Tokyo NIKKEI ELECTRONICS in Japanese No 262, 13 Apr 81 p 249
[Interview with Toshihiko Yamashita, preaident of Mataushita Electrical Industries:
_ "Inf ormation-Related Products To Be Ma.jor Products of Future"]
[Text] [Question] Do you think tha.t the electronics induetry will grow at the
same pace in the next 10 years as in the last 10 years?
[Answe~r] I believe that it will grow. Electronics has penetrated into many f ields
in such forms as the mi~rocomputer, and I believe this trend will continue.
Through this process, the eleatronics industry will expand.
[Question] Will there be a cha.nge in the growth pattern in which exports take the
lead?
[Answer] I think the composition will change. It would be difficult to continue
with the same pattern. Local production will increase. If the country receiving
the exports can do the same work, we cannot force our products on them, even if they
are high in quality and inexpensive. However, there are some products, such as the
VTR, of which we export 80 percent of our production volume and almost no trouble
occurs. This is because trading partners do not have the same industry. It will be
necessary to send out more such producta fram now on.
[Question] How much will sales increase in the next 10 years?
[Answer] Whether the pace wili be the same or not, it is poesible that we will have
just as much growth as in the last 10 years. Products presently having an annual
trade volume of 2 trillion yen will not all go bad in the future. Although some say
that television is no longer a strong product, it is sti11 a necessity of life and
there is a replacement demand. Also, it ie possible that we will have thin tele-
vision sets which can be hung on a wall or miniature sets the aize of a wrist watch.
Therefore, the products we have now are not at all bad, and they will get better.
Alsa, there are new fields. In our domain, products relating to alternative energy
sources such as solar energy will advanee considerably in the 1980's. Also, there
are many products we do not have now but which are expected to come on the market
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soon, during t.he eighties, such as optical technology products, video discs, the
CAPTAIN (printed character and graphic information system), and two-way cable
television. Therefore, the praducts for the eighties will be much better than those
of the seventies. There was little specificity or concreteness in the seventies.
Now we have many thinga which may not be completely new technology but can be
clearly put into product form. Because of this, we are bound to be successful in
the next 10 years.
[Question] What are your thoughts on productivity improvement and the size of your
work force?
[Answer] We must forever be improving productivity. However, even when we carry
out rationalization of the factory and reduce personnel, there are still 3obs which
must be done by human beings. Therefore, the number of employees will increase.
If we consolidnte our present force, it may be all right for electronics but not for
the country as a whole. We must think about places f or new people to work.
[Question] What will your main products be?
[Answer] Information-related prod.ucts. Not 3ust items like the SBC (small
business computer). Such things as two-way television will appear, and the trans-
.fer of information will probably undergo considerable change.
[Question] In that case, will there be a change in the image of Matsushita Electric
as a manufacturer of home electrical products?
[Answer] More than that, I think that the distinction between home products and
industrial products will gradually disappear. Microcomputers are now being used
in home electrical products, and it is getting harder to make the distinctions of
the past.
[Question] What fields will you emphasize in research and development?
[Answer] We have all kinds of work to do in new fields in the eighties. If we put
our hand to everything, we cannot expect good results, so we will choose those areas
that fit the nature of our compamy and our skills. These are the areas of infor-
mation and energy. In both cases, we must atart with materials (new ceramics,
amorphous materials, semiconductors, etc.).
[QuestionJ What percentage of sales will you spend f or research and development?
[Answer] At present, the percentage is 4 percent, but we have no intention of
sticking to 4 percent.
[Question] What do you think about government assistance?
[Answer] There is a differenc~ in the intensity of cost consciousness involved .
with government money and private money. With the money of industry, everything is
linked to cost. So no matter how important the research is, the money will not
.be used beyond certain limits.
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[Question] Can ir.ternational competitiveness be maintained for the next 10 years?
[Aiiswer] I th3nk it can. The high quality of Japanese products comes from the
trust between labor and management, the motivation of employess for work, and com-
pany loyalty. For e~mple, the United States has the knowledge to produce the V7'R.
Its management and technical personnel are excellent. However, only Japan can
produce iC as a product with stable quality and low cost. I am sure that this is
. because of the loyalty of workers to their companies. The idea that the individual's
situation impruves when the company makes progress just cannot be understood in other
countries. In Matsushita's overseas plants, we have a very difficult time for the
first 3 years until the employees can understand this. Another reason is that the
Japanese electronics industry is working chiefly to produce products for private use .
rather than for the military or a space program. With military products, economy is
not a concern and the users are specialists. With private products, we do not know
who will be using them and, more important, there are very severe cost restraints.
Oki Electric President Miyake
Tokyo NIKKEI EI~ECTRONICS in Japanese No 262, 13 Apr 81 p 250
[Interview with Masao Miyake, president of Oki Electric Industry Company: "Large
Government Projects Necessary"]
[Text] [Question] What do you think the pace of growth will be in the next 10
years as compared to the last 10 years in the electi~nics industry?
[Answer] The composition of the electronics indusrry will change. It will spread
out to broader areas, so greater growth can be expected. However, in tlie fields
where progress can be expected, for example, office automation, the number of new
manufacturers will increase. In these areas, at least 50 percent of the growth will
be carried out by other companies than the present electronics manufacturers.
(Question] Will the pattern of expanding mainly through exporte change?
[Answer] A large research and development investment will continue to be neces-
sary for IC's, which are basic to all electronics advances. It is impossible to
recover even this development inveatment in the Japanese market alone. We must seek
outside markets as well, but it will become more difficult to sell only those
products which are the result of inental work. We must consider export of other
things besides physical products such as local production and provieion of knpw-
how overseas.
[Question] How much will sales grow?
[Answer] We would like to maintain an annual rate of growth of at least 15 per-
cent. When we consider plant and equipment investment and pay raises, I think it
will be difficult to do this in a sound way.
[Question] What will be the size of your work force?
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- [Answer] Rather than holding down the number of employees, we are shifting the
contenC of ~obe from direct factory work to intellectual jobs such as design and
development. Automation is not used only to mase produce products cheaply. We
must rely on machines to obtain the necessary quality. Therefore, it is not linked
with changing the number of people.
[Question] Can productivity be further improved?
[Answer] I would not say that it can or that it must. Rather, our work inevitabl,
leads to improvement. When we calculate the direct labor time expended in the
factory for a certain amount of sales, we find that it drops by 20 percent each
year. This is not due to rationalization but to changes in product content and
technological progress.
[Question] How much will you spend on. plant and equipment?
[Answer] Over the lon.g term, we will have to continue making a considerable amount
of plant and equipment investment. However, our company is presently making invest-
ments to make up for the lag in the past. So 1980 and 1981 are the peak years for
this irregular situation.
[Question] What will your main products be?
- [Answer] There are four main areas. One is communications equipment, which has
been important in the past. Another important area is small computers along with
terminals and other peripherals. Also, there are consumer appliances and equipment.
In this area, we must make items for the ordina~y household, but what we are aiming
at is the field known as OA [office automation], given a broad definition. The
other important area is IC's which are the basis of all the rest.
~ [QuestionJ What areas will grow in the next 10 years?
[Answer~ Out of these four important areas, including IC's, the area which will
~ grow the least is cor:anunications equipment. Communicatione equipment is Oki
; Electric's basic product and the motive power for our technological progress. How-
~ ever, its share of sales will go down. In its place, IC'a and OA will probably
become more important.
i
[QuesCion] How much will you spend on research and development?
I [Answer] Right now it is about 5 percent of sales, and we would like to keep it
up to 5 percent.
[Question] What areas will you emphasize in research and development?
[Answer] The four areas I have mentioned will be the central areas. We wi11
concentrate especially on terminal equipment, including dispersed data processors.
We will take the attitude that this must not be neglected.
[Question] What do you think about government assistance?
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[Aiiswer] I believe that the government should take the position of promoting
very large devPlopment projects rather than small ones. What is most important
is for the eff ects spreading out from the results of this research to raise the
ov~rall level of technology.
[Question] Will Japanese products remain internationally competitive?
~Answer] I do not say this ~ust because I'm an old engineer, but I think that
America's underlying power is awesome. The United States has come up with such
things as the "Monday car" b.ut its good products are good. Japanese products
are clus~tered around an average value. That is, the standard variation is small,
and we may be giving somewhat excessive praise to this. It is often said that
Japan has produced little good basic work. Therefore, there is some concern over
how long we can continue.
[Question] What would it take to produce good basic work?
[Answer] I believe that large pro3ects could provide the stimulus. At Bell
Laboratorles in the United States, five or six approaches are determined at the
preliminary di3cussion stage for achieving one purpose. Halfway through the project,
these are narr~~wed down to three, and, finally, to one approach. Therefore, a number
of offshoot results are obtained in the intermediate stages. In Japan, we settle
on one plan for the start and so we get few secondary results. This is an important
_ difference.
[Question] Can Japan do original research?
[Answer] If we are allowed to, I believe we can. Until recently, we have not been
given the opportunity. Industry cannot touch anything that does not link up with
business within 3 or 4 years.
COPYRIGHT: Nikkei-McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1981
9651
CSO: 8129/102:1B

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
POSSIBILITY OF LAUNCHING RECONNAISSANCE SATELLITES VIEWED
Tokyo BUSINESS JAPAN in English Vol 26 No 5, May 81 p 36
[Article by Yoshiteru Oka, Associate Editor of FUJI EVENING]
[ Text ] ~ TASA's space shuttle Columbia The Japanese Constitution does not
1~I landed safely on April 15 at prohibit the country from developing
Edwards Air Force Base in Southern and retaining reconnaissance satellites.
California after a flawless test flight, It is only natucal that the Defense
opening an era of true space utiliza- Agency and Self
Defense Forces, frus-
tion. trated with an extremely limited sup-
_ According to the NASA program, ply of strategic information collected
the Space Transportation System, by U.S. reconnaissance satellites, has
known more commonly as the "space shown more than a littie interest in
shuttle," is expected to be launched having theit own satellite for this
some 500 times in the coming 15 particular purpose. '
years; 150 of these times are projected When the U.S. LANDSAT was
for military purposes. The missions launched, the Self�Defense Forces
expected for the space shuttle are made a serious study on the possibility
many - carrying into earth orbit a of using an earth resources satellite in
vaziety of satellites for reconnaissance, place of a reconnaissance satellite. As
surveillance, communications, etc. It soon as NASA released photos taken
_ will also take part in experiments of by the earth resources satellite, they
laser-applied anti-satellite facilities. checked the photos, only to fmd that
With Columbia's success, the U.S., an earth resources satellite could never
bent on closing the gap in the arms serve as a replacement. LANDSAT,
race in space with the Soviet Union, N~g ~ aa orbit as high as 900 km
now seems to have established a major above the Earth, or four times higher
lead in the development of space- than a reconnaissance satellite, offered
borne strategic acros. photographs with 80 meters of re�
Japan has so far launched satellites solving capacity at most. It was known
for academic research projects, com- that NASA's rxonnaissance satellites
munications and meteorological sur- u~~y provided photos with a re-
veys, but none for reconnaissance solving capacity as good as 30 centi-
purposes. Needless to say, the capacity meters. '
for collecting information from a. But this has not made Japan give
reconnaissance satellite is immeasur- up on having its own reconnaissance
able, and its develaoment is a highly facilities in outer space. One may
productive investment. As the late recall the comments of the late Prime
U.S. President L.B. Johnson noted Minister Masayoshi Ohira at a meeting
back in 1967, "The U.S. reconnais- with U.S. newsmen prior to his visit to
sance satellites, should they be the sole the U.S. in May 1979. He repeatedly
product of the space effort valued at emphasized a need for Japan to im-
a total of $40,000 million to date, will prove its reconnaissance capability,
be certain to bring in results worth which apparently suggested a need for
10 times as much as the amount in- having its own reconnaissance satellite.
vested: '
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- it is generally believed that Japan Another problem that requires a
has ampla technological capability to solutian is the lack of capacity to
develop and build a reconnaissance handle the time-consuming work of
- satellite. Propelling the satellite into organizing and compiling the huge
orbit is no problem, since the National quantity of information collac:ed by a
Space Development Agency of Japan reconnaissance satellite.
(NSDA) will shortly complete its M1 Meanwhile, NSDA is schsduled to
rocket development program. The M1 launch a maritime observation satellite
is capable of carrying 13-2.2 payload in fiscal 1984 followed by a land
tons into orbit. This is more than observation satellite in 1987. The for- ~
enough to launch the usuai type of iner is expected to provide a resolving
reconnaissance satellite which weighs capacity of its photos up to 50 meters,
some 0.15 tons. while the latter is expected to offer'
The some ~F10,000 million required even better results. They could be de-
for launching a satellite does not seem veloped into Japan's Cirst reconnais-
to pose too big a problem for the Japa- sance satellites if future conditions
nese government as the Air Defense warrant their use.
Force pays almost the same to procure '
an F15 ~ghter. One point to consider
is the fact that a satellite for photo-
graphic reconnaissance has only a
2-week life. In order to conduct con-
tinuous all-year round reconnaissance,
a total of 25 satellites will be needed,
requiring the sum of ~250,000 million
for their launching, which the Japa-
nese govemment will not find too
large to provide.
Then, what has made Japan hesi-
tate in deciding to possess a reconnais-
sance satellite?
First, NSDA's rocket boosters are
permitted solely for "peaceful" uses.
Inevitably views are divided on
whether or not the use of the rocket
for launching a reconnaissance satellite
would be appropriate.
Next comes the probiem of the
launching site. Uch.r~ra, Kagoshima
Prefecture, has been used as Tokyo
University's launching site for a scien-
tific research rocket, while Tanega-
shima Island is used by NSDA. In
either case, rockat launchings have
been conducted only during the holi-
day seasons observed by the local
fishery community, namely eazly in
February and mid-August, in consider-
ation of the possible effects of rocket
launchings on ftshing ~perations. If na
ideal site can be found elsewhere in
Japan, iwojima Island, where there are
no permanent residents, has been sug�
gested. The idea does not seem prac-
tical however.
COPYRIGflT: 1981 the Nihon Kogyo Shimbun
CSO: 4120/241
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SCTENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PLANT EXPORTS MARKED BY STEEP DEMAND FLUCTUATIONS
Tokyo BUSINESS JAPAN in English Vol 26 No 5, May 81 pp 59, 61, 65, 69, 73
[Article by Kazumi Taki, Japan Consulting Institute]
[Text] ~~dicated in Table 1, Japan's to China. In China, as many as 120
exports of indusVial plants projects to construct industrial plants
amounted to only about $320 million were announced in 1978 as a major
- in fiscal 1965, assuming only 3.8% of pazt of the country's 10-year develop-
the nador~'s total exports vaiued at ment plan, which led to "a China
58,300 million. The weight of indus- boom" among Japanese industrial
trial plants in the nation's total ex� plant manufacturers. Contracts to ex-
ports was very small. The trend of poct industrial plants to China were
industrial plant exports, however, has concluded one after another. Of these,
shown a notable annual increase. exporting industrial plants to Baoshan
Especially after the first oil crisis, steel mill amounted to as much as
exports have shown outstanding 51,500 million. Though large in
growth. While these exports exceeded growth ratas, exports to North
the ~1-billion level for the first time in America and Europe have been small
in value, not contributing much to the
fiscal 1971, they reached more than nation's total exports of industrial
$5 billion in fiscal 1975 and totaled as plants. A large increase was registered
- much as $11,800 ~million in fiscal ~ expocts to the Middle and Near East
1979. As the nation s total exports in ~
fiscal 1979 were $107,000 million, the and Africa, reflecting Japan s exports
ratio of industrial plant exports as� of many large industrial plants to meet
sumed 11%, improving their position the increased demand for lazge-scale
in the nation's trade. Now great expec- plants against the background of the
tations are placed on plant exports as ~oluminous inflow of oil dollars into
one of the country's major export ~e oil producing countries in these
items. regions. Of Japan s total industrial
Table Z shows how Japan's exports plant exports in fiscal 1979, the
number of those valued at more than
of industrial plants have increased re� $lpp million each accounted for 17
gionwise in Pive years since fiscal 1975. a total value of some $5,200
� The most remarkable increase was million. These large plants assumed
registered in exports to the Communist 44%o in the nation's total industrial
bloc, by 394~o in fiscal 1979 over plant exports for the fiscal year, and
fiscal 19?5, which was followed by ~ounted to 511,800 million. As the
"other re~ions" with 323%, the Middle total number of these plants was 743,
and Near East with 317% and Africa ~~~cates how these large plants
with 270%. Of the total exports to the account for a lazge share of the statis-
Communist bloc in fiscal 1979, around tics. Of these large industrial plants, !0
54,300 million, some $3,500 million were exported to the Middle and Near
was for China. The steep increase was East and Africa, including 3 for Saudi
due to the larger demand for exports prabia, 2 for Iraq, 1 for Kuwait, 1 for
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Table 1. Japan's Industrial Plant Exports (1985 - 1979)
Nnit: 51,000)
- Fl~cal yeu Number Velue Growth tate ovu
previou~ FY (96)
1965 ,71 320,873
1966 90 326,944 1,g
1967 127 508,185 55.4
1968 129 491,070 - 3.4
1969 167 711,378 44,g
1970 213 965,396 35.7
1971 231 1,303,617 35.0
1972 257 1,490,785 14.4
1973 . 350 2,198,258 48.0
1974 415 3,858,324 75.5
1975 489 5,241,438 35.8
1976 � 680 8,005,535 52,7
1977 736 8,607,374 7.5
1978 753 8,729.174 1.4
~ 1979 743 11,784,981 35.0
Yemen, 1 for Algeria, 1 for Tunisia to Iran and Iraq mazkedly increased.
, and 1 for Nigeria. Especially those to Iraq registered a
The nation's exports of industrial sharp increase in large plants in con-
plants from April 1980 to January this nection with Japan's imports of crude
year totaled $7,700 million, only oil from that country. Iraq thus be-
72.8% of some $10,600 million re- came a lazge market for Japanese-made
~stered in the same period of the industrial plants. But the country's
previous fiscal year. Regionwise, as hostilities with Iran have dragged on,
shown in Table 3, exports to South- so projects to construct industdal
_ east Asia increased by 129.6%; those plants in Iraq have been forced to
to Central and South America, Africa, be suspended temporarily until the
Oceania and other regions increased situadon is normalized. It has also
by 138.5%, 109.3~0, 519.1% and become difficult for those concerned
176.6%a respectively; and those to the to promote new talks for contracts for
Middle and Near East and the Com- industrial plant exports. 'These factors
munist bloc sharply decreased to have led to a sharp decline in Japan's
49.4% and 33.9% respectively. In the industrial plant exports to Iraq.
_ regional ratios of Japan's industrial Japan's plant exports to Iran had
plant e~cports in fiscal 1979, the Mid- assumed a large share before Ayatullah
dle and Near East assumed 30.5% and Khomeini's revolutionary regime as-
the Communist bloc 36.4%, for rough- sumed office, but the share decreased
ly two-thirds of the total. Their shares, phenomenally as Japan applied eco-
however, declined to 21.6% and 16.4% nomic sancdons to the country, a
� respectively in the period between condition that developed after staff
April 1980 and' January 1981. As members at the U.S. Embassy in
these fugures mazkedly declined, the Te~an were taken as hostages.
nation's plant exports showed a sharp AYa~11ah Khomeini's policy to re�
decrease in that period. The major strict the modemization of his country
reason fnr this in the case of Japan's ~S alsu affected Japan's industrial
exports to the Middle and Near East plant exports to ihat country.
was that the conflict between Iran and
Iraq dragged on. After the fust oil
crisis, Japan's industrial plant exports
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As for the decline in exports to the Middle and Near East has placed
Cummunist bloc, the Soviet Union and orders with Japan in fiscal 1980 is
China slowdown has had the most only four, this indicates how actively
serious effect. As Japan tuok a policy ASEAN countries are promoting their
of economic sanctions against the industrialization. Exports of industrial
Soviet Union after it invaded Afghani- ~,lants to Central and South America
stan, Japan's industrial plant exports have also increased, but this was due
to that country have become almost mainly to the sharp decrease in such
nil. As for Japan's plant exports to exports in the previous fiscal year.
China, a large increase was registered ~ou~ Japan's exports of industrial
from the latter half of 1978 to 1979, plants to Oceania showed an increase
and the total amount of such exports of as much as 519% in fiscal 1980, this
in fiscal 1979 reached as much as was due to the fact that Japaxi's
$3,500 million, leading .to anticipa� exports to that region had been very
tion among many businessmen in small and Japan received an order
Japan of bright prospects for from Australia during the period for a
trade with China. This excitement, large power generating plant valued at
however, did not last long. In 1980, more than ~ 100 million.
the conventional policy of importing Japan's industrial plant exports
large�scale plants centered around during fiscal 1980 were first expected
those for petrochemicals was criticized to reach $10 billion in the beginning
within the Chinese govemment, and of the fiscal year, but judging from the
the move to restrict the import of results achieved so far, it seems that it
industrial plants became pronounced. wrill be difficult to reach even $9
_ In recent months, the Chinese govern- billion.
ment has notified Japanese enterprises Though Japan's industrial plant ex-
concerned that it would be necessary ports are mostly destined for develop-
to either suspend the construction of ~g countries, in the case of non�oil
large industrial plants. in the ~elds of producing developing countries, having
steel and petrochemicals or to cancel been serieusly affected by the sharp
the previous contracts for imparting rise in crude oil prices, their interna-
such plants because China had to donal trade balance has worsened and
readjust its economy. This deeply their liabilities toward foreign coun-
shocked the Japanese enterprises cojl� tries have heavily accumulated, making
cerned. The number of projects for it difficult for them to import indus-
which such notification was made trial plants. This being the case, there-
totaled 15 valued at some $1,500 fore, though they wish to import
million. This is the main reason why ~dustrial plants, it is impossible for
Japan's export figures for industrial t(iem to do so unless they receive
, plants show such a sharp decline.
The regions te~ which Japan's indus- economic assistance from advanced
trial plant exports have shown a phe� industrial countries. It has become
nomenal increase in fiscal 1980 in- necessary for Japan to promote such
clude Southeast Asia, Central and exports on the basis of economic
South America, Oceania and others. cooperation. Even in the case of oil
As far as Southeast Asia is concerned, producing developing countries, as the
the political situation of ASEAN coun- Waz between Iran and Iraq has dragged
tries in particular is comparatively on, instability is the mark of many
stable and they are actively promoting governments and inflation has inten-
industrial development. The demand sified. Now some of them are forced
to cut back, postpone or suspend their
for industrial plants is large and orders industrialization programs. [n view of
for large-scale plants valued at more this fact, their demand for Japanese-
than ~ l00 million have increased. The made industrial plants is most likely
number of plants valued at more than to be sluggish for the time being.
3100 million each for which Japan has If this decrease in demand is tempo-
received orders from ASEAN countries rary, Japan will soon resume active
in fiscal 1980 amounts to Pive. When exports, but if it is prolonged, compe-
compared with the fact that the num- tition among advanced industrial coun-
ber of large-scale plants valued at more tries for receiving the few orders for
than ~ 100 million each for which the
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Table 3. Regional Destinations for Japan's Industrlal Plent
Exports in Fiscal 1980 (April 1980 - Jan. 1981)
Region Numbar Value (51,000) Growth rate over
previous FY
Southeast Asia 180 2,224,163 129.6
Middle & Neaz 109 1,669,337 49.4
East
Central & South 74 766,912 138.5
. America
Africa 37 853,619 109.3
Oceania 25 250,644 519.1
Communist Bloc 101 1,264,272 33.9
Othets (North
America & 101 683,542 176.6
We~tarn Europe)
Total 627 7,712,489 72.8
industrial plants from developing plants are likely to become less com-
countries will become intensified. petitive intemationally. It will only be
~ Needless to say, unless Japanese� possible for Japanese manufacturers to
made industrial plants are internation- expand their industrial plant exports
ally competitive, it will become dif- by concentrating their efforts on
ficuit for Japanese manufacturers to enhancing their internadonal competi-
receive orders. As the quotation of the tive strength, exploring promising
yen has tended to rise since the end of overseas mazkets, and forming inter-
last year, Japanese-made industrial aational consortia.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 the Nihon Kogyo Shimbun
- CSO: 4120/241
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY AIDS OVERSEAS SALES OF ELECTRIC TOOLS
Tokyo BUSINESS JAPAN in English Vol 26 No 5, May 81 pp 75, 82
[Article by Yasuo Inoue, Staff Writer, TI~ NII~ON KOGYO SAIl~UN]
[Text ] APAN'S electric tool industry has Koki, as well as such well-known ones
J been steadily expanding produc- as Mitsubishi Electric Corp., Shinko
tion. Since it achieved an output Electric, Shibaura Engineering Works,
valued at ~111,200 million in 1979, Kosoku Electric Machine, Nitto Koki,
' thus exceeding the ~100-billion mark Kuken Kubota Industry, Matsushita
- for the first time, the industry has Electric Tool, Ryobi, Mito Indusiry,
continued to show a growth of more Fuji Diamond Industry, Nippon Elec-
than 10% since then. tric Precision Equipment, and others.
What has been supporting this re- Foreign-capital affiliated companies
markable growth is the export market. include Japan Black and Decker, the
Exports of electric tools have in- Japanese corporation affiliated with
creased year after year, and the ratio Black and Decker of the U.S., the
of esports to the industry's total world's largest electric tool maker, and
. output has reached nearly 40�Io. Robert Bosch Japan, Japan Drive-It,
Though at first destinations were and others. Competition in technical
mair.ly Southeast Asian countries, development and sales among them is
they now include the United States intense. As for exports, both Makita
and European countries, testifying to Electric Machinery Works and Hitachi
the fact that Japanese�made electric Koki have been vigorously endeavoring
tools and the technology incorporated to exploit overseas markets by . estab-
into them have attained worldwide lishing bases in foreign countries from
acclaim. many years ago. In a more recent
One of the reasons the export of example, Makita began local produc�
electric tools has increased is that the uan ~ Vancouver; Canada, at the
domestic demand has leveled off be- beginning of last year.
, cause of the sluggishness of private '[~e fact that Japanese�made elec-
housing investments and the once- tric tools have earned worldwide re-
budding demand for tools by do-it- cognition is not necessarily due to the
yourself enthusiasts that had assumed active sales efforts of manufacturers.
sume 10% of the total domestic de- Their success in overseas markets can
mand has been stagnant because per- be largely ascribed to the fact that
sonal spenciing was dull. makers have been exerting efforts to
The major reason, however, has develop new technology and products
been that electric tool manufacturers in order to adequately meet the ever-
have been actively exploring overseas diversifying needs of customers who
markets. 7'heir efforts are now show- wish to have more advanced products.
ing good results. Without such strenuous efforts by
The number of major manufac- makers, Japan's electric tools would
turers making only electric tools is never have been numbered among the
nearly 50. Of these, wholly Japanese world's best piuducts.
makers include two major ones - The most noticeable technical de-
Makita Electric Works and Hitachi velopment in recent years is that, as in
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the case of various machines and The third noteworthy fact about
equipment, electronic technology and electric tools is the recent move to-
ICs (integrated circuits) have been ward devicas tl~at prevent the scatter-
widely adopted in electric tools. ing of dust, and dust collectors to keep
[n the case of electric grinders, for the working environment clean. If
instance, electronic control functions powdered dust is left uncollected,
have been incorporated into such tools operators may often be physically
so as to automatically prevent rotation affected.
slowdowns. Among electric grinders, Manufacturers of electric tools have
disc grinders, which have wider con� been seriously tackling the problem of
tact surfaces when grinding and polish- effectively collecting dust. Some of
ing, have tended to be troubled by the recent circular saws, sanders, and
slowing of the rotation speed. With the grinders already feature dust-collecting
above electronic control function built devices. Regulations regarding dust
in, however, the working efficiency of have already been stipulayed, and
disc grinders has improved to twice "Regulations for Preventing Diseases
that of conventional models. Needless from Dust" was put into effect from
to say, the new functions have been October 1979. This fact is one of the
materialized with iCs. Electronic tech- reasons why electric tool manufac-
nology has been adopted in electric turers have been urged to concentrate
saws as well. Some recent types of on efforts to work out measures to
electric saws have become much more prevent dust.
efficient as the cutting width of mate- The fourth element in the recent
rials can be digitally controlled. development of new toois is how to
The second remarkable fact about make them smaller in size and lighter
newer electric tools is that cordless in weight. Voices of users calling for
tools have appeared on the market. It smaller and lighter tools, centered
is both inefficient and unpleasant for around drills for use in housing con-
operators to have to work while drag- struction in particular, have become
ging long electric cords. If tools have stronger. .
no cords, operators can carry them When using impact drills, for in-
easily and work at places where no stance, operators are forced many
electric source is available. To make times to assume unnatural positions.
electric tools without cords has been . When boring holes in ceilings or insert-
one of the most important targets of [n8 bolts in over�head fittings, the
development efforts. tools operators use must be small and
The best key to this is to use light. Tool makers, therefore, have
batteries. Cordless tools are already , been exerting efforts to develop prod-
availabte in smaller tools such as elec- ucts to adequately meet the needs of
tdc drills, screwdrivers, grinders, cir� users by reducing less important parts
cular saws and others. The problem is and using lighter materials. In fact,
the short life of batteries. Their weak� recent products have become con-
ness is that charging takes about 10 siderably lighter and easier to use as
hours for only an hour of use. Recent compazed with previous models.
batteries, however, have improved in Some of the tool manufacturers
performance and are more powerful p~ to establish central laboratories to
than conventional ones. They are slow- conduct basic research on electric
ly but gradually approaching the ideal. tools and to develop new products to
fill the needs of users. Compedtion
among manufacturers is expected to
become more intensified in the area of
developing naw technology and prod-
ucts.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 the Nihon Kogyo Shimbun
CSO: 4~20/241
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NEW TECHNOLOGY PROVIDES GREATER MEASURING MACHINE ACCURACY
Tokyo BUSINESS JAPAN in English Vol 26 No 5, May 81 pp 109, 114
_ [Article by Michio Kawada, Director, National Metrological Research Laboratory,
Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade
- and Industry~
[Text] ~APID progress of industrial tech- Meawring Lengths
nology and greater economic ex- Most familiar measuring instru-
pansion have increased the need for ments for length including micro-
measuring instnunents in many fields. meters and tool gauges are becoming
As a result, numerous innovations have increasingly digital. The latest prod-
been introduced and new measuring ucts are provided with LC (liquid
instruments meeting consumer's needs crystal) displays. Operating on bufft�in
have come to be extensively produced. miniature batteries, theso new meas-
Principal measuring instrument im- uring instruments can be carried any-
provements achieved in recent years where. Zeroing of ineasuring value at
can be stated as follows: any azbitrary position or holding of
Measuring efficiency is demanded the display data are possible, making
first of all, since measurement is these devices extremely convenient at
seriously affected by defe~tive main- the actual work site.
tenance, controls or operation. The A remarkable trend in recent length
development effocts center on meas- measnrement devices is the emergence
uring instruments that can be handled of ineasuring instruments suitable for
with ease even by unskilled operators. multidimensional objects. It is no
At the same time, the demand for longer enough to measure the simple,
higher reliability and precision has unidimensional length of an object.
become stronger. This has led to the Its complex shape must be grasped as
development of a large number of well. In all-inclusive length measure-
- measunng instruments provided with ments, measurement data is converted
devices for automatic compensation or into electrical signals, digitalized and
automatic coaection as well as non- processed with a computer to provide
automatic correcting devices, all of the desired information.
- which demand trouble-free operations. One of the high-precision methods
Particularly noteworthy aze the for the digitalization of length meas-
practical applications of ineasuring in� urements makes use of laser interfer-
struments with built-in microcom- ence. In addition, some measuring
puters or microprocessors that are i~truments utilize moir~ fringes, op-
capable of automatic compensation, tical encoders and electromagnetic
and processing of ineasurement data. ~gne-scales for enhancing precision.
The development of ineasuring instru- Multidimensional measuring instru-
ments capable of fast processing of inents that have already reached the
data is being accelerated. stage of� practical application include
I should like to summarize the three~dimensional measuring devices
typical measuring instruments and for curves, curvatures, radii and center
their fields of application, touching on positions used for cams, gears and
various types of ineasuring instruments, screws; roundness testers; surface
new technology and changing demands.
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roughness testers; and automatic bore The development of labelling ma-
measuring devices. chines and digital counting scales
For example, a threedimensional exclusively operating on load cells is
measuring instrument has an auto� aslo notewurthy. Load cell scales with
matic operation command tape with their quick response economize on the
memories of ineasurement sequence, time needed for each weighing. Hence,
operation sequence, information on they are extensively employed in super-
locating, processing method of design markets as labelling machines for
parameters and measurement data. weighing merchandise and labeliing it,
_ Tlie operator has only to set the object indicating weight, price, date and
for measurement and the command other information.
tape. Tluee-dimensional measurements Another application of the load cell
including the shape are accomplished is the counting model which counts
automatically. the number of products with uniform
The servo motor moves the device size and weight, such as scnws, parts
along the X, Y and Z axes according of electric machines and printed
to the command. The length of each matter. Some highly sensitive models
coordinate axis is read with a linear have a precision of 1/5,000 -1/10,000
encoder built in each axis. Such in- to their maximum range. If the unit
formation as processed measurement weight is known, the count of pieces
quantities, the code for designating in a lot can be obtained at one touch.
the drawing, comparison with refer- Applications of load-cell equipment are
ence values and the judgment of expected to show increasing growth.
acceptance or rejection is all neatly
typed out. These devices are applicable Temperature Measuring Techniques
to the measurement of objects having Among the temperature measuring
complex shapes. - devices widaly used in Japan at present
are thermocouples, thermistors, elec�
Measuring Techniques for Mass trical resistance thermometers and
Among mass measuring instruments, heat radiation thermometers. Reseazch
the diffusion of commercial scales and development on temperature
utilizing load cells of electrical resist- mea'surement based on heat radiation
ance type has become noteworthy. ~s been rapidly progressing in recent
Their uses are expected to multiply in Y~rs. Dichroic thermometers and Si
the future as they have numsrous ad- or Pbs radiation thermometers belong
vantages over conventional commercial to this type.
spring scales. Since these thermometers have such
The load cell scate can be made advantages as quick response and the
very compact. It features an excellent ~pability to measure without contact,
weighing sensitivity and precision. ~Y az~ f~ndinB dai1Y expanding ap-
Some new products have a weighing plications. Models featuring outstand-
precision of better than 1/3,000 of ~8 reliabillty .and perfoanance are al-
its maximum range. These scales have ready being industrially manufactured.
built�in microcomputers that perform On the other hand, the growing
calculations based on measured data. need for accurate and high-precision
For example, they calculate the net t~perature control and the impor-
weight (weight minus tare), and digit- tance of maintaining the precision of
ally display the unit price, the final thermometers have given rise to the
price and the weight in case of com- introduction of systems for regular
mercial scales. thermometercheckingand the modern-
There are also scales which auto- ization of temperature correcting
matically correct zero point and port- de~?ices.
able scales operating on built�in com- An increasing number of tempera-
pact batteries and dispensing with ture measuring devices and thermo-
power supply cables. Scales which can
be directly linked with an office com-
puter system and issue bills, invoices
and write business documents such as
' itemized sales records have already
entered the practical stage.
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meter testers are being installed in test exceeding two meters.
rooms of plants. Reliability and performance oi
household water meters and gas meters
Pressure and Flow Measuring Tech� have bean greatly improved through
niques rigorous quality control during pro� ~
The most widely used device for duction. Some of the newer models
measuring pressure is the elastic pres- aze desigaed to convert meter readings
sure gauge incorporating a Bourbon into electrical signals and to transmit
tube, bellows and a diaphragm. Models them to a central control station for
with a precision of 1/1,000 of the collective telemetric reading.
maximum range have come to be Gasoline meters and oil meters of
manufactured. In some models detect- extremely high standards have come to
ed pressures aze converted into electric be demanded following the oil crisis.
signals by means of a transducer pro- Among the volume-type oil meters
vided on the elastic body and are dis- there are models achieving a precision
played in digits. of 1~1,000. Reliabllity is enhanced
Recently developad digital sphyg- further, for euample, by providing
nomanometers based on elasticity automatic compensating arrangement
measure maximum and minimum (sys- of temperature and pressure, or a high-
tolic and diastolic) blood pressures performance air separator.
aulomatically. The technology of ineasuring gas
Hydraulically operating air piston flow under various conditions has
gauges are used as reference mano- made giant strides, as exemplified by
meters or deadweight pressuro gauges. the gas meter utilizing the K~cman
They are employed as standard ressure vortex, the volume�type servo gas
_ gauges with a precision of 1~10,000. meter whose pressure gradient be-
Uses for flow meters range over tween the inlet and the outlet is made
household water meters, gas meters, zero, and the nozzle Venturi Type gas
gasoline meters and oil meters at gas meter with a gas jet of sonic speed.
stands to various large industrial flow They are making possible the measure-
meters for gases and liquids. Some ment of gas flow which was deemed as
flow meters for water flow control, impracticable only a decade ago.
operating on electromagnetic and
ultrasonic principles, have diameters
COPYRIGHT: 1981 the Nihon Kogyo Shimbun
CSO: 4120/241
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SCIENCE aIVD TECHNOLOGY
SIMPLIFIED PROCESS TO SPEED USE OF HYDROGEN AS ENERGY SOURCE DISCUSSED
Tokyo BUSINESS JAPAN in English Vol 26 No 5, May 81 p 127
[Text ] j~ ESEARCH is progressing through- temperatures and under relatively low
1\ out the world on the use of hydro� pressurc.
gen as an energy source superseding The maker intends to construct a
~ petroleum. plant with a monthly output of one
Now a new iron-titanium alloy, ton and to start sample shipments
which can occlude hydrogen in ordi- shortly. If mass production gets under
nary temperatures, has been jointly way, price per kg would come dawn to
perfected by Nippon Jukagaku Kogyo, ~F4,000 -'~f5,000, which is competitive
a leading maker of iron alloys in Japan, with foreign products which cost
and LJlvac Corp. (with the participa- ~�7,000 -~'10,000 por kg.
tion of Shinku Yakin, a subsidiary of The bright future for hydrogen
Ulvac). energy systems has served as the
The alloy is mainly composed of motive force for the joint project by
~ iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) in a ratio Nippon Jukagaku Kogyo and Nvac
of 1: 1, with the addition of small Corp. The large quantity of electric
quantities of zirconium (Zr) and power required for the production of
- niobium (Nb) or zirconium and mo- the hydrogen-occludittg alloy is sup-
lybdenum (Mo). It can be activated by plied from geothermal power genera-
merely exposing it to hydrogen gas tion. Nippon Jukagaku Kogyo offered
of 35 atmospheres for some hours at its expertise on the melting of the
ordinary temperatures. alloy, while the Ulvac group supplied
Both iron and titanium are abun- its know-how on vacuum metallurgy
dantiy available at low cost. Iron- and plant engineering.
titanium alloy was long regarded as a Joint research and development
promising material for the occlusion were started la~t September when it
af hydrogen, but the ordinary alloy was felt that the perfection of a hydro-
features an extremely slow initial gen-occluding alloy was entirely pos-
reaction with hydrogen. To activate sibte by the extensive pooling of the
the surface of the alloy, it is necessary know-how of both enterprises.
to heat the alloy in a vacuum for Professor Tokio Ota of Yokohama
several hours. State University, Faculty of Engineer-
This activating pre-treatment is fol- ing, an authority in this branch of
lowed by keeping the alloy at 400�C metallurgy~ made a vital contribution
under 65 atm. for long hours. The de- towards the initiation of this develop-
velopment of some method to enable ment pcoject.
more efficient activation was eagerly The newly developed product may
awaited, especially in large plants. be applied to the development of air-
The recently developed alloy solves conditioning systems using chemical
this problem completely. A high reactions between hydrogen and met-
degree of safety is ensured because the als, now being promoted by the Re-
alloy can be activated in ordinary search Development Corporation of
29

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APPR~VED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R004400020036-6
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Japan, and to another comprehensive
research project researching wind.
- power and heat energy being pro-
moted by the Science & Techriology
Agency. In addition, the new alloy
may be applied organically and with
advantage to the removal of snow
from roads and to regional energy
_ supply for agricultural facilities.
In particular, the new technology
has a direct bearing on the compre-
hensive research being conducted by
the Science & Technolog,y Agency for
the utilization of wind power, which ~
calls for the development of inex-
pensive and efficient hydrogen-occlud-
ing metals as a means for long-term
stabilized storage of thermal energy
converted from the kinetic energy of
the wind.
This national research and develop-
ment project is divided into two sec-
tors: (1; designing and manufacture of
large-size heat storage and releasing
systems participated in by the Nation-
al Space Development Agency of
_ Japan (a part of the Science & Tech-
nology Agency), Kawasaki Heavy
Industries, Tokai University, Shinku
Yakin and Yokohama State University, ~
and (2) mass production technology
for hydrogenoccluding materials, par=
ticipated in by the National Research
Institute for Metals.
The five�year, ~800-million devel-
opment project has been in progress
since 1980. Onb ' of the" liydrogen-
occluding alloys being studied is an
iron-titanium alloy: Ti 1.22 - 9.Swt %
Fe,Ti,o03 .
COPYRIGHT: 1981 the Nihon Kogyo Shimbun
CSO: 4120/241 ~D
30
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400020036-6