JPRS ID: 9778 USSR REPORT POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS

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JPRS L/9778
9 June 1981
USSR Re ort
p
POLITIC.'~l AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 17/81)
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JPRS L/9778
. 9 June 1981
USSR REPORT
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
_ (FOUO 11/81)
CONTENTS
NA1' I ONAL

~ Bromley Interview, Biography, Article Reviewing Ethnographic
Studies
(Various sources, various dates) 1
Yu. V. Bromley Interviewed, by L. E. Reznichenko
Yu. V. Bromley Biography
Review of Ethnographic Studies, by Yu. V. Bromley,
A. Ye. Ter-Sarkisyants
REGIONAL
- Problems Affecting Russian-Nationality Language Dictionaries
Discussed
(S. S. Kim; SOVETSKAYA TYUKOLOGIYA, No 5, 1980) 43
- a- [ IIl' - USSR - 35 FOUO]
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NATIONAL
BROMLEY INTERVIEW, BIOGtZAPHY, ARTICLE REVIEWING ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES
Yu. V. Broml:ey Interviewed
rt~scow VESTNIK AKADF~III NAUK in Russian No 3, 1981 pp 57-60
[l..[:. Reznichenko interviews Academician Yu~V. BromleyJ
[Question] Yulian Vladimirovich, you are connected with VESTNIK by a long friend-
ship. If you recall, back at the start of the 1950's research assistant Yu,V. Brom-
ley and, later, Candidate of Historical Sciences Yu.V. Bromley frequently described
to oitr readers international meetings of historians and ethnographers. And today,
together with theoretical articles, Academician Yu.V. Bromley writes in VESTNIK from
~ime to time on an i*~ternational symposium or congress of ethnographers. But it is
very likely that the subject matter of these congresses has changed appreciably over
a quarter of a century?
~Answer] Undoubtedly. And this is probably the most important of these changes:
there has been a sharp increase in the number of papers and reports devoted to theo-
retical problems. If not numerically predominant, at recent congresses of anthro-
pological and ethnological sciences such reports and papers have, in any event, de-
termined the appearance of these international forums. There has also been an ap-
preciable increase in the interest of the participants in these congresses in the
problem of the progressive development of ethnic groups, which within the framework
of ethnography are no longer regarded as static formations which are part "of the
age." True, many Western scholars regard the development of ethnic groups exclusivPly
as evolution, completely ignoring revolutionary leaps forward. And this evolution is
in their concept, moreover, a multilinear process in which no common character-
istics can be distinguished. In order to justify this approach they absolutize man's
cultural diversity. ~
[QuestionJ But this approach is surely ~irectly opposed to the trend towar.d the
theoretization of the ethnographic sciences? If no common characteristics can be
discerned in the process~s of ethnic dEVelopment, consequently, a theory of these
- processes simply cannot exist?
(Answer] Yes, it is the view of many scholars that disregard for the common char-
acteristics of ethnic development is not only a world-outlook error. Taken far
enough, it leads to methodologica~ deadlock. Many foreign erhne~raphers, particu-
larly from the de~~eloping countries, see a turn toward Marxism.as a way out of this
deadlock. Tt~ey see it as a methodological basis for a study of ethnic processes
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makin~ it possi.ble to discern in the real and indisputable variety of ethnic fea-
ti,re5, cultures aad historical destinies of peoples manifestations of uniform laws
of historical development. The last congress of anthropolagical and ethnological
scienc~s, which was }ield in 1978 in Delhi, is indicative in this respect.
~ At the openinK uf the congress its president, I.. [Vid " yartkhi) (Indi.z) emphaKized
partic~iYarly ttiat in recent decades "Soviet ethnography, which dev2loped on the basls
of the ideology of Marx, Engels and Lenin, has marked a renewal of the concept of
- social evolution and introduced new alignments to anthropology a~id made it more
halanced, reducing the field of Anglo-American influence." A special symposium
"NeoevolutionisM and Marxism" was even conducted at this congress. As a whole,
an increasin~ departure from the descriptive nature traditional to the ethnography
_ of the past is characteristic of all recent international meetings of ethnographers.
[Question] But bAhind these apparent changes of the agenda there are probably some
d~ep-lying processes currently being experienced by ethnographic science. Is it
possible to speak ~f an evolution of the content of ethnography, primarily its trad-
' itional subject?
~AnswerJ Undoubtedly. Although the issue here is quite complex. There is as yet
no single opinion among specialists as to the subject of ethnography. But as a whole
it may be stated that the traditional idea of ethnograph as a science studying
"archaic," "exotic" peoples which have lagged behind in their development is being
, repLaced increasingly by an understanding of it as a science of all peoples--from
- thE~ purveyors of archaic cultures through modern urbanized societies. And, naturally,
~~uestio~is of the common characteristics of the development of the peoples come to
tl~e forefront given this approach.
Of course, peoples and cultures are studied by almost all of the humanities in this
form or the other, but ethnography 1-~as a special resource permitting it to determine
its own position on a par with allied sciences. It' studies processes and phe:zomena
' from its particular angle and from the ~~iewpoint of their so-calle~ ethnic functions
--functions of the integration and association of the members of one ethnic group
and their differentiatior, and distinctiveness in their own eyec from the representa-
eives of other ethnic groups. Of course, these functions themselves are not something
frozen and given once for all. They alter appreciabiy with the development of the
eL-hnlc groups, primarily with their socioecon~mic development. Thus at the stage of
developed socialism ethnic functions are realized to an increasingly great extent
in the course of the mutual enrichment of ethnic. cultur~es and their burgeoning and
raPprochementat the same time zs the complete preservation and development even of
ethnic self.-awareness--a graphic manifestation of thE unity of the ethnic group in
the modern urbanistic society.
[Questior] Yulian Vladimirovich, this concept of. the subject of ethnography also
_ and its growing th~oretization are probably to a 13rge extent an answer to the re-
qt~irements of social practice? It is sufficient~~to recall on the one hand the com-
plex problems of the developing countries where the formation of modern states largely
determined the formation of nations and, on the other, the exacerbation--surprising
to tl~e majority of observers--of national and ethnic problems in many developed
_ capitalist states: the United States, Canada and even such a relatively ethnically
stahle country as Great Britain, where ethnic fac'tors have suddenly begun to exert
a marked influence on political life. The social practice of communist building
confronts ethnographers with substantial, although fundamentally different problems.
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'1'he pr;ictical significance of the problems being solved by ethnography which has
come to light has appreciably influenced its evolution in recent decades?
[Answer] An essential clarification is needed here. Applied tasks were never in
- the?nselves al.ien to ethnographic science. After all, it evolved in the era of the
c:;lonial expangion of the European states and--irrespective of the intentions of
clii~, expert or the other--objectively to a large extent served the needs of this
eYpansion. Whence also, ir. particular, the endeavor to restrict the subject of
ethnography to a study of "exotic" peoples, which we mentioned earlier. But, of
co~irse, in the mc3ern world both the scale and the nature of the practical tasks of
tY~e study and forecasting of ethnic processes are entirely different. And an
"explanatory," theoretical science, particularly the developed theory of nations and
ethnic: processes, is essential for tackling these tasks.
ft is in~portaiit that the ethnographers' theoretical models may also be based on the
data of experiments, albeit somewhat unique--organized by history itself. Th~ point
bei.ng tliat in the course of history entire ethnic groups and parts thereof fre-
quently find themselves in particular conditions which are a considerable departure
from the norm. A countless multitude of such "experiments," and the most diverse,
at that, has been arranged. It is sufficient just to recall migration--from the
"Kreat resettlement of the peoples" through the relocation of individual ethnic
groups. An analysis of the consequences of such movements helps reveal the compara-
tively stable characteristics of the ethnic groups and to separate them off from
attributes which are to a certain exten~ incidental and superficial. In particular,
such "experiments" testify to the tremendous role of culture (including so-called
ethnic self-awareness) in the integration of the ethnic groups. At the same time
it wot~ld be erroneous to regard ethnic self-awareness as ~he creator of the ethnic
_ f;roup, as certain of our foreign colleagues do. Behind the community of ethnic
self-awareness of this group of people or the other there are always cultures in the
broad sense uniting their specific features.
Contemporary, sometimes surprising, ethnic phenomena, including those which you men-
_ tioned, may also be attributed to such "experiments" of ethnic history or, more
precisely, to the results of these experiments. The "experiments" themselves lie
primarily in the interaction of the comparatively slow ethnic processes proper
(~tlinic singularities and characteristics are highly conservative) with the fast-
- moving socioeconomic development of the corresponding ethnic groups. In particular,
industrialization engenders the ubiquitous proliferation of a mass industrial prod-
uct, reducing to nothing the ethnic differences of the components of material cul-
ture; and urbanization--another consequence of the scientific-technical revolution--
is accompanied by a certain standardization of the way of life. Under these con-
ditions ethnic specifics are concentrated increasingly in the sphere of spiritual
life. At the same time the socioeconomic inequality o~ the ethnic groups grows con-
stantly in the capitalist world by virtue of the law of uneven development. Thanks
to the mass information media, this inequality is becoming particularly graphic and
therefore intolerable for its victims. Consequently, precisely in the areas which are
affected to the greatest extent by processes of the scientific-technical revolution
a shar.p and, at times, explosive assertion of ethnic~ self-awareness may be ex-
pected at some moment or the other.
~
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This--in most general form--is a most important cause of the at first sight un-
expec:ted ethn~c phenomena which have been observed in many developed capitalist
countries ia the past 10-15 years. Like the Anglo-Iriah clashes in Ulster, the
Anglo- and Franco-Canadian contradictions in Canada, the atruggle between the Flemings
and Walloons in Belgium, the Basque demonstrations in Spain and France and so forth.
- [Question] But urbanization and other processes brought about by the scientific-
technical revolution affect the various ethnic groups of our country also?
[Answer] Of course. But what is of determining significance in these cases is the
flct that these processes ensue in an entirely different socioeconomic context. It
is well known that not an increase in the economic inequality of the ethnic groups-
peoples but their rapprochement in terms of the level of economic development has
occurred in our country in the years of Soviet power. A uniform social structure
has evolved among all the peoples, and the sharp differences in their cultural level
have disappeared. It is also well known that this development of the nations and
nationalities is accompanied by their ever inr_reasing rapprochement. Both these
trencis--the development and rapprochement of the peoples--have been reflected in
tYze >Pliere of social seZf-awareness. The development and burgeoning of the nations
:iiid n~itionali.ties are combined with the growth ~f ethnic and national self-awareness.
On thc other hand, an a~ll-Sovie~ self-awareness--awareness of belonging to the single
Soviet people--is developing on the basis of their ever increasing rapprochPment.
'Ciie c~~mplex dialectics of the interrelationship of these two forms of social self-
awareness deserves detailed, concrete study. Unfortunately, there are as yet in-
suEricient concrete studies of this kind.
jQue~tion] But surely such studies cannot be executed by ethnographers alone; wide-
- ran~;ing comprehensive works are needed here?
[AnswerJ Of course. And such works are being created. However, as a whole, the
question of ethnography'S link with other disciglines is highly complex. It is
probably necessary for such interaction to be most effective to first specify
"spheres of influence" and articulate the subject of each science in the overall ob-
jec_r of the research. After all, in reality the ethnic groups-peoples have the
most var.ied parameters--definite social, cultural, linguistic, mental and other fea-
tures. Correspondingly, they are stiidied by the mpst diverse disciplines to this
extent or the other: sociology, linguistics, psychology and so fort.h. Ethnography
has its own approach to a study of ethnic groups--revealing their characteristic
Ec~attires as a whole. Therefore it inevitably "intersects" with all the disciplines
wliic}1 study individual components of ethnic groups. As a result there already
_ exists today a number of "border" disciplines: ethnology, ethnolinguistics, ethnic
cintr~ropology and certain others. However, there is still a long way to go to the
genuine integration of the sciences and comprehensiveness. The mechanism of com-
_ prel~t~~lsLv~ research permitting the full use of the apparatus of various sciences
in ti~e study of ethnic processes and phenomena is insufficiently developed; there is
not even a uniform working terminology of such research: one and the same term with-
in the framework of different sciences may acquire differing content. Extensive
methodological and procedural research is still needed here. But the very fact that
th~se problems are being brought up testifies that the complex of sciences of ethnic
groups has achieved a certain methodological maturity without which it is impossible
to stiidy peoples in our rapidly changing world.
CUYYRIGIiT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
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Yu. V. Bxomley Biography
Mosc~w IVOVAYA I NOVI:YSHAYA ISTORIYA in Russian Pb 2, 1981 pp 202-204
(Un~Ctributed biograpttyof Yu. V. Bromley on liis 60th birthd~~y]
(Text~ In Pebruary 1981 the Soviet scientific community extensively commemorated
the 60th I~i.rthday of Academician Yu. V. Bromley, prominent historian and fore-
most expert in the sphere of the medieval histary of the Slav peoples, ethnography
and contemporary national processes. Yu.V. Bromley is the author of over 200 works
on various problems of world and national history. Together with the great scienti-
fic research work which he performs he is an important organizer of science. Yu. V.
Bromley has since 1966 been director of the USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of
Ethnography imeni N.N. Miklukho-Maklay and since 1976 deputy chief scientific sec-
retary of. the USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium, deputy secretary-academician of the
US51t Academy of Sciences History Department, chairman of the Scientific Council for
Nationality Problenis of the USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium Social Sciences Sec-
tion and professor of the History Faculty of the Moscow State University imeni M. V.
Lomonosov.
Yi~.V. Bromley entered the Mosco~ State University's History Faculty in 1939, but
was soon after called up into the Soviet Army. He fought at the front against the
German-fascist aggressors in the Great Patriotic War. DPmobilized in 1945, Yu. V.
Bromley resumed his s~udies in the Moscow State University. After graduation from
the university, he worked in the USSR Academy of Sciences system--first in the Insti-
tute of Slavonic Studies and since 1952 in the Department of Hist~ry as scientific
secretary for coordination and scientific secretary.
Yu.V. Bromley's early works were devoted to a study of i:he evolution of feudal rent
and the class struggle in the Croatian countryside in the 15th-16th centuries.l On
the basis of a thorough analysis of the [~rbariya]--land registers--Yu.V. Bromley
showed that an intensific~tion of feudal oppression in the form of labor rent oc-
curred in Croatia at this time which led to a sharp exacer'~ation of the class strug-
gle and the peasant uprising. In 1456 he prepared for defense his candidate's
thesis "The 1573 Feasant Uprising in Croatia" and subsequently had i.t published as a
monograph.2
An ~mportant area of Yu.V. Broraley's scienti`ic research in the .field of Slavic
_ studtc~s was study of the genesis of feudalism in Southeast Europe. He addresses
, himself to Croatian early medieval official mateYial, which was a unique source for
an anrilysis of ttie process of class formation among the Slavs for of all the Slav
peoples only the Croatians had preserved such material. Comprehensive study of these
sources and literature in Yugoslav archives and libraries enabled him in 1963 to
pt~blish the monograph "Stanovleniye feodalizma v Khorvatii" [The Inception of Feudal-
ism in Croatia~,3 which was subsequently defended as a doctoral thesis. It reveals
the concrete paths of the emergence of different categories of the dependent popu-
- lation in early medieval Croatia and shows the characteristic features of the forma-
tion of patrimonial-type land tenure and, in particular, the role of royal indul-
gences in this process. Yu.V. Bror~ley observes that right up to the llth century
production rel.ationships in Croatia had to a large extent preserved a transitional
character, to which the considerable proportion of the structure represented by the
free allodist-peasant communa members testifies.
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Y~,.V. I;r~~mley parl:~clpated actively in the creation of the first ma~or summary works
on ttie history oC the peoples of Southeast and Central Europe. He is one of the
editors and authors.of the first volume of "Istoriya Yugoslavii" [History of Yugo-
- slavta] (Moscow, 1963), the first volumes of "Istoriya Bolgarii" [History of Bul-
gari) (Moscow, 1954), "Istoriya Po:~'shi" [History of Poland] (Moscow, 1956) and
- "Istoriya Vengrii" [History of Hungary] (Moscow, 1970) and textbooks on the hiatory
of tlie southern and western Slavs (Mascow, 1957, 1969).
- The development of inethodological problems of ethnographic science plays a big part
~ in Yu.V. Bromley's scientific work. This is primarily research devoted to the theory
of the ethnic group, the problems of ethnographic science and the correlation of the
ethnic, socioeconomic and social-cultural development of the peoples.4
Yu. V. f3romley svmmed up the results of all this research in the monograph "Etnos
~ i etnografiya" [The Ethnic Group and Ethnography], which was appraised highly by the
scientific community, and also in the book "Soviet Ethnography: Mai.n Trends,"5
which was published in English. The monograph "Etnos i etnografiya" was awarded
rhe N.N. Miklukho-Maklay Prize and has been translated into Bulgarian, Hungarian,
Italian, German and Slovak.
'T'he po~ints made by Yu.V. Bromley on the specifics of an ethnographic approach to a
~t�dy of the history of the world's peoples were further developed and concretely
_ ~mbodied in a number of his articles of recent years. The results of this research
were cotlated by Yii.V. Bromley in the book "Ethnography and Ethnic Processes" (Mos-
c~ow, 1978), which appeared in English, and the monograph "Sovremennyye problemy
etnografii" [Coutemporary Problems of Ethnography], which has been prepared for
publication.
Yu.V. t3romley's development of the methodological problems of ethnographic science
was an important impetus to the development in the USSR Academy of Sciences Institute
~f I:thnography of a new research field--comprehensive study of the ethnic aspects of
contemporary national processes. Having participated directly in this research, he
l~eaded the writing of the collective summary work "Sovremennyye etnicheskiye protsessy
v SSSR" (Contemporary rthnic Processes in the USSRJ.6 It illustrates many aspects
of tY~e national processes in our country in the period of Soviet power which had
tiittierto remained insufficiently studied, reveals their internal mechanism and the
influence on this process of economic, social and demographic factors and traces the
tipecific course of the formation of social culture.
I'roceeding from Lenin's concept of the nationality issue, Yu.V. Bromley described the
singularities of national relations in the developing countries and the essence of
- inter-iiation and inter-ztlinic contradictions in capitalist states and showed the
international significsnce of the dialectical unity of the national and znternation-
al in th~ development of national relations in the USSR,including the burgeoning
311(~ rapprochement of the nations and nationalities of our country and the formation
in ti~e USSR of a new historical co~unity--the Soviet people. Examining the com-
- plex