JPRS ID: 9774 EAST EUROPE REPORT ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS

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JPRS L/9774
8 June 1981
- East Euro e Re ort
p p -
ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 6/81)
Fg~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9774
8 June 1981
EAST EUROPE REPORT
ECONOMIC AND INDU~TRIAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 6/81)
CONTENTS
~
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
' Conservation Effects on Energy Consumption Evaluated
(ROPA A UHLIE, No 3, 1981) 1
Conservation--One of Main Goal-Oriented Programs, by
I. Kopernicky
Regulation Effects in Oil Refining, Conservation,
by Mirko Dohnal
- a- [ III - EE - 64 FOUO]
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CONSERVATION EFFECTS ON ENERGY CONSUI~TION EVALUATED
Conservation--One of Main Goal-Oriented Programs
Prague ROPA A UHLIE in Slovak No 3, 1981 pp 131-146
[Article by Eng I. Kopernicky, Doctor of Natural Sciences, Candidate for poctor of
Sciences, technical secretary of the enterprise director of Slovnaf t national
enterprise: "Fuel and Energy Conservation--Qne of the Main Target Programs in
Crude Oil Refineries"] ~
(Text] The world has serious energy difficulties. There is an imbalance between
sources and needs. Fears are being expressed concerning the future development
of the energy situation, its worldwide importance is beiag emphasized, and issues
related to possible solutions are being pursued intensively. As a group of prob-
lems, energy receives immediate and concrete expression not only in connection
with the macroeconomic issues of *he world economy and the development of national
economies, but is also beginning to reach the foundations of the economic consid-
erations of every one of us.
In this article I want to point out the significance and importance of the ra-
tionalization of fuel and energy consumption, based on a brief overview of the
status of energy reserves and the development of their worldwide consumption, and _
point out the results achieved by Slovnaft in this area. In conclusion, I will
present some thoughts on the further development of the rationalization of fuel
and energy consumption with a certain orientation toward oil refining.
One of the main phenomena in the development of human society in recent decades
is the constant and sharp increase in the consumption of energy. The development
of the world energy balance is a phenomenon which has a particular dynamic.
Average yearly energy consumption at the beginning of the sixties was about 5 bil-
lion metric tons of standard fuel (7 X 106 kilocalories, 8,141 kilowatt hours),
while at the beginning of the seventies it was about 7 billion metric tons of
standard fuel with a trend toward constant yearly increases, so that the expecta-
tion was that by 1980 this consumption would be between 11 and 12 billion metric
tons of standard fuel. World energy consumption has developed so rapidly that
a doubling or tripling in its volume required thousands of years at the beginning
of human history, while at the present time such increases occur every 20 years.
It is also clear that energy consumption is developing more rapidly than world
population. Between 1960 and 1970, the number of inhabitants increased 27 percent,
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whilc ener.gy consumption increased 59 percent. According to the International
~\~~~mic I.nergy Agency (IAEA) this growth ratio should be 2.5 to 11 between 1950 and
'LU00 .uul Soviet estimates, which presume a quintupling of population over 100
y~~urs, prc~clict a necessary increase in energy consumption of 20 to 40 times.
'l'hu i.ncre:~sc in ~aorld ener;y consumption is influenced by the increased num~ers of
inl~;ih itants ncar ttie equator, by the 3evelopment of their personal ccnsumption,
Lhe ,,~iisequ~nt increase in energy consumption per capita and, above all, economic
' de~c:lopmen~, in which transportation plays the dominant role from an energy view-
i~oii~t. l~ully one-quarter of all consumed primary energy is expended at this time
o,l thc ~r.ansportation of people and goods. The importance of energy consumption
becomc~s clearly evident when we compare the average yearly increase in economic
- grow~li and in energy production for the most industrially developed re~;ions of the
world. (Table 1)
'Cable 1. 'Trends in Economic Development and Energy Production, 1960-1973
,~re~ Economic Development Energv Production Increase
United States 4.0 4.1
Ldestcrn Europe 4.8 4.8
Ja~an 10.2 11.2
l1SSR 7.0 5. 3
'1'he vital ti_e of an economy to energy is, however, most clearly shown through a
comParison of economic growth and e~ectrical energy consumption in average yearly
increments. According to West German statistics, this ratio developed, in the
matur~~ and efficient West German economy, in such a way that from 1951-1960 an
average economic growth rate of 8 percent was accompanied by an average yearly in-
crc.ise iii electrical energy consumption of 10.3 percent, from 1961-1970 these
Ci~;ures ~~cre 4.7 and 7.3 percent, and f rom 1971-1977 2.5 percent and 5.3 percent,
t~hich re~r.es~:nt coefficients of 1.29, 1.55, and 2.12.
Prr.clictions for the development of energy consumption vary, but it is character-
istic oi: :tion. In practice, however, there may be 20 percent changes
in ~~er-minute stea,~_ consumption (citation 41). So that these rapid changes may
be fully covered, an operational boiler is functioning at a level several per-
centage points above the necessary output. The reaction of the steam distribu-
tion network is somewhat more rapid than the normal changes in consumption re-
quiremenCs of the equipment. It is then possible to provide for increases in
st~am consumption requirements by closing the valve through which the steam blows
off into the atmosphere (in this worst-case condition, there is a loss of the
condensate or, under better conditions, its ~ntrapment in condensation vessels)
- anc] i_t is then possible to maintain the required steam pressure even given in-
cre~sed steam consuniption. If it becomes possible to provide for timely and
sufficiently precise estimates of steam consumption by means of some information
system such as ~SRTP, then it will no longer be necessary to expend energy on the
production of unneec'~d steam (see Figure 2).
(:urren~ regulation~offers an additional possibility, namely the flexible utiliza-
tion of steam for both current technological purposes and to produce electricity.
Chemical factories can not only cover their consumption of electrical energy, -
but also contribute to the public network. But even this requires a very we11-
designed regulatory system (see Figure 3).
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oa~v ( 4 ~
(1) ProC~S 1 ~ /n/'o~moCP ( S ~
1
I
('l) P~c~Cr's2
re~o/a~na ( 6 )
I
. J
,
(3) P
vices~v
Figure 2.
Key:
l. Process 1 4. Steam
2. Process 2 5. Information
3. Process N 6. Heat Plant
The economic consequences of improved steam management may be estimated at sev-
eral percent of the total energy consumption of the factory. It is possible to
estimate the payback period only with diff iculty. It depends on the condition
in which the chemical factory is found at the moment when discussions begin con-
cerning the installation of new regulational technology to reduce energy con-
sumption.
The payback period is considered an appropriate quantity for determining where
to inv~st money. A period of S years should be accep table for most factories.
The principal influence on this period is increases in the price of steam. Cita-
tion 42 contains the costs of steam at various pressures.
At present, steam management is receiving only minimal attention. There is no
lack of cases in which there is no knowledge whatever of the steam consumption
of individual technologies. The system for measuring steam consumption is in
such a condition that it is not possible to assure the required quantities.
G:iven this situation it is possible to achieve a reduction in energy demands for
steam production of 20 percent of overall energy consumption.
Gen~ratly used programming systems for accounting exist. These systems may be
used to calculate material and enthalpic balances in cases where some data is
known and some may be estimated, at the same time that it is possible to con-
s.ider the accuracy of the measured quantities according to various standards.
These universal systems have the advantage of being highly generalized so that
it is possible to resolve with their assistance such problems as the relation-
ship between the steam network and ~echnologies, etc., which, on the other hand,
, require a thorough analysis. It is, therefore, possible to use a specialized
system as well, ~ne designed not only to compute the steam b alance, as in cita-
tion 43. For different steam consumers it is necessary to sp ecify information
that is common from an engineering point of view. The same is true of steam
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sources. The program itself will determine through iterative calculations steam
flows in tlie branches and its enthalpy.
~ l ~ M~v�%no /~chnc%g'ii
( ~ ~ ~~CL2J ~
_ I
( 3) i'~cc~s : ( 4) P~cres n~
I ~
~ I
~ ~
~ ~
~
i
I
~5~ 1~0/JrnO ~
~
I
I
I
I I
I ~
I ~
I
~I ~
~ 6 ~ {~P,YJnO fiP~rf~iC.Ea Sit~ _ J
Poro ( ] ~
~'2kfrin0 ~8~
Figure 3.
Key:
l. Numerous technologies 5. Heat Plant
2. Process 1 6. Public electrical network
3. Process 2 7. Steam
4. Proc~ss N 8. ~:lectricity
Cc~nclusion
Regu.lation re}~resents one ot the most efficient means for reducing energy consump-
tion in chemical production. The utilization of these possibilities, however,
presumes a very thorough chemical engineering analysis. Under no circumstanc es
may ;;~~ecialists in the field of regulation be able to get by with only a super-
ficial knowledge of regulational technology.
State-of-the-art regulational technology is appropriate for the needs of energy
conservation. It enables an integrative resolution of this and thereby the
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acliieven~ent of the maximum possible savings. But traditional regulational tech-
nolo~;y is also usable.
Thc purpose of ttiis article has been to present as concisely as possible the con-
1 nections between concrete technical activities and their economic consequences.
Such inEormation could be used in estimating energy savings and thereby payback
pc~riods. For such calculations, it is necessary to follow publication dates, be-
cause all. dollar figures change very rapidly. Recalculation is not that simple. -
If we were to use the inflation coefficients which are published in professional
literature (f.or instance, in CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, USA) we would arrive at im-
prop~r conclusions. The price of energy is increasing much faster than the prices
of com~~utational, regulational, and measurement technology. It is therefore not
possible to depend too much on data expressed in financial units. Most of the
information is, however, expressed for the most part in financial terms. Data
concerning direct savings of amounts of fuel are harder to come by.
B IBLIOGRAPHY
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36
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13. Leventhal, L.A. "ii502 Assembly Language Program." Berkeley: Osborne/
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30. Neuber~;er, E.n., IComer, J.~d. "Closed Loop 02 Control Is Key To Efficient
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COPYRIGHT: OBZOR, Bratislava 1981
927fi
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