JPRS ID: 9765 USSR REPORT MATERIALS SCIENCE AND METALLURGY

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• Document Page Count: 46
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 4
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9765
1 June 1981 ~
U SSR R~ ort
p
MATERIALS SCIENCE A~lD MIETALLURGY
(FODU 2/81)
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F~~R ~I'f ~r1~. ~~ll'. ~~I~~.Y
- ~ JPRS L/3765
1 Jun~ 1981
- IiSSR REPORT
- MATE~IALS SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
(FOUO 2/81)
CONTENTS
- COMPOSITL' MAT~RIt1LS
Failure of Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FE RROUS METALLURGY
Ferrous Metallurgical Industry Targets for 1981, . . . . . . . . , , . 5
STrELS
New Book Discusses Steel Ingot Thermal Physics . . . . . . , . . , . , 11
J SUPERHARD MATERIALS
N.w Book Discusses Superhard Composite Materials , . . . . . . . , . , 15
TITANIUM
Metallography of Titanium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
WELDING
Future Improvement, Development of Welding in USSR . . . . . . . . . . 20
MISCELLANEOUS
New Book Discusses Resistance to Cracking of Various Materials 27
Economizing in Fuel-Energy Resources in llth Five-Year Plan. 32
New Book Discusses Brittleness of Metals at Low Temperatures 40
Electrode Processes and Technology of Electrochemical Dimensional
Processing of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
_ - a- (III - USSR - 21G S&T FQUO]
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CO~iPO~ITE MATERIALS
- FAILURE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Riga EtAZRUSHENIYE KOMPOZITNYKH MATERIALOV: TRUDY PERVOGO SOVETSKO-AMERIKANSKOGO
_ SII~IPOZIUMA in Russian 1979 pp 5-8
[Foreword and table of contents from book "Failure of Compos ite Materials :
- Froceedi.ngs of the First S oviet-American Symposium", edited by Dzh. K. Si, Lehigh
University, and V, P Tamu2h, Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences, "Zinatne"]
[Text] Table of Contents
Foreword 7
Foreword to the English Edition 9
- I. Microfailure
Mileyko, S. T. riicro- and Macrocracks in Composites 13
Tamuzh, V. P. Three-Dimensional Failure of Unidirectional ~omposites 17
Kuksenko, V. S.; Orlov, L. G.; and Frolov, D. I. Concentration
Criterion of Enlargement of Cracks in Heterogeneous Materials 25
Regel', V. R.; Leksovskiy, A. M,; and Pozdnyakov, 0. F. Study af the
- Kinetics of Failure of Composite Materials 32
Vanin, G. A. Interaction of Cracks in Fibrous Media 39
II. Statistical and Analytical Methods
Boloein, V. V. Stochastic Failure Models: Testing Hypotheses and
- Evaluating Parameters 49
Kop'yev, I, M.; Ovchinskiy, A. S.; and Bilsagayev, N. K. Modeling
Processes of Failure of Composites With Bond Strength Defects
Between Components on an Electronic Digital C4mputer 57
Vu, F.. M. Analysis of Failure of Com~osites Taking Gradient of Stresses
Into Account 62
Chou, Sh. Ch. Methods of Predicting Failure of Composite Materials 70
' Dundurs, Ya., and Komninou, M. Survey and Prospects of Invzstigation
of an Interphase Crack 78
_ Lomakin, V. A. Relationship Between Strength of Composite Materials
and Structural Parameters 88
~ Kherrman, K., and Bxaun, Kh. Analysis of Cracks in a Composite Material
During Thermal Loading ...................o........................ 9t,
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III. Types of Failure
_ Si, Dzh., Mechanics of Failure of Composite Materials 107
- Kelli, A. Multiple Failure of Plastic Laminates ..................v. 120
Rikards, R. B.; Teters, G. A.; and Upitis, Z. T. Models of Failure of
Composites With Differing Reinforcement Structure 126
Rayt, M. A.; Uelch, D.; and Dzhalley, Dzh. Fai.lure of an Aluminum
Alloy Reinforced with Boron Fibers 132
Obraztsov, I. F., and Vasil'yev, V. V. Optimal Structure�and Strength
of Laminated Composites with a Flat Stressed State 142
Krossman, F, V. Analysis of Failure of Laminated Composites by a Free
Edge 149
- Tarnopol'skiy, Yu. M. Breakdown�of Compressive Bars of Composites 160
Annin, B. D., and Bayev, L. V. Strength Criteria of a Compoaite
Material 167
Nemirovskiy, Yu. V. Some Problems of Failure of Thin-Walled Bendable
Structures of Reinforced Plastics 171
Knets, I. V. Failure of Compact Bone Fabric 176
Perov, B. V.; Skudra, A. M.; Mashinskaya, G. P.; and Bulavs, F. Ya.
Features of Failure of Organic Plastics and Their E~fect on
- Strength 182
IV. Experimental Methads and Influence of Technology
Latishenko, V. A., and Matis, I. G. Methods and Means of Studying
Damageability of Composite Materials 189
Chamis, K. Influence of Mechanics of Composites on Methods of Testing
Them 196
Byunsel', A. R. Nature of Growth of Cracks in Composite Materials 208
Roulands, R. E., and Stoun, E. L. Experimental Investigation of
- Failure of Composite Materials 215
Kalnin, I. L. Surface of Carbon Fibers, Its Modification and Influence
on Failure of High-Modulus Carbon Composites 221
Smit, Ch. U. Observation of Three-Dimensional Geometric Effects During
Propagation of Cracks and Recommendations on Arrangement of Struc-
tures of Composite Materials . 231
Chiao, T. T. Some Interesting Stress-Strain�Properties of Composite
- Materials ........................o.............................. 240
Lakman, U. L. Description and Features of Failure of Graphite-
Aluminum Composites 244
Mast, P. V.; Bob'yen, L. A.; Klifford, M. A.; Myul'vil', D. R.;
~ Satton, S. A.; Tomas, R. V.; Tirosh, Dzh.; and Volok, I. Predicting
Onset of Failure in Composite Materials 249
FOREWORD
~ Although work on the development and investigation of modern composite materials has
_ been in full swing only during the last 15-20 years, composite structural materials
are already today in extensive use in industry. The potential of composites is con-
siderably greater than that of traditional materials not only due to excellent
specific stress-strain properties but also due to fundamental new qualities which
are not inherent in the individual components of a composite material.
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- Problems oi composite materials are frequently discussed today in the literatur.e
and at conferences. Conferences dealing with some one current problem in the tar-
get area of science are the most productive. Such problems in the mechanics of
composite materials include the strength and crack resistance of a material; its
importance is increased by the complexity of the investigated material, its in-
- tiomogeneity and anisotropy. The first Soviet-American symposium on f ailure~ of
composite materials, the proceedings of which are contained in this volume,+:ls
held in Riga in Septembar 1978, with the aim of thorough and comprehensive dis-
cussion of these extremely important problems of inechanics of composite materials.
One can note two basic areas in study of the failure of composite materials. The
first is connected with investigation of the macrobehavior of a composite material
. without considering damage, while the other involves detailed study of microdamage
and types of failures occurring in a material under load. These two approaches
are developing almost independently of one another. The behavior of a composite
material cannot be correctly understood without consideration of damage occurring
in a material at the micro- and macroscopic levels. In order to ensure reliability
in utilizing many modern materials in structures, it is essential to consider
physical damage in describingti~e behavior of a material. Necessary f or such a
consideration is basic knowledge of the various types of failure and an understancl-
ing of how failures (microcracks, for example) affect the behavior of a composite
material.
Investigation of microfailures also includes study of microstress concentrators,
tlieir origin in the process of manufacture of a material and the causal factor of
- the manufacturing process. It is important to investigate the kinetics of the
process of failure at all stages, from micro- to macrofailure by utilizing
direct recording and diagnostic methods, predicting failure of regions of contact
between components in composite materials, and development of inethods of computa-
tion and processes of manufacture of materials wtth optimal failure resistance
characteristics.
'rhe necessity of solving the problems enumerated above defines the tasks facing
researchers study of: such items as the correlation of micro- and macrofailure
in composite materials, consideration of the statistical characteristics of a com-~
posite material, prediction of failure, application of linear mechanics of failure
to composite materials, consideration of the actual conditions of failure of com-
posite materials, in particular the influence of moisture, stress concentratars,
comj~lex stressed state, discussion of the manufacturing aspects of the problem of
fai.l~?re resistance of composite materials, and the behavior of natural composite
matc~rials.
7'he pur.pose of the Soviet-American symposium on failure of composite materials was
discussion of one problem of composite materials, namely the problem of failure,
as thoroughly and comprehensively as possible. Therefore personal invitation~ ~a~r"E
sen~ r.o a small number of. U.S. and Soviet scientists, as well as certain resEZr; c~;u
in I:ngland, France, and the FRG, who are working actively in this f ield and az~
stuclyin~ the problem in its various aspects: elucidation of the basic causes nt
failure of composite materials, elaboration of applied problems of f ailure of. ~:~~n~-
posite materials applicable to individual branches of industry, development of
improved composite material manufacturing processes, and investigation of biocom-
- posite materials.
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Another aim of the first Soviet-American symposium on failure of composite materials
was establishment and strengthening of personal contacts and exct~ange of informa-
tion between Soviet and U.S. scientists for the purpose of development of fruitful
scientific collaboration and cooperation in reducing world tensions.
A. K. Malmeyster, chairman of the
Organizing Committee of the Symposium,
president of the Latvian SSR Academy of
- Sciences
COPYRIGH.T: Izdaniye na russkom yazyke "Zinatne", 1979
3024
CSO: 1842/34
i
~
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FERROUS METALLURGY
FERROUS METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY TARGETS FOR 1981
Moscow METALLURG in Russian No 1, Jan 81 pp 2-3
[Article: "Tasks of Ferrous Metallurgy in 1981"J
[Text] The Soviet people are greeting in an atmosphere of enormous political and
labor enthusiasm the 26th CPSU Congress, which will summarize ac~omplishment of the
targets of the lOth Five-Year Plan and will define the strategy and tactics of our
country's socioeconomic development at this next stage of building communism.
The entire Soviet p eople are presently discu~sing the CPSU Central Committee draft
document for the 26th CPSU Congress, entitled "Principal Directions of Economic and
- Social Development of the USSR in 1981-1985 and the Period Up To 1990," the main
content of which is securement of further growth in the prosperity of Soviet
_ citizens on a foundatian of stable, forward development of the national economy,
acceleration of scientific and technological progress and changeover by Lhe ecoti~my
to an intensive path of development, ~uore efficient utilization of this country's
production potex~ti al, all-out savings in all categories of resources, and improve-
ment in quality of performance.
For ferrous metallurgy the draft document specifies radical improvement in qualitv
and expansion of the metal products mix, increase in the production of econ~ ical
rolled stock, pipe and tube, extensive retooling of ferrous and nonferroiis r:tal-
lurgical enterprises, ref~~rbishing of basic equipment, improvement of manuf: turing
_ processes, and strengthening of the raw materials base.
During the years of the preceding five-year plan much has been accomplished ln a'_1
_ areas of building communism. There has been a substantial growth of scient fi -
tecllnological and economic potential, our homeland's defense capability ha~ ~ecome
stronger, efficiency of production has improved, the material and cultura] '.iving
standards of our people have been steadily rising, socialist democracy ha c,~come
_ stronger., and a policy of seeking international d~tente is being persj.st im-�
' plemented.
Creat success has been achieved in our country's economy. In 1980 n~ incomc~
rcached 436 billion rubles, with 80 percent of this sum going dire:t f~~~
securing the people's prosperity. All branches of industry and a~~c~ t< .'T -
_ cluding ferrous metallurgy, experienced considerable further g. ~:t~~~.; j ,ve;.oT~.,nc~nt
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For many years now the Soviet Union has exceeded the industrially most developed
capitalist countries the United States and Japan in volume of production of
- all categories of inetal products. Production of rolled stock is stably exceeding
100 million tons. This industry's production potential has greatly increased: one
- of Europe's largest shops for cold-rolling carbon-steel sheet has come on-stream _
at the Novoiipetski.y Metallurgical Plant, an oxygen-converter shop with MNLZ [ex- _
~ pansion unkr.o~m] at the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, a 150 mill at the
- Beloretsk Metallurgical C~mbine for producing 5.5 mm diameter rod, pelletizing
fac:ilities at the Severnyy and Dneprovskiy Mining and Concentration combines, as
well as a number of facilities for the production of ferraalloys, iron ore, coke,
pipe and tube, ~eneral mezal *~roducts, plus other products.
Movement on-stream of new, high-output metallurgical facilities meeting today's
demands considerably boosts the level of technology and speeds technological ad-
vance in this industry.
Soviet metallurgists have done much to increase the production of inetal products and
to improve their qualit~~.
Priority growth in the volume of production of economical metal products was ac- _
- complished in the lOth Five-Year Plan in order to achieve fuller satisfaction of
the growing requirements of inetals-consuming industries. There has been a sub-
~ stantial improvement in the strength characteristics of steel, due to alloying and
heat treatment.
During the years of the lOth Five-Year Plan approximately SOi.~ new grades ~~i s~eei
= w~nt.into production, and more than 700 new hot-rolled, cold-bend and high-precision
rolled sections; new, economical types of steel pipe, tube and general metal
products commenced production, providing technical resource growth and metal
savings; there was a~hieved a severalfold increase in the percentage share of
products bearing the Seal of Quality in total output.
Implementation of the program advanced by the decisions of the November (1979)
CPSU Central Committee Plenum and the June CPSU Central Committee decree e 1~80)~~ ~
makes it possible to achieve metal savings both in ferrous metallurgy pmp ~
increa~ing usab le yield at a11 stages of inetallurgical production,and in the
various sectors of the economy in the process of inetal consumption. There is
no doubt as to the effectiveness of the adopted pol.icy of development of inetallurgy
in the direction of securing metal savings in the nation's economy. Specific -
capital outlay per ton of economized metal is approximately 40 percent less than
that for increasing physical production volume.
Considerable work has been accomplished in this industry in the area of social
services and benefits for ferrous metallurgical workers. A total of 2.7 billion
rubles were allocated for these purposea. More than 11 million square meters of
_ housing were completed for occupancy, as well as children's preschool accommodations
for 63,000 children, 7,500 hospital beds, general outpatient clinics accommodating
16,~00 patient visits, and schools accommodating 60,000 pupils.
_ Addressing the October (1980) CPSU Central Couunittee Plenum, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev
presented a profound analysis of the staze of the national economy at the
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~hr~stiold of the llth Five-Year Plan and set forth important targets in the area
- of 1'uture economic and cultural development.
While noting the successes achieved in development of the economy in the lOth Five-
Yeac Plan, the party and Soviet people also see unresolved questions, difficulties
and deficiencies, as discussed Uy Comrade L. I. Brezhnev in his speech at the
October (1980) Plenum. These are difficulties connected with supplying the popula-
tion i~f certain areas of the country witti foodstuffs and manufactured goods, lag
in housing construction, deficiencies in capital construction, etc.
~ur party sees as its goal and objective a ateady rise in the prosperity of the
- people. Therefore the targets for the llth Five-Year Plan will focus considerable
attention on today's most important problems elaboration of large-scale specific
programs to increase the ~roduction of foodstuffs and manufactured goods for the
population, ensuring a rise in the living standards of Soviet citizens.
llyn~mic, proportional development of the nation's economy and accomplishment of the
task of raising the level of prosperity of the people depends to a significanc
degree on the performance of ferrous metallurgy which, carrying out state plans in
tt~e area of turning out metal products, creates conditions for shifting the entire
economy over to intensive development.
- Ferrous metallurgy plays a major role in sequential implementation of the program
of extensive utilization of this country's industrial potential to boost agricul-
ture. It is necessary to increase the service life and durability of equipment and
individual agricultural equipment components, to increase the output of clad steel
fOT ~I:WShures, galvanizp~ Ld�~aSd1T~ f~nrino fnr 1~,~es*_ock ra~ising, Fre~at steel pipe,
phosphate fertilizers and other products of this branch for the needs of
agriculture.
The plan calls for further strengtt~ening cf the matexial and technological foundation
of the transportation industry, and rail transport in particular. Toward this ecicl
f acilities for heat-treatment srn~gtheriing of rails are being constructed in the
ferrous metallurgical industry, output of low-alloy high-strength steel for rail-
road car construction is being increased, as is production of wheels and tires,
clad wire for electrification of rail lines, track fasteners, clamps, fishplates,
and bcaring plates. Ferrous metallurgy is not only a metal supplier but also one
of the largest users of the services of the rlinistry of Railways. Today one out of
. ~~very five cars traveling this coiintry's rails is carrying either raw materials fc~r
fcrrous metallurgy or the products of that industry~ Therefore, alongside an ~u-~
~ ~~:�c:ise in the production of railway steel, the industry has been assigned the ta::k
of reducing inefficient freight hauls and freight car downtime.
_ ~n imporC~int role is played by ferrous metallurgy in satisfying the metal req~i:.-~.
ments of the fuel and energy branches of industry. An extensive program has h~.,~~r
assi.~;ned to this branch for supplying the needs of the oil and gas industry,
program involving upgrading existing and building new petroleum ind~ustry pi.pE~
Eini.shing departments, and production is expanding on high-strength drill, :~~~:=:~~ti
and pump-compressor pipe urith new types of connections and increased corrosi~�~
resistance.
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- In order to expand the capabilities of conveying gas from new gas fields, r,ietallurgi-
cal workers have been assigned the task of producing pipe for main gas p:ipelines
operating at a pressure of 75 atmospheres, pipe 1420 mm in diameter, and t~~.;ytilayer
pipe operating at a pressure of 100 atmospheres, suitable for Arctic service.
Projects carried out by the people at the Central Scientific Research Institute of
Ferrous Metallurgy, the All-Union Pipe Scientific Research Tnstitute, the Azovstal`,
Novolipet.skiy and Khartsyzsk plants have demonstrated the high degree of efficiency
of manufacture of Soviet large-diameter pipe of frost-resistant low-alloy steels.
Priority growth in construction of nuclear power stations f aces metallurgical e and
workers with the task of boosting production of high-alloy electropolished pip
pipe for high-pressure boilers.
- In cliscussing the role of ferrous metallurgy in improving this country's fuel and
- energy balance, one must mention utilization of secondary energy re~ources. The
CPSU Central Committee gave its approval to the experience of the Magnitogorsk
Metallurgical Combine and a number of other Soviet enterprises in the area of
bringing secondary energy resources into production, emphasizing that the most ex-
- tensive dissemination of tYeis know-how, adoption of energy-conserving technology,
and fuller utilization of secondary energy resources is a task of national im-
portance.
The new five-year plan wi.ll be an important stage in implementation of the program
advanced at the June (1980) CPSU Central Committee Plenum, calling for economical
consumption of inetal in the nation's economy. In c~rder to achieve this goal, the
plans for 1981 and subsequent years assign ferrous metallurgy the task o= increas-
ing production of advanced andeconoIIrical products. In the first year of the llth
Five-Year Plan production of rolled ferrous metals will total 109.2 million tons,
- and steel pipe 18.5 million tons. Industry will put 140 new ro].led sections in-
- to production, there will be an 8 p ercent increase in output of cold-rolled sheet,
and a 21 percent increase in production of rolled product of ~ow-alloy steel.
Accomplishment of the program to improve the quality of matal products requires
the closest contact both with manuf acturers of inetallurgical equipment and con-
struction people, as well as with metal consumers. This contact is essent3.a1 at
all stages from design and engineering to cuszomer product utilization. In
order t~ achieve fullest satisfaction of specific consumer requirements on metal
products, the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metal?..urgy proceeded to draw up comprehen-
sive programs for 1981-1985 jointly with the machine-building ministries.
In order mor~ fully to meet this country's metal requirements, much also remains to
be done in development of ferrous metallurgy proper. This applies first and
foremost to accelerated development of its ore base, rEduction of iron and metal
losses aC all stages of inetallurgical production, improvement and renovation of
the industry's fixed assets by means of production retooling, and acc:elerated
movement of new facilities on-lir:e.
Furttier improvement in the quality of inetal prodLCts and eff icient utilization of
metal in the nation's economy impases large and :esponsible tasks on the science
serving this industry. Scientific research in~titutes must complete to the stage
of commercial adopti~n projects dealing with increasing the strength, purity and
homogeneity of inetal, plastic deformation af '~igh-strength and difficult-to-def orm
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steels, ecuncmical nitride-vanadium ~rengd~~g of rolled product and pipe, developmei~t
of fundamentally new low-waste ferrous metals production technologies, and develop-
ment of cokeless metal production processes, powder metallurgy in particular.
Production people, scientists and designers will be 3evoting particular attention _
- to the rapid adoption of the processes and facilities of such unique near-completioi2 -
complexes as the Oskol'skiy Electrometallurgical Combine, oxygen-converter shops ar
the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant and the P1ant imeni Dzerzhinskiy, the 3~00 ar~i 3G~') -
plate mills at the Western Siberian Meta'llurgical P~.ant and the Plant imeni I1'ich,
- plus a number of others, -
?~:~iementation of a broad program of ineasures aimed at technfllogical advance ~~ll ~J?c~mote a ~
- significant improvement in the technical-economic indices of this industry, anci
improved labor productivity in particular; mechanization of laborious jobs and
automation of production will be accamplished on a considerably larger scale. -
Adoption of automation is presently acquiring exceptional importance. Plans call
- for beginning a transition from local systems of control of manufacturing processes
to comprehensive automatic control systems for units, shops and enterprises based
on mathematical simulation, with the extens3ve employment of electronic computers.
Adoption of a substantial number of machines and mechanisms developed both at the _
- organizations of the Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machine Building and within the
USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy system is targeted with the aim of accomplishing _
tasks of inechanizing laborious jobs in main and auxiliary production operations. _
- A high degree of concentration of production requires increased attention to prob-
lems of ecology. Plans call for all existing enterprises to establish health _
protection buffer zones, to reduce the discharge of untreated effluents, and to ~n-
stall gas scrubbing equigment. Ins*_allation of closed-cycle water supply systems �
is specified for new industrial plants. Adoption of new equipment an.d processes
will also help appreciably reduce the quantity of harmful pollutants entering the
atmosphere.
- Our party sees as its goal a steady rise in the people's living standards. There-
- fore USSR Ministry of Ferrous rietallurgy plans devote considerable attent:ion to
an increase in the manufacture of consumer goods, strengthening the materi.al�-tech-
nical base of worker supply, increased completion of housing in comparison with _
1976-1980, construction of children's preschool facilities, preventive clinics an1
~
ottier cultural, social and domestic services facilities. '
In conformity with the CPSU Central Cornmittee and USSR Council of Mi.nisters deczeE~
entitled "On Improving Planning and Strengthening the Influence of the Lconomi~
riechanism on Improving Production Efficiency and Work :~uality," it is planned to
carry out in this branch measures pertaining ta high-quality reorganization of
plamiing and management activities and strengthening of the role of economic i.n~-
striiments and incentives to achieve excellent and labor performance results. in ~
1981 an experiment began at a large number of enterprises of this branch to re-
~ ev~zl~~.~~te the performance ~f work forces, an experiment which will make ~t nos-~
_ si1~.1e to improve resolution of the socioeconomic problems of enterprise g.r~w~-t~ , I-
anci development. The main precondition for highly productive and stable Fiel'-~
formance by ferrous metallurgy in the new five-~ear plan, however, will be ext~-~�-
sive adoption of scientific and technological advances, improvement of
9
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material-technical support, elimination of disproportions in the development. of
_ individual enterprises, and improvement in technological and production discipline.
It is necessary more fully to uti~lize all forms of socialist competition, to dis-
seminate more broadly the experience of leading work forces, to enlist in this _
task the extensive group of activist efficiency and production innovators, parCy, -
Komso;nol and trade union orgauiizations.
Ferrous metallurgy is faced with tough tasks. Their accomplishment requires of
metallurgical workers a sharp r.ise in the level of perforunance. The large scale
_ of pre-congress socialist competition graphically attests to the fact that this
country's metallurgical workers will make every effort to accomplish the tasks as-
_ signed to them by the party and government in 1981.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Metallurgiya", "Metallurg", 1981
3024
CSO: 1842/70 -
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STEELS
NEW BOOK DISCUSSES STEEL INGOT THERMAL PHYSICS
- Kiev TEPLOFIZIKA STAL'NOGO SLITKA: SBORNIK NAUCHNYKH TRUD~V in Russian 1980
(signed to press 12 Feb 80) pp 2, 179-181
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Thermal Physics of a Steel Ingot: Col-
- lection of Scientific Papers", edited by Academician V. A. Yefimov, UkSSR Academy
of Sciences Institute of Problems of Casting, 800 copies, 181 pages]
[Text] This volume contains materials which reflect the principal scientific ad-
- vances in the area of study of the thermophysical processes of casting steel and
solidification of steel ingots.
Articles examine the features of the inf luence of thermophysical conditions of
_ crystallization on formatic~n of the structure o.f steel ingots and development of
physical and chemical inhomogeneities, the convective movement of liquid metal in
a crystallizing ingot, on the prc~cesses of mass transfer and conditions of fo~a-
' tion of liquation defects.
- riaterials are presented on elaboration and improvement of mathematical models for
- numerical investigation of the thermal p.rocesses of solidification of ingots and
castings.
This volume is intended for scientists, engineers and technicians working with
problems of optimizati.on of mar..ufacturing processes of producing steel ingots and
castings and improving the quality of inetal products.
Contents Page
Yefimov, V. A.; Zatulovskiy, S. S.; Demchenko, V. F.; and Tarasevi.ch,
N. I. Investigation of the Influence of Process Parameters and Dis-
persed Inoculants on Solidification of Continuous Rolling-Mill Cast-
in~5 by tiie Method of Mathematical Simulation 3
Kozdol~a, L. A., and Mel'nik, V. K. Accuracy of ReSUlts of Mathematical
Sim~~tation of Processes of Solidification on Analog and Digital Com-
putc~r.S ~
Denisov, V. A., and Gumennyy, N. V. Computer Calculation of Solid~fica-
tion and Cooling of Standard and Special Ingots 19
11
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_ ~
Voronin, A. Ye.; Demchenko, V. F.; Latash, Yu. V.; Pshenichnyy, B. A.;
Krutikov, R. G.; Tarasevich, N. I.; Khorunzhiy, Yu. G.; and Vorob'yev,
Yu. K. Features of Solidification of Ingots During Electroslag Casting 25
of Steel
idarr..henko, I~ K.; Gumennyy, N. V.; and Denisov, V. A. Computer Calculation 30
of Solidification of Semicontinuous-Cast Ingots
, Romanov, A. A.; Ryabov, V. V.; Putikov, N. T.; Kochegarov, V. G.; and
Sushilov, Ye. N. Analysis of the Pracess of Ingot Solidification 33
Martynov, 0. V.; Dubovenko, I. P.; Sementsov, A. N.; Yezhov, A. A.; and -
Dyudkin, D. A. Thermal and Diffusion Processes in Casting Steel and 36
Methods of Controlling Them
Dub, V. S.; Khlyamkov, N. A.; Loboda, A. S.; Chechentsev, V. N.; and
Borovskiy, 0. B. Study of the Influence of Impurities on the Kinetics of 41
Crystallization of Iron
Legenchuk, V. I.; Buklan, B. A.; and Yefimov, V. A. Investigation of the
Processes of Formation of a Two-Phase Zone in an Ingot of 22K Steel 47
= Weighing 30 tons ~
Menabde, R. A., and Lomashvili, A. N. Investigation of Convection Currents 54
- in an Ingot Dur~.ng Its Formation
l~nabde, R. A., and Lomashvili, A. N. Investigation of the Kinetics of Ingot 61
Solidification Bo~dary Advance ~
llub, V. S.; Novitskiy, V. K.; Rebrik, A. A.; Volkov, A. G.; Bakumenko, ~
V. Ya.; Makarov, I. I.; Berman, L. I.; Klyucharev, V. Ye.; Trukhin, M. K.; -
and Senopal'nikov, V. M. Influence of Thermophysical Factors on Condi-
tions of Formation of Off-Center Chemical Inhomogeneity Pinches in Large 66
Forging Ingots
- Kitayev, Ye. ri., and Skvortsov, A. A. Reducing Physical Inhomogeneity of 70
Steel Ingots
- Alymov, A. A.; Legenchuk, V. I.; Skok, Yu. Ya.; Platonov, V. V.; Brechko,
Ye. L.; and Senichkin, V. V. ICinetics of Skin Zone Solidification and 78 .
Steel Ingot Surface Quality
- Akimenko, A. D.; Skvortsov, A. A.; U1'yanov, V. A.; and Rukavishnikov, L. G.
Conv~~ctive Heat Transfer From riolten Metals at Temperatures Close to 84
Solidification Temperatures
Kasin, G. A.; Krylov, S. M.; Tyagunov, G. V.; Zinov'yev, V� Ye. Yermanovich,
N. A.; Laptev, S. L.; and Mikhaylov, V. B. Thermophysical and Electrical
Characteristics of Iron and Nickel Base Alloys in a Liquid State 87
12
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~lcn:htsov, A. M., and Volkov, B. V. Influence of Spontaneous Periodic
I 1'rocesses on r_he Kinetics of Crystallization 9~
1
Mamishev, V. A.; Yef imov, V. A.; Osipov, V. P.; Taranov, Ye. D.; and
Sokolovskaya, L. A. Physicomathematical Substantiatlon of the Rheo-
_ thermal Criterion of Optimal Control of a Two-Phase ~~ate Zone 94 -
Legenchuk, V, I.; Sapko, V. N.; Shepelev, V. V.; Diyuk, Ye. F.; Brechko,
Ye. L.; Kaptyurov, V. A.; Pashchenko, N. K.; Chernyavsk:iy, I, P.; Levin,
L. Yu.; and Sokolovskaya, L. A. Investigation of the Kinetics of Crystal-
lization of a Low-Carbon Rimmed Steel Tngot Cast With the Employment of
Metal Grit 99
- Kiriyevskiy, B. A.; Alenkeva.ch, A. V.; Cherkasskiy, V. L.; and Shvydkiy,
A. A. Features of Crystallizati.on During Suspension Casting 102
_ Sokolovskaya, L. A.; Osipov, V. P.; Skok, Yu. Ya.; Taranov, Ye. D.;
Shevchenko, A. I.; Ishchuk, N. Ya.; and Mamishev, V. A. Computer Study
of the Temperature Interaction of Microcondenser Particles With a Steel
rtelt 107
Kutishchev, S. M. Influence of a Cooling Inoculant on the Process of
Solidification of a S~eel Ingot 110
Legenchuk, V. I., and Kutishchev, S. M. Determination of the Degree of
Cooling of Liquid Metal With the Endogenous Method of Casting Ingots 114
Kryakovskiy, Yu. V.; Zhul'yev, S. I.; Lebedev, V. N.; Chursin, G. M.;
Chukhlov, V. I.; Voskhodov, B. G.; and Makarov, I. I. Investigation of
the Thermal Work of Risers for Large Forging Ingots 117
Skrebtsov, A. M., and Vasil'kovskaya, N. P. Study of the Patterns of
Crystallization of a Downward-Widening Ingot of Killed Steel by the
Radioactive Tracer Method 122
Zhul'yev, S. I.; Kryakovskiy, Yu. V.; Lebedev, V. I.; Tsvetayev, N. S.;
_ Chukhlov, V. I.; an.d Fetisov, G. I. Solidification of the Axial Zone of
a Large Killed Steel Ingot 17~
Skvortsov, A. A.; Favorskiy, B. A.; and U1'yanov, V, A. Structure forma-
tio~i and Development of Macrostructural Defects at Various Temperatures
of Cast U8 Steel 1~9
rtenabde, R. A., and Lomashvili, A. N. Change in Liquid Phase Temperature
During the Formation of a 6.84 Ton Killed Steel Ingot 1s~-
Yefimov, C. V.; Shevchenko, V. A.; Brechko, Ye. L.; Kutishchev, S. M.;
Sllishov, B. A.; and Garbuz, P. P. Study of Thermophysical Processes and -
Stresses in Refractory Items During Bottom Casting of Large Ingots ~3~<
Marchenko, I. K. Crystallization of Large-Section Ingots Cast by the Semi-
continuous i4ethod 136
13 -
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Sladkoshteyev, V. T.; Shatagin, 0. A; Yakunin, I. A.; Terekhov, V. M.;
Belyakova, L. I.; and Dubovik, V. A. Thermophysical Features of Producing
Large ~~llets With Layer-by-Layer Formation on a Horizontal l:ontinuous
C,_ist inK t�lachine 142
Barabash, N. M.; Tarasen':o, V. A.; Pavlyuchenkov, I. A.; and LeUed', P. K.
Numerical Simulation of the Dynamics of Solidification of an Ingot Cast
on a Continuous Casting Machine 14~}
Dozhdikov, V. I.; Goryainov, V. A.; Yemel~yanov, V. A.; and Khokhlov, V. I.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer in Ingot Molds of Vertical
ConCinuous Casting Machines 147
Popov, A. P.; Yermakov, 0. N.; Tarasenko, A. I~; and Dozhdikov, V. I.
rleasuring the Surface Temperature of a Continuous-CastBillet Produced on
a Curv~~d-Guidance Continuous Steel Casting Unit 150
Yelizarov, B. L.; Sladkoshteyev, V. T. Andreyenko, 0. N.; Panchenko,
- I. G.; Korotlcov, B. A.; Rozentreter, I. A.; Fedoroy, A. I.; Fadeyev,
A. Yu.; Umanets, V. I.; and Rykhov, Yu. M. Investigation of the Thermal
- Work of ftadi~l itol.ds of Continuous Casting Piachines 153
Yefimov, G. V.; Shevchenko, V. A.; Buklan, B. A.; Shishov, B. A.; Garbuz,
� P. P.; Klyucharev, V. Ye.; Boyko, A. B.; Papakin, V. K.; Liskin, A. G.;
and Kozlov, V. I. Factars Influencing the Stability of Bottom-Pouring
3unner Supply in Casting Lar~e Ingots 168
Serebro, V. S. Analysis of the Stressed-Deformed State of Cylindrical
Ingot Molds and F.t~nn e r s Taking Account of Variable Level of Melt
- and End Effect 161
COPYRIGHT: Institut problem lit'ya AN USSR, 1980
3024
(;5~~: I ~,4Z/77
14
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SUPERHARD MATERIALS
NEW BOOK DISCUSSES SUPERHARD COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Kiev KOMP~ZITSIONNYY~ SVERKHTVERDYYE MATERIALY in Russian 1979 (signed to press
26 Dec 79) pp 2, 159-160
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Superhard Composite Materials", edited
by Doctor of Technical Sciences P. S. xislyy, Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences
Institute of Superhard Materials, 500 copies, 160 pages]
- [Text] This volume contains articles dealing with investigation of the processes
_ of interaction and bond forming at a phase boundary, on the technology of forming
and sintering composite materials, on study of the properties of tools employing
metal, ceracrd.c, and polymer bonds, and on problems of designing tools and equipment
tor their manufacture.
The articles are based on research conducted in the division of superhard refractory
materials of the Institute of Superhard Materials of the Academy of Sciences of the
Ukrainian SSR.
This volume will be of use to scientists, engineers and tectxiicians specializing in
- the area of materials science, as well as engineers at machine-building enterprises
and enterprises of this country's tool industry.
Contents Page
Section 1. Physicochemical Fundamentals of ttie Processes of Forming Com-
posite rlaterials
P. S. Kislyy. Development and Applicati~n of Composite Materials Based on
Diamond and Refractory Compounds 3
M. A. Kuzenkova. Experimental Methods of Invest3gation of Yrocesses of Forma-
tion of Composite Materials 1?
A. Ye. Shilo and A. G. Sidorenkova. Thermodynamic Analysis of Interaction. of
Phases in the Formation of Composite Materials
G. K. Kozina. The Role of Surface Phenomena in Formation of Metallic Com-
posite Materials by LiQ~~id-Phase Methods -'J
I'. S. Kislyy, I. P. Kushtalova, S. N. Kuz'menko, and A. F. Nikityuk.. Sol~d-~
Phase Interaction of Carbide-Forming Metals With Diamonds
hi. S. liorovikova. Contact Interaction of Refractory Borides With Liquid
- Metals of the Iron Family
15
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Section 2. Some Yroperties of Superhard Substances and Coatings
I. Y. Kushtalova. Structural Changes in Refractory Materials Following 51
Deformation and Recrystallization
A. Ye. Shilo. Nonmetallic Coatings for Powders of Superhard Materials 55
T. M. Duda, E. A. Pugach, S. I. Filipchenko, and Ye. M. Chistyakov. Com- 61
posite Electrochemical Coatings, Their Structure and Properties
M. I. Belyanova. Doubler-Layer Coat~ngs for Powders of Superhard Materials 65
Ye. M. Chistyakov. Application of Metal Composite Coatings to Powders of 69
Superhard Materials
Section 3. Industrial Processes of Fo~cming Composite Materials
I. I). Tsyganov, V. A. Konovalov, V. A. Kovalev, A. A. Burkhan, and A. D.
Semerenko. lntensification of Processes of Preparation of Heterogeneous 72
3'owder Mixtures
Ye. B. Vernik. Rolling Diamond-Containing Mixtures
I. 1'. Krivoruchko. Extrusion Pressing Refractory Compounds and Hard Alloys 81
Ye. L. Prudnikov and A. S. Zaritskiy. Some Features of the Process of 86
_ Yreparing Diamond-Containing Composite Coatings and Materials
Section 4. Metal-Bond Tools
A. V. Kurishchuk. Metal Bonds for Diamond and Cubonite Tools 92
E. D. Kizikov. Porous Diamond-Metal Composites 95
E. D. Kizikov, Ye. B. Vernik, 0. V. Khimach, and G. G. Pokladiy. New Porous
100
Metallic Bond Tools
Section 5. Tools With Organic and Ceramic Bonds
V. T. Chalyy. bptimization of Hardener Content in an Organic Bond 103
Ye. K. Bondarev. Glass-Metallic Materials 111
F. G. Ruban. Fusible Borosilicate Glass Base Ceramic Bonds 115
Ye. K. Bondarev and F. G. Ruban. Scaling Resistance of Diamond and Cubic 121
Boron Nitride in Air and in Glass Melts
Section 6. Properties and Efficiency of Composite Materials
V. T. Chalyy and S. N. Kuz'menko. Thermal Conditions of Operation of Or- 125
ganic-Bond Diamond Disks 134
A. A. Orap. Diamond Supe~finish Tools for Series Production
T. D. Ositinskaya, A. V. Kurishchuk, V. N. Galitskiy, and V. A. Murovskiy.
Investigation of the Thermophysical Properties of Metallic Composite 141
Materials
Section 7. Designing Tonls and Equipment
V. F, Selekh. Fundamentals of Designing Diamond Abrasive Tools 146
V. F. Selekh and A. P. Petrenko. Designs of Compression Molds for Making 152
Diamond Abrasive Tools
COPYRIGHT: Institut sverkhtverdykh materia~ov AN USSR, 1979
3024
CSO: 1842/~4 16
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TITANIUM
P1ETA LI.,C~RAPHY OF T ITAN IUM ALLOYS
, Mosccw METAI,LOGRAFIYA TITANOVYKN SPLAVOV in Russian 1980 (signed to press 15 ~Tul HO)
PP 4-6 _
~ (_Annntation and table of contents from book "Metallography of Titanium A7.loys",
by Yel~na Andreyevna Borisova, Georgiy Andr.eyevich Bochvar, Moris Yakovlevich
Brun et al., izdatel'stvo "Metallurgiya", 2700 copies, 464 pages] -
- (Text] Thi.s book examines modern metallographic methods of investigation (micro-
scopy and electron microscopy, fractography, x-ray structural and micro x-ray
spectral analyses, high-temperature metallography). The volume contains constitu-
tional diagrams of the major binary and ternary titanium-based systems, as well as
metastable diagrams illustrating the phase coinposition of binary and ternary
ti.tani.um alloys following quenching from various temperatures. Considerable at-
_ tention is devoted to the interrelationship of stress-strain and particularly ser-
vice properties, phase state and parameters of microstructure of titanium alloys.
The aut-.hors present typical tracro- a~d microstructures of semimanufactures of commerir.al
titanium alloys in various states, defects encountered in semimanufactures and -
finislied parts, and the possible causes of their formation.
'i'his volume is ir~tended for physical metallurgists at scientific,research institutes
and factory laboratories working in the area of titanium alloys. It can also be of
use to students enrolled at machine building and metallurgical higher educational
institutions. 293 illustrations. 70 tables. Bibliography of 222 items. -
Contents Pag~= ~
7
f~ureword
Ii~trouuc.tion -
Chapter I.. Methods of Structural Analysis of Titanium and Its Alloys 18
1, t�iacrostructural Analysis �
2. '�ticrostructural Analysis
3. ~lectron-Microscopic Analysis
4. :ractography -
5, n-lZay Structural Analysis s% -
6. High-Temperature Metallography . . '_u~~.
17
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Chapter II. Constitutional Diagrams of Major Titanium-Based Systems 110
- 1. I3inary Systems 110
2. TernaYy Systems 136
- 3. Metastable Phase Composition Diagrams of Quenched Binary Titanium 141 _
Alloys
4. Metastable�Phase.Composition�Diagrams�of�Quenched Ternary Titanium
Alloys 145
.:hapter III. Relationship Between Properties of Titanium Alloys and Their ~
Phase Composition 159
~
l. Annealed T:ttanium Alloys 159
2. Quenched Titanium Alloys 175
- 3. Artificia?.ly Aged Titanium Alloys 188
Chapter IV. Typical Structures of Titanium and ':ts Alloys 196
1. Genera? Description of the Structure of Titanium and Its Alloys 204
2. Structure of Titanium and Its Alloys in a Cast State 208
3. Structure of Deformed Alloys
4. Structure of Alloys Following�Heat�Treatment 227
Chapter V. Relatioriship Between Properties of Titanium Alloys and Their 244
Microstructure
l. Influence of Structure on Ultimate Toughness, Rate of Crack
Development, and Resistance to Delayed Failure 246
2. Influence of Structure on Cyclic Strength 254
3. Heat Resistance Properties 260 -
4. Quantitative Interrelationships Between Parameters of Structure 263
and StrQSS-Strain Properties .......................�.����e������
Chapter VI. Structure and Properties of Commercial Titanium Alloys 269 _
l. General Description of Commercial Titanium Alloys 269
2. Commercial Titanium and Alpha-Titanium Alloys 273
3. Pseudo-Alpha-Titanium Alloys 2g2
4. Titanium A1pha+Beta-Alloys of the Martensitic Class 29~
5. Titanium A1pha+Beta-Alloys of the Transitional Class 335
- 6. Pseudo-Beta and Beta-Titanium Alloys 347
Cha~t~~r V.T.1. Structure and Properties of Heat-Resistant Titanium Alloys 358
1. General Description of Heat=Resisting Alloys 358
.
2. Heat-Resisting Titanium Pseudo-Alpha-Alloys 367 ~
3. Two-Phase Alpha+Beta-Alloys 372
(:l1apC~r VIII. Metallograpt'~ of Defects 422
- l. Defects of Metallurgical Origin 422
2. Defects of Manufacturing Process Origin 434
= 18 -
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3. Cracks and Failures in the Process of Utilization 444
Bibliography 452
- COPYRIGH'T: Izdatsl'stvo "Metallurgiya", 1980
3024
CS 0 : 1842/35
_ 19
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WELDING -
FUTIJRF. IMPROVEMENT, DEVELOPMENT OF WELDING IN USSR
- Moscow SVAROCHNOYE PROIZVODSTVO in Russian No 3, Mar 81 pp 2-4
[Article by Academician B. Ye. Paton: "Taska of Further Improvement and Develop-
ment of Welding Production in the USSR"]
[Text] In the last two decades the purposeful and consistent development of
welding production has baen defined by comprehensive government programs, the
execution of which, together with economic and social development plana and
coordinated monitoring of execution, with the active participation of the lead
institute of the IES [Electric Welding Institute] imeni Ye. 0. Paton, ensured
reso lution of many problems in the area of acientific and technological advance
- both in welding production proper and in leading branches and sectora of the economy.
During the period in question targets in four comprehensive programs were formulated
and, for the most part, success�ully accomplished: the seven-year plan covering
1959-1965, and three five-year plans covering 1966 - 1970, 1971-1975, and 1976- 1980.
As a result, welding science and technology have advanced far in their development.
Tod ay we possess a powerful, well--equipped welding production base, which accounts
_ for approximately 50 percent of the total volume of production of welded structuxes,
castings, forgings, and drop forgings. The percentage share of jobs performed with
the aid of automatic welders, semiautomatic welders, spot welders and other machines
in tt~e total volume of welding production has increased almost fivefold (from 11 per-
cen t in 1958 to 53.1 gercent in 1979).
Successes in the development and adoption of new welding equipment and techniques
have made it possible to set up in this country production of structures which are
muc h needed by our economy and have made fundamental changes in a number of in-
dustries. In particular, large-section methods were adopted in the construction of
seagoing vessels, and the design and manufacture of large, massive items in the
heavy, power, and chemical machine-building and machine-tool industry were or-
gan ized on a new technological foundation. One can scarcely exaggerate the con-
tribution made by welding in the construction of plants and installations in the
ferrous and nonferrous metallurgical industry, petrochemical industry and nuclear -
power engineering.
In ttie process of carrying out the 1976-1980 program, however, certain bottlenecks _
wer e revealed, and efforts in the forthcoming llth Five-Year Plan mus* be con-
cen trated on overcoming these bottlenecks.
20
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For example, total production volume of weld:.a stxuctures in 1979 exceeded the
1975 figure by approximately 10 percent, but em.pioyment of advanced structural
materials (rolled product of high-strength steels, aluminum and aluminum alloys, -
ae wel.l as bent structural shapes) is patently inadequate. Tn 1979 it amounted to
_ UI1Jy 5 percent of the total production volume of welded structures, as compareci -
with 4 percent in 1975. Accelerated adoption of the above materials is continuing
to be impeded not by limited capabilities of welding equipment but by a shortage of
this equipment.
Certain advances have also been made in th~; area of facing, the volume of which
(in terms of welded-on metal) in 1979 exceeded the 1975 figure by approximately
12 percent. The percentage share of facing ~s still too sma11, however, in the
manuFacture of new parts and assemblies. .
Appro~:imately 3U0,000 units of electric welding equipment were manufactured in
1979. However, the total number of automatic and semiautomatic weldin~ machines _
procluced by the principal manufacturer of electric welding equipment, Minelektrotekh-
prom [Ministry of Electrical Equipment Industry], is falling intolerably behind the `
target specified for this ministry for 1980. Increase in manufacture of replacement
parts for welding equipment continues to be a serious unresolved problem. In 1979
the volume of manufacture of replacement parts did not exceed 2 percent of total -
equipment manufacture, as compared with the 7 percent targeted for 1980.
Production of welding materials for mechanized welding techniques is steadily
growing. In 1979, for example, 21 percent more solid welding wire was produced than
in 1975, and 7 percent more powder filler wire. Production of the latter, however,
is still far below the 1980 target, while production of alloy wire 1.4 mm in
c~iameter and smaller comprises only 30 percent of the total production volume of
small-diameter filler wire.
'lhe patently retarded growth in production of equipment and materials for mechanized -
welding techniques is unquestionably leading to a situation where the percentage
sfi:~re of jobs performed with the aid of automatic and semiautomatic equipment, etc,
lias failed to show a rising trend for several years now.
- At ttle present time it is important to accomplish an extensive changeover to total
mecllanization and automation of all processes of fabrication of welded structures,
which is possible only with the availability of centralized production and provision
to tfle economy of comprehensive welding equipment (KSO), especially mechanical.
A special program ratified in April 1975 was directed toward this, a program wtiich
was unsatisfactorily implemented in the lOth Five-Year Plan. In particular,
Minelektrotekhprom failed to accomplish in 1976-1979 movement on-stream of planned
fac.ilities for the manufacture of KSO. The situation is even worse as regards the
specif ied completio~i of facilities for the manuf~cture of inechanical welding eq~_~~ r~
ment within the Minstankoprom [Ministry of Machine Tool and Tool Building Indus~r:~j
system, wllere construction has not yet begun on a main plant with an outp~it c~:3?~~c~.~;
of 50 million rubles per year.
Tzking the above into consideration, USSR Gosplan, the USSR State Committee tur
Science and Teclinology, and the IES, with the participation of more than 10U _
ministries and agencies, drafted a new, fifth program for improvement and develop-
ment of welding production for 1981-1985. It specifies solving problems connected
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witli utilization of resexve potenta.al for increas~ng la6or product7.v~.ty, economical
expenditure of material and labor resources, elaboration and adoption of automated
control systems in the fabrication of welded structures.
A prominent place in the new program is occupied, alongside measures to correcC the
_ stated ue6.ciencies, by matters pertaining to ~.ncreasing the durability of welded
structures and the efficiency of util~.zation of rolled ferrous metals in their
manufacture, etc, corresponding with resolution of problems affecting the nation as
a whole and the ways to solve them specified by the CPSU Central Committee and USSR
Co uncil of Ministers decree entitled "On Tmproving Planning and Strengthening the
Effect of the Economic Mechanism on Improving Production Efficiency and Work
Quality . "
- The comparable production volutne of welded structures in industry and constructi.on
is to be increased in 1985 for the USSR as a whole by 30 percent over the anticipated
f igure for 1980. The rate of production growth of these structures is to be greater
than the growth rate of steel and rolled products output. This trend is to be con-
tiniied in the future.
Considerable attention is devoted to specialization and concentration of welding
- production. The program specifies designing and building new specialized enter-
~ p rises and shops in 12 ministries.
Also planned are measures called upon to intensify scientific and technological
_ advance in the area of design and fabrication of welded structures. Plans call for
r educing the materials and labor requirements in their manufacture, increased
precision and efficiency, as well as operational reliability and durability.
In particular, plans call for comprehensive improvement in forms and shapes of
structures and the structure of rolled stock utilized in them. Plans call for
an increase in the percentage share of employment of improved, medium and high
- strength steels, expansion of the variety of bent, bent-welded and thin-walled
sections, including bisteel, as well as precision hot-rolled sections.
Of considerable importance are measures to achieve substantial improvement in
utilization of rolled ferrous metals in welded structures, as well as expanded
- utilization of advanced structural materials and manufacturing processes promoting
improved metal protection against corrosion and increased durability of structural
e lements.
The program specifies improvement of existing and development of new guideline
materials on designing and fabrication of welded structures for major types of
mactiine-building products, as well as state and branch standards.
Implementation of the program-specified measures will make it possible to raise
the technical level of design and manufacture of welded structures, to improve
their quality and economy, which is fully in conformity with the tasks of the CPSU
- Central Committee decision entitled "On the Performance of Metallurgical, Machine-
Bui.lding and Construction Ministries in the Area of Improving the Quality of Metal
Proclucts and Etficient Utilization of Metal on the Basis of Adoption of Low-Waste
Processes in Light of the Demands of the November (1979) CPSU Central Committee
- Plenun?."
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Weld-�acing operations should experience furthez development, with max~.mum a.ncreas~~.
in the percentage share of production-type facing and jobs performed by automatic
and semiautomatic machines.
An important component part of the program is continuation of a pol~cy of boostin~;
tlie scientific and technical level of design and fabr~,cation of welded structures
and total mechanization o~ their production. This will make it possible to produc~
more economical products with utilization of the most modern technical devices and
to raise the overall level of production sophistication. -
Ministries and agencies should prepare technical documentation and establish in
production associations and at enterprises fully mechanized shops, departments,
sections, production and assembly lines. A large ~:otume of work is to be performed
in the area of designing and installing at enterprises automa~~a ~ontrol systems
based on employment of computer hardware.
Plans call for developing mechanical and welding equipment, as well as equipmeiit for
gas-flame processing of inetals, equipped with means of inechanization and automatioci,
including industrial robots.
Accomplishmer;t of the above-enumerated work, in combination with measures specified
in the previov.sly adopted specific program pertaini.ng to organization of centralized -
_ mauuf acture of KSO, wi11 make a.t possible to achieve significant results in the
ai�ea of total mechanization of manufacture of welded structures.
Plans specify that by 1985 the volume of welding performed on automatic, semi-
automatic, spot-welding and other machines will increase to 70 percent of the total �
volume of welding operations in the USSR as a whole. To achieve this, manufacture
oC electric welding equipment must be increased by 40 percent and gas-flame equip-
ment by 60 percent over plan-specif ied figures, _
P11ns call for increasing specialized facilities for the manufacture of electric
_ weldi.ng equipment, including expansion of the Elektrik Plant imeni N. M. Shvernik,
the Kakhovka Electric Welding Equipment Plant, and completion of construction of the
Pskovsk Heavy Electric Welding Equipment Plant. Plans call for building the first
Minelektrotekhprom plant unit for the manufacture of plasma equipment, as well as "
renovation and exp ansion of facilities of the Voronezh Avtogenmash Production As-
sociation, the Barnaul Ma.chinery and Equipment Plant, an~ the Kirovakan Avtogenmash
Plant.
- Produc_cion of welding materials is targeted taking into account priority development
oE i~ighly-mechanized methods of production of welded structures. With a slight
decrease in electrode production volume, plans specify an increase in the manufac:-
ture oL filler wire, and in particular a 60 percent increase in production of all;~y
fi.ller wire up to 2 mm in diameter, and a SO percent increase in powder wire uJ~i
- 1980. Tncreased production of fluxes, solders, and sh.ielding gases is corrc-~~:.;:~c'::n,~
ly targeted.
An increase in alloy wire production capacity is targeted for the Western
Metallurgical Plant, the Zaporozh'ye Metal Products Plant, as well as the R~~vu=~
Metal Products-Metallurgical Plant; powder filler wire at the Western S~-be.~.~n _
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Metallurgical Plant, the Dnepropetrovsk Metal Products Plant, the Magnitogorsk
Metal Products and Metallurgical Plant, at the Beloretsk Metallurgical Combine, and
in the USSR Minmontazhspetsstroy [Ministry of Installation and Special Construction
Work] system.
- The program formulates targets pertaining to manufacture in the coming five-year
_ period of new process equipment for furnishing enterprises for the manufacture of
welding materials currently in use as well as new materials.
The program devotes considerable attention to the social aspects of welding
- production. Specifications have been drawn up on protective clothing for welders
and the materials from which such clothing is made. Industrial testing is
presently being conducted on more than 10 models of protective suits for welders
working in different climatic conditions. C~ne model a suit for manual and
semiautomatic welding personnel has been in series production for several years
now at the Shatura and Krivoy Rog Garment fact ories. _
In recent years a new group ofwelder's lenses h asbeen developed, possessing im-
- proved protective properties for a broad range of welding processes. They provide
the welder's eyes good protection against the ultraviolet and infrared rays of the
welding arc and broaden the welder's visual capabilities. A new GOST is presently
being drawn up for light filters, and preparations for their series manufacture are
in progress at the Chernyatinskiy Glass Plant.
, In the near future series manufacture will be set up for new types of face shields,
helmets, convenient and safe electrode holders, and work is in progress to improve
ventilation equipment for welding shops, as well as development of built-in welding
equipment exhaust fans. The appropriate organizations are revising branch
standards on free issue of clothing to welders and are drafting nationwide safety
regulations for welding and gas-flame operations.
Many problems remain to be solved, however, in the area of labor protection and
safety. ;The new program includes, in particular, targets pertaining to organization
of series production of five new models of protective clothing, gloves made of
heat-resistant phenylone fiber, lenses with improved colar contrast, hand shields
for arc welders, and a number of devices for monitor~ng welder working conditions
(ventilation, temperature, humidity and other parameters of the work environment). _
The newly-begun f ive-year period should be a time of purposeful assimilation of
~~nissed knowledge and utilization of theoretical and applied research and develop-
ment, which will ensure a further boost in the quality of welding production.
Plan targets for the development o.f new, advanced manufacturing processes have been
specified on the basis of adoption of scient~f ic advances. These advances include -
welding under flux into a slotted separator, which will be extensively employed in
power engineering and heavy machine building; higher-productivity techniques of
welding nonferrous metals and alloys, to be utilized in electrical equipment,
heavy and power machine building, as well as the automotive industry; continuous
laser welding and gas laser cutting of inetals, ensuring excellence of weld and high-
quality cutting; electron-beam welding, which is being more and more extensively
adopted in power engineering and chemical machine building and in the construction
oF nuclear reactors; high-output welding with preheating of cas~t-iron body components;
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electroslag hardfacing of cold-rolling rolls and facing hydroturbine blades with
powder filler wire.
The new program specifies measures pertaining to development of scientific re~^ rcii
and experimental facilities of establiohments working in the field of welding,
which will require additional working space. Therefore plans call for construction
of tens of thousands of square meters of floor space in engineering-laboratory
_ buildings and experimental facilities.
In light of the specified program of plan targets, a number of ineasures are to be
carried out in order to achieve further improvement in the training and advanced
training of engizeers, technicians, and welders. In particular, it is necessary to
- set up in Leningrad and Kiev technical schools for training and adt~anced training
of welders and welding equipment setup personnel.
Development and extensive adoption into production of nondestructive testing methods
is a very important direction in further improving the quality oF welded strucr.ures.
A leading role should be played by mechanization and automatinn of inspection
processes, ensuring stable quality.
Certain success has been achieved in this area in recent years. The volume and
level of scientific research have improved, and there has been a certain increase in
series manufacture and variety of flaw detection equipment. X-ray and gamma-ray
radiography methods and various techniques of checking the soundness of welded
- joints have found application in the fabrication of welded structures. Ultrasonic,
magnetic, luminescence and color flaw detection have experienced considerable
development. Betatron radiography is being utilized more and more extensively ~o
inspect welds on thick-walled structures. Initial models of automatic ultrasonic
equipment have been placed in service, and mobile magnetograph laboratories have
been developed. Many of the developed f law detection devices are equal in specifica�-
tions and performance to the world's finest.
The scale and rate of employment of nondestructive inspection of welded joints, how-
ever, are lagging considerably behind the level of development of Soviet welding
production, which is due chiefly to an inadequate volume of design and development
of the latest equipment, slow commencement of series production of this equipment,
and a lack of adequate production capacity to make up for the shortage of and
satisfy steadily growing demand for equipment.
In order to correct this deficiency and to achieve further improvement in the ef-
ficiency of welding production, specific programs were adopted in 1979, for dav~].o~~-
ment and adoption in industry of modern methods and means of nondestructive in-
spection of ttie quality of welded joints.
I'}iese programs, which are an inseparable part of the overall policy of deve;~~t~~,~--.n!:
- oF weLding technology in this country, specify increasing capacity to manuf..:.~:~: