JPRS ID: 9772 WORLDWIDE REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400020011-3
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• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 11
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPF~S L/9772
5 June 1981
Woridwide Re ort
p
. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
(FOUO 4/81) �
. -
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- JPRS L/9772
_ 5 June 1981
WORLDWIDE REPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY -
(FOUO 4/81)
CONTENTS
EAST EUROPE
- CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Weather Modification To Boost Agricultural Production Considered
(Dusan Podhorsky, Maly Javornik Branch; CESKOSLOVENSKY
CASOPIS PRO FIZIKU, Jan 81) 1
~ Ecological Considerations To Control Agricultural Chemicals
(Jan Obenberger; AGROCHEMIA, Feb 81) 5
Antipollution Measurea in Metallurgy, Heavy ~ngineering Reviewed
(Bohuslav Mouha; HUTNIK, Feb 81) 9
LATIN AMERICA
CUBA
- Conservation Projects in Jobo Rosado Forest
(Iliana Garcia Giraldino; BOHEMIA, 16 Jan 81) 13
~ - a - [III - WW - 139 FOUO]
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA _
~
WEATHER MODIFICATION 'TO BOOST AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CONSIDERED
Prague CESKOSLOVENSKY CASOPIS PRO FIZIKU in Slovak No 1, Jan 81 pp 83-85
[Article by Dusan Podhorsky, Hydrometeorological Institute, Maly Javornik Branch,
Bratislava: "A Proposal for Actively Influencing the Weather in the Slovak Socialist
Republic"]
[Text] 1. Introduction -
The~results of agricultural production, especially crop pr.oduction, depend to a -
considerable degree on the weather and especially on the amount of precipitation,
which are considered as ob~ective factors in producing harvests. Intensifying
factors can only decrease the negative effect of ineteorological phenomena to a
certain degree. Current theoretical and experimental findinga in cloud and pre-
cipitation physics create effective conditions for modifying mesosynoptic processes
ir. order to improve the effectiveness of agriculture, particularly with respect
to protection against hail, weakening of thunderstorm activity and influencing
total precipitation.
2. Some Methods of Modifying Hail-Containing Cumulus Clouds and Total Precipitation
, We can influence the porcess of hail formation in cumulus clouds by several methods:
--complete crystallization of the supercooled part of the cloud;
--intensifying coagulation through acceleration of crystallization;
--breaking up the hail by an explosion in ~the cloud;
--dynamic effects, i.e. disruption of convective clouds by creating dowadrafts, for
example, by bombarding cumulonimbus clouds with cement;
--shortening the path of growing hailstones;
--creating a large number of manmade hail nuclei in the growth zonP which will com-
pete with the natural hail nuclei.
We propose the use of the last of these methods in Slovakia.
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The basis of regulation of total precipitation is a hypothesis based on the
Bergeron-Findeisen mechanism. It is assumed that the low effectiveness of the
natural precipitation process results in most cases from an insufficient quantity _
of ice particles in the cloud. The main method of artificially regulating pre-
cipitation is seeding the supercooled zone of the cloud with ice-forming reagents -
such as silver iodide, dry ice and the like. The success of this type of w~ather
modification depends on correc.r. determination of the optimal quantity and degree _
of dispersion of the reagent and on choice of the zone in the cloud in which -
the seeding will be most effective. Thus far two main methods have been used
for regulating precipitation:
--concentrated seeding, aimed at affecting the dynamics of the cloud by releasing
sufficient heat of condensation, and
--seeding with a relatively small quantity of reagent so as to intensify microphy-
- sical processes leading to precipitation.
3. The Effect of Hail on Agricultural Production in Slovakia
' Thunderclouds have been effect3vely modified for more than 20 years in many coun-
tries for the purpose of preventing hail. The agricultural areas which have been
protected against hail to date amorsnt to about 300,000 lan2, including 140,000 lan2
in the United States, 60,000 lan2 in the Soviet Union, 50,000 km2 in Yugoslavia,
10,000 lan2 in Bulgaria and 2,200 km2 in Hun~;ary.
Currently 65 countries are interested in modifying hail procesaes in convective -
- clouds. In most agricultural regi~ns of the world, average harvest losses from
hail amount to 15 to 25 percent, and crop damage worldwide amounts to about 50 bil-
lion korunas annually.
In the course of 15 years, the Soviet Union has been able to decrease hail damage
by about a quarter. The return on each ruble invested for this purpose in the USSR
has been: 9.31 rubles in the Moldavian SSR, 7.82 rubles in the Azerbai~an SSR,
and 5.03 rubles for the USSR as a whole. The orography of our country creates
excellent conditions for the production of hail in certain parts of Slovakia. The
variety and efficiency of agricultural production also affect the size of the
losses caused by hail in certain regions.
Expenditures on protection from hail damage in Slovakia during 1969-1978 were
Kcs 1,541,000,000, including 997 million in the West Slovak Kra~, 369 million
in the East Slovak Kra~ and 175 million in the Central Slovak Kra~. The size of
compensation for hail damage varies widely in both time and space, but is almost -
always largest in the Danube valley. The most catastrophic years have been 1978
(damage amounting to Kcs 183 million), 1975 (Kcs.180 million), 1977 (Kcs 154 mil-
- lion) and 1972 (Kcs 142 million). The highest average crop damage in Slovakia
has been suffered by grain crops, vineyards, vegetables, root cropa and oil
crops.
In terms of the national economy, these losses are considerably increased by the
amount of foreign exchange expended on increased imports of agricultural products.
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4. A concegt for Modifying Mesosynoptic Pro~cesses in Slo~~akia
The first concept for protecting agricultural cropa from hail was developed at the
" Bratislava Hydrometeorological Institute, Maly Javornik branch, in 1972-1974. This
concept assumed three stages:
' a. A research stage (based on cooperation wit hthe Institute of Atmospheric Physics,
CSAV, the Antonin Zapotocky Military Academy and the Institute of Inorganic Chemis-
try, Slovak Academy of Sciences), during which the following were planned:
--development of the Czechoslovak MRAK rocket to carry the reagent into thunderclouds; _
--the development of numerical models of convective clouds; .
--the development of an inorganic reagent based on montmorillionite;
--the development of reagents on the basis of results obtained at the Institute
of Atmospheric Physics;
- --the development and application of high-frequency radiation polarimeters to deter-
mine the degree of pollution of cloud particles.
But the main task in this stage was that of establishing a casual relationship be-
_ tween modification efforts and their results and making a quantitative evaluation
of the results.
b. During the testing stage it was planned that the earlier research work would
produce a physical theory and methods of modification and would designate locations
and areas to be protected against hail, would establish means of monitoring results
and the like, and that an attempt would be made to evaluate the success of the
experiment by a randomization method.
c. The operational stage would be detailed on the basis of the results achieved in
the preceding stages.
This concept was discussed at ministry and interministry levels without any defini-
tive conclusions. Most of the research stage was carried out, but the interministry
ties required for the testing and operational stages were not arranged. After the
- 13th session of the CPCZ Central Committee in 1979, the SSR Ministry of Agriculture
and Foods and the Bratislava Hydrometeorological Institute were aseigned the task
of developing a new proposal for weather modification in Slovakia and for meteorolog-
ical radar dispatching in the management of agricultural work. The new proposal
. has been developed and calls for the building of a rocket launching area in the
central Danube valley for the protection of about 200,000 hectares of cropland
against hail. The protected area will include most of Komarno and Nove Zamky okreses
and part of Gilanta, Dunajska Streda, Nitra and Levice okreses. The new concept
differs from the preceding one primarily by the fact that the hail protection would
involve application of Soviet methods and training of specialists in the Soviet
IInion, as well as the purchase of a set of Soviet equipment including launchers,
radars, rockets, reagents and the like.
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It is proposed to build the control center for the launching area at Surany (23
workers, investment Expenditure Kcs 20 million) and.17 launching bases (agricultural
enterprises will provide personnel for 7 months, investment expenditure Kcs 30 mil-
lion). The operating expenses for a single season, including wages, are estimated
as KCs 10 million. A 5-year testing period is propased. Expensea would be cove~~d
- from the damage protection fund of the Slovak State Insurance Co and from the ~
- state budget.
The technical equipment of the control ceater will make possible uninterrupted
year-round operation and its use in the winter period to increase total precipita-
tion.
The plan for modification of winter precipitation by using aircraf t to disperse
a reagent based on Co2 through the clouds is proposed for about 1990 and will be
based on experience with the method by the Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute _
' of Hydrometeorology in Kiev, which currently is increasing total winter precipita-
tion by an average of 30 to 35 percent in an area of 2,000 1~2.
Conclusion ,
' By the term "modif ication of inesosynoptic weather phenomena" we mean a close rela-
tionship to atmospheric phenomena which we wish tiot only to inf luence through ,
our findings, but also to study so as to get a.feeling for these phenomena and.ways
of perceiving them and forecasting them, and even for how they can be intentionally _
produced, and especially for thetr significance and ecological.implications. In _
t'tiis context we should quote F`oe Curie: "We should ask ourselves whether manl:ind
might gain something when he investigates the secrets of nature, whether he is
mature enough to derive some, use from it, or whether this knowledge may be harmful."
COPYRIGHT: Academia, Nakladatelstvi Ceskoslovenske Academie Ved, Prague. 1981
8480
CSO: 5000/3014
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~ CZECHOSLOVAKIA
ECOZOGICAI~ CONSIDERATIONS TO CONTROL AGRICULTURAZ CHEMICAIS
Bratislava AGROCHEMTA in Czech No 2, Feb 81 pp 56-57
[Article by Eng Jan Obenberger: "Plant Protection Compounds and Enviroiunental
Protection in t~e Czechoslovak Socialist Republic"]
jText] During the 20th Century, tbanks to grea.t technical pro~ress and steadily
improving health care, the number of inhabitants of our earth has been growing
constantly. Porviding food for so many people is creatix~g difficulties even for
the economically developed countries. One of tiie maia inteisifying factors invQlved
in increasing agricultural output is cheqnicalization, i.e., the effective and ~
economical use of agricultural cl~.~nic.als isi plant and livestock production. The
current trend in agriculture is the changeover from dispersed small-scale
agricul tural production to large-scale productioa, which provides opt:Lmal
poss~bilities for using agricultural chemicals, particularly under conditions of
conceatration and specialization. We include aauong agricultural chemicals, ~
~i.rst, chemical fertilizer, which has been used successfuZly in~ agriculture since ~
the 19th century. In the second place are pesticides, i.e., plant protection
preparations, whose production and use increased immensely after the end of Wor1d
TeTar IL, when the appearance of new chemicals such as DDT and HCS (lindane) as
Frell as herbicides based on 'the phenoxy derivative,~� of aliphatic acids and on
triazine and other important pesticides altered p1~~ .t p~otection methods.
The use ofchemicals to protect plants is unquestio :~-:hly beneficial, but it also
entails certain negative consequences, because pes t: c~Cdes can considerably disrupt
the environment in various ways. The enviro~e~t : nd i'~:s protection have become
in recent years one of the most frequently and ania~zted:.~ discuased topics, not
only among the specialists involved, but among th~~ general public as well. ~
Accordingly, both~the highest level inte*_-national ~rganizationa and many other '
institutions in the individual countries are inv,~v~:ng themselves in these
questions .
The concept of the environment is extremelp :rc.::r~ and thus may be defined in
, various ways . Ttye of f icial Czechoslovak de ~~.^x r.:~r+n is as follows : "The envi~on-
ment is the totality of natural, marnnade ~~i a~c:{. il components of the material
world which are or can be in direct ?r+~~'=>.: t~fc,~~t ith man." The environment must
be conceived dynamically, as an ecosyz ~~hi�-~~ ~.s undergoing continual development.
The individual components of the envi=~~~. t~~:~_ interrelated by direct and
_ feedba.ck connections and thus constitu d w~~.~ which behaves differently from
the mere simm of its parts.
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Among the important disruptors of the environment are the products of the chemical .
industry, i.e., pesticides, which can disrupt it in various ways, such as
contamination of the air, soil, water, feeds and food crops, which in turn
hae a negative effect on man and harms livestock, game, birds, fish, bees and .
other useful insects, microorganisms in the soil and the plants that are treated.
In addition, pesticides may also have disruptive effects on the entire biocenosis
and ths disrupt biological equilibrium. Accordingly their application must be
carefully monitored from a territorial-ecological standpoint.
To avoid undesirable side effects from the application of pesticides, not only '
tl~eir bio~ogical side effects but all side effects are currently monitored. '
How~ver, it fias become eztremely complicated and financially burdensome to test
and approve new pesticides and commercial preparations. In Czechoslovakia the
protection of workers, the public and the environment from the harmful effects
of pesticides is encompassed by a considerable number of legislative provisions.
Tliere is no single comprehensive law or other legal instrument on pesticides
thus far, although the possibility is being considered for the future. In
general we may say that Law 20/1966 Sb on welfare and human health and Law 61/1964
Sb on the development of crop production have the basic role. These legislative
documents are rather complicated and from time to time must be supplemented and
revised with the inclusion of suitable new provisions. The classification of
poisonous chemicals, including pesticides, is based on State Statute 56/1967 Sb
on poisons and other substances harmful to health, and on the provisions in
= execution of tiiis statute which are included in Law 57/1967 Sb. These documents
provide a division into especially dangerous poisons, other poisons, and non-
clasaified substances.
Only pesticides which have been approved by the chief pubiic health officers
of the CSR and SSR following consideration of all the risks which they present
to humans, liveatock,game, fish, birds, bees and beneficial insects can be put
into circulation in Czechoslovakia. Each pesticide is thus comprehensively
evaluated from the standpoint of environmental protection.
In Czechoslovakia, the National Reference Laboratory for Toxicology of Pesticides
and Their Residues, under the Institute of Public Health and Epidemiology in _
Prague, and the Research Institute of Preventive Medicine in Bratislava, deal
with the toxicity of pesticides and the toxicological risks from their residues.
The public health and toxicological requirements for evaluating pesticide risks
deal with hygiene and work safety in tiieir production, distribution and applica-
tion,and also with their residues in the environment. By residues we mean ~
remna.nts of the active pesticides thE:mselves and their decomposition products.
Evaluation of the toxicological risks presented by the residues cakes account
of acute toxicity {oral, inhalation, dermal and the like), subacute toxicity
(short-term tests), biochemical studies and metabolism, chronic toxicity (long-
term tests), carcts~ogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic properties, neurotoxicity
and the like. Study of the development of residues, including the final ones,
in the enviro~ent, and analyCical methods for determining their presence and
their effect on the biological values of food crops are also an essential part
of comprehensive risk evaZuation. All available results of toxicological research
are used toestablish an "acceptable dailp intake" (ADI) or in some cases a ~
"te.mporary ADT" for pesticide residues. In special cases, where it is necessary
to litnit and, as far as possible to replace, undesirable pesticides, a"conditional
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ADI" is recommended. This is the toxicological basis for establishing tolerances
(maximum limits) for residues of approved pesticides in food crops and foodstuffs.
These pesticide residue tolerances were established in Czecholsovakia in 1965 by
order of the chief public health officer of the CSSR in the form of a positive
[permitted] list. This list is constantly supplemented and revised on the basis
of the latest results of toxicological research. `
In Czechoslovakia, the Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine in Brno, and
sometimes other research organizations, including the relevant departments oi -
advanced schools, deal with tize harmfulness of pesticides for livestock. State
veterircary institutes under the manag~nent of the national state veterinary
offices of the mi,nistries of agriculture and food advance opinions on individual
pesticides. For the purposes of vAterinary toxicology, pesticides are classif ied
in Czecholsovakia as poisons, substances harmful to health, and subst.^.nces
nonpoisonous to animals. This classification is distinc t from the regulations
on substances poisonous to huma.ns.
The Research Institute of Forest Management and Huntine in Zbraslav-Strnady and
the Research Institute of Forest Management in Zvolen deal with the toxicity of
pesticides for game, while the State Veterinary Institute in Jihlava (for the
CSR) and thE~ Advanced Veterinary School in Knsice {for the SSR) are in charge of
investigation of animal deaths. Pesticide users' responsibilities as regards
thesafety of game, as well as the responsibilities of users of hunting lands,
have recently been regulated in Public Notice 35/1978 Sb. of the FMZVz [Federal -
Ministry of Agriculture and Food]. -
Research on the toxic effects of pesticides on fish is carried out in the CSR
by the Research Institute of Fisheries and Hy3robiology in Vodnany and other
organizations. The State Veterinary Institute in Ceske Budejovice is in charge
of monitoring activities in the CSR; the Central State Veterinary Institute in
Bratislava is in charge ~f monitoring in the SSR. Legal provisions for the
protection of fish, natural materia-medica and sources of mineral water for
- consumption are provided from the viewpoint of the ministries of agriculture
and of forestry and water management by Public Notice 35/1978 Sb of FMZVz. This
documents specifies the procedure to be taken in inves*_igating the causes of fish
kills and in cases of p esticide intoxication. According to CSN [C zechoslovak
State Standard] 46 6807, pesticides are divided in terms ~f the LC50 dose into
substances Iu.ghly poisonous to fish, substa.nces poisono~:s to fish, substances
mildly poisonous to fish and substances wtth little toxicit; zor fish.
The Research Institute of Beekeeping i.n Dolau Libcic is in charge of studying
_ the toxicity of ~esticides to bees, and propos~es classifications of individual
pesticides in terms of toxicity to bees. This institute may also a~t as a
monitoring institute, irn~estigating the causes of bee kills on the basis of -
_ investigations by the District Veterinary Organization. This monitoring activity
i~ also performed by the State Veterinary Institute in Plzen-Lobzy, the Central
State Veterina.ry Tnstitute in Bratislava, the State Veterinary Institute in
Zvolen and the State Veterinary Institute in Kosice. In accordance with Public
Notice 35/1978 Sta of the FMZVz, pesticides are classified in terms of their
tox:~city to bees as poisonous, harmful and relatively harmless. Nonclassified
pesticides are those w~ich may present a tfireat to bees depending on the time
or me thod of application.
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9 A number of organizations deal ~rith the biological effects of pesticides on plant
pests in agriculture, from the researcfi bases of the Czechoslovak Academy ot
- Sciences and the Slovak Academy of Sciences, which. are iirvolved in basic
res~arch, to research organizati~ns of the Czechoslovak Agricultural Academy
and the FMZVz and the monitoring and testing institutes. Coordination and
_ assembling of all data for approval of new pesticides is performed by the quacan-
tine and plan~protection departments of tiie Central A.gricultural Monitoring ~
and Testing Tnstitutes in Brno and Bratislava, whici~ also develop proposals for
~ approval and registration of ne~ar pesticides which are discussed by a special
_ commission of the FMZVz. Tt is onlq af ter this procedure that newly approved
pe~tic~.des rece~ve a registration number and are included in the official List
of Approved Substances for Plant Protection, issued annually as a publication
of the FMZVz. Tfiis listing also includes a classification of preparatians
according to the e$isting regulations on po~tsons, tfieir tixicitq to beea and
- tlie flammability class in the case of f~:smmable substances. It also specifies
the individual permitted types of applications, to which are ass~!gned protective
deadl~nes for the individual crap~. Finallp, necessary first aid m~asures are
g~ven ~.n coded form. ~
The approval of new pesticides in Czeclzoslovakia is now regulated by FMZVz '
Directive 29/1979 on tfle testing aad approval of pesticides, which specifies
in detail the official procedure for testing new preparations which is compulsory
for their producers and importers, as well as the further procedures for approval
~ and registration. These measures see to it that the consumers receive truly
efPective preparations and that products which wonld have harmful effects on some
component of tfie enviromnent are discarded. This new directive is additionai to
previous legal provisions, wTiich it supplements in a beneficial way.
- Othex important legal provisions are ON jOperational Standardj o~ 0509,
- "Pacltag:Lng and Labeling of Chemical Pesticides," and C~N 46 5891, "Storage
of Pesticides," according to whtcIi the tecfinical norms and labels for individual
pesticides are developed. The texts of tI~ese norms and labels must be approved
by the chtef public health officers of the C~"R and SSR and the department of ~ ~
quarantine and plant protection of UKZUZ [Central Agricultural Monitoring and
Test~ng Inst~tute] in Brno or Bratislava before thep are put into circulation.
Considerable numbers of other legal provisions and norms at various levels apply
to the applicatioa of pesticides in agriculture or forestry; all of them see to
it tfiat these products are used effectively, safely and economically. The
legislative mea.sures in Czechoslovakia dealing with pesticides are at a level, _
compared with those of other countries, which has been internationally recognized
by such organizations as tfie WHO.
COPYRTGHT: ALFA, Bratislava, 1981 -
8480
CSO: 5000/3013
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:
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
, ANTIPOLLUTION MEASURES IN METALLURGY, $EAVY ENGINEI:RING REVIEWED
Prague HUTNIK in Czech 130 2, Feb 81 pp 41-4'L
[Article by Eng Bohuslav Mouha, Federal Ministry of Metallurgy and Heavy Engi-
neering, Prague: "Protection of Water and Air Purity in the Enterprises of 'the
Federal Ministry of Metallurgy and Heavy Engineering"] ~
[Text] Within Czechoslovak industry, the Ministry of Metallurgy and Heavy Engi- _
neering [FMHTS] has a particularly important role with regard to environmental
protection. The enterprises in this ministry produce large quantities of harmful
substances of all kinds, but the ministry is also one of the main suppliers of
equipment used to trap and eliminate wastes resulting from all other activities
of our national economy. Understandably, the overall problem is quite extensive
and ramified, and accordingly this article will deal with the problems which the
FMHTS must solve as a contribt~.tor to waCer and air pollution. -
- To provide an overall view we must start by citing some summary data based on
anlaysis of nationwide statis~ics on docu~ented pollution sources. The enterprises
of our ministry produce a high percentage of insoluble materials in their waste ~
waters, equal to about 44 percent of the total documented amount~ Their share
as regards other indices i~ much lower, fnr example 7.5 percent of soluble sub-
stances and about 1.2 percent of organic pollution. Accordingly, purification -
of waste waters focuses primarily on the trapping of insolub les, and is producing
a steady decrease in their presence in waste waters discharged by plants, accounting
for about 4.5 percent of the total quantity of documented sources in~Czechoslovakia.
In contrast, however, about 53 percent of the sol~:ble substances produced are dis-
charged in waste waters. Even though these figures seem rather high, it should
be noted that they are all lower than the national averages.
Comparison of the data for the Czech and 5lovak republics indicates that the
percentage of pollutants trapped is lower in Slovakia than in the CSR.
These activities indicate the directions and problems to which we should devote
the greatest attention if we wish to improve the quality of our streams and pro-
tect our subsurface water resources.
The enterprises of the FMHTS have carried out in past years or ha~e currently
arranged a number of projects which serve to protect water purity.. Some important
ones are: -
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--the reconstruction or new construction of settling pits ir ore-ext.raction plants
such as RB ~nonferrous ore mine] Banska Hodrusa, zB [iron ore r~ine] Smolik and
ZB Rudnany;
--the reconstruction or new construction of stations for neutralizing waste waters
from surface treatment of inetals, particularly in machine-building operations ~
such as Vihorlat Snina, DH ~?Metallurgical Works] Hlohovec, SKODA P lzen and
VITROVICE Ostrava;
--the ceastruction of waste water treatment plants, for example at SES ~expansion
unknown] Tlmace, RB Banska Stiavnica, Sigma Zavadka, ZD [iron ore mine] Bohumin,
and VTZ [pipe Rolling and iron works] Chomutov, and the recons truct ion of the
' water treatment plant at ZSNP ["Slovak National Uprising" ~lant] Ziar nad Hronom9
--the use of treated waste waters from the muaicipal waste water treatment plants
in the water supply of VSZ [East Slovak Iron Works J Kosice, and the recirculation
of waste waters in NHKG [Klement Gottwald New Metallurgical Works] Ostrava and in
Sroubarna Ky j ov [Ky j ov S crew Plant .
However, implementation of theae pro~ects cannot in itself be an ob3ective measure
of the success of environmental protection work, since it takes no account of
. trends in pollutant discharges. Accordingly, in the FNIIiTS we have introduced an
annua3. review of actual pollutant discharges, although thus far only in terms
of indicators which are also used in accordance with existing regulations.
It turns out that since 1976 the quantity of insolubles discharged has fallen by
800 to 900 tons a year, i.e., by 4 to 5 percent of the total amount of pollutants
produced by enterprises in our ministry. In contrast, the quantity of biological
pollutants has increased. This is a result of the processes used in the industrial
waste water treatment plants which have been built, since they lack a biological
component. .
An imporCant problem with a highly negativ~ effect on the environment is thaC of
petroleum products. In connection~with prot~~ction of water purity we must not
overlook the fact that every year the ministry handles more than 200,000 tons of
~ oil other than heating oil, for example, lubricating oils, preservation oils and
the like; they are handled in relatively small quantities in many locations without
_ the requisite water-protection measures, which only increases the danger of con-
~ tamination. .
_ Accordingly, we are trying to direct greater attention by relevant management .
to measu~es which would further decrease the content of extraneous substances
_ in waste water discharged from the current quantity of 2,500 tons a year. The
ministry now disposes of more than 1,1U0 tons of petroleum wastes a year by burning,
regeneration or sale.
As regards the purity of the air, our ministry has a considerable part in this
kind of pollution. In the CSR it accounts for 13 percent of solid emissions and
about 9 percent of gaseous emissions from documented sources; The emissions are
produced primarily by plant electrical and heat generating stations. In the SSR
the percentage of solid emissions is about 25 percent and that of gaseous emis-
sions about 23 percent. There, in addition to the magnesite industry and non-
ferrous metallurgy have a part in emissions, so tl;at even their composition is
different.
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In the past, the metallurgical and machine-building enterprises succeeded in car- _
rying out a number of projects intended particularly to decrease solid emissions.
These included the reconstruction and modernization of dust precip itators in
HNKG Ostrava, VSZ Kosice, CAZ [Antonin Zapotocky Iron Works) Vamberk, Chodos
Chodov, Prerovske Strojirn [Prerov Machine-Building Plante], and RD [nonferroue
ore mine] Pribram, or the installation of new dust-precipitating equipmentr e.g.,
at the Trinec Great October Socialist Revolution Iron Works, VITKOVICE, ZB Rudnany,
SKODA Rotava and elsewhere. Some projects have been arranged or are about to
begin, for example, in SMZ [Slovak Magnesite PlantsJ Lubenik, S?L`L Jelsava, OFZ -
[Orava Ferroalloy W~rks] Istebne and other enterprises. In addition it has been
possible to introduce certain measures to decr~ase gaseous emissions, for example
at VSZ Kosice, VTZ Chomutov, NH [New Metallurgical Works] Sered and ZSNP Ziar nad
Hronom.
In spite of certain good results, however, it must be admitted that we still have
some untapped potential for protection of air purity, to which we must direct our
attention. As indicated by summary results, thus far we have been trapping about
90 percent of the solid fly ash produced. We must not be satisfied with this
level of effectiveness, for each percentage increase would mean a drop of 20,000
tons a year in emissions. Moreover this is a type of pollution which we are tech-
nically capable of trapping and eliminating.
It is apparent that we wiil have to direct more attention than previously to the ~
regular analysis of pollution trends, in addition to designating the necessary
corrective measures, p arti cularly in locations where negative effe cts are accu-
- mulating with respect not only to air purity buC to that of water and other com-
- ponents of the environment as well.
If we wish to effect a fundamental turn for the better in pollution trends, we
must increase the demands imposed on the preparation and evaluation of all new
investment proposals in terms of their effect on environmental protection. Re-
grettably, we must state that a pro forma approach and inconsistency still persist
in the evaluation of negative results of production, the conceptually and tech-
nically optimal solutions for environmental protection are not being demanded and
new production equipment is being allowed to go into operation without provision
for purification or with only temporary measures, which generally become the per-
- manent state of affairs. Al1 levels of management and all bodies which take part
in the preparation and approval stages of the investment process must play a -
mare fundamental and positive role in this area.
On the other hand, we also know that considerable untapped potential for protect-
ing the purity of water and air still resides in consistent adherence to technical -
and operating regulations by the operators, in Che performance of necessary re-
pairs, and in the modernization and reconstruction of existing purification equip-
ment. In order to increase workers` initiative in this area, since 1976 the
FMHTS has organized a ministry competition among economic production units, col-
lectives and individuals in protecting and creating the environment, which is
given financial support. Experience to date indicates that this approach ia -
correct and that positive financial incentives are effective and necessary.
The plans for the Seventh Five-Year Plan period will include cansiderable resources
for protection of the various components of the environment, either specially
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designated or as parts of other progrcams. Our duty is to prepare and support
their optimal utilization for further improvemeat of the populace's working and
living conditions.
COPYRIGHT: SNTL, Nakladatelstvi Technicke Literatury, Prague, 1981
8480
C50: 5000/3015
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CUBA
CONSERVATION PROJECTS IN JOBO ROSADO FOREST
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 16 .ian 81 pp 44-45
[Article by Iliana Garcia Giraldino]
[Text] The only sounds breaking the pervasive silence are urhispers of branches
swaying in the breeze, song,; of birds concealed in the foliage yet revealing their
' presence, and the muted, ced~~'ess, background splashing of water falling from on
high over rocks into the clear, light blue-green depths of a pool leading to a
- curious series of caves.
The magnificent natural spectacle overcomes anyone entering the area with the
- futile hope of capturing a single vivid and continuous image of all the surround-
ing beauty.
This is another of the marvelous bits of scenery in the Jobo Rosado protected
forest area i.n Yagua~ay Municipality, Sancti Spiritus.
The protection of the environment, the flora and fauna, is a priority task for the
revolution which inherited the devastated woodlands, resulting from indiscriminate
logging, and much damage caused by hunting without any attempt to replace the
endangered species.
Consequently, nature conservation areas have been designated wherein the principal
criterion is the protection of the environment.
The Jobo Rosado area encompasses some 3,590 caballerias. Its climate is suitable
for the development of the indigenous flora and fauna, since its temperature fluc-
tuates between 24.6 and 26.8 degrees C.
The terrain is extremely rough and craggy and adaptable only to perennial vegeta-
tion (woods), although some parts can be sown with crops for cattle feeding.
Pheasants for Hunting
Felix Grillo is trained as a fauna technician and works in Che Jobo Rosado. He
preferred to begin the interview in the grotto-like caves of the conservation
area, a description of which serves to lead off the report.
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His deep knowledge of this specialized field enabled Grillo to start by listing
the birds and animals with cynegetic (for hunting) traits in the region, including
the whiteheaded wild pigeon, as well as the white-winged type, the quail, hutia,
deer and doves .
The local fauna also consists of various species of caymans and lizards, �~arioua .
types of pigeous, thick-bodied snakes and oCher showy inhabitants of the foresC.
Gr illo made special mention of pheasant breeding, birds remarkable for. their
de licious meat and their beautifully-colored, bright plumage, which shades through
re d, blue, green, white and crimson, merging into an infinity of hues.
During the past year, hundreds of these species were set loose in Jobo Rosado and
as many again are held in breeding cages established on the hillsides.
- Gr illo added that deer had also been brought into the area and that they are
breeding well. He explained that one of the targets of the plan is to Cransform _
a part of the protected zone into a hunting preserve some time in the near future.
Never theless, hunting expeditions are already being organized, but these are
di rected against wild dogs and wildcaCs which attack the species thaC are being
_ protected.
According to the estimates grepared, early in 1981 it will become possible to hunt
pheasants and in 1986, deer hunting will be legalized, the number of animals which
may be shot depend3ng on the increase in the herds.
At the same time, forest maintenance and treatment will be afforded on 100 hectares _
of land, while firefighting facilities will be established and drinking troughs and
fire-wardens observation towers will be built.
- Mo ises Plasencia, administrator for the plan, in referring to their work, explained
that it is of vital importance for the protected area. He noted that among the
es sential tasks are the daily observation of the location of the animals, the
development of the flor.a and fauna and care in ensuring limited access to the zone.
He emphasized that the forest rangers' equipment constitutes a guarantee for -
compliance with the restrictions established and with the regulations stipulated
for conservation of the environment. -
Plasencia stressed that the work was not easy; each day the men were called on to -
cover tens of kilometers over rough ground, sometimes on horseback, sometimes walk-
ing, paying attention to every detail to be able to report on the slightest changes
detected.
At the same time, the range~s hunt down wild dogs, support the establishment of
f eeding areas and drinking troughs and the breeding of the species, as well as
countering poaching activity.
From the Survey to the Zone
Julio Cesar Molina, head of the Silviculture Office in Sancti Spiritus, made refer-
ence to the studies undertaken in the Jobo Rosado zone with a view to its being
des~gnated as a protected area.
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~ He pointed out that in 1978, these surveys were carried out on the basis of an
_ integral analysis from the standpoint of hunting prospects, as well as environn~ental
protection, economic and historic aspects.
The work likewise encompassEd listing the ~xisting forest fauna, particularly ChaC
suitable for hunting, the composition and quality of the land parcels for hunting
purposes, an assessment of the plant types encountered, and soil, water and climate
studies.
Molina indicated that the area belongs to the Sancti Spiritus Forestry Enterprise.
He also explained that there are two clearly nefined seasons: that of drought--
' lasting from 3 to 23 weeks--and the remainder of the year, which is a rainy period.
The annual rainfall fluctuates between 918 and 1,598 millimeters, he said.
The project for the establishment of hunting grounds also involves the building of
{ a hunting lodge, a sort of museum hall, and other facilities.
I
I Describing the work under way in the forests, Molina referred to the chopping down
,i of trees for the good of the forests and to other improvements and Che systematic
application of treatments for the enrichment of the area.
I
He added that plans ca11 for the construction of trails or crosscuts of 5 to 7
meters, from north to south and east to west, with a view to making the terrain
more orderly and to facilitate access to it.
Another signifi~ant aspect is the historical value of the zone, recalling as it does
the fact that Maj Camilo Cienfuegos and his troops camped around here.
~ Memories of the route he took are relived by modern youths who render homage to the
heroes of Yaguajay while strengthening their patriotic and revolutionary feelings.
At Jobo Rosado, a natural conservation area is being consolidated. Meantime, a
hunting ground is being developed, and the glorious pages of the people's struggle
are being relived. In short, the development of the area foretells the future.
_ COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA 1981
7129
CSO: 5000/2084 END
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