JPRS ID: 9745 USSR REPORT PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 148
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 41
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFI('IAL USE ONI.Y
JPRS L/9745
20 May 1981
i
- USSR Report
PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS
(FOUO 4/81 )
FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERViCE
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
NOTE
JPRS publications contai.n informa`ion primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also fro:a news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the ori.ginal phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was su:nmarized or pxtracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times caithin items are as
given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or at.titudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNIiJG OWNERSHIP OF
MA.TERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQLTIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
QF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE OiNI,Y.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JPRS L/9745
, 20 May 1. 9 81
USSR REPORT
PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS
(FOUO 4/81)
CONTENTS
FLUID DYTdASiICS
Populltion Inversion Behind a Dstonation Wave Propagating in a
IIedium.tdith Variable Density
1

- LASEPS A,ivD tQ,SERS
Chemical Lasers
10
The Electron-Beam Method of Pumping Gas Lasers
and its
,
Applications '...,............e................
61
Theoretical 5tudy of a Repetitively Pulsed Copper-Vapor Laser.....
65
Numerical Study of the Interaction of Laser Radiation With a
Target in a Vacuum Considering the Spect;.21 Composition
of the F.adiatinn Emitted by the Resultant Plasma
74
C02 Gas Dynamic Laser Utilizing Co-Containing Ytixtures............
81
Characteristics of Unstable ^esonators 4Jith Field Distortions
in Their Elements. I. Cylindrical tlirrors
91
Char.acteristics of Unstable Resonators With Fie1d Distortions
in Their Elemerits. II. Spherical Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
10-icw Stationary Yrocess C02-Laser
105
t-iTSCELLt! IdI:OUS
Charged Particle T,istribution in Plear-Earth Space
111
, P.emote I4etl:ods of Atinospheric research . . . . , . . . . . .
114
- a- [III - USSR - 2114 S&T FOUO]
r.^n nnntnV A � r ror. ^%.T ar
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAI, l1SE ONLY
Nl1CLE!\R PHYSICS
Experimental Methods of Nuclear Physics 116 `
Physics of High-Current Relativistic Electron Beams 119
OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY
Nonlinear Optical Effects in Aerosols 122
OPTOELECTRONICS
New Book on P-iicrowave Radioholography and Optical Data
Processing 126
PLASPtA PfIYSICS
Electron rnergy Distribution Function and Three-Body Sticking
Rate for Oxygen When a Gas is Exposed to an Ionization Source... 129
Detector Properties of a Gas-Dischsrge Plasma 137
STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORTiATION
Stresses Accompanying Temperature Fluctuations.e 139
THERMODYNAPIICS
~ Thermal Physics of Low-Temperature Sublimation Cooling............ 141
,
~
- b -
- FOR OFFICIAL USE.ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- FLUID DYNAr�iICS
UI)C 533.6.011.72+535�33
POPULATION INVERSION BEHlND A DLTCiNATION WAVE PROPAGATING IN A NLEDIUM W'LTH VARIABLE
DENSITY
~ Moscow TZV�STIYA AKADLMII NAUK aSSR: MEKFiANIKA ZHIDKOSTI I GAZA in Russia.n No l,
Jan-rPb 80 pp 65-71
~ [!1r�tic7_e by M. I. Puddi.~yev, Moscow]
[Te:ct] The use of detonation to produce an active medium has been studied in many
papers. It has been suggested that use be made of dispersal of the products of
detonai:ion of an acetylene-air mixture into a vacuum [Ref. 11, and also cooling of
_ the pro%lucts of detonation of a mixture of hydrocarbons with air through a nozzle
[Ref. 2, 31. Iri Ref. 4, detonation of a solid explosive was used to set up popu-
~ lation inversion in a C02-N2-He(H20) gas mixture. Lasing on HF molecules has been
e xperimentally observed behind an overdriven detonation wave front propagating in
a mixture of F20-H2-.Ar in a shock tube [Ref. 51� An investigation h as 'oeen made of
- the problem of papulation inversion behind a detonation wave in mixtures of H2-F2-He
[Ref. 6-81 and H2-C12-He [Ref. 91 upon release of energy on a plrine and on a
straiglit line in a medium with coristant density.
Similar problems have also been solved f'or shock waves propagating both in a nomo-
: geneous gas atmosphere [RF;f. 'T, 1.01 and in the supersonic part of a flared nozzlel.
In thi ; a.r�tic].e a theore�.i.cal investi.gat-ion is made of the problem af gettinf; popu-
Lat i on invers ion beh:ind an overdriven det;onation wave propagating tYarough a mixture
( firlc j�,rl,ic7.0s ot' carbon +acet,ylerie + air�) discharged from a hypersonic nozzle.
't'he propagation of a. detonation in media witti variable density a.nd initial velocity
has been considered, f'or example in Ref. 11, 12. Analysis of gas parameters behind
a detonation wave propagating in a medium with constant derisity (for a given fuel
mixture ) has showm that the tempe.ra.ture differential behirid the detonation front
is insuff'icient i:,:r population inversion of vibrational levels of the C02 molecule.
l. Model of hypersonic discharge of a zuel mixture through a nozzle. We will -take
the acetylene + air mixture to be a. pex�fect gas aith constant specific heal;s ( cV,
cp = cV + R' , where R' is the ga.s constant of the g4 _ven mixture and assume that the
carbon part.icles are very small (characte.ristic diame+er of the orde.r of 1 um).
'i'hen tYie equation of sta.te can be written as [Ref. 111
P19=('Y-1)E, P1P=R7', R=R'/(1-f-(7)
(1.1)
cv=(cv'+a^-)/(14'a), cr=cv-I-R, 1=Crlcv
lYu. V. Tunik, "Influence of the flow characteristics of a relaxing gas on the
parFUneters of agasdynamic laser", author's abstract of candidate's dissertation,
Irwtitute of Mechanics, Moscow State University, 1976.
1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFF'ICIAL USF nNLY
liere .is the specific hEat of the carbon particles, which is taken as constant;
a is the mass fraction of particles in a un?t of volume as compared to the mass of
- the gas in that volume; E, p, p, T are the internal energy, pressure, density and
temperature of the mixture.
Let us consider adiabatic steady-state discharge ef the .fuel mixture tbrougli the
nozzle ia the linear a.pn.roxirnat.ion. In this case t.he parameters of' the mediiun in
y the noz;sle are deGCribed by the Bernoulli integral and its corollaz�ies that accour_t
= f'or the equatior.s of stai:e (1.1) :
U=Umaz(1+Z) -'b (1.2)
p=poZT/(T-1) (1'I'Z) -T/(7-0
. p_PoZ, i(7-0 (1-I-a)-~icT-~
_ T=Toz(1+z)-' (1.3)
-
Z , 2 , y 27 p,
Q-1)m~' Umaz~' Q-1) Po
lIere PO , PO , Tp are tkle stagnation parameters ; v and M are velocity and Mach number.
Let tlie mixture escape from
into the ambient spa.ce with
the area of the fla.red part
cross section of the nozzle
cylindrical symmetry, and v
tha,t discharge is supersonii
a large reservoir (in which p= pp , p= p p, T= Tp , v= 0)
constant pressure through a Lava1 nozzle. Let us give
of the nozzle as S= QjrV-1, and the area of the minimum
as Smin - Qvrv 1(v> 1, wi-th v= 2 corresponding to
= 3 corresponding to spherical symmetry). Let us assume
Then the law of mass conservation can be written as
' pvS=p.U.Smw=G=COIISt (1.4)
Here p*, v* are the critical flow parameters in the minimum cross section of the
- nozz.le. .
From (1.2)-(1.4) for the supersonic part of the nozz.le we get
ZMr-'> (1-i-z)-0+0i2(T-0- y ,~+1 \ ~-~1 / 1 r / (1-5)
V ~ ( l r* U. 6)
p= t Y 1-f-z, A=po 1+1 -f+1
Si. nce v> t, Y> 1 anci Pd > 1 or z< 21 ( Y- 1) = const ,(1. 5) implies that for any r* there
is an r+ such that for any r>r+ we car: assume z�l, and if r* approaches zero,
then x�+ wi11. also appr.oach zero (the stagnation parameters are not important hcre).
I,et us a1so assume that r* and r+ are small, and throughout the region of super-
sonic .flow we wi11 take the ap,proximation z�l, r>0. Then for this region from
(1. 2) and (1. 6) we l;et the laws of behavior of velocity and densit,y
U=Umu, P=Alr'-'
~l�7)
It sfiuuld hu iioted Chai, tlic smallness of z and �Ormulas (1.3) do not impl.y smallriess
_ of 'I' in the f':Iuw si.nce pp, pp, Tp may lDc la.rge quantii;ies.
1 2
FOR OFFiCIAL USF: ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
: FOR OFFICIAL USE ONf,Y
2. Calculation of gas parameters behind a detonaticT wave propagating in a medium
with variable density and constant velocity. The percentage of acetylene is de-
termined both by the detonative capacity of the mixture and the percentage of water
vapor in the detonation px�oducts. Detonation of coal dust in air has been experi-
menta.lly studied [Ref. 14, 151; however, in this paper we are considering a mixture
with acetylene added to improve the detonative capacity. The effect of a methane
additive on detonation of coal dust was studied in Ref. 16.
Let us considc:.r perturbation o!' the motion of a fuel mixtu.r.e escaping through a
kiyper: onic nozz.:Le as a result of simultaneoizs cessation of the delivery of fuel
mixture to the nozzle and axisal of detonation at- point r= 0 at time t= 0. When
t>0, the detonation wave is p.ropagating downstream. Let us assumn that the carbon
and acety2ene in the detonation wave are oxidized to C02 and u20 (N2 entez�s as
ballast), and th at the gasd,ynamic parameters of the detonation products satisf'y the
following equations of state [Ref. 171:
P - F�
- , t)
T, E= L r PT-F- ~ giti8{eil -E (T e
` (2.1)
e,=[exp(B,ITt)-1]_', P=1.5+t,.-f-1.5tN
tlere Rp is -the universal gas constant, U is the rnolecular weight of the mixtlzre,
gi is the degree of degene.ration of the i-th mode; Ci is the molecular fraction of
the component to wnich the i-th vibrational mode applies; 6i, Ti are the character-
istic and inst4r taneous vibrational temperatures of the_i-th mode; CL is the mo-
lecular fraction of the component consisting of linear molecules; ~N is the sa,me
for nonlinear mo lecules; E, p, p, T are the internal energy, pressure, density and
temperdture of the cletonation products.
Let us di:;regard tY.r changc of :iriternal. enerfV of the detonation products due to
de-wira,tion., oi' the vibration-a'L enczrjries .t'i�om the equi.librium valucs, i. e. let us
assume that '.I'i ='f.' in (2.:1) ( far a.ll i. ) a.nd liencc L=E('1') .
Let us a.ssume furtlier 1;hat the gas behind the detonation front does not radiate, is
not viscous, and is not thermally conductive. Then the equations of motion fer
quasi-one-dimens i onal :flows are written as [Ref. 11]
8v 8v 1 8p
ac +v aT ar =U
P
0P + aLv+(v-1) PV =o (2.2 )
at ar r
a+p 8t 1 p}+"I 8E T l p/, -0
~
3
FOR OFFI ~IAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFF[CIAI, USE OTlY.Y
oy,.L�en nI' e(iurstion., (2.2) i:~, c1o:;ecl. Let us formulate the boundary con-
di.tioru:.
Taking the detonation wave as strong and "infinitesimally thin", we write the
following relations on this wave [Ref. 11]: p, (UI-A) =pz (U: D)
p, (v,-D) 2=p: (v:-D) Z+Pz (2-3)
_ (U,^D) z-}-Q= 2 (v2-D) z+ p2 --Ea
P
Here Q is the amount of heat released upon combustion of a unit of mass of the
' fuel mixture; D is the propagation rate of the detonation wave (subscript 1 denotes
quantities in front of the wave, and 2 denotes quantities behind the wave)- From
( l. 7) we get vl = vmax, p 1= A/r'v-1,
Since the gas does noi; enter the nozzle when t> G, we must aet the folloWing
- boundary condition:
(0� 10=a) 0=a (2.4 )
F'rom the formuiation of the problem we :firid that the controlling parameters are:
v, Q, vl , A, 6iR0i1a , ui +~i gi, r, t; oF these, Q and A csn be taken as indepen-�
' dent dimensional consta.nts. In this approxima-te formulation, the p.roblem is
self-similar [Ref. 11].
- In equations (2.1), (2.2) and boundary conditions (2.3), (2.4) we make the substi-
tution of variables
x
v= t r,4, P= rA t
~ X_ ~t , 05~,1 1
~ �
- The equations are transformed to a system of ordinary differential equations for
the quantities V, R and Panalogous to those written in Ref. 11. Solving this
s,ystem, we find the functions V(a), R(a) and P(a), and hence v(r,t), p(r,t) and
p(r,t) as well. T(r,t) is determined through the equatian of state. For the given
system of different:ial equations there is an integral of masses [Ref. 111
M+=QYR (1-V) (2-5)
~ Ifer.e m= t`.rM+( a) is mass. T3y using (2.5 ) we can easily follow the change in gas-
dyiiunit; c)a.rrLmeter:. of ri.ny t;as narticle. The s,ystem also assumes ar: integral of
,zc9i,tUa.t,it:it,y [Ref. 48].
3. Kinetic processes and popul.ation invetsion behind a detonation u.�ave. Tn ser_tion
1 wc disrer;arded P.he e Cfect that nonuniformity of vibrational energies has on gas-
dynamic f?aw para.meters; however, we cannot disregard the reverse influence. Ilence
- we mus-L- stud-f the rclaxa+,ion pattern against the "background" of the gasdynami.c
parameters considerPd in sect:ion 2.
4
FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL,Y
L'hange;:; lri tlie numl,c.rs o f' vi brai,�i.onril quanta in a gas particle are descx�ibed by
the followinp, equations:
8ei =PFi (T ~ el) (i,j=1, 2,3, 4) (3.1)
ac
Here the Fi are functions defined in Ref. 17.
The beginning of observation of a gas particle is determ.ined by the time tp of
entrainment of the particle by the detonation wave at distance rp = Dto from the
beginning of t he hypersonic part of the nozzle. Let us assume that at the instant
of entrainment a11 the vibrational energies in the particle are at their equilibrium
~values.
P'or rz fixc-d compos.ii;ion of the fuel mixture, R= const. Tf v and Tp are also given,
then U tznd the i'urir, Lions V(A) , R( a), P(a) will. be the sa.me for any values of A and
rp. '1'Iien :from (2.5) and solut-iun of the system of ordina,ry differential equations
_ wN L&et i;lie ra-l.io r/rp= f(Aj, but a= (r/rp)/(t/tp), and tlierefore a= fl(t/tp).
Now we rewrit e(3.1) as
r7e{ _to A DZ 7~zP 7~ Ft , et)
8 (t/ta) r o ' (r/ro)
X=f, (tlto), rlro=f(X)
These equations yield a dimensionless law for the ei as funetions of t for different
' gas particles and for different Yalues of A(at constant v, Tp and gas makeup). The
expressions ei = ei(t/tp) will be the same if tpD2A/r~-1= const. The quantity D is
independent o f A and of the choice of p~.rticle, an d tp = rp/D; therefore
- !./rd-2 = const.
Consequently when v= 2 (cylindrica~. symmetry) the rela:tions ei = ei(t/tp ) for any
p;as partirle (at 1'i.xed A) are the serne, and therefore the relative population in-
versi.on fbr dif'feren+, rrau F)ai�ti.cles behfives i.n the same w,--~y as a :funetion of the
vari abI e t;/tp. Howcv(!r, t;here is no such ilimens:ionless numbcr for weak-si8nal
, opticn.1 ga:in si.hco precs,ire cnters nonlinear.].y into the exp;essiori for this param-
eter� [Ref. 171. Theref'or�~. in the ca.se of a constant ratio of fuel components and
~ constant Tp, it is riecessary for v= 2 to opiimize the gain in the gas particle
with respect to the two para.meters A and rp.
4. Methods of solution and discussion of results. `?'he system af ordinary dif.fer-
ential ecluations described in section 2 was solved numerically for the .following
pararneters : CC2}I2 = 0.02' , C02 = 0 .205 , EN 2 = 0. 77 , a = U .06 , Q = 2 .9 kJ/g, Y=1. 37 and
~C21.12 = U.0'T'T, C02 = 0.194, ~N2 = U.729, a= 0, R= 3.5 kJ/g, Y=1.38; for both sets of
},a,raneters Tp = 29 3 K. The quantity v was taken as equa_l to several values : 1. 5,
2, 2.5, 3� Analysis or the field of integral curves showed that fo.r given v, Tp and
tl-ie two sets of parameters of tYie fuel mixture (for any A) there are unique solu-
tions for th is system of equations, where the detonation wave is overdriven (there
.,y with the case vl = 0 [Ref. 111).
is an analop
T'i.f;ures 1-5 correspond ta the first set of parameters of the fuel mixture. Ca1cu-
lal,ions for t he second set show the same qualitative behavior of the curves, al-
thougYi the absolute values of gairi are lower.
5
FaR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
TI T
0.3
0
FOR UFFICI:4L LSE ONI.Y
K�lO,cw ~
f ~
Z
0
- -Z 0
Fig. 1
i
u
~0 r, GN
Fig. 3
!
0
-4
~ 3 i, cn+
Fig. 5
P'irr,. I JIlOWJ the tcrmperature ciistribution behind the detonation front for different
v. 'I.l; C(L[1 he: seen Lliat as v increases t}iere is an increasc in the temperature
graci:i_ent, :i.mrnedi.ate.l,y behind the dPtonation wave, and a concomi.tant drop in the
, beginninJr of the hypet�ooic part of the nozzle. The temperature on the detonation
froirl; rcached .l(~ve:I:; af 1.1ie ordcr oC 3000 K.
'P}ie l;Yieor�eLi.ea.I. 1.1'1Vr;;;tigrat;i.oii of c]t-tonation in nozzles a1_^o requirer, an exper�i-
menl,d:i. comparisoii :,itice tferc i.s actiia:Lly a linit of existenr_e of detonatiori with
r.esPecL to density o� the I'uel mixture in front of the wave [Ref. 19], which imposes
r~ .lower lim.it: oF the choice of A. Ttierefore in theor,y !1 ca.nno-t be taken too low.
6
FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
3 f0 r, rig. 2
f z
~
4
5
~
j
~ 10 r CM
1 g. 4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Ttiearet;:ica:1 researcti if, a:1so be:i.rif; done i.ri this area,. For ex,"iple, Rei'. 10 sets
llmits wiLti respecl; Lo preasur.t, and concentr�ation for direct ini.tia,tion of deto-
nation in a rnixture of gases Ii2-ClZ.
System of kinetic equations (3.1) was solved by an implicit scheme of the second
order of accuracy by the Newton method [Ref. 201, the optical weal;-signal gain K
heing calculated on tra.nsition P20 ( 001-100 ) o:f the COp molecule ( a=10. 6 um)
[Ref. 17].
Calculations for v= 1. 5 show that population inversion takes place in a very narrow
zone near the beginning of the hypersonic part of the nozzle and for sma11 values
nf A.
Fig. 2 shows the distributions of gain as a function of distance from the beginning
of the hypersonic part of the nozzie for different times, with v= 2, A= 1.2!+�10'4
(A has dimensions of g/cmv-2 Lines 1-3 correspond to values of t of 284, 636 and
1873 Us, detonatioii rat:: D being 258,060 cm/s. The reduction in maximum gain with
time a.nd the increase in the iiive~~,,sion zone show up well. The gain reaches usable -
leve.ls. -
Nig. 3 and 4 show tlie same dependences for the case v= 2.5. Lines 1-4 in Fig. 3
correspond to values af t of 71, 165, 443 and 708 us and A= 2� 10-3, and on Fig. 4
tliey correspond to values of t of 36, 94, 326 and 667 us and A= 2� 10-4 . Here
D= 259,580 cm/s. It can be seen that as A increases there is a drop in maximum
gain; however, the inversion zone with acceptable gain increases, reaching a size
_ of several centimeters.
Fig. 5 shows the dis tributions of gain for v= 3, A= 3� 10-4. Lines 1-5 correspond
to values of t of 14 , 31, 76, 121 and 169 us , and D= 261,480 cm/s. It shou] d be -
- noted that as v increases the inversion zone is displaced closer toward the deto-
nation wave, and the maximum gain appears earlier. -
A cnange in composition of the fuel mixture also has a considerable effect on gain.
Calculations .for v= 3, A= 3�10-4 and the second fuel mi xture show that the absolute
values of gain are appruximately half the values shown i.l Fig. 5 for the same times
and distances and D= 281,310 cm/s.
In conclusion the autiior thanks V. P. Korobeynikov for constructive discussion of -
the resialts.
REFERENCES
l. V. M. Ma.rchenko, A. M. Prokhoi�ov, "On the Feasibility of Producing an Inverse
- Mediuni ibr La:scrs U,y L;xplosion", PIS'MA V ZHURNAL EKSPERIMENTAL'NOY I TEORETI- _
`
C}iEuKOY P' CZTKI Vol 14,,No 2, 1971.
- 2. J. Tulip, H. Se;;uiii, "L�plo:ion-Pumped Gasclynamic C02 Laser", APPL. PHYS. LETT.,
Vol 19, No 8, 1971.
3. 13. A. Armstrong, B. Ahlborn, S. Mikoshiba, J. Tulip, "CO Laser Gain Measurements -
iri Acety].ene-Oxygen Detonation Products", CANAD. J. PHYSICS Vol 56, No 1, 1978�
7
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONI,Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE nNY,Y
4. M. 1. Foddi.~yev, "On :L Mettiod of Inversion of ViUrational Populations in a ,
COZ-N2-He(H20) Gas Mixture", KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA Vol 6, No 2, 1979�
5� R. W. F. Gross, R. R. Giedt, T. A. Jacobs, "Stimulated Emission Behind Over-
driven lletonation Waves in F20-H2 Mixtures", J. CHEM. PiiYS. Vol 51, r?o 3, 1969�
6. H. Guenoche, J. H. S. Lee, C. Sedes, "Population TnvPrci nn in 111ast Wave~_prnpa-_-_
gating in H2-F2-He P4ixtures", COMBUSTION AND FLAME Vol 22, No 2, 1974�
. 7. J. H. S. Lee, T. D. Bui, R. Knystautas, "Population Inversior, in Blast Waves", ~
ACTA AERONAUTI CA Vol i, No 7/8, 19 74 .
, 8. H. Guenoche, J. H. S. Lee, C. Sedes, "Population Inversion Behind a Shock in a
Mixture: HL, F2, He", ACTA AERONAUTICA Vol 3, No 1/2, 1976.
9. H. Guenoche, C. Sedes, "Calcul de 1'inversion de population entre les niveaux
de vibration de HC1 en aval d'une onde de choc droite et d'une onde de souffle
cylindrique", COMPT. REND. ACAD. SCI. SER. B Vol 282, No 20, 1976.
lU. V. A. Levin, V. V. Markov, S. F. Osinkin, Yu. V. Tunik, "Nuinerical Modeling of
_ Explosive Phenomena with Consideration of Nonequilibrium Physicochemical Pro-
cesses", Sixth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Hydrodynamics
held in Tbilisi, 1978., Collected Papers Vol 2, Moscow, 1978.
11. L. I. Sedov, "Metody podobiya i razmernosti v nekhanike" [Scaling and Dimen-
' sional Analysis in Mechanics], Moscow, "Nauka", 1977�
12. N. S. Zakharov, V. P. Korobeynikov, "Self-Similar Motians of Gas in the Case of
Localized Inlet of Mass and Energy in a Fuel Mixture", IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK
SSSR: MEKHANIILA ZHIDKOSTI I GAZA No 4, 1979�
13. L. I. Sedov, "Mekhanika sploshnoy sre dy" [Mechanics of a Continuous Me dium],
Vol 2, Moscow, "Nauka", 1973.
14. W. B. Cybulski, "Detona.cja pylu weglowego", PRZEGLAD GORNICZY, L'ol 30, No 3,
t97~+�
:16. A. G. Abinov, A. M. Chekhovskikh, "Experimental Investigation of Detonation
that Arises Ur)c,n Explosions of Methane and Coal Dusi; in Mines" in: "Deto-
_ riatsiya. Kriticheskiye ya.vleniya. Fiziko-khimicheskiye prevrashcheniya v
udarnykh volnakh" [Detonation. Critical Phenomena. Physicochemical Transfor-
mations in Shock Waves], Cherriogolovka, 1978 (Soviet Academy of Sciences,
Divisiori of the lnstitute of Chemical Physics
S. A. Losev, ":iazodinainicheskiye lazery" [Gasdyramic Lasers], Moscow, "Nauka",
.
1977.
18. V. P. Korobeynikov, "Problems of the Theory of a Point Explosion in Gases",
Proceedings of thP Mathematics Institute, Soviet Academy of Sciences, Vol 119,
1973.
8
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
]9. f. FI. Leo, R. C. Solol.ilchin, A. K. Oppenheim, "Current V7_ews on Cascous Deto-
n:~,L i or!" ,/1:;TRGN Al1'1' f C/1 /1C`['A, Vol :L14 , No 5, 1969.
20. A. A. Samarskiy, "Teoriya raznostnykh skhem" [Theory of Difference Schemes],
Moscow, "Nauka", 1977.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel.'stvo "Nauka", Izvestiya AN SSSR, "Mekhanika zhidkosti i gaza",
1980
6610
- cso: 8144/o812
9
Ft)R OFF'[CIAI, USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
T'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
LASERS AYdD tiASERS
UDC 621.375�$26
CHEMICAL LASERS
Moscow KHIMICHESKIYE LAZERY in Russian 1980 (signed to press 5 Sep 80) pp 2,
171-224
[Annotation, chapter 7 and table of contents from book "Chemical Lasers", by
Va].er,iy Konstantinovich Ablekov, Yuriy Niki-i'orovich Denisov and Viktor Vasil'Yevich
I'roshkin, Atomizdai:, 2850 copies, 224 pa,ges ] .
[Text] 2`he book presents the principles of gas-phase reactions typical of chemical
lasers, gives flandamentals of the quantum mechanical description of molecular sys-
tems, and outlines processes of formation of excited particles in the course of
nonequilibrium chemical reactions. Aii examination is made of the kinetics of
processes in chemical lasers clas.sified according to their hydrogasd}mamic charac-
teristics into devices with a stationary medium, with subsonic and supersonic flow,
a.nd with detonation processes in the medium. Designs and working principles of
present-day chemical lasers are described.
For engineers and scientists work.ing in laser research and development. May be of
use to undergraduate and graduate students majoring in physics and in engineering
physics. - CHAPTER 7: CHEMICAL DETONATION LASERS
P.J. General Information on lletonation Processes
We know that the process of d.etonation of solid [Ref. 1] and gaseous [Ref. 2, 31
explosives can be used for optical pumping of lasers. In this process the chemical
energy of the explosive is converted directly to luminous pumping energy, and then
to the energ}r of stimulated emission. Chemical energy conversion should be still
more efficient in chemical detonation lasers with working principle based on stimu-
lating emission c.irectly from the zone of chemical reaction behind the detonation
fz�ont [Ref. 4, 51, or from the region of free dispersal of the detonation products
[Ref. 61, or from the region of discharge of the detonation products through the
nozzle [Itef. 71. In general we will apply the term d,etonation laser to a chemical
laser in which detonation products serve as the active medium or as a component of
this medium.
Let us give some information of a genera.l nature on detonation.
Detonation is an explosive combustion wave for which one of the ma,jor well known
properties is propagation at a constant supersonic velocity characteristic of the
10
FOR QFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAI., UCE' ONLY
given explosive and given initial parameters. If we take a coordinate system fixed
on the detonation wave front, then in accordance with the one-dimensional theory of
detonation the flow can be represented as shown in Fig. 7.1. The gas flows along
B G
I R ea.c.t,f.v K I r - x
po,Po, 7-0 P~,p~, T.
. Zan2
D~ B D=0 G D
Fig. 7.1. F]_ow in coordinate system tied to the velocit,y D of
the detonation front
the x-axis in the positive direction, and the wave parameters remain constant in
planes pcrpendicul,tir to the x-axis. Equations that describe such flow are given in
lief. 8. Ji'rom these equations in coorditiates of P vs. V we get a curve the
Hu~oniot adi.abat that describes the solution for any va.l.ues of the wave velocity
- D (Fig. 7.2):
V/Vp= (P/Po)--[(1'--1)/(1'-1)j --(2YQ/co) . ~7�l~
I(P/Po) (1' --1)/~Y -1)l --1
H-ere V= 1/p is specific volume; Y= cp/eV is the ratio of specific heats; Q is the
heat of combustion of a unit mass of the system; cp is the speed of sound in the
initial mixture.
P
e
c
Po
G
L I
I
M
~
N
~
A
~
U Vp V
E
~
Fig. 7.2. Hugoni.ot adiab at
11
I'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
r'oR 01,TICIl1L USL ONLY
Ttie conditian of uriiqueness of the detonation rate is demonatrated in Ref. 9, an3
has come to be ca11ed the Chapman-Jouguet rule:
(P - po)l (Vo - V) _ -(aplaV)S.
(7�2)
This rule implies that normaZ detonation corresponds to the minimum velocity D of
a11 posible velocities, which is shown on the curve of p(V) (see Fig. 7.2) by the
Michelson line.AB tangent to the Hugionot curve CM1VE at point G, known as the
Jouguet point. It is typical of the process that in the state corresponding to
point G, the detonation rate is equal to the sum of the flow velocity and the -rate
of propagation of the disturbance in the blast products, i. e.
D = u c.
(7�3)
Iri addition to the mode of normal detonation corresponding to line AB tangent to
the adiabatic curvc of the detonation products, there are two other detonation
modes described by curve CM: overdriven (CG) an d underdriven (GM) detonations.
For the former mode u+ c> D, and for the latter u+ c< D.
According to the eZassicaZ one-dimensionaZ theory o f detonation [Ref. 10, 111,
af'ter the initial mixture h as been ccmpressed by the shock wave, its state corre-
spon ds to point B(see Fig. 7.2) in the case of normal detonation, and to point B2
in the mode of overdriven detonation. Thereafter in the course of the chemical
reaction the state of the medium shifts aloiig Michelson curve BG or B1C. States
descriUed by points G or C respectively correspond to completion of the chemical
reaction. Thus the pressure should increase at points B or B1.
The detonation wave theory that assumes the presence of a smooth wave front is
base d on solution of one-dimensional equations of gas dynamics and chemical
kinet ic s .
There is a departure from this one-dimensional model in what is called spin deto-
nation [Ref. 121: the phenomenon of helical motion near the wall of a tube on the
part of a single i'ocus of a chemical combustion reaction, this focus being formed
upon splitting of the wave front [Ref. 131� Spin detonation always occurs at the
limits of propagation of the detonation wave [Ref. 141.
`l'he Zimits of propagation of the detonation are critical initial conditions with
respect 'uo pressure pp or density p, explosive charge diameter d, and also with
respect to the concentration of components and the composition of the initial
mixt ure, such that a change in these parameters either toward a reduction in pres-
sure or diameter, or toward an initial mixture that is richer or leaner in the fuel
- componerit, makes it impossible for the detonation process to propagate.
According to the c].assical concept, the detonation wave should have a flat, smooth
front Far from the limits of propagation. However, the results of high-resolution
photography and the wake method under these conditions have shown [Ref. 15, 161 an
inhomogeneous high-frequency structure of real detonation waves with periodic in-
homogeneities in the uneven leading edge of the wave.
>pin detonation close to its limit of propagation corresponds to the wake print
of Fig. 7.3a [not included in the translation] with a thickened helical wake of
12
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR UFFTCIAL USE ONLY
only one combustion focus moving with a trajectory at an angle X to the generatrix
_ of the detonation channel. With increasing distance from the limits of propagation
there is a stepwise restructuring of the process: instead of a single combustion
focus iti the detonation front, there are 2n (n = l, 2, 3...) combustion foci moving
in cantrary motion over the Cr�unt with spacing Ax, undergoing collisions and re.flec-
tions. A time photoscan gives the frequency of pulsations of the process:
v = DlAx. (7.4)
-It is convenient to chaxacterize such a periodic process by the detonation mode
S2 v/vo (S2 - n), (7� 5)
where vo is the miriimum frequency of pulsations in the near-Iimit region of exis-
tence of the detonation wave with S2wn- 1. The spacing of the pulsations decreases
with a.n increase in the initial pressure pp of the mixL-ure or� in its reactivity,
- e. g. by changing the chemical composition (Fig. 7.4) [Ref. 15-19 Here the re-
sulL-s of extrapolatiun of da1:a oF Ref. 20 correspond to Axx 5�10-3 and 2�10'3 mm,
ar_d v= 7�10 e a.nd 11�108 }iz.
Ox,
mm
10"`
10''
10
f0
f0'3 lp'2 r> > 10t PO , MPa
I'ig. 7.4. Scale of pulsations Ax as a function of initial pressure pp of explosive
mixtures 2x2/02 (o [18], + 115, 16] � [19]); 2cZx2/o2 117-191); CzHz/oz (A [181);
2H2/02 (o--ext;rapolation of data of Ref. 20)
Pulsations also occur in spherical detonat,ion waves [Ref. 20], which is further
evidence of the general nature of tY,e pulsating mechanism as a property of deto-
nation waves.
13
FOR OF'FICIAL IISE ONLY
/Q
/
Q
00
/
/
.
/
go.
/

/
0
o
-
i
C9
.
o
i
q9%
v
~
-
m
~
.
� o0
o

V t
�
}
00
`

�
,
~ �
+

t
t +
+
+
7
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
One of the peculiarities of detonation is the phenomenon uf discreteness of the
pulsation spacing Ax, frequency v a.nd other parameters that characterize the struc-
ture of t,he dei:ona.L-ion wave as functione~ of initial pressure pp.
_ Analysis of sequences of Ox for successive n in Ref. 22 gave an expression for the
discrete spectrum of Ax in the form
.nd/Ox = l /n t* (1 1/n) (n -1), n = i, 2, 3, (7-6)
I-Iere 4*= tan( X)min, i. e. the tangent of the smallest angle x reached far from the
� detonation limits.
Each of the intersecting lines on the wake prints of Pig. 7,3b, c[not included in
the transla.tion] in Ref. 15, 16 is interpreted as a trajectory of a so-called kink.
The kink was examine d in Ref. 23 in the form of three intersecting shock disconti-
nuities : a.n vbZique compression shock, a head-on shock wave normal to the gener-
atrix of the detonation channel, and a shock wave that moves tangentiaZZy to the
head-on shock wave. Gasc~ynamic calculation of such a model, which is the Mach
configuration, leads to the necessity of existence of a fourth discontinuity as
well: a tangentiaZ disconttinuity emanating from the point of intersection of the
other three, the tripZe point.
And indeed, a triple poinL cielineates each of the wake lines of the kinks [Ref. 24].
The space structure of an actual detonation wave for the case with n= 2 recorded on
the wake print of Fig. 7.3b [not included in the translation] is graphically shown
in Fig. 7.5 [Ref. 241 for three successive times tp, tl, t2. Concavity of the
u
Fit*, j.>. Diaf;ram oi' three-dimensional structure of detonation for S2 o n= 2: light
line:; ar�e the tra,jectories of triFle points; heavy lines are shock discontinuities;
ci.rcle:: icidicate ttie triple points A; 0, 1, 2-- states of the gas: initial, and
hchi.nd ob] iquc and hea,d-on compression shocks respectively
= wave frorit is replaced by convexity at collisions of triple points marked with the
crosses. Pulsating behavior of the leading edge of a detonation wave has also been
observed in Topler schlieren photographs of the process of detonation in a flat
14
FOR OF'FICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
f o ti t2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
IPUR OFI'1CTAT, UCI.1; UNI,Y
channel [ hef . 25, 171. However, a,s shown in Ref. 25, the flow st-ructure behind the
leading edge for detonation at low n is sti].l more complicated, and includes a
transverse detonation wave suggested in Ref. 26 i'ur spin detonation, experimenta].ly
observed in the struct>>y e of this detoriation in Ref. 27-29, and atudied in Ref.
30- 32 .
Flat Mach coni'igurations in a detonation wave and their collision with one anoicher
were first analyzed by the method of shoek and detonation poZar curves in Ref. 24,
33 and 34. To do this, equations were derived that relate the relative pressure
change AP in the i--th shock, AP = (Pi 'p0 )/PO - np/Pp , to the angle of deflection n
of the flow behind the shock:
for the de tonation po Zar eurve
eP
fg1j yMa-OP
Ma(l-9/AP) -1 (7�7)
AP/(�a -4- 1) I
[M i.s tl-ie Mach numher, q=Q/EO = Q( Y- 1) (PO/pO )-1 is the effective energy release
as a fra.ction of the internal energy of the gas, p` y- 1) Y+ 1)
for GhE shock poZar curve
oP Ma -1 . (7.8)
t9 1 yMa-OP Y AP/(�'+ 1)-{-1
Solution showed that .for detonation with SZ>l, collisions of Mach configurations
and the resultant forma.tion of new pulsations in the wave shoul.d be important .
However, the actual process of interaction of perturbations in the detonation wave
far from the limits of propagation is even more complicated than that usually con-
sidered in the plane model, and involves the influEnce of a voZumetrie effect on
the structure of the detonation front [Ref. 351� What is really important is that
the process is three-dimensional, and that the most intense sources of disturbances
that renew pulsations with Ma.ch configurations in the wave are point;s of "triple"
or higher multiple collisions of the Mach ~~:)aiig.irations. As a result, the pulsa-
i;ion muli:iplica,tion factor
_ i< = 1 -I- [(t N)l (n* N)l (7�9)
at a sufficiently large number of initial pulsations N appr.oaches two (n* = 3 for
detonation iri cha.nnels of circular cross section, n*= 5 for spherical detonation).
2'he feasibility of such multiplication is implied by the reaction-kinetic data of
a detona.ting medium [Ref. 211. When the number of pulsations in the wave is small
( l, the boundary C between the media is a hyper'oola. Such a generator
of a straight wave front (collimator) may be important for chemical detonation
lasers as a device for simultaneous input of gaseous detonation products into the
opticai cavity. The detonation wave generator shown in Fig. 7.6b can serve the
same purpose.
Fiere the line M1Mn is a channel filled with a detonating medium having detonation
rate D1, and the lines MiNi (i = l, 2,..., n) are channels with a medium detonating
at rate D2. TYie condition of simultaneous arrival of the detonation fronts in a11
crianne.ls MiNi at the level of straight line M1Nn is
IMt Mi Nt IN l 1'= Di D9 or T= o` IMiNf-O- Da lMimO' (7�15)
whence
D1 = Da sin P/sin a.
(7.16)
- Zi' a= S, then lll = D2 and TM1 = INn. An example of realization of such a: cheme is
linea.r detonation genez�ators filled with gaseous explosive and made in the form of
detonation channels oF the same length [Ref. 31� A device based on an analogotis
pzinciple focuses the detonation wave by using hollow cylindrical shaping lenses
made in the form of a stack of cylindrical diaphragzns that are .roughened in the
cent:r. al part and smooth on the erlges.
A number of wave generator designs based on thP I'ermat principle are shown in Pig.
7.7a-r [Ref. 40]. Showri are: a, b, i, o-- designs with focusing of detonation
17
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
b hypenUo.ea ~ `_~-be
~-~--j'"~ � � r-.
I/ ~2 ~ 2F f
j, Rp
2
' IfR2
_ d Do D=DQ 2 D2 DIcosa ~
~ ,f,F Rp=1 p I
I Ra I Nf If
r h x=ach (y/a)-a Cane
9 Pcvca,bota t y ti ~ pehba.~a
x F~
f o~ f IF -
2 ,Q Expe.
I
` I neh,t
e~c
j ma,i ehi,a,2 ~ x~ � Q~ I ne.n.t Wta
ay
Qy~ m n E xp2. e~c
~a~e~cd tay~ I i~e~c,t o1
I I mateAiat
j
ma.~e~c,c.ct2 Iti
p q
7' ~ hTl>'~f ~ . .
I I j
Fig. 7.'j. Diagrams of detonation wave generators
f~�oiits a.t a. poir_t ; c, d, e,g, h, r-- linear detonation front ; f, 1-- focus-
irig of detonation on ttie axis of the system; j, k-- generation of a planar deto-
nation fi�ant; m, n-- gener�ation of a curvilinear detonation front; p, q-- dif-
i'rac-l:ion of detonation fronts. Designs p, q and r are based or_ the diffrection
' pr-operL-ie, oi' detonrztion waves occasioned by the physical rather than the geometric
rwt:ics, of the s,ysi:em.
Withi.ci the fra.mework of' physical optics of detonation, the Ht.lYgens-Fresnel prin-
cip].z eiiables cons-tiuction of the detonation wave front for sor,ie instant if the
, wave front is knowri at a preceding time. Such a construction is based on the fact
that each point of the medium reached by the wave front is treated as a new source
of oscillai,ions.
18
FOR OFFIO-IAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
Il'UK OFFI C1:I1L I1Sr UNLY
The regions of collisions of kinks triple Mach configurations act as such new
sources of pulsations in a detonation wave. The sources of new pulsations in the
detonation front are responsible for the phase nature of propagation. After each
collision of kinks, a new pulsation arises with parameters that depend only on the
initial conditions. This can expyain the effect of detonation wave diffraction
that takes place for example when detonation waves flow around corners, or the
effect of refraction on interfaces [Ref. 411. The pattern of phase propagation of
a d~tcnation front is shown schematically in Fig.
7.8, wrer.e the numbErs 1-8 denote positions of ~ D.
pulsation fronts corresponding to times from tl
to tg. The heavy lines depict regions of maximum
enez�g,y release that renew pulsations in the wave.
Phase p:opaf;a,tion of such a structure at velocity
I), as ,~an t)e seen from F'ig. 7.3b, c[not included
wi:h the trtLnslation] forms patterns similar to
those observed. in hydrodynamics during flow of
sYial.luw wa.ter (mol;ion in a field of gravity of a,n
- incompressible li(liii d with a free surface and with
, depth of a layer of ttiis liquid that is small ci,-m-
pared with the characteristic dimensions of the
Flow). It is known (see for example Ref. 42) that
_ w ave processes on shallow water are described by
the Kortweg - de Vries equation
- *e D11)x 4xxx + "x = 0 (7 � 17
(D is wave velocity, b= D12, Z is the scale fac-
tor). Special cases of this equation for propa-
_ gatiori of small and finite perturbations in a
medium with a chemical reaction were considered
in Ref. 43�
q
v
~
v~
U
Fig. 7.8. Diagra.m of phase
propagation of a detonation
wave. For tangential veloci-
ty of development of pulsa-
tion c -18 mm.
I7e cietonation rate in this ca.se is 1.8�103 m/s. For the conditions of reaction
(7.80) the tempera.ture of the reaction products is 2000-2400 K. It is assumed that
the walls of the detonation tube are rapidly destroyed by pressure in the detonation
wave. This destruction is accompanied by adiabatic expansion and cooling of the
reaction products, thc calculated ra.te of expansion being a.bout 0.9�105 cm/s.
Disperstzl into vacizum wi11 change the para.meters of state of the reaction products
with formation of E)opulation inversion of states 2(0001) and. 1(1000) of the C02
molecule.
Tn this case, relaxation of the excited C02 molecules corresponds to the kinetic
equa.tion
dna _ PN._C N*nob2a--1na/'Va (1)), (7.81)
ar
39
FOR OFF'ICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
T'OR UI'FTCTAL USE ONLY
n, cM 3 T, K
n2/n,
IY"/N
90"Z 101s
100
10 3 1G15 ~
0 10-4 5-10"4 . 10"3 t, s
n~/n
.
n2117
n
r
N*/N
I n 2jusia n
Fig. 7.18. Time dePendences of gas temperature and molecule concentration in the
case of cylindrical dispersal of the detonation products of an acetylene-air mix-
ture: T--temperature of detonation products; n--concentration of C02 molecules;
nl/n, 112/n and N*/N--relative populations of excited states of molecules of C02
w7d nitrogen respectively
where a= 1. 2; 62a is the Kronecker del-ca; N*, np, na are the concentration of
excited molecules of N2, C02 in the ground and a-states ; PN*_C is the probability
of transfer of excitation from N2 to C02; Ta(t) is the time of collisional re-
laxation.
The time dependence of gas temperature and molecule concentration have been calcu-
lated for cylindrical dispersal geometry [Ref. 61 (Fig. 7.18).
With consideration of data on the temperature dependence of the probability of
collisional relaxation of C02 molecules [Ref. 80], the time T(t) has also been
determined. The initial conditions here are selected from the following consider-
ations. At a temperature below 1000 K the relaxation of excited molecules of C02
depends on collisions with molecules of H20 a.nd is most probable for the lower
level. Due to the relatively large concentration of water in the reaction pro3ucts
the relaxa,tion times are short a.nd at pressures of the initial mixture higher than
0.1. MPa relaxation occurs faster than cooling of the gas. And at pressures of the
initial medium below 0.05 MPa, as already stated, the process of detonation exci-
tation :is }iampered in an acetylene-air mixture. Therefore the selected conditions
r_orresponded to the following: pressure 0.05-0.1 MPa, tube diameter dz 2 cm.
Lntegrataon o:f kineti.c equation (7.81) yields the time dependence of the population
of rxcitecl states. ln this connection we can disregard the transfer of energy from
[V2 to C02 arid approximate Ta(t) by power functions. It is found tYiat relaxation of
level 1 takes place more raPidlf than depopulation of the level due to cooling of
the gas, i. e. its population is deterrr~ined by the Boltzma.nn factor. On the other
ha.nd, beginning with a certain instant the relaxation of level 2 takes place more
slowl,y, and the vibrational tempQrature is separated from ttie temperature of random
motion in the gas. It can be seen from the results of calciilation on Fig. 7.18
that separation of the vibrational temperature of level 2 'u-akes place at t= 200 us,
and population inversion arises 650 us after the beginning of dispersal. The time
40
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
Foij OrrzcrAL USr ONLY
dependence of the population density of the excited level of the nitrogen atom N*
is determi.ned mainlY by relnxation upon co].lisi.on wit11 C02 mol.cctil.c:,. It i:; poi.ntec3
out :i.n Iief. l;hai, n.c�counLinj; l'or� Lht, erierrr,y ti�ririsfcr f'rom nitrot*,eti l;o C02 rhuulci
"leacl to rui iricrca:,~~ in inversian and to a reduction iri time before on set of in-
version, a.nd moreover that inversion should occur at higher pressures in the
initial mixture. Increased inversion is also possible when an explosive medium is
used with a lower relative concentration of water in the products of explosion.
67.5. Ex-perimental Stimulation of Fmission in Chemical Detonation Lasers
Lasing in an overdriven detonation v�ave. Realization of the possibility of lasing
in detonation just as in a thermal explosion is so far a complex problem. The
pe.rtirient experimental results inclucle the use of overdriven detonation for direct
stimulai:ion of emission and normal Chapman-Jouguet detonation and explosion for
therma]_ pumping of an active medium.
lnduced ernission was first obtained directly from a detonation wave in a mixture of
F20/H2/Ar = 1/1/20 [Re.f. 5, 811. ,3efore this, emission of vibrationally excited HF
had been ,produced in -the course of a chain reaction initiated by flash photolysis
[Ref. 82]:
F+ I-IZ = I-Ir + H(- 134 kJ/mole
OF Hz - HOF H;
H-}-F20=HF-}--OF; (7.82)
H HOF = HF OH;
~
H-{- OF = FH -I- 0 or OH -I- F.
In carrying oui; reaction (7.82) in a detonation wave, the process was initiated at
a wave propagation rate exceeding the Chapman-Jouguet velocity, i. e. in the over-
driven detonation mode. Despite heavy dilution of the mixture with argon and rel a-
tively l.ow initial pressure (about 0.66 kPa) the wave velocity was 1.8-2 km/s with
temperature ori the wave front above 2000 K. In the opinion of the authors of Ref.
5, 81, under these condi-tions the react�ion zone is apparently quite narrow, and
therefore diffraction losses in the opt:ica,l cavity are high, i. e. the working con-
ditions of such a chemical laser with respect to temperature and pressure are near
crii;ica.l.
In Rrf. 5, 81, a dctonat;ion tube was used of the type sYiown in Fig. 7�19a, 16.7 cm
in diamete.r with aspecial nearly confocal resonator mounted flush with the walls
of tlie tiibe. ~rhe outpat o� coherent emission from f,he cavity was recorded by an
1nSb photoelectric detector using a narrow-ba,nd filter for spectral resolution.
A typ:ica.l recor.d of L-he emission is shown in Fig. 7.1.9b as a. two-beam oseillogram.
Here the upper cur�ve is the radiation of gas heated b,y the detonation wave as ob-
served through a CaF'2 window inst alled upstream relai;ive to the resonator.. The
lower curve is a recording o:f emission from the optical cavity by the InSb photo-
elecl;ric detector with a.perture of 1.5 mm. Comparison of these curves shows that
the mplitude of the curve characterizing the coherent radiation is 105 times as
great. This is convincing proof of relia,ble observation of the effert of stimu-
lated coherent emission.
41
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
F'UI'i UFFTCIAL USL ONI,Y
' EZ' .
, ~u D
HF,HZ,HZO,Ar F20,H2iAr
Region of
nonequilibrium
hv=f(f) reaction products
a
E, relative units
0.002 V cm
10 us/cm �
~1.111011
vp~
00

M AJA
M. A II
A IdE I
o at
te uat
i
Irf-I I

0.5 V/c
ly V' frl
~
5 us/em
Atte
b
nua on
10~i
L
b
Fig. 7.19� Diagram of,chemical detonation laser (a) and record of its output (b)
A brief report is given in Ref. 83 on theoretical analysis of processes in the
~ chemical detonation laser described above in the form of a numerical calculation
for the most realistic cheniical model of the reaction. In this calculation some
- chemical reactions were ruled out, and the complexity of accounting for processes
in the resonator was eliminated by considering the process of nonequilibrium radia-
tion only for "zero" amplification, i. e. for the process chaxacterized by the
- upper curve in Fig. 7.19. It is pointed out that the calculation utilized the
results of experiments with mixtures of F20/H2/Ar in corresponding concentration
limits from 1/1/10 to 1/1/200 with heating in the wave from 2200 to 3500 K. It is
found from the calculations that during the chemical reaction the concentrations of
HUF, F20 and OF decrease rapidly to an insignificant level, so that reactions
involving these components can be d.isregarded. Thus there remains only the first
of reactions (7.83) that yields excited HF. Besides, it turned out that for the
given reaction deactivation is control'ed by processes of V-V transfer of energy,
while V-T processes are unimportant.
Using detonation and explosion for production and thermai pumping of active laser
media. Selection of ttie initial composi-tion of the mixture for detonation lasers
that work on the principle of adiabatic expansion of the detonation products through
42
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
F'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
h. o7.zlV invalvO:1 Ltic: r-c1.axr,.ti.on ..r~hc:mc clc;;c:r'ihed :tn �7.4. This reoults in a
vari ety o[' retlgent5 ttiut, cari be used, and a nurnber o.f ciesign peculiarities of the
chemical detonation lasers that operate on these reagents.
We describe herewith the designs and working principles of the most typical of
these lasers. �
One of the first experimental lasers in which detonation was used to produce a
high-temperature gas mixture at the inlet to a slit nozzle was a detonation laser
based on the exothermic e xplosive reaction of dissociation of a hydrazoic acid
molecule in a mixture of carbon dioxide and xenon [Ref. 71. The mechanism of this
reaction is determined mainly by the following processes [Ref. 841:
HN's NH N2'. 41,9 k~T/mole
NH + HNg--i-Ha Na -f - N's (4� 635 kJ/mole ) ;
N2 +x HNe~ x HNa -i-Ns; ' (7.83)
N 2-{- M--> Na M*;
M + HNa HN9 M*.
Wtien carbon dioxide is used as the diluent M, the excited nitrogen transfers its
energy to the C02 niolecule due to quasi-resonance between the vibrati.onal levels of
nitrogen and the vibrational mode (0001) of carbon dioxide. The process of ob-
taining population inversion during such a chemical reaction was analyzed in
detail in Ref. 85, an d was investi3ated in Ref. 86.
A diagram [Ref. 71 of the experimental hydrazoic acid detonation laser is shown
in Fig. 7.20.
z
"1J
6
5
A-A
1 2
90�
7 6 B f0 11
9
Fi.g. 7.20. Detona.tion laser ba,sed on hydrazoic acid: 1--0.3-liter high-pressure
chamber; 2--200 x 0.4 irun slit ; 3--metal rod with cavil;y; 4--heat insulation; 5--
ballast tank with volume of 0.012 cu. m; 6--gold-coated mirrors 25 mm in diameter,
one of which has an output aperture 2.5 mm in diameter; 7--Brewster windows of NaCl;
8--plane-parallel germanium plate; 9--calorimeter; 10--photoce?1; 11--oscilloscope
43
FOR UFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
T'OR UFFICIAL USE ONLY
`Mie JrFLsE;pl1S mix.turr i.r, adrn:i i;t;e~J �to ta.nk 5 a.nd then frozen out on hollow metal rod 3
w'i th c"vi 1.,y h fi..l.:lc�ri w:i.Lh I i(ludd ui trorren. 1)etonation was in:itiuted h,y an electr:ic
:qjark.. '.I'llc, prez>sure ;.i.nil temperuturF: In the hif;h-pres ou.re chamber after dispers.al
o!' Ltic: detonation products were about 1-2 MPa and 2000-3000 K depending on the
amouht and composition of the gas mixture. The time of discharge of the detonation
products and diluents thraiigh the slit was evaluated as the ratio of the volume of
the high-pressure chamber to the product of the slit area mult:iplied by the speed
af sound in the critical cross section, and was about a millisecond. The distance
from the slit to the axis of the cavity was adjusted in the experimPnt. The opti-
mum distance was about 3 cm. The duration of the stimulated pulse at the optimum
composition of the mixture was close to the time of discharge of the gas through
the slit.
E, J E, J
a
1, 0 ~
0, 6
0,2
05 0,9 1,3 cco2
CHN3
9,4
0 0,2 0,6 cxc
CCoz/ HN3
'L
Fig. Fig. 7.21. Energy chaxacteristics of HNg laser with a cha:.,ge in tY:e content
of C02 (a) and Xe (b) in the mixture
Shown in I'ig. 7.21 are experimenta,l curves for the output energ}r as a function of:
a--the content of C02 in the HN3/C02 mixture for a predetermined content of HN3
(0.5 g); b--the content of Xe in the mixture HN3/CO2/Xe for the same amount of HN3
and C02 (0.33 g). The maximum energy (about 1 J) was attained at a relative
content of components corresponding to initial temperatures of detonation products
of about 2500 K, which is much greater than the terrtperatures given as optimum by
Ref. 69 for mixtures of N2/C02/He. In Ref. 7 the cause of this was discovered in
~ the differ.ence of gasdynamic parameters of the experimental facilities, and in the
way that temperature of the mixi;ure depends on change in composition.
Thermodynamic calculation and analysis of the detonation products showed that
nearly all the hyd~-ogen (about 90%) was oxidized to water, reducing part of the
carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide. In this process, the water content in the mix-
ture reachcd 15-20/. Tlie addi.tion of chlorine to the mixture in an amount close to
t}ie :stoichiometric va.lue for :reaction with hydrogen led to a sharp (approximately
-triple ) increase in the ra.diated enert7. There was a concomitant reduction of
water coni;erit in the products to 2-4q.
`.I'he FI20 molecules deactivate s,ymmetric and deformation vibrati.onal modes of the
C02 mo].ecule, and tllcrefore small amounts of water in the detonation products
improve the emission characteristics of -the a.ctive medium. However, most explosive
lasers use hydrocarbon fuels that yield so much water in the reaction products that
it leads to deactivation of both the antisymmetric mode of C02 and the vibrationally
excited NZ molecules, i. e. to losses of vibra,tional energy. To reduce such losses,
44
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFF2CIAL USE ONLY
additive:s that intet�act witYi hydrogen are introduced that i'orm compounds for which
losses of vibrational energy from the antisymmetric mode of C02 andthe vibrational
mode of N2 axe lower than for wate r molecules.
Research res ults given in Ref. 87 deal with the question of the influence that
chlorine additives have on gain of a laser working on products of explosion of a
hydrocarbon fuel, and specifically methane-oxygen mixtures. This paper points out
that under the conditions of Ref. 7 the explanation of a nearly triple increase in
lasing power as due to a reduction of water content when chlorine is added is not
completely unambiguous. Actually, when hydrogen was bound by chlorine there was
an increase in C02 content as compared with preceding experiments. It is also
possible that the conditions (fai rly high water vapor content) were close to the
lasing threshold, and here even a jlight increase in gain due to an increase in
C02 content could significantly increase the lasing power.
Iri Ref. 87, in order to study the influence of additives, an explosive laser was
used that consisted of an explosi ve chamber (volume 500 ce), a wedge-shaped nozzle
(heir;ht; o-f the critical cross section 1 mm, half-angle of the vertex 15�) and a
receiver. Width of the gas strea.m was 400 Tmn. At a degree of expansion equal to
1.�3, the wedge-sriaped profile of tYie nozzle was changed to a plane-parallel section.
The gain (absorption) of the medi um was measured by a C02 electri c-dis charge laser
at a distano.e of 80 mm from the c ritical eross section of the nozzle. The mixture
was made up of inethane, oxygen an d nitrogen in partial pressures of: CH4--30.6,
02--61.3 and N2--288 kPa. Chlorine additives were introduced in amounts of 25, 50,
75 sind 100% of -the stoichiometric content of chlorine with respect to hydrogen, and
a comparison was made between the resultant gains and the gains without chlorine
added. The results of thermodynamic calculation of the couposition of the products
of explosion as a function of the content of chlorine additive are shown in Fig.
7.22. 'I'he experimental dependence of the maximum gain on the chlorine content in
c,%
HCL
15
C02
f0
5 -
H2 0
0
5 10 cCLZ,%
Fig. 7.22. '1'herniodynamic calcula-
tion of concentrations of C02 , H20
and HCl in the products of explo-
sion uf mixture:; of CH4/02/N2/C12
as a fuYicti.on oF chlorine content
in the initia.l m:ixture
0
2
pcL IpcH�
Fig. 7.23� Maximum gain in the
products of explosion of a mixture
of CH4/02/N2/C12 as a function of
-the ratio of chlorine and methane
pressures (pCH4 = 30 kPa)
the initial rrLixture is : hown in Fig. 7.23. The pressure in the p.rechamber in front
of the nozzle that corresponds to maximum gain increases with an inc.rease in the
chlorine content in the initial mixture, and changes from 0.15 MPa in mixtures
~ wichout chlorine added, to 0.25 MPa with the stoichiometric amount of C12 with
respect to hydrogen. At equal pressures in the prechamber the gain increases
45
a,
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFr'ICIAL USE ONLY
monotonicallY with incr�easing content of C12 in the initial mixture up to the stoi-
chiometric level with respect to hydrogen. It is concluded from the research of
Ref. 87 that adding chlorine to the hydrocarbon fuel reduces losses of vibrational
energr from the upper energy level of stimulated emission in a laser that operates
on the products of explosion of these ftzels, and consequently improves the energy
characteristics of these lasers.
Also operating on hydrocarbon fuel is a detonation laser proposed in Ref. 88. Ex-
periments on achieving lasing in products of gas detonation were done on the
following explosive chemical reactions:
1) C2 Hz -I- 2,5 OZ x NZ 2 COZ HZ O-{- x NZ -I- Qx ;
2) CO N2 0-}- cp H e--~- COE Nz q) He -I- QW, (7.84)
whe.re QK,~ is enerr*y release, K and ~ are the fractions of nitrogen and helium
dopan-ts respec-tively. The properties of the initial gas mixtures are summarized
in Table 7.3�
TABLE 7.3
Characteristics of explosive mixtures [Ref. 881
Mixture composition'by Detonation
partial pressure . Q' J/g rate D, m/S
CaHa/Oa/Na I ] 2,6%31,4%56,5
5650 2150
4030 1920 -T 20
CO/NaO/He/HZ 35/35/28/2 I 6340 I 2240T- 20
The relative concentrations of initial components were selec-ted in accordance with
contradictory requirements on the composition of the final mixtures and on the deto-
- nation properties of the initial mixtures. In reaction (2) of equations (7.84)
the catalyst was traces o!' hydrogen. The experiments were done on a detonation
1aser diagrammed in I'ig. 7.24.
The explosive gas mixture at atmospheric pressure in tube 2 was ignited by a spark,
an igniter or an electric ignition wire 15. The resultant self-accelerating com-
bus-tion recomes detonation moving in the direction shown by the arrows on the
_ dirLt';i�a1n. The double i.nput of the detonation wave to explosion chamber 1 is to
ensure more simultzneous rupture of rqylar film 14 cemented to slit 3, 40 cm in
length. 'I'he gas mixture of predetermined composition heated behind the detonation
wave front flows through the slit into vacuum space 6 after the film breaks and is
cooled upon rapid expansion. Inversion of the population of V-R leve:Ls 0001 and
1000 of the C02 molecules takes place in the gas strea.m. The jet of active medium
shown by the broken line on Fig. 7.24 disperses through a transverse optical
ca.vity 1.5 m long formed by two copper or gold-coated mirrors one flat (11) and
- the otlier spherical (4) witli radius of curvature of 5 m. The distance between the
slit and the axis of the ca,vity is 4 cm. Emission is coupled out to GeAu photo-
resistor 9 through an annular or circulax opening in flat mirror il. Wavelengths
shorter than 8 um are cut off by InSb filter 12 in front of photoresistor 9�
46
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
F'UR UFF:ICIAL USL ONLY
10
4
Fig. 7.24. Diagram of detonation laser with breakable film diaphragm: 1--explo-
sion chamber; 2--tube with explosive gas mixture; 3--slit; 4--opaque mirror; 5--
vacuum pump; 6--vacuum chamber; 7--NaCl window; 8, 9--Ge-Au photocells; 10--
oscilloscope; 11--output mirror; 12--InSb filter; 13--contact sensor; 14--mylar
film; 15--ignition
La.sing was realized on a.ll three mixtures shown in the table as the detonation
products were discharged through a slit 1 mm wide. For the CO/N20/He mixture,
lasing was also observed as the detonation products were discharged through a slit
up to 4 mm in wi dth.
It is pointed oui in Ref. 88 'that each lasing pulse has its own more detailed
structure, apparently due to the complex gasaynamic process of unsteady discharge
of the detonation products.
From the given laser desi gns using detonation for production and thermal pumping
of active media, it can be seen that one of the peculiarities that to a great
extent determines the ove ra11 design of a detouation laser is handling the problem
of a method of contairtment of the initial substance in the reaction space, and
cutting oPf this spa,ce from the evacuated optical cavity until the beginning of
discharge of the products of detonation or explosion.
In Ref. 7 this problem was solved by phase transformation of the working substance
to the initial condensed state. In Ref. 88 the ,job was handled by separating the
explos ion charnber from the evacuated space by a diaphragm in the form of a rrylar
film t:ha.t; was ruptured b,y the detonation wave.
1'ecu].iar:itic>s of thi.s kind are chiefly what determine the designs of other deto-
nal.ion lnser:c as well. P'or example Ref. 89, 90 investigated the operation of a
laser.� (I'ig. 7.25) in which the stop of gas-tight high-pressure valve 4 is released
by solenoid tripper 3 at the end of the period of the explosive process in a mix-
ture oF CO/02/H2/N2 initi ated by spark plug 1 inside chamber 2. This ensures rapid
expansion of the products of explosion in two-dimensional slit nozzle 5, population
inversion, and las.ing in the region of optica,l cavity 6 with subsequent exhaust of
these products into vacuum chamber 7.
47
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
I001i UFT'ICIAL USF ONLY
b'ig. 7.25. Diagraan of detonation laser with electric-release valve: 1--ignition;
2--explosion chamber; 3--solenoid release; 4--valve; 5--nozzle; 6--cavity; 7--
vacuum chamber
The most typical conditions in such experiments were: composition of products of
explosion C02/N2/H20 = 15/83�5/1.5; stagnation temperature and pressure 1500 K and
' 1 MPa respectively. Temperature and pressure in the cavity region 300 K and about
13 kPa respectively, Mach number M= 4.5. Periodicity of operation about 3 minutes.
xal~ osi~ o~en
P
0.1 s
E,
J
10
8
6
4
2
-I---i-_- -
Fig. 7.26. Change of gas pressure
arid power of stimulated emission
.iii a detonation laser
0
0
/
Fig. 7.27. Energy outpu+ as
a function of C02 concentration
Trie changes of pressure in explosion chamber 2 and variation of sti.mulated emission
iri cavii;y 6 are illustrated by the synchronous oscil].oscope recorcl on Fig. 7.26.
It cari be seen that from thc instant the valve opens, lasing begins (upper curve),
w}iereas the pressur�e p in the explosion chamber fa11s comparatively slowly (lower
curve) as the explosion products are discharged and cooled.
C)f some interest are measurements made in Ref. 89 of the way that energy output
depends on C02 concentratiora (Fig. 7.27). In ekperiments using the three types of
- riuzzle sets shown in Fig. 7.28 wedge-shaped (a), profiled (b) and a block of
48
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
a
F'nR 01PH'tCTAL IJSr ONIaY
~n . c
h=>,3~' =15�O`v I
35 20~
b o I5
N h7 =_18� ,
h=0,9 ~ 50
E,
f00
80
60
40
20
0 0,5 40 pO, MPa
Fig. 7.29. Comparison of the
energy output of a laser with
clifferent types of nozzles:
o--p.rofiled; 0--wedge-shaped
t.
el
h= D,
Fig. 7.28. Types of nozzle sets:
a--wedge-shaped; b--profiled; c--
block of axisymmetric nozzles
E, J
20
95
10
5! `
0 5 10 f5 20
Mirror transparency, %
Fig. 7.30. Output energy as a
function of transparency of the
mirror of the optical cavity
axisymmetric nozzles (c), it was found that the energy output for the profiled
nozzle is approximatel,y 2:5 times the value for the wedge-shape d nozzle (Fig. 7.29). .
On i;his graph the blackened circles correspond to lasing processes with gas expan-
sion in a wedge-shapEd nozzle, while the unblackened circles correspond to lasing
with gas expansion in the profiled nozzle. The stagnation temperature was equal to
1400 K. This difference in output energies is partly due to a reduction in the
relaxation rates of molecules with more intense expansion of the flow in the pro-
filed nozzle.
The output i-Anergy is a function of the transparency of the mirror in the optical
cavity. Aii experimental curve for this function in the case of a profiled nozzle
- set is shown in Fig. 7.30 for stagnation pressure and temperature of 0.54 MPa and
1100 K respectively. `.['he gain determined from these data was approximately 0.7 m 1,
whereas this parameter was about 0.4 m 1 for the wedge-shaped nozzle set, although
the st agnation temperature is consi derably higher 1400 K. This indicates that
better conditions for freeze-out of the upper energy level of population exist for
profiled nozzles. The maximum energy obtained in the described detonation laser
was 1.10 J for a profiled nozzle. This is 0.06% of the thermal energy contained in
49
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OrFICIAL USE ONLY
the initial gas. Experiments with the block of axisymmetric nozzles show that
shock waves and turbulent wakes in the flow from the boundaries of the nozzles
cauye heating of i;he gas an d optical inhomogeneity of the medium in the cavity.
High energy losses in a laser of the described design can be attributed to the
following causes :
, l. Following the end of the laser pulse about 50% of the gas remains in the ex-
plosion chamber. This is due to pressure elevation in the vacuum space an
effect that can be re duced by using a diffuser.
2. Heat is lost to the wa11s as the gas expands.
3. Losses to relaxation in the nozzle.
4. The small dimensions of the cavity in the d.irection of flow (about 1 cm) prevent
complete utilization of the energy contained in the N2 due to slow energy transfer
from N2(v) to C02(OOv), and the lower energy level cannot completely transfer its
energr to the vibrational mode because of the rapid transit of gas through the
cavity. Estimates show that these factors account for a loss of about 50% of the
energy entering the optical cavity.
P'low ]_osse: in the cavity due to nonoptimality.
It i5 suggeste d in Ref. 90 that by minimizing these losses or some of them an '
overall efficiency of about 0.5% can be achieved, and this value can be increased
stil.l further by increasing the st agnation temperai;.?re.
In contrast to the described l.aser dPSign, the problem of containment of the
initial substan ce in the reaction zone and cutting off this space from the evacu-
ated volume of the optical cavity is handlPd by using an electromagnetic valve of
periodic action in Ref. 91, enabling operation of the device in periodically
repeated cycles (twice a minute). A schematic diagram of such a laser with ex-
plosive pumping is shown in Fig. 7.31.
1 2 47
/
8
d 5 6
Pig. 7.31. Detonation la,ser wit'h periodically acting electromagnetic valve: 1--
electromagiet; 2--input of mixture; 3--spark plug; 4--pressure sensor; 5--valve;
6--nozz].e; 7--optica.l c;ivit,y; 3--reservoir for removal of the used gas mixture
ACLer the explosion chamher ha.s been filled wit.1 the gas mixture to the necessary
,aged and ignition takes place. When the maximurri
r,r.ese.ure, electromnf;net 'L i.c diseng
temperature has bc:en attai ned a.nd the burning gas has reached the maximum pressure,
50
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/48: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400014441-1
:POR OFFrCIl1L USFs' ONLY
vrLlve 'i iS opened and the gas rushes through no::zle 6. The pressure in front of
Lhe nozzle a.s recorded by sensar 4, aiid the temperature in `i.his zone is calculated
from the pressure :increase in the chamber. Direct measurements of the temperature
in this zone have shown good agreement between the resul+,s of ineas urements and cal-
culated values .
After exit through the electromagnetic valve, the products of explosion expand in
the nozzle, and then are removed to reservoir 8 in analogy with the design de-
scribed above. Optical cavity 7, with active length of 20 cm, is placed across the
gas stream at the nozzle outlet. Both mirrox�s of the cavity are 76 mm from the
gaz, stream to prevent contamination during operation of the laser.
_ For a nozzle witih h= 1.5 irun, ratio of cross sectional areas S/S* = 15, and half-
ang].e of the vertex 150, i;he gas flow leaves the nozzle with M= 4, and at
11 = 0.75 mrn, S/S* = 30 and 150, we have M= 5.
1*1 has been established. that the beginning of a.mplification coincides with the
instant o:f opening of tYie val.ve in a system that uses a.n explosive mixture of CO/I12
and a rnixture of C02/N2/Ii20 =1.5/8. 3/0.2. For an ar�ea ratio S/S*= 15, the p.ressure
in the explosion chamber increased from 0.2 to 0.5 MPa withiLz the firs-t 0.15 s
after initiating the explosion, and after the valve was opened f'ell to zero within
the next 0.15 s and again slowly rose to the initial value of 0.2 MPa. At the
instant of opening of the valve, optica.l amplification increased and there was a
simultaneous increa.se in the power of the stimulated output radiation to 60 W with
a pulse duration of this emission of 0.8 s.
After tlie pr-essure in t;he combustion chamber had fallen to zero, a rapid increase
in opt?.cal absorption was observed in the active medium. Mox�eover it can be noted
tha.1; the process of amplification of the active medium and genez�ation of stimulated
_ emission were accornpanied by fluctuations in the gain of the active medium and the
power of the output; radiation, which were due to a change in conditions during ex-
p:mr,ion of the gas i;hrough the nozzle, and appa.rently to certain gasdynamic in-
stabi].ities inherent in the giver design.
_ It would be a good idea in the dpscribed lasers to consider the feasibility of using
r,rdina.ry hydroca..rbons a.s the fti.iel. However, the large amounts of water vapor that
- ax�e liberated upon combustion of such 'fuel may to a considerable extent inhibit
processes of stimulated emission since the cross section of processes of relaxation
- of antisymir,etric modes of the C02 molecules under the action of H20 molecules is
large [Ref. 80]. To determine the influence of water vapor on the characteristics
of the deseribed lasers a study was done in cr. M-~
Ref. 91
~
on several types
of CO/H2 mixtures that
013
yiel.d di
ffererit a.mounts
of wa ;er vapor upon ig-
nition.
Fig. 7.32 gives
t;he results of these
0,2
studies
i.n the form of c
urves f.or the gain as a
' f'unc:tion
of the percent
content of water vapor.
O''
tt can be seen tha:t for a, nozzle with h= l. 5mm
( S/S* = 15) the gain reaches the maximum value at
a water vapor content of -1%, and falls to about
one-half a.i; a water vapor content of -8%. With
mox�e rapid expansion of the gas, i. e. for
h= 0.75 mm (S/S*= 30 ) amplification decreases
51
S/o=30
~
�
e
S
/S~ 15
0 2 4 6 CH2O, /o
Fig. 7.32. Gain a as a function
of water vapor content cg20 in
the active medium
FOR OFFICI:~L USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
P'OR UlPIPTC]'AL USE UNLY
witti incrc,lsi.nr.,r wal;er vapor content in the active mixture much : �,a slowly than in
the first case. The laser design with h= 0. 75 mm was less sc:-rsitive to water
vapor content, and therefore several types of hydrocarbon fuels were used in this
clesign to check the extent to which the additional combustion products that are
inevitably present in such fuel affect the characteristics of the system. 'I'he use
of three types of such fuels acetylene, prop ane and natural gas was charac-
terized by generation of an intense pulse of stimulated emission regardless of
whether there was an excess or insufficiency of oxygen in this case. For example
when natural gas was used as the fuel, and the active medium was C02/N2/H20 =
0.66/8.0/1.34, the power of the output radiation reached 60 W with duration of the
pulses of this radiation of the order of 0.03 s. On the other hand when the fuel
was acetylene and the active medium was C02/N2/H2O = 1.2/8.2/0.6, the power of the
output radiation was 70-75 W at a pulse duration of about 0.08 s. If propane was
used as the fuel, and the aative medium was a mixture of C02/N2/H20 = 0.8>/8.0/1.15,
the output radiation had a pronounced series of very short beams with power of some
of tticm being grea.ter than 100 W.
Fui�theT� resear�cti i.n the a.rea oP developing the described lasers is possible in the
direc:ti.ori oY increasing the working pressure and temperature. At high temperatures
t.her�e -is ,y S. S. Kutateladze, Novosibirsk,
:.;C) AN :,SC;R, 19'T6, Pp 94-95�
44. V. I. Aref'yev, Yu. N. Denisov, "On the Phase Theor,y c?f' Propaga.tion of Deto-
nation 4laves in Plasma-Li.ke Media" in: "Elektromagnitn,y,ye protsessy v ne-
odnorodnykh sredakti" [Electromagnetic Processes in Inhomogeneous Media], Vladi.-
vostok, :[zdatei.'stvo DVNTs [Far Eastern Science Center], .1977, P48�
45� Ya� B. Zel'dovich, Yu. i'. Rayzer, "Fizika udarn,ykh voln i v,ysokotemperaturnykh
gidrodinamicheskikh ya.vleni,y" [Physics of Shock Wavea and High-TemperaturE
Hydrod,ynami c Plienomena Mos cow Fi zmatgi z, 1963, 632 pages.
46. S. K. Aslanov, "On Periodic 'Instability as a Theoretical BaGis of Pulsation
Structure of Detonation," DOKLADY AKADQMII NAUK UKRAINSKOY SSR, SER. A,
No 4, 1977, Pp 318-321.
1E7. Yu. N. Denisov, "InvesLigation of Detailed Uetonation Mechanism" in: "Dvenad-
tsataya Vsesoyuznaya konfei�entsiya po voprosam ispareni,ya, goreniya i gazovo,y
dinamiki clispersnykh sistem. Tezisy dokla.dov" [Twel:f`th All-Union Conference on
55
F'OR OFI'ICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
T'OR UI'FICTAL USE ONLY
Yroblems or Vaporization, Combustion and Gas Dynamics of Dispersed Systems.
Abstracts of the Papers], Odessa, 1976, p41; "Detailed Mechanism of Detona- ,
tion," DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, Vol 251, No 3, 1980, pp 628-632.
' 48. F. A. Baum, S. A. Kaplan, K. P. Stanyukovich, "Vvedeni-ye v kosmicheskuyu gazo- _
- dinamiku" [Introduction to Space Gasdynamics], Moscow, Fizmatgiz, 1958, 424 �
pages. ~
49� Y. H. Lee, R. Knystautas, C. M. Guirao, "Critical Power Density for Direct ,
Initiation of Unconfined Gaseous Detonation" in: "15th Sy�mp. (Intern.)
Combust., Tokyo, 1974," Pittsburgh, Pasadena, 1974, pp 53-66. ,
50. Yu. N. Denisov, P. I. Kopeyka, S. K. Aslanov, "Arisal of Spin Detonation" ~
in: "F'izilca aerodispersnykh sistem" [Physics of Aerodispersed Systems],
No 11, Kiev, Vysha shkola, 1974, pp 66-71. ;
51. V. `le. Gordeyev, "Maximum Overdriven Detonation Rate and Stability of Dis-
continuities in a Detonation Spin," DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, Vol 226, No 3,
1976, pp 619-622.
52. V. I. Manzheley, V. A. Subbotin, Experimental Investigation of Stability of
a.n Overdriven Detonation in a Gas," FIZIKA GORENIYA I VZRYVA, Vol 12, No 6,
pp 9 35-9 42 �
53� J. H. S. Lee, "Receni. Advances in Gaseous Detonation," AIA.A Paper, 1979,
No 0287.
54. V. M. Aku].intsev, A. S. Bashliin, N. N. Gorshunov et al., "Concerning the Feasi-
. bility of Lasing on the CO Molecule Behind an Overdriven Detonation Wave Front
in a Cs2+ 02 Mixture," FIZIKA GORENIYA I VZRYVA, Vol 12, No 5, 1976, PP 739-744�
55. V. N. Kondrat'yev, "Konstanty skorostey gazofaznykh reaktsiy. Spravochnik"
[Rate Constants of Gas-Phase Reactions. A Reference], Moscow, Nauka, 1971,
351 pages.
56. R. D. Stuart, P. H. Dawson, G. H. Kimbell "CS2/02 Chemical Lasers: Chemical and
Nerformarice Characteristics," J. APPL. T'HYS., Vol 43, No 3, 1972, PP 1022-1032 �
57. K. H. von Homf3nn, G. Krome, H. G. Wagner, Schwefelkohlenstoff-0x}rdation, I.
Geschwindigkeit von Element arre akt ionen, " BERICHTE DER BUNSEN-GESELLSCHAFT FUR
PHYSII{ALISCHE CfIF[AIE, Vol 78, 1968, pp 998-1004; II. "Zur Oxydation von (:ar-
boiiylsulfid," Ibi.d., Vol 73, No 10, 1969, P 967 ; III."Die Isotherme-oxydation
von Schwefelkohlenstoff," Ibid., Vol 74, No 7, pp 654-659�
58, D. W. Howgate, T. A. Barr, Jr., "Dynamics of the CS2-02 Flame," J. CHEM. PHYS.,
vol 59, No 6, 1973, pp 2815-2829.
59� G. Hancock, C. Mor].ey, W. M. Smith, "Vibrational Excitation of CO in the
Reaction: 0+ CS ->CO + S," CHEM. PHYS. LETT., Vol 12, No 1, 1971, pp 193-196.
60. H. F. Gordiyets, A. I. Osipov et al., "Vibrational Relaxation in Gases, a.nd
tkie Molecular Laser," USPEKHI FIZICHESKIKH NAUK, Vol 108, No 4, 1972, PP 655-699�
36
r'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
F'OR UF'FJCIAL U,",L ONLY
- 61. J. D. Ariderson, M. T. Madden, "Population Intiprsions Behind Normal Shock Waves,"
AIAA JOURN., Vol 9, No 8, 1971, pp 1630-1632.
- 62. N. G. Basov, A. N. Orayevskiy, "Getting idegative Temperatures by the Method of
Heating and Cooling a System," ZHURNAL EKSPERIMrNTAL'NOY T TEORI:TTCHESKOY
FIZIKI, Vol 44, No 5, 1963, pp 1742-17)15.
63� I� R. Hurle, A. Hertzberg, "On the Possible Produci;ion of Population Inversions
by Gas I7ynamic Techniques," Minutes of the 1963 Annual Meeting of the Division
of F'luid ]?ynamics, Ca.mbridge Massachusetts, 25-27 Nov 1963, BULL. AMER. PHYS.
SoC., vol 9, No 5, 1964, pp 582-595�
64. I. R. Hurle, A. Hertzberg, "Electronic Population Ini-ez�sic;n by I'luid-Mecha.nica.l
Techniques," PIIYF;. r'LU"CDS, Vol 8, iVo 9, 1965, pp 1601-1607.
65. V. K. Konyukhov, A. M. Prolchoro:-, "Inverse Population with Adiabatic Expansion
of a Gas Mixture," PIS'MA V ZHURNAL, 1?KSPERTMENTAL'NOY I TEORFTICHESKOY FIZIKI,
Voi 3, No 11,]_966 , pp 436-439 �
66. J. E. Morgan, H. Z. Schiff, "2fie Stud,y of Vibrationa.lly Exci-ted N2 Molecules
with the Aid of an Isothermal Calorimeter," CANAU. JOi1RN. CHCMZSTRY, Vol 41,
No 4, 1963, pp 903-912.
67. V. K. Konyukhov, I. V. Matrosov, A. M. Prokhorov et a1. ,"A Gasdynamic cw
Laser Based on a Mixture of Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen and Water," PIS'MA V
ZHURNAL FKSPERIMENTAL'NOY I TEORETICHESKOY PI?IKI, Vol 12, No 10, 1970,
pp 461-464.
68. N. G. Bdsov, A. N. Orayevskiy, V. A. Shcheglov, "Thermal Methods of Laser
Pxcitation," ZHURNAL ZEKiNICHESKOY FIZIKI, Vol 37, No 2, 1967, Pp 339-348�
69. D. M. Kuehn, D. J. Monson, "Experiments with a C02 Gas-Dynam.i.c Laser,"
AYF'L. PIiYS. LETT., Vol 16, No 1, 1970, PP 118-51.
'(U. A. P. Dronov et a1. ,"n Gas-Dynamic C02 Lase.r with D:1-scllarge of a Mixture I{eated
:i.n a Shock Tuhe 'Phrough a Slit," PIS' Ml'L V ZHURNAL EKSPERIPAENTAL' NOY 7 TEORE-
Tl CHESKUY FI ZII:'I , Vol 11, No 11, 1970, pp 516-519.
71. B. R. Brorifin, L. ri. Boedecker, J. P. Cheyer, "Therma.l Lasei Excitation b,y
Mixing in a?Iighly Convective Flow," APFI.. PHYS. LETT., Vol 16, No 5, 1970,
PP 211-216.
72. A. S. L3iryukov, B. F. Gordiyets, L. A. Shelepin, "Nestatsionarn,yye sposoby
sozdaniya inversnoy zaselennosti Y,olebatel'nykh urovne,y molekuly C02" [Unsteady
Methocis of Setting up Population Inversion of Vibrational Levels of thE C02
Mol.ectile], Preprint No 41, Yhysics Institute imeni Lebedev, 1969, p 51�
73. A. S. 13iryukov, L. A. Shelepin, "A Chemical-Mechanical Molecula.r Laser,"
`LHUFWAI, TP:KHNICHESKOY P'IZIKI Vol 40, No 12, 1970, pp 2575-2577.
74. N. G. Easov et al. ,"Yopulai;ion Inversion of Molecules in a Supersonic Binary
ras T'law in a La.val_ IVozzle," ZHURNAL TEKHNICHESKOY FIZIKI, Vol 38, No 12, 1968,
pp 2031-2041.
57
FUR OFFICIAL USE UNLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
- FOR OT'T'TCIAL USli ONLY
75. "Avco Describes Gas-Dynamic System that Attains 60-Kilowatt Pulses," LASER
FOCUS, Vol 6, No 7, 1970, pp 16-18.
- 76. E. Gerry, "The Gas-Dynamic Laser," LASER FOCUS, Vol 6, No 12, 1970, pp 27-31.
77. F. A. Baum, K. P. Stanyukovich, B. I. Shekhter, "Fizika vzryva" [Physics of
Explpsion], Moscow, Fizmatgiz, 1959, p 800.
_ 78. K. K. Elndreyev, A. F. Belya,yev, "Teoriya vzryvchatykh veshchestv" [Theory of
Explosives], Moscow, Oborongiz, 1960, 595 pages.
79. B. A. Ivanov, "Pi.zika vzryva atsetilena" [Physics of Explosion of Acetylene],
_ Moscow, I4limiya, 1969.
80. R. I. Taylor, S. Bitterman, "Survey of Vibrational Relaxation Data for Processes
Important in the C02-N2 Laser System," REV. MOD. PHYS., Vol 41, 1969, pp 26-47.
81. 13. W. F. Gr�oss, R. R. Gicdt, T. A. Jacobs, "Stimulated Emission Behind Overdriven
Detonation Waves in F20-H2 Mixtures," IEEP J. QUANT. ELECTRON., Vol QE-6, 1970,
p 168.
82. R. W. F. Gross, N. Cohen, T. A. Jacobs, "Chemical Laser Produced by Flash
Photolysis of F20-H2 Mixtures," J. CHEM. PHYS. Vol. 48, No 8, 1968, pp
- 3821- 3822 � '
83� N. Cohen, R. Wilkins, T. A. Jacobs, "Ttieoretical Calculations of Detonation
Initiated Chemical Lasers," IEFE J. QUANT. ELECTRON., Vol QE-6, 19'0, pp 168-169.
84. V. G. Voronkov, A. S. Rozenberg, "Explosive Properties of Mixtures of Gaseous
I{ydrazoic Acid with Inorganic Diluents," DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, Vol 177,
1vo 4, 1967, pP $35-838. 1
85. M. S. Dzhidzhoyev, M. I. Pimenov, V. G. P]_atonenko et al., "On Producing Popu-
lation Inversiori in Polyatomic Molecules Through the Energy of a Chemical
lieaction," ZHURPdAI, EIIXPERIMLNTAL' NOY T TEORETICHESKOY FIZIKI, Vol 57, IVo 2,
1-969, PP 1t11-420.
86. N. G. Basov, V. V. Gromov, Ye. L. Koshelev et al., "Induced Radiation in Ex-
plosi.on of HNg and C02," PIS'MA V ZHURNAL EKSPERIMENTAL'NOY I TEORETICHESKOY
~ FIZIKI, Vol 10, No l, 1969, Pp 5-8�
87. N. Ya. Vasililc, V. M. Shme.lev, A. D. Margolin, "Influence of Chlorine on the
c;ain o� a CO? GtLSdyJ1'I.TTi1C La,ser Based on Products of Combustion of Methane
Mixtures," KVANTUVIIYA LLEKTRONIKA, Vol 3, No 10, 1976, pp 2171-2175 -
, 88. Yu. A. 13okhon, T. 1. Davletcliin, V. M. Marchenko et a1., "Obsex�vation of Stimu- :La:ted L'mission ii a Gas-Dynarnic Laser Based on Products of Gas Detonation,"
KRATKIYr SOOBSHCHENIYA I'U FIZIKE, No 11, 1972, PP 52-56�
89. S. Jatsiv, E. Greenfield, F. Dothan-Deutsch et al., "Pulsed C02 Gas-Dynamic
Laser," APPL. PtIYS. LETT., Vol 19, No 3, 1971, PP 65-68. .
90. S: Jatsiv et a1. ,"Experiments with a. Yulsed C02 Gas-Dynamic Laser :IEI;E J.
qUAIJT. ELECTRON. Vol QE-8, No 2, 1972, pp 161-163.
58
FUR OFI'ICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFr:[ C:C AL iJS] P. ONLY
91. J. Tulip, H. Seguin, "Exp].osion-Pumped Gas-Dynamic C02 Laser," APPL. PHYS.
LET`i'., Vo1 19, No 8, 1971, PP 263-265.
Contents
Introduction
2
References
6
Chapter- 1. Principl-es of Kinetics of Gas-Phase Chemical Reactions
8
1.1. Law of Effective Masses
8
1.2. Mechanisms of Simple Reactions
9
1.3� Chemical Equilibrium
12
1.4. Complex Reactions
14
1.5� Chain Reactions
17
1.6. Elemen'cary Processes of Excitation of Systems in Chemical Reactions
21
1.7. Chemica.l Reactions in a Closed Space and in a Stream
29
References,
36
Chapter 2. ['ormation of Lxcited Particles in the Process of a Nonequilibrium
Chemica.l lieaction
39
2.1. '1'he Recombinai:ion Mechanisrn of Excitation
39
2.2. Nonequil.ibrium Excitation of Yarticles in Volumetric Reactions
44
Fieferences
47
Chapter 3� Basic Equations of Prccesses in Chemical Lasers
49
3.1. General Conditions of Lasing Onset
49
3.2. Equations of Motion of a Chemically Reacting Gas with Consideration of
Nonequilibrium Ef.fects and Emission
52
3�3� Principal Characteristics of Chemical Lasers
53
3.4. Kinetics of Chemical Pumping and Lasing in the Pulsed Mode
56
3.5. Principal Equations of the cw Chemical Laser
58
3.6. Lasez, Kinetics Under Conditions of Cooperative Spontaneous Emission
62
~ 3.7. 7.'he Opti cal Cavity
66
" Heferences
68
Chapter 4. Gas-Sta.tic Chemical Lasers
70
4.1. Pho-tochemical-Gas-Static Lasers
70
4.2. Electric-Discharge Gas-Static Chemical Lasers
81
4�3. Gas-Static Chemical Lasers with Initi.ation of the Reaction by an
Electron Beam
85
4.4. T:ccimer Gas-Static Chemical Lasers
89
Reference s
93
Chapter 5� Subsonic Chemical Lasers
98
~ 5.1. Chemical Lasers with Circulation of Premixed Components
98
5.2. Chemaca,l Lasers with Subsonic Mixing of Components
l06
5.3. F7.ame Lascrs
126
5.4. Subsonic Lascrs BaSed on Metal Vapor
132
References
135
Chapter 6. Supersonic Chemi.ca.l Lasers
139
6.1. Diffusion Chemical Lasers with Thermal I.nitiation of the Reaction
139
6.2. Supersonic Chemical Lasers with Energy Transfer
149
; 6.3. Chemical Gas-1?ynamic Lasers
153
6.4. Analysis of the Efficiency of Diffusion Chemical Lasers
154
~ 6.5. Open-Cycle CYienucal Lasers with Pressure Recovery in the Diffuser
164
Rcferences
168
59
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
I

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Chapter 7. Chcmicfl] I.),:tonatiori Lasers 171
7.1. General Tnformation on Detonation Processes 171
7.2. "Optical" Properties of Detonation 4laves, and the Phase Nature of
Their Propagation 178
7.3. Overdriven De-tonation 189
7.4. Mechanisms of Population Iriversion in Chemical Detonation Lasers 192
7.5. Experimental Stimulation of Emission in Chemical Detonation Lasers 205
References 218
COPYRIGHT: Atomiz dat, 1980
[76-661U]
6610
Cso: 1862
60
FOR OFFICIAI., USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONY,Y
UDC 621.373.8
THE ELECTRON-BEAM METHOD OF PUMPING GAS LASERS, AIVD ITS APPLICATIONS
- Moscow TRUDY ORDENA LENINA FIZICHFSKOGO INSTITUTA IMENI P. N. LEBEDEVA AKADEMII
NAUK S: SR: E.LEKTROIONIZATU7:UNNYY METOD NAKACHKI GAZOVYKI~I LAZEROV I YEGO PRILO-
ZHLNIYII 1n Russiari Vol 116, 1980 (signed to press 26 Aug 80) pp 2, 210--211
[Ar.notation and ab,tracts from book "Proceedings of Lebedev Physics Institute, LT'oSR
, Academy of Sciences: 'I`he Electron-Beam Method of Pumping Gas Lasers, and Its AP-
plica,tions", edited b,y Aca.demician N. G. Basov, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1350 copies,
211 pages ]
[Text] `i'his collection covers research done in the Quantum Physics Laboratory of
Lebedev Physics Tnstitute on ma.king and studying r.igh-pressure molecular lasers
stimulated by the electron-beam method, as well as research on using electron-bet;,m
excitation to stimulate fusion reacti-ons.
The book is written for a wide range of scientists and engineers working in the
field of quantum radiophysics, the physics of high-power electric discharges, and
chemical kinetics.
UDC 621.375.8
THE PRFSENT STATE OF RESEARCH ON THE ELECTRON-BEAM METHOD OF EXCITATION
[Abstract of article by N. G. Basov, V. A. Danilychev and I. B. Kovsh]
[Text] The article briefly examines the current st ate of research on electron-beam-
controlled [EBC] lasers a.nd points out major trends in studies in this field. A
condensed survey i:; gi.ven o r the latest developments in pulsed and cw hip;h-power
c,arbon diox-ide T'BC laser:,, c3esiLm improvements and optimiza,tion of pumping con-
ditions of :,uch lasers, devclopment of a thcory of EI3C lasers, research and devel-
opment in F,BC lasers base d on new active media, investigation of the stability of a
semi-self-maintained discharge excited by the elect ron-beam method, and the use of
an EBC discharge for stimulating chemical reactions. References 22.
UDC 621.378.33
_ THEORE7.'ICAL STUDY OF KINETICS AND ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRON-BEAM LASERS
[Abstr�act o:f article by N. Ye. Vtorova, V. I. Dolinina, A. N. Lobanov, A. F. Such-
kov and B. M. Urin]
[Text] Mathematica.l modeling of physical processes in an active medium is used in
detailed theoretical investigations of the kinetics and lasing characteristics of
electron-beam controlled lasers based on vibrational-rotational transitions of C02,
CU, fi2 and HD molecules. Relai,ions are found for the power, energy, efficiency and
' lasing spectrum as functions of the composition of the active medium an d the
61
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONY,Y
pumping conditions (the quantity E/N, power rind duration, spatial liomogeneity) . An
investigation is made of the influence that the isotopi.c makeup of carbon monoxide
has on the lasing characteristics of a CO laser. Limitations are examined that are
due to breaY>down of the active medium by self-radiation for lasers based on mole-
cules of C02, H2 and HD. Figures 39, tables 10, references 113.
UDC 621. 375 - 85 ;621� 378. 33
EXI'ERIMENTAL INVES7'IGAT70N OI' PULSED ELECTRON-BEAM CONTROLLED CARBON MONOXIDE LASERS
[Abstract of article by N. G. Basov, V. A. Danilychev, A. A. Ionin and I. B. Kovsh] 1
[Tex_t] The paper describes experimental facilities and investigations of ;
the energy, time and spectral characteristics of emission of high-pressure pulsed �
.a, CO lasers excited by the electron-beam method with emission energy of up to 400 J, ,
and efficiency up to 35% when the excitation volume is 5 liters. An investigation
is made of -tYie way that the output parameters of such lasers depend on the power and duration of excitation, as well as the makeup and density of the working gas
mixture. It is, shown that ttie results of numerical calculations of the para.meters
of pulsed electron-beam controlled CO lasers agree qualitativel,y with e xperimental ;
data. The t;reatest divergence is observed for lasers that operate without cooling ,
of the ga:, mixture, and for a cooled laser based on pure carbon monoxide. Figures ;
33, table 1, references 73� '
UDC 621.378.33 ~
OPTIMIZING THE WORKING CONDITIONS OF PULSED ELECTRON-BEAM CONTROLLED C02 LASERS
[Article by V. A. Danilychev, I. B. Kovsh and V. A. Sobolev]
[Text] An examiriation is made of the relations between the emission characteristics
of a pulsed electron-beam controlled carbon dioxide laser and the conditions of
excitation. An analysis is made of the way that laser efficiency, emission pulse
duration and specific power output depend on pumping duration and intensity, com-
posit.ion of the gas mixture and cavity parameters. It is shown that the optimum
pumpi.ng pu]_se duration for atta,ining high specific power output and efficiency is
- 7.0-140 us. '1'he best working mixtures with such durations are those containing C02
and NZ in proport.i ons of (1: 2)-(1.: 4). Doping the C02 :N2 mixture with a small amount
of H2 increases the efficiency by 15-20% over the satr.e mixtures without H2. When a
C02:N2:He mixt ure is repl.aced by C02:N2:H2, the maximum efficiency realized in the
experiment remains practically unchanged, but the specific power output rises due
to the attainmen-t of greater specific pumping energy. Figures 17, tables 6,
re ferences 41.
UDC 621.378�33
AN CLI,CTRON-BLAM CUNTROLLP;D C02 LASER WITH PLASMA M:CRROR
[Absi;ract of article b,y :I. V. Kholin]
[Text] A detailed aaialysis is made of a new design for a powerful electron-beam
controlled C02 laser based on using the modulating properties of a high-temperature
62
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
laser plasma (plasna mir�r�or) formed by 1;he acta.on of' laser radiai,i.on on the surface
of a so_lid target, arid acting as one af the mirrors of the laser cavity. This
design produces laser emission pulses of nanosecond duration with power of several
- tens of GW at an efficiency of about 6-10%, yielding a laser plasma with temperature
of several millions of degrees. 'i'he author demonstrates the feasibility of prac--
tiral utilization of a plasma mirror for applications as a powerful source of sofi;
x-rays. F'if;ures 26, tables 5, references 84.
uDc 539.196
TKEORETICAL AND EXPERIMLNTAL ST[JDY OF ELECTRON-BEAM CONTROLLED SYNTHESIS OF NITROGEN-
CONTAININr, COMPOUNDS
[Abstract of article by N. G. Basov, V. A. Danilychev, V. I. Dolinina, A. N. Loba-
nov, A. PI. Orayevskiy, V. I. Panteleyev, A. F. Suchkov, R. M. Urin, F. S. Fayzullov,
Yu. N. 'L'hebcko, E. V. Goi�ozhankin, V. V. Kurenkov and V. N. Men'shov]
[Text] A L-Yieoretii:al and experimental investigation is made of an elect.ron-beam
controll_ed rrietho3 of synthesi zing nitrogen-containing compounds. It is shown that
the principal chernical].,y active f'orm of nitrogen in ari electr�on-bea.rn controlled dis-
rhn.rf;e i:, vi.brationall,y excited N2 molecules. The experimental technique is out-
lined, Lnd re:iults az�e given on synthesis of nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide and
nitricics oi' phospli()l�us. '1'h.e isotopic content of vibrationall,y excited molecules
of' nitrok*,cn and carboti monoxide is calcul.ai;ed. Figu.res 23, tab]_e 1, references 71.
UDC 621. 375 � 8
CALCULEITION OF DIVERGENCE OF RADIATION OF PULSED ELECTRON-BEAM CONTROLLED LASERS
[Abstract of paper by Ye. P. Glotov, V. A. llanilychev, V. V. Pustovalov and A. M.
Soroka]
[Tex1. ] tri electron-bea.m controlled lasers the angular divergence is determined by
refraction of emission on gradients of electronic and gas density. At srort pump-
ing pul.se durations (of the order o.f 1 Us or less) and consequentl,y high densities
of cha.rged particles (ne of the order of 1014 cm 3) divergence is caused by nonuni-
E'ormity of -ionizai;ion of the active medium. At longer durations (greaL-er than 10
' us) diver�gence is deter�rnined by the refraction of radiation on gra.dients of gas
density caused by hydrodynamic motion of the active mediurn during the pumping
: pulse. A considerable increase in the enerey of radia.tion with divergence due to
dii'f.'raction ca.n be attairied by using unstable telescopic cavities with dimensions
;smaller than t-.he region of enerpr input. Figu.res 5, referenccs 7.
; uDC 621. 375 � 85 ; 621. 378 � 33
' TtCK CNG AND f;LCON1I3INAT.[ON IN A PLASMA DTSCHARGE EXCITED BY THE ELECTRON-BEAM METHOD
[Abstraci; of' ar.ticle by Ye. P. Glotov, V. A. Danil,ychev and I. V. Kho_lin]
['Prht J M experimental stucLy is done on the laws of deionization oF a, discY,a.rge
plasma stimulated by the e:Lectron-beam method. The ba]_ance of cha.rged particles is
calcula.ted. Measui�ements are made of the "effective" .ra.te constants of sticking arid
- 63
~
= FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
rPcornbinat:ion that are needed for selecting the optimum pumping conditions for
electron-beam control:Led lasers operatirig in the pulse-recurrence mode. An investi-
gation is made of the influence that ox}rgen impurities havP on the characteristics
of rin electron-bearn contro].led discharge. Figures 7, table 1, references 17.
unc G2.1. 375 .85 ; 621. 378. 33
INVESTIGATION OF MECHANISMS OF DESTRUCTION AND METHODS OF' PROTECTION OF THE SEYA-
RATIVE FOIL UF ELECTRON GUNS DURING STREAMER BREAKDOWN OF THE DISCHARGE GAP
[Article by Ye. P. Glotov, V. A. Danilychev and V. D. Zvorykin]
[`l'ext ] In practical utilization of electron-beam controlled lasers, a very im-
portant problem is working reliability. The weakest link of the EBC laser is the
separative foil of the electron guns, breakdown of the discharge gap being the
principal cause of' failure of this foil. In this article an investigation is made
of the mechani.sms o f destruction of the foil and a method is proposed for protection
that consicierably irnproves the workino reliability of EBC lasers. Figures 5,
references 7.
CUPY RTGHT: Izda,tel' stvo "Nauka", 1980
177-6610]
66io
CSO : 1862
64
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOK orFtCtnj. usFONiA
UDC 621.373.826.038.823
THEORETICAL STUDY OF A REPETITIVELY PULSED COPPER-VAPOR LASER
Moscow KVAIVTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA in Russian Vol 7, No 11, Nov 80 pp 2319-2325
_ [Article by S. V. ArlanLsev, V. V. Buchanov, L. A. Vasil'yev, E. T. Molodykh,
~ V. V. Tykotskiy and N. I. Yurchenko; submitted 22 Feb 80]
~ [Text] A procedure is proposed for the numerica.l design of a
copper-vapor laser. The results obtained for lasers with high
- buffer gas pressure and transverse discharge are consistent with
the experimental data. The optimal transverse dimension of the
active zone is determined under eFfective gas heating condi-
; tions. A procedure is presented for estimar_ing the concentra-
tion, the electron temperature and population of inetastable lev-
, e1s in the periodic pulse mode confirmed by numerical calcu-
lation.
.l. In troduction
- At the present time the study of pulsed metal-vapor lasers is attracting a great
deal of attention Erom experimental scientists. Nevertheless, the expected high
valuef-, of- tlie efficiency and average lasing power [l] have not been realized
up to uow. Ttiere is also no united opinion o;i the role of the various physical
- procasses in the limitation of tliese output characteristics or the repetition fre-
. quency ot tlic pulses although many proposals have been made in this regard [2, 3].
- ln rhe present paper a tIieoretical model and the results of numerical experiments
ar.e presented for a neon and copper vapor mixture laser (LPM) operating in the pe-
riodically pulsed mode (PPM) at pulse repetition frequencies on the order of sev-
eral. kilohertz. Primary attention is given to the LPh1 witl; transverse discharge
_ and neon pressure on the order of atmospheric [4].
2. Tlicoretical Model
~ Th4 pr.esence oF two characteristic stages in the LPM plasma kinetics during peri-
odic repetition of tlie pumping pulses permits the calculation to be divided into
two parts: the intensive excitation of the atoms and development of lasing
- (tlle pulse mode.) and the predominant recombination phase [5] during which joint
relaxation of the electron concentration, their temperature and the population of
_ the metastable states of the copper atoms (the relaxation mode) occurs.
65
FOR OFFiC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
rok oFFccIAi. UsE oNi.Y
In the First phasc a number of kineric processes in the copper atom during elec-
Lron-,itum co.I :L I si om:; ( fN };u re 1) nncl d i re-t i on iZri l iou o f t lit- iivOn by 0 Ioc1 r~n I w-
pacl orO Cakeu 111lu ,IccouuL. FILk;Ii cle0ron densiL-I.es (10" L-o lUl' cm 3) charac-
terlstic oL PPM permit consideration that the setup time for equilibrium distribu-
tion between the upper levels of the copper atoms (above resonance) and the free
electrons is small ar.d amounts to 10-7 to 10-9 seconds. Therefore an approxima-
tion of the instantaneous ionization of all the upper levels is made in the given
model. The consideration of the finite ionization time of these levels is re-
flected insignificantly in the calculation results in the investigated range. The
high electron densities and significant capture of the radiation also permit elim-
ination of the consideration of spontaneous transitions uihich are completed at
the ground and operating levels. All of the indicated inelastic processes and
also the elastic collisions of the electrons with neon and copper atoms and Gpol-o
ing of them during t}-te process of ambipolar diffusion determine the elecCron'tgm-:
perGtur,,:. In order to save computer calculation time, the development of la.Sing' is calculated only f or the 510.6--nm line. The populations of the working
levels of the 578.2-nm line are considered indirectly: they are taken with accu-
racy to the statistical weight to be equal to the corresponding populations for
the 510.6-nm line. The field intensity in the plasma is determined considering
the electric feed circuit and the variable discharge resistance. The cathode po-
tential drop is not considered.
_V
V
7
_
Cu
6
-
A
5
-
4
~
!
0
-
.
e
~ W, 5
z//
7
- Cu
6
e
S
e
J
y
~
e
2
e
1
0
y
e a D
Figure l. Pulse mode. Transition is Figure 2. Relaxation mode. Transi-
- taken into account during tion is taken into account
electron-atom collisions. as a.result of elzctron
(e) and atomic (a) colli-
, sions, spontaneous radia-
tion (v) and diffusion (D).
- ln the re.laxation mocle it :is proposed that the recombination flux formed during
tlic pr.ocess of impact recombi.nation difFuses with respect to the upp2r states of
Clic copper atom to levels of 5p2PO and 4d2P (6.12-6.19 eV) as a result of elec-
tron-atom collisions. Tlien it is divided into the spontaneous and "electron" (as
a result of electron impact) fluxes to the resonance levels and spontaneous flux
' to t he metastable levels. The spontaneous times are de.Eined considering the pos-
sible capture of the radia!-ion, and Doppler line broadeninp, is assumed
66
FOR OH F'iC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL,Y
- Further movement of the recombination ilux and relaxation of the metastable states
are calculated in detail considering a11 of the direct and inverse transitions
under the effect of electron collision between the ground, metastable and resonance
levels. Spontaneous transition from resonance to metastable level with correction
. f.or capture of the radiation and deactivation of the metastable states by neon atom
- impact are also taken into account.
The described calculation of the distribution of the recombination flux (Figure 2)
is based on a qualitative comparison of the characteristic relaxation p rocess times
for standard LPM conditions. It permits not only more precise definiti.on of the
effectiveness of the population of inetastable states from above, but also calcula-
tion of the proportion of the discharge energy going to heating the ga s.
Iri the relaxation mode, the impact and dissociative recombinations of the neon
atoms are also taken into account. The electron temperature is determ ined by
heating by the aUove-described inelastic processes and cooling, both elastic and
ditfusion, during the process of ambipolar diffusion. The diffusion p rocesses--
cooling oL the electrons, drift of the electrons, ions and metastable atoms--are
taken into account in the null-dimensional approximation (that is, with the help
' of the introduction of characteristic diffusion times). They play a ro le primarily
~ for low neon pressures and small transverse dimensions of the active zona. The
- choice of the considered processes ensures a smooth transition Erom the pulse mode
to ttie relaxation mode.
The used cross sections of all the electron-atom collision processes we re averaged
with respect to P:axwell distribution function. From the experiment the following
cross sections are known: excitation of the worlcing levels [6], ioniza tian of
copper [7, 8] and neon [9], elastic collisions with copper [6] and neo n[9], de-
activation oi the metastable states by the inert gases (in addit'ion to neon) [10],
and dissociative recombination of the neon [11]. The remaining excita tion cross _
sections are taken from the calculation tables in the Born approximat ion [12] or
_ they are estimated from oscillator strengths. The Eorn cross sections are doubled
with resPect to amplitude, and they are shifted with respect to the po s ition of the
peak in accordance with the experimental data [6, 13, 14]. The.,diffus ion coeffi-
cients in the mixture, depending on the gas temperature, were estimated by the
approximate data on the interatomic potentials Ne+-Ne, Cu+-Cu, Cu+-Ne by the pro-
c.edure discussed in [15]. The diffusion cooling rate of the electrons was calcu-
_ lated by [16].
- The system of Icinetic equations realizing the described mode'1 of the LPM, was
solved mimerically on the BFSM-6 computer jointly witli the nonsteady equation for
the eleclron temperature and the disctiarge circuit equation. The mo st significant
assiunptions about the model are the following: Tiaxwell form of the el ectron dis-
_ tributioil function with respect to velocities, absence of the cathode potential
drop, null-dimensionality of the description of the diffusion processes, the pro-
cess of Penetration of the field into the plasma and the process of development of
r.adiaLion. Tlie latter assumption leads ta the fact that the calculated value of
the power output corresponds more to radiation from the active zone in all direc-
tions rhan in the fixed laser beam (the difference in standard conditions can be
� 1.5-2 times). For this reason the dependence of the power output on the resonator
67
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL CSF: O'J{.Y
parameter.s turned out to be very weak in the calculation, and it will not be dis-
cussed further.
3. Results
The shape of the active zone (AZ) was considered to be a rectangular parallelepi-
� ped, the pair of opposite sides of which served as electrodes. The set of initial
parameters of tii,: active zone and the excitation pulse was limited to the follow-
- ing: Q--length, b--width; d--height of the active zone (electrode spacing with
transverse discharge); L--total inductance of the discharge ci.rcuit; nCu, nNe--
component concentrations; U0--voltage of the storage element (or EO = Uo/d); Wp--
specific pulse energy of the storage element; f--pulse repetition frequency. The
duration and the shape of the electric excitation pulse at the entrance to the
circuit or the switch cliaracteristic were also given. When using a circuit with
discharge through the cable line by Uo we mean the pulse amplitude at the entrance
to the cab le Iine, and by W0, the specific energy of this pulse (that is, per unit
volume of tlie active zone).
'1'he characteristics oL tlie PPM were determined by the method of establishment,
~ l-.Liat is, the traiu ot pulses to arrival at the steady PPM was calculated. Inas-
much as the establistiment of the average atom temperature takes place in hundreds
or thousands of pulses, it was considered constant for each pulse repetition pe-
; riod. The steady-state heating of the gas with respect to the cell walls was de-
termined by the repetition frequency and the energy contribution to heat in each
period, and it was more precisely defined in the process of establishment.
For the first series of calculations the parameters were used ior a laser with
. transverse excitation, relatively large active zone volume and high neon pressure. ~
' This made it possible to estimate the fitness of the program in this region, for
which it was primarily designed and also discovery of the causes limiting the out-
put characteristics of the given laser in the PPM. The excitation pulse was fed '
to the ce11 thzough a long cable line so that tlie equivalent circuit was the wave -
_ impedance R of the line, inductance L and discharge resistance Rd connected in
_ series. The initial pulse usually was given as triangular in shape with 50- '
naxiosecond front and a total duration of 200 nanoseconds.
Thc variation of the parameters nCu) nNe, E0, WO and f led to the maximum average
power, the position of wliich turned out to be close to experimental, and the value
(28 miltiwatts/cm3) exceeded tlie experimental value by approximately 1.7 times.
The calculared time relalions Cor some of the plasma parameters in the pulse mode
near ttie optimal point are shown in I'igure 3(kne, n2, n3 are the electron and atom
concentrations in metastable and resonance states, respectively; Te is the elec-
tron temperature; E is tlie L-ield intensity in the discharge; J is the current den-
sity; Pex is the output power of the radiation). Here the output energy was 13.3
microjoules/cm3 and the total efficiency was 2 percent. Variation of the induc-
tance nE:ar Llie selected point (5 nanohenries) had little effect on the output
encrgy, a].thougli tfic cliscliarge current-voltage curves changed significantly in this
_ case. :ft turned out that for the adopted configurdtion of the active zone and
stiapc of tlic pumping pulse, the increase in repetition frequency or pulse energy
is limited to gas lieating. With heating eo 3,000-3,500 K the degree of relaxation
of tle metastable states was insufficient, and the increase in power ceased.
68
FOR ON F'tC1AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Tor ]argc neon pressures the electron tempcrature after tlle pulse relaxes to the
atomic temperature (T3). Lars*e electron densities characteristic of the PPPt and
" the ratio of the electron and atomic degradation oF the metastable states (on the
order of 106) lead to the fact that the distribution temperature of the metastable
states follows the electron temperature. Therefore the prepulse value of the
mestable concentration car. Ue estimated by Te. The difference arises either for
insufficiently high ne or if Te in front of the pulse is appreciably higher than
Ta, and therefore the equilibrium value of n2 with respect to Te decreases quickly.
From what has been stated it follows that with an increase in the repetition fre-
quency the relaxation ef the metastable states can be successful if., first of a11,
� the prepulse Te is below the critical value from the point of view of pumping pos-
- sibilities (usually corresponding to n2 on the order of 1-3 percent of nCu) and,
secondly, the prepulse value of ne increases proportionately to the repetition fre--
quency. Titese conditions contradict each other, for the density and the electron
l-.emperature increase simultaneously as a result of the heat balance ratio (1) (see
below). The described mechanism imposes a fundamental restriction on the growth of
the repetition frequency even in the absence of gas heating. It is also maintained
in the case wltere the diftusion cooling of the electrons predominates over elastic
coolinfi, altliougli there may be deviations from this rule near the wa11s.
The electron temperature and concentration beFore the pulse can be estimated from
the following system of equations:
7', (vT v~'' 2/9 E~u P (T,) 112
.
,
N (Te) n~ '~'klf,
(1)
where vT and vW are the cooling frequencies as a result of the elastic and diffu-
, :;ion mechanisms; E~u is the effective recombination potential of the copper; S(Te)
is the impact recombination constant; kl is a factor close to unity.
I'ht Eirst equation reflects the'heat balance of the electrons in the quasisteady
mode, aud the second equation compares the pulse repetition frequency and the col-
lision re comb ination frequency. The use of the second equation is based on the
quadratic dependence of the latter. on ne. On substitution of E~u = 6 eV, kl =
_ 1.5, vW = U and the known vl, we obtain the prepulse values of net and Tet;
~
t , FIf i ~ 4- IOT8 /
~P 2 it~;~,- (IIl�T�lx ;
/lc~ 1'~^1,5' 109flF'(Te")'
(2)
, wtiere f is iil kiloliertz; Te, Ta are in electron-volts; ne, nNe are in cm-3; (3 is
in cmG/sc:c. 'Phe accuracy oC tliese formulas was checked oul- in di.fferent modes,
ancl it turneci out to be entirely acceptab].e. The value obtained L-or. Tet offers
the possibility ol' a rougli estimate also of ttie degree ot- relaxation of the meta-
stable states.
' IL the basic causu preventing an increase in the volume of the high pressure LPM
is heating the gas, this limits one of the transverse dimensions of the active
zone. For a laser with transverse excitation, it is natural to take the electrode
wi(lth (in our case t}iis is the width of the active zone) as tllis dimension, from
69
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
rOk 01-TICIAL I ISE: Oti1N
the point oL- view of inf.luence of the discharge inductance and cathode drop. Here
the e1ecLrcule gap and tlie .LC'11gtI1 of the zone can be limited by other effects, for
L'xample, tlie divergence ol thLt radiation. Joinr optimization of the initial pa-
rauielers, including the widtti of the active zone with respect to the average
lasing power from the entire volume is of interest. It is easy to show that for
this purpose it is first possible to optimize X= Pr1/nT (P is the specific average
lasing nocaer; n= W/Wd is the lcinetic efficiency; nT = WT/Wd is the gas heat-
ing efficiency; W, Wd, WT are the specific energy contributions to the useful
lasing, to the discharge and heating of the gas, respectively) with a constant
active zone width and without consideration of heating, and then to find the opti-
mal width of the active zone considering the latter.
n1, IU ~~CM ~
1,,5n~.10 ~~cr~ ~
(1) SIr..7B
2) SPe'-K!!m/a
1,7,,10 ma.c q~ �
(3) J,AlcMt
(4) 0,1f,61cm
(8) f00Rd, Oro
7, % )1
'
1,
5 Jtma.7B (1)
41P , aBm'tn
X
I
, nBm/cn
10
1
1
� B
3
/7;ic
�
!,5
6
4
P
p
0,5
n,st
p

.
0
l10
I. %
Jmar
~t
Tr '1B
/3~ ?jma1 A/Cnt1
l
0,24
~ O,lf "10; BICM
� BO
2nr'ato ucnl
r
4,
nnn
e
0,11
60
-
f mo+
010
40
?a
0,18
?0
r~ t
0,76
a
4
5
1
~
? 4 f,nlr47
0 50 100 50 t, Nc (5)
P'igurc 3. Time characteristics of
a pulse mode for ED =
0.43 kv/cm, Wo = 0.65
millijoules/cm3, nCu -
2 x 1015 cm 3, nNe -
8- 1018 cm-3 and f=
2 kilohertz.
Key to Figures 3 and 4:
1. . . . eV
'L. kilowatts/cm3
3. amps/cm2
4. volLs/cm
Figure 4. Variation of the repeti-
tion frequency f for
Ta = 0.16 eV, nNe = 8 x
1018 cm 3, nCu = 1016
cm 3, Eo = 1 kv/cm and
LJo = 2.2 millijoules/cm3.
5. nanoseconds
6. milliwatts/cm3
7. kiloliertz
8. ohms
We car.ried out this optimization using the Gauss-Seidel method for fixed neon con-
centrations nf 4- 1018 and 8. 1018 cm 3 and for fixed shape of the pulse de-
scr.ibecl above. The values o� nCu, E0, f, R(WO) were optimized with respect to the
70
HOR OHFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
Fnlt OFFI('iAf. i!SI? ONI.Y
maximum X and b witli respect to the maximum average power from the entire volume
of the active zone. During the process of such optimization the relations not dis-
torted by the heating of the gas were obtained simultaneously for the output,char-
acteristics of the LPM as a function of all of the variable parameters which is of
independent interest. Some of them are shown in Figures 4-6. Here the index max
corresponds to the maximum of the given parameter during the time of the pulse.
The i-ndices st, fin, pic refer to the times of the beginning and end of the pulse
mode and the end of the lasing pulse. At the end of the lasing pulse the population oF the resonance level is close to its maximum value for the entire cal-
culation period. At this time usually the amplification coefficient is saturated,
that is, n2 = 1.5 n3. Therefore nP1C2 characterizes the pumping intensity in the
given mode, just as nst2 cliaracterizes the degree of relaxation of the metastable
sfiates.
n, %
~ j~ Q1P,~6m/C~f~ d
%
2X,nP,m;c�r~� 6
`2 i 41ema~
2, % 100
(;j) O,IfmaxDlcM
4 ) 2J maRA~~M1 BO
~
1ne ~n 10 ~t~,y ~ 60
rigure 5. Var.ialian of copper con-
ceiitrati.on for Ta =
U.16eV,nNe =fi � 1018
cm-3, r = 2.5 ki].oliertz,
Lp=11:v/cmandWo=
2.2 millijoules/cm3.
Key to Figures 5 aud 6:
1. milliwatts/cm3
2. eV
( j~P MBm/CM'
BOn,
TO7, %
40X,nBm/cn'
1001'r1n0`, 3B
7, %
( 3 y/ J f mo,~ BlcM
. r�
1nP';'!0'sCH j
40 P -
nsr
z
0
BO 7r
60 nein
'l d f moX
40' fmox
10
0 ~
300 410 600 840 fa, B/cM( 3)
rigure G. Variation of the voltage
of the storage element
for Ta = 0.16 eV, nNe -
8 x 1018 cm 3, n Cu -
8 � 1015 cm4, f=2.5
kilotiertz (W0 = Ep milli-
joules/cm-kv2).
3. volts/cm
4. amps/cm2
Prom tlie k;caph of Lbe outpur cliaracte ris tics of the function of the repetition fre-
quency (1?_ibUre 4) iC is obvious ttiat the pumping efficiency nplc2 does not dimin-
ish witli an increase in f.requency althougti Teax decreases. The drop in the output
cnergy occurs as a resulL of i.mPairment of- the relaxaCion of inetastable states n5t
causeci by an 111CYC.tisc i.n tfie Tet, wliore n2t is the second above the equilibrium
71
aOR OFFiC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
~
1 2 4 B !h n,,,,lO"scM'

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFF[Ci:U. i.ISF: ONt.I'
_ value wil-.li respect to Tst. This can be explained by the fact that for high fre-
quencies Te does not reacti Ta in the relaxation time, and the equilibrium value of
n2 with respect to Te beFore the pulse decreases too rapidly. The variation in
copper density by comparison with the optimal value (Figure 5) leads to redist ri-
bution oF the discharge energy in favor of either excitation of the copper meta stable
states or ionization of the neon by comparison with excitation of the resonanc e
levels. With an increase in Eo (and Wo, respectively), the efficiency of the en-
ergy contribution to the discharge decreases (nd = Wd/WO). In addition, the in-
crease in ionization leads the in crease in pumping intensity; therefore slow
growth of the. uutput enerby is accompanied by a decrease in the kinetic efficie ncy
(Figure 6).
Among the characteristic results of the calculations it is necessary to note the
follow.ing: the proportion of the copper ions in the total volume of ions to t he
end of the pulse mode was iio less than 70 percent, and on the average, 90-100 per-
cent; 50 to 90 percent of the discharge power went to heating the gas; the ele c-
tron concentration before the pulse was 1012 to 1013 cm 3, copper ionization b y
stagPS predominated over simple ionization. The kinetic efLiciency for suffi-
ciently deep relaxation of tlie metas table states was quite stable, and it amoun ted to
3-5 percent. The basic process limiting it obviously is a sharp departure from
_ the resonance level upward with subsequent ionization.
The optimization requirecl performance of calculations of several hundreds of dif-
ferent PPM. The optimal values of the parameters for both neon concentrations
(4 � 1018 and S. 1018 r_in-3) turned out to be similar and amounted to the follow-
ing: b= 4.5-3.5 cm, nCu z (0.5-1) � 1016 cm-3, Ep z 1 Icv/cm, Wo = 2 milli- ~
joules/cm3, f= 2.5 kilohertz. Here the specific average powers reached 36 and
55 milliwatts/cm3, that is, 160 and 200 milliwatts/cm3 of the side heat-removi ng
surface under the indicaCed neon pressures, respectively. It must be noted th at
the optimal modes obtained are related to the adopted shape of the excitation
pulse, and on variatioii of tlie latter tliey can also vary. The preliminary calcu-
lations demonstrated that with a decrease in the pulse duration the output cha rac-
teristics of the LPM can be improved significantly.
We have performed a number of calculations at loca neon pressures and for small
transverse dimensions of the active zone. The excitation circuit with a cable
line or with capacitance discliarge was used. It turned out that the relaxation of
the metastable :;tates ur.r.er these conditions is determined as bef.ore 'by the electron
temperature relaxation, but the elastic mechanism of cooling of elecCrons is
rep.lacucl by diffusion. Tlierefore Llie gas temperature has no noticeable effect on
the relcixaCion processes. The outPut enercry in the monopulse mode tiirned ouL- to
be wealc.Ly clependent on the neon concentration. Its dependence on the copper con-
cenl.ration IiaLl the forni oL a blunt peak. Tlie optimal copper concentration in-
crcased witli an iiicrease in tte pumping pulse amplitude, reaching 1016 to 1017
cin-3 at 11. 0 to 10-20 lcv/r_m.
B IBL IO GlWHY
1. A., A. isayev, G. G. 1'etrash, 'LFUllY P'IAN, No 81, 1975, p 3.
72
FOR UFH'iClAl. USE ON7..Y
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
fOR 0F['I('IAL ['SF: ONI.1"
_ 2. V. M. Batenin, P. A. Voktimin, I. I. Klimovskiy, C. A. Kobzev, TVT, No 14,
1976, p 1316.
3. P. A. Bokhan, V. A. Gerasimov, V. I. Solomonov, V. B. Shcheglov, KVANTOVAYA
LLEKTRONTKA, No 5, 1978, p 2162.
_ 4. I. S. E11.eksandrov, Yu. A. Babeyko, A. A. Babayev, et al., KVANTOVAYA ELEK-
'txUNIKA, No 2, 1975, p 2077.
5. L. C. ll'yachkov, C. A. Kobzev, ZhTF, No 48, 1978, p 2343.
6. S. 1'rajmar, W. Wil.liams, J. PHYS. B, No 10, 1977, p 3332.
7. S. l. I.'avlov, V. t. Rakliovskiy, G. M. Fedorova, ZhETI', No 52, 1967, p 21.
_ 8. 1, M. Schrour et al. , J. CHE:M. PHYS. , No 58, 1973, p 5135.
9. l:. D. Lozanskiy, 0. B. Fi.rsov, "Teoriya iskry" [Spark Theory], Moscow,
Atomizdat, 1975.
lU. U. W. Trainor, J. CtIEri. PHYS. , No 64, 1976, p 4131.
11. B. M. Smi niov, "Iony i vozbuzhdennyye atomy v plazme" [Ions and Excited Atoms
in a Plasma], Moscocr, Atomizdat, 1974.
12, L. A. VaynshCeyn, T. I. Sobel'man, Ye. A. Yukov, "Secheniye vozbuzhdeniya
aLomov i ionov elektronami" [Excitation Cross Section of Atoms and Ions by
~ Elecrrons ] , Moscow, Nauka, 1973.
13. I. S. Aleksal:hin er a.l., ZhPS, No 30, 1979, p 351.
14. V. S. liorozdi n, Yu. M. Smirnov, Yu. D. S1laronov, OPTIKA I SPEKTROSKOPIYA,
No 43, 1977, p 3$4.
15. J. Macllaniel, A. hlason, "Podvizhnost' i diffuziya ionov v gazakh" [Ion Mo-
bil.ity incl UiIL-usion in Cases], Moscow, Mir, 1978.
tb. V. Ye. C;olanL, A. P. Zliilinskiy, S. A. Sakharov, "Osnovy fiziki plazmy" [Fun-
damuntals of Plasnia Physics], Moscow, Atomizdat, 1977.
CUl'YI:1Gf1T: lzclatcl'sLvo "Sovetskoye radio", "Kvantovaya elektronika", 1980
[ 33-10345J
LU84.5
CSU: lg6'L
73
F032 OFF'iClAL USE ONLY
1
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
('UR OFFIC'iAi. ( ISf�: ONLl'
UDC 533.951
NUr1ERTCAL STUDY
CONS IllERINC THE
YI.ASrlt1
OF THE INTERACTION OF LASER RADIATION WITH A TARGET IN A VACUUM
S['LCTRAL COr1POSITION OF THL RADIATION EMITTED BY THIs RrSULTAPIT
rloscow KVANTUVAYA LLLhTRONIKA in Russian Vol 7, No 11, Nov 80 pp 2356-2361
[ArLicle by V. I. Bergel'son and I. V. Nemcliinov, Earth Physics Institute imeni
0. Yu. Shmidt, Moscow; submitred 12 Mar 80]
[Text] Numerical calculations were made of the one-dimensional
planar, nonsteady-state radiation gas dynamics problem of the
interactiou of the radiation pulse of a neodymiun laser with an
aluminum rarget in a vacuum. Detailed- tables of absorption co-
efficients of aluminum plasma (containing 103 intervals with
respect to quantum energies) constructed 'considering the Uourid-
bound transitions were used. For accelerat-ion of the calcula-
tions, the method of averaging the radiation transport equa-
tions was used, which permits detailed consideration of the .
spectral and angular composition of the radiation. The laws of
var.iation of tLic basic parameters on v4riation of the laser
power are detined. A comparison _is made between the obtained
results aiid tlie results of previously performed calculations of
rlie analogous multigroup problem for absorption coef.ficients
w.ithout considering lines. The conclusion of high effective-
ness of Ltie radialion of a low-temperature laser plasma readi-
in;; tens of percentages of the ?aser intensity is confirmed.
Tt is demonsCrated that the spectra of the radiation emitted by
a plasma into a vacuum are characterized by a complex line
structure. .
In Lhe theoretical studies of the process of t.he interaction of a laser pulse with
a Larget in a vacuuni [l, 2] attention was paid to the Lact that under defined con-
dili.oiis tlie crosiuu plasma occurring at tlie target itselt radiates intensely in
Lliu, infrared, visib:le and especially the ultraviolet scctions of the spectrum.
'Chc PowCr oL tile_ lumi.nescence into a vacuum reaches 30-40 percent of the laser
powcr. '1'he nal-.ural tliermal radiation of tlie plasma inf.luencPS not only the energy
balance, buL also tlic uature of variati.on of the parvneters with time (due to deex-
citation, the maximum temperaCure is ).imited) and in space (in particular, a com-
parative:Lv cold layer of vapor (ornis at L-he target connected with its evaporation
711
FnR OFFiCiAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR UFF.('i-1i. f'SF: nt1.1
Iluil. llit� 11i::iiilt�p,i.11 it'il ul I lit' L;tlce:; pluce ili pracLicu Lwo-cli.iuOnsiuu-
ally. '1'lie laser racl.ixample by t:ime tz 1.5 us, when an energy of 75 J/cm2 is bein;
dc:l.ivered to a unit of area and the conditions of planar configuration are observed
Ior a spot wi.th radius of 0.6 cm, i. e. the total energy flux is about 85 J, the
deexci.tation reaches -10%, i. e. it becomes quite peceptible.
With an increase in q, the plasma temperature increases more rapidly, and the re-
emission eECects are manifested at earlier points in time. In Figure lb, for q=
3.2 gifiawatts/cm2, the distribut:ions of the parameters with respect to the plasma
,ciss are constructed for t= 27 nanoseconds, when mW = 0.041 mg/cm2
n .
, 75
FOR OFF(C1AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
rou oFrrI.aL 11sE oNc.1
under. Lhe eFFect oF the radiation fluxes from the hot regions of the plasma).
'I'hese r.esults were obLained not only by estimates, but also by direct numerical
solution of the corresponding one-dimensional (planar) nonstationary radiation gas
~ dynamic problem. However, in these calculations the absorption coefficients were
used cahich take into account only the photo effect from the groun(l and excited
states and the braking absorption, and the absorption and emissiO:i in the lines
was not considered. In connection with the fact that under such assumptions the
radiation spectrum is quite simple, the transport equation was solved in the mul-
tigroup approximation. The na:tural question arose of how a detailed consideration
oE the spectral composition of the plasma radiation (absorption and emission in
lines) will quantitatively influence the energy budget, the plasma parameters and
also the development of ttie phenomenon as a whole, and what the emitted radiation
s pec trum .is ? Tliis p roblem is cons idered be low.
'llic problem of the interaction of laser radiation witil an aluminum target in a
vacuum was solved under rhe conditions of plane geometry of the vapor layer consid-
ering ttie natural radiation. For the calculations tables were used for the spec-
tral absorption coefficients of an aluminum plasma compiled considering not only
the �ree-free ancl bound-Lree, but also bound-bound transitions [3]. These tables
- contain information about the absorption coefficients at 1,000 points with respect
to Che spectrum arranged nonunif.or.mly in accordance with the nature of variation
- of Lhe absorption coeff:icients with respect to Frequency, in a wide range of
plasma densities and plasma temperatures. All of this information was used in our
calculations, and the transport equation was solved for 1,000 spectral intervals.
The cnethod of averaging the radiation transport equations with respect to fre-
quency [4] was used to accelLrate the calculations. The essence of this method
fo?,lows. The solution of ttie spectral transport equation is found only at defined
points in time. ror the given temperature and density profile at each calculated
point in space, the radiation spectrum is found, and the absorption coefficient
average witti respect to tttis "true" spectrum was determined by integration wiLh
respect to the lreclueucy. The averaging is carried oul witlin the limits of a
swall number oE quite broad spt:ctral intervals--groups--the number of wh.ich in l:he
given case was 8-12, depending on the maximum attainable L-emperature. In tlie in-
turva:Ls between avcragings, multigroup transport equations averaged over several
~roups are solvecl, in wlich the "true" mean absorption coefficients and mean co=
sines of the angle between the direction of pr.opagation of the radiation and the
direction of motion interpolated in a defined way with respect to space and time,
are used. Tlie method L-urned out to be quite effective: with. an inr-rease (by com-
parison with tlie multigroup calculation) in the number of inter.vals with respect
to ~specti'um Erom 10 to 1,000, that is, by 100 times, the volume of the expended
mach v1e lime incru~ased by only 4-5 times so that the problem remainecl, solvaUle
on L(ie 131,;.Y1-6 computer. Tor the characteristic number of ca7culatioii layers witli
r.esPecL Lo timc, 'LQ Co 30 averagin};s were entire]y suf EicienL.
Let iis consl dcr some of lhe results of calculating thc spectr.al proUlem. Let the
radiati.un uf a ncoclymium laser (wiLh quantum energy of l.J_h eV) be inci.dent on an
aluminum target in n vuoxide
Tlie s[ucly of tlie effecc of tlie replacement of N2 by CO was made for fixed values
of the parameters of clie mixture i.n the receiver. The heating was realized by
electric discharge. TYie stagnation ter-lnerature of the main flow Io was equal to
_ 1.5 kK, the pressure pp = 4 atn, and the water concentration in the mixture
:{ii 20 = 0.01. The C02 injection was to tlie cross section of the main flow witli
ri = 2.5. '1'he gain was measured in the plane 30 mm from the critical cross sec-
tion wiiere M = S. T'ne results of the experiment and the numerical analysis of the
gain as a Function of the amount of injected gas are presented in Figure 5.
0
' 0 ~`'i.lJM== IrsXH
y T nen� e
pp ~ 0 U c0
%
n ~
ZO 30 40 m~~1 /mT
Figur.r 5. Tlic same as 1�'igure 4 on replacement of N2 by CO (see the text).
Attention is attracL-ed by tlie fact that Eor qualitative comparison of the calcula-
tion [Jltll ttie experimenta.l data the calculated curve for N lies below the experi-
aiental points, whereas in accordance with re
~ selected theoretical analysis system
in the T,orenLz regioil of broadening of Lhe lines L-he cal.culation slioulcl give
Clie upper bound of the gai.n. The cause Cor tli.is divergencc between the calcu.l_a-
liou aiicl the experimental data can be the ract that tlie gas heated by electric dis-
cllarge is thermally nonuniform. Tlie occurrence and e:cistence o� such nonuniformity
connected with sharp variation of the plasma parameters during electric arc heating
of tlie 111LYOgC11 was iiidicated i.n [10]. The measurements made in [10] demonstrated
that with this method of heating the nitrogen, an excess of the vibrational tem-
perature over the translational temperature by 1-3 kK is possible. We made a cor-
rection to tlie gain calculation considering the possible nonuniformity. Under the
asGumption that in the discharge ttie vibrational temperature reaches 4.5 kK, and
the time of beginning of recording of the gain lags behind the end of discharge by
3 milliseconds, the excess of tlie vibrational temperature over the translatiorial
was estimated. Tli:is difterence (not exceeding 150 K) was talcen into account on
giviug the initial conditions Cor the calculation. The results of the calculation
perfornted uncler these conditions demonstr.ate quantitative agreement with the ex-
nerimental ctata.
t,. l:ifcct ul llyc;,:ugen ancl Water Vapor
'1'fic proclucts ol: combustiou oC tlie fuels can contain a significant amount of H2 and
i1~,U. 1'lie problem ar.ises of tiie efFect of these additives on the laser character-
is lics. The study of: the ef:Cect was made for the flow consisting of C0, H2O, H2
anci N,,. Tlie results arc presented in Figure 6. Let us note the increase in gain
wiLli aii increase :in liycJrugen cociceutration from 0 to 5 percent for mixtures basecl
- 8i
F(hR UFFiCIAL USF. ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
Fi)I2 01T[C'1:1l. Uti!�: OtiLti
on C0. In the experiments with nitrogen no noticeable variation of the gain was
recurded. It is also necessary to note the quite large gain of 1 percent/cm For
the investigated mixtures containing a significant (to 12 percent) amount of water
vapor.
K, H-1
2,9
1,5 ~
0
0 4 B [Hp],%
~
K, M",
op ~ a
0
ZS o ~ p~ o
0
0 0
0 L 30 40 50
6 fncoi /mE
F-igure 6. Lffect oF H2 and H20 admixtures on ttie gain: mixtures of CO:N2:}120 =
97:2:1 (a), CO:N2 = 1:1 in the presence of S-percent H2 and 3 percent
liz0 (b, o), 2.4 percent H2 and 12.2 percent H20 (b, 0),
- Y. Gain 1'rofile With Respecl to the Nozzle Cross Section
In all oL the .i.nvestigated experiments the gain was measured on the nozzle axis
whicli, as was noted in [11], doe's not give a complete idea about the inverse char-
acteristics of the flow. Accordingly, Eor two mixtures with relative flow rate of
the iujecLed C02 - 40 percent, experiments were performed to deter;nine the gain
protile with respect to the nozzle cross section. Tlie results are presented in
Figure 7.
/t, /
I
7
' L� t~ ' I
% Q~
j
20
I 1 1-~i
C 0,2 0, 4 D, 6 Y;'H
1?igui-e 7. Cain proLile with respect to the nozzle cross section: o--mixture 97
percent CU + 2 percent NL + 1 percent H2U; 13--mixture 99 percenl N~ +
' 1 perceut li2U; the arrows iudicate the plane oP symmetry ol the ne:-z:lc
(1) and the uozzle wall (2).
_ Tlie basic reasons causins nonunifonnity of the gain witll respect to cross section
are l-he Eollowing: nonuni.formity of the main flow in the nozzle, nonuniformity oF
tlie concentt-,iLion oC tliu injecte(l C0,) and the effect of the rur.bulent boundaty
Lr.iycr, lliu ti1g11.LI1CaRL LllllUt`L1CC of wtiicli was noLed in [7].
1L i; obvious rlirit tlit nununiforniity of tlie gain wiLh respect to the nozzle cross
section is a deticicucy Of the inve5tigaLed C02-GDL systcm. However, this nonuni.-
for.mi.ty cau be decreased by talcing special measures. In parCi.cular, the concen-
_ tration proLile can be equalized by varying the injection angle, arranging .injec-
Lioii Llirouf;li two rows oF lioles or a combination oi tliese I>rocedures. tt is neces-
sary also to note tlie tacC tliat even for very fiigh (>50 pcrcenL-) concentraLion of
the iiijecte(l C02 in tlie central zone o[' the Elow the gain retains a fii_gh value,
which :indl.caCes smallness of ttie rel,lxation losses For such CO2 concentrations.
a(q
FOR 0FFW1A 1., usE ONTY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL t1SE: ONt,I'
8. T.asing Power and Power Output
Lasing was observed both f.or a single-pass resonator and a triple-pass resona-
tor. On measurement of the energy of the laser pulse the entrance opening of the
measuring head of the Ir10-2 was butted against the exit mirror of the resonator.
Since the reproducibility.of the results in the series of experiments was good,
simultaneous recording of the energy and the shape of the pulse was not used in
the experiment. The shape of the lasing pulse was recorded in individual ex-
periments by the method of photoreceiver recording of the laser pulse scattered by
powdered metal. The transmission coefficient of the germanium mirror was 40 per-
cent. An energy of 2.2 joules was recorded for operation with a mixture of 99 per-
cent N2 + 1 percent H20 and a relative mass C02 flow rate of 40 percent. The
lasing pulse had a duration of 12.1 milliseconds and a shape close to triangular.
7'he uiaximum power corresponded to the conditions for which the maximum gain was
observed; in this case ttie flow rate of the basic mixture was 24 g/sec. Tnus, the
specitic power output at the time of reaching the maximum power is 15 joules per
gran oF basic flow. The specific energy stored in the nitrogen before the mixing
zone was estimated Uy the calculated vibrational temperature and considering the
quantum efficiency it was Eeff = 42 joules/g.
I'or a mixture c2 97 percent CO + 2 percent N2 + 1 percent H20 the lasing pulse
energy did not exceed 0.74 joule, that is, it was three times less than for the
mixture based on nitrogen. Since the experimental conditions were the same, the
stored energy was estimated at 19 joules/g; this sharp decrease in the power out-
put, in our opinion, was connected with a decrease in the value of KpL (L is the
resonator length) determini.ng the effectiveness of the resonator. It can be ex-
pected that with an-increase in the length, the power output from such mixtures
will be increased.
When working with nitro compounds, in the combustion products of which, as was in-
dicated, there is up tc 40 percent C0, a power of 0.98 kilowatt was reached, which
corresponds to a specific energy output of 42 joules per gram of main flow. This
value is only insignificantly inferior to the results of [12] obtained for nitro-
gen-based rnixtures; Eeff Was �100 joules/g in these experiments.
9. Conclusion
Thc resulrs obtained in this paper prove the possibility of effective operation of
(;0,-GUL with mixing utilizing mixtures containing carbon monoxide. The performednuinerical analysis demonstrated that when working with mixtures based on carbon
inanoxide the optimal laser characteristics are reached on injection of C02 in the
I:low cross section eaith M= 2.5. The performed experiments confirmed the correct-
n;_!tis of tliis conclusion and proved liigh effectiveness of mixtures with ca�rbon mon-
oxide. For a mixture of 40 percent CO + 37 percent N2 + 15 percent H2 + 1 percent
CU2 +(i.5 percent H20 for To = 2.6 kK and po = 6 atm, a gain of 2.6 percent/cm and
specific energy output of 42 joules/g were achieved for a stored power of -100
joules/g. The high inverse characteristics are maintained with a significant con-
tent of H2 (to 10 percent) and water vapor (to 12 percent) in tiie basic mixture.
The hig:i effectjLveness of the vibrational e xcitation of CO2 is maintained for h igh
relative injections of it. The application of the electric arc method of heating
89
XOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR UFFI('IAI. t!S[: UNt.I'
the nitrogen possibly will lead to additional improvement of the characteristics
as a resul t of the creation of vibrational nonuniformity in the gas mixture.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. V. N. Kroshko, R. I. Soloukhin, DAN SSSR, No 211, 1973, p 829.
'L. V. N. I:roshko, R. I. Soloukhin, N. A. Fomin, FIZIKA GORFNIYA I VZRYVA, No 10,
1974, p 473. +
3. J.-P. E. Taran, M. Charpenel, B. Borghi, AIAA Paper No 73-662, 1973.
4. A. S. D'yakov, A. K. Piskunov, Ye. N. Cherkasov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA,
No 2, 1975, p 1419.
5. K. 13aily, M. Pelat, J.-P. E. Taran, REWE DE PHYSIQUE APPLIQUEE, No 12, 1977,
p 1705.
6. A. S. D`yakov, A. I. Didyukov, B. K. Tkachenko, Ye. M. Cherkasov, KVANTOVAYA
� ELEKTRONIKA, No 5, 1978, p 1166. '
7. P. Cassady, J. ilewton, P. Rose, AIAA J. , No 16, 1978, p 305.
8. A. I. Vargin, V. V. Gogokhiya, V. K. Konyukhov, A. M. Pasynkova, KVANTOVAYA
ELEKTRONIKA, No 3, 1976, p 216.
9. A. I. Odintsov, A. I. Fedoseyev, D. G. Bakanov, PIS'MA V ZhTF, No 2, 1976,
p 145. r _
10. B. V. Abakumov, Yu. V. Kurochkin, A. V. Pustogarov, N. N. Smagin, B. A.
Tikhonov, V. V. Ukolov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, No 5, 1979, p 1903.
11. N. N. Ostroukhov, B. K. Tkachenko, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, No 5, 1978, p 924.
12. B. A. Vyskubenko, Ye. T. Demenyuk, G. A. Kirillov, Yu. V. Kolobyanin, S. B.
Kormer, N. A. Nitoctikin, DAN SSSR, No 248, 1979, p 81.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", "Kvantovaya elektronika", 1980
[33-10845]
10845
CSO : 1862
90
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOtt OFFI('L1l. iiSF 0\Ll'
UDC 535.417.2
CHARACTERISTICS OF UNSTABLE RESONATORS WITH FIELD DISTORTIONS IN THEIR ELEMENTS.
I. CYLINDRICAL MIRRORS
I4oscow KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA in Russian Vol 7, No 11, Nov 80 pp 2416-2421
(Article by S. B. Bunkin and Yu. B. Konev, High Temperatures Institute of the USSR
Academy of Sciences, Moscow; submitted 7 Apr 80]
[Text] Iiy numerical solution of the integral equations of an
unstable confocal resonator with cylindrical mirrors by the
method of fast Fourier transformations, a study was made of
the effect of the field distortions in the resonator elements
on its characteristics. The fi-eld distortions characteristic
of the operation of the resonator filled with a high-speed
flow of active medium were considered: asymmetric distortion
of the mirror surface simulating thermal deformation and
small-scale random phase nonuniformities of the active medium.
Lasing in the supersonic flow of mixtures of carbon
dioxide, nitrogen and water vapor was calculated for various
gains.
Unstable resonators are of practical interest for the generation of high-power,
bright light [l, 2]. Their properties have been the subject of intense research
by botti analytical and numerical methods. It is most important to study how the
disturbances o�- various types influence the operation of the resonator. In the
cases oE practical importance tliis study must be perfornied by numerical methods.
For this purpose, approx.imarion of the geometric optics [3], numerical solution
uE the par.abolic wave equations [4, 5] and calculations using the Fresnel-
_ KirchhoFf integrals were used (see, for example, [6-8]). Now the effects of L-he
misalignmenr of tlio resonator [9, lO], non uniformity of the wedge or lens type
[2], and small-scale per.iodi.c nonuniformities [11] have been well investigated.
'1'he mai ridvantage of the numerical methods is Llie fact that they permit investi-
gation of the elfecL of arbitrary specific disturbances of the resonator, it is
, triie, at the price of very labor-consuming and prolonged calculations and fre-
quently to tlie loss of p,enerality of the results. Only a few papers are known
which study tlie characteristicG of resonators Eilled with a nonuniEorm medium or
with deEormed mirrors. in this paper numerical methods were used to investigate
the distribution of rhe intensity and phase of the field at the output mirror and
_ the intensity distribution in th e far zone of the confocal resonator with this
type of distortions, the mirrors of which have cylindrical shape.
91
wOR OHFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
fOk OFFEC'IAL ['S!�: O`L1'
'1'hL! calculaLions werL' performed using the fast Fourier transformation algorithm
Cur the soluticsn oL the integral equations of the resonator in the Fresnel-
1Circhhotf approximation. It has been proposed that the concave mirror of the res-
onator is so large that its edges have no influence on the field distribution� gnd
the nonuniform medium is concentrated in the thin layers near the mirror surface
[7, 8]. These l.ayers are, therefore, the phase-amplitude shields with complex
characteristic
(D(x)=2aw (x) -f- i (g (x) - 0)12, (l)
where w(x) are the phase nonuniformities measured in wavelengths, positive with
an increase in the optical path between the mirrors; g(x) and S are the gains and
- losses; all of the values correspond to passage through the layer in one direc-
tion. Then the relation between the complex amplitudes of the waves En(x) and
L,n(x) propagated to the convex and concave mirrors will have the following form
on the n-th passak;e l:hrough the resonator:
I/M
En~-'(E) ~N S d~,En (t,) exp inN(t-t,)2] X (2)
1A,
exp(- i*1 (~I)-_;(D2Mb
E� ~~l N ~dSiF,,~ i (`s1) cxp inNM _!M12] X (3)
:;exp I
- where x/a (a is tlie half-width of the region occupied by the field on the con-
cave mirror in the geometric approximation); L is the spaci.ng between mirrors; M
is the magnification; N= a2/(aL) is the Fresnel number.; the phase is reckoned
from the surFace of equal phase of the corresponding waves in the undisturbed res-
onator in the geometric approximation; the subscripts 1, 2 correspond to layers
near the convex and concave mirrors. Initially uniform distributi.on of the com-
plex amplitude on one of the mirrors was given. Then after each complete passage
th rough the resonato r in the linear mode, the field amplitude distribution was
normalized on the mirror so that lEnImax = l; iterations were continued unti.l the
complex amplitude distribution after the following iteration agreed with the pre-
ceding oiie with the given accuracy. D?orrnalization was not done for lasing.
in cases where the active medium is prepared in advance, and then travels
across the resonator at higli speed, the radiation intensi.ty distribution turns
aut Lo be nonuniform and is concenrrated in the upstream halC of the resonator
(sae, 1 or Uxample, [5-7 1). Uncler these conditions the tliermal swelling of the
mirror surlacc w.il]_ a.tso take place more sharply in this half:. Tlie complete solu-
tivn 0.1 tlle problem oL- the effect of therma,l deformations on the operation of the
resonaLor is very complicated. '1'herefore it is of interest to give the distribu-
tion w(x) wliich on the average resembles the tliermal deformation and to see how
the intensity and pliase distribution on the exit mirror of the resonator and tte
Lielcl pattern in clie far zone vary.
~A
92
FOR OhF'iCtAI. USE 01LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
F(.llt OFF!('fAl, f Itif�: O`Jt.l
I.~iguru 1a inclicates tlie cori-esponding distributions Cor the unclisl-ui-bed reson~ Cor. =
' with rresnel number N= 30 and PI = 1.5. T(ie two upper curves ar.e Clic intensiCy
and phase at the ex.it mirror and the third is the intcnsity in the Lar zone. 1'hc
intensity distributions are normalized so that the maximum values will be 1. rig- -
ure lb indicates analoguus data for the resonator, the exit mirror of which has
additional convexity
W (x) _ --27/3z W. (1---(Mxia)2)(1-}-Mx/a)
with the maximum wm = 0.1 For xm = a/(3M). In this case the tendency toward an
increase in Llie Eield is nored in the half of the resoaator where the convexity of
Llie mirror is less. The maximum radiation in the far zone is shifted in the same -
direction. These cir.cumstances may relax somewhat the nonuniformity of the in-
tensity distribution caused by tlip active medium. Such calculations have demon-
srrated that witli an increase in wm the trend toward the field concentration is
intensified, and phase variaticn with respect to the exit mirror exceeds 37r for
win > 0.3. As a re5u].t tlie diver.gence of the radiation becomes sharply worse.
When U51.L1g Llie high-speed gas flows as the active medium, small-scale nonuniformi-
_ ties zire possible. 'Phei.r. ;.ff.ect on the operation of the resonator has been very
sliglitly slurlied. In Llie example of periodic nonuniformities [11] it was demon-
strated tilat vcry weak nonuniiormities with a phase lead not exceeding several
- hundredrlis of a wavelength can already noticeab?y change the resonator properties.
In [12] the point oE view was stated that as a result of tlle small-scale nonuni-
= formities in the far zone, the diffraction pattern characteristic of the unstable
resonators will be located on the diffuse background. We performed a number of
_ calculations in wh ich the value w(x) at the nodes of the grid, the spacin.g of
_ wliich was such that there were 64 nodes per mirror, were given in the form of un-
correlated random numbers distributed according to a normal law with zero mean
value and dispersion 6. Figure 2 shows examples of the field distributions for
the resonator with the parameters N= 30, PI = 1.5. In the case of Q= 0.01 all of
the clistribulions are .r.lose to those which are depicted in Figure la for the un--
d isCtirhecl re-sonator.. Por a= 0.03 the intensity at the exit mirror differs sig-
nilicanlly f rom that which occurred in the undisturbed resonator. APparently,
I`or Llie givc:u realizaL-ion w(x) a 1oca1 stable resonator was formed near the opti-
ca.l a.xis. Such cases wcre note.d in [11] with period4 c nonuniformity. In ttie far
zune, a nol-iceable diffuse background appeared. Increasing v to 0.1 leads to a
sliarp broadening of the radiation pattern which acquires the nature of individual
random difLraction peaks on a broad diFfuse background.
IL
For calculation of lasino in the active medium of a high-speed flow of
carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapor mixture, the kinetic equations for the
level poI)ulations presented in [13] were used. The rate constants of the relaxa-
tion processe5 witli participation of the carbon dioxide and nitroen molecules are
presented there. The relaxation rate constants of the levels (0011) and (0110) of
. carbon dioxi.de For collisions with water molecules are taken from [14, 151. The
calrulations were performed for a mixture of C02:N2:H2O = 0.1:0.86:0.04 at a pres- -
sure p= 0.04 atm, a temperature T= 280 K, and a velocity u= 1,750 m/sec. The
vibr.ational temperatures oF the deFormation and antisymmetric types of viUrations
_ of carbon clioxiae T2 = 320 K, T3 = 1,400 K and nitrogen T4 = 1,400 K were given at
93
FOR OPFiC[AL USE ONf.,Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
r�OK uFFtCiA 1. tItiE OtiiN
tlie input to the resonator. These conditions are characteristic of the second-
generation gas dynamic lasers.
I, relative units
. � 1,0
0~ S ~ f
: n
. So, relative units '
4
, Z 2 2
O
-1 0 1 x/a -1 0 1 x/�
I. relative units �
1,0
' 0.5 3
0
-4' 0 4 B/(l/?oJ - 4 U 4 61(,T.17a)
_ a 6
Pigure 1. Lntensi.ty distribution (1, 3) and pliase distribution (2) on the exit
m:irror of the resonator (1, 2) and in the Far zone (3) for N= 30 and
rt = 1. 5(see the text).
1, relative units
~ J, D
1
o,s .
_ p . '
1p,relative units
0;1
0,1 Z
U - - 0 l x/a
I, rela tive un i:ts
f0
0 ~ 4 II/(A/Zal
a
1, relative units
~
1
.
0,5
D
p, relative units
p
x/a
1', relative unils
1-
3
D, 5
Z 4 91(411a)
b
- Figu re 2. ihe same as Figure 1 for a= 0.01 (a), 0.03 (b).
Tn I7it;ure :i it i:; possihle to see the f:ield distributions in the plane of thc exit
mirror ancl in the Ear zone. The field concentration in the upstreani half ot tlie
_ rescmator is appreciaUl_y nore strongly expressed for small magnification. In
Lhe same case tlic departure oL the intensity in the far zone from the direction
of rlie optical axis of the resonator noCed earlier is: highly noticeable [4]. As
the mabnification increases, tiiis efL-ec:t in practice completely disappears, and
the rndLi.ation pattern becomes noticeably more narrow.
94
FOR UFF'fCIAL USE ONi.Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
~
rOiz oFrIc�IAL Us: oNiN
relative units
. '
QS
0 : p, relative units
-1 0 1 x/v
1. 1 ?
-1,9 -
I; relative units
- 4 a 4 e~~,/ro~
Q
re lative uni ts
0, 5
0 - ~ -
y:, relative units
0, 4 1
p -1 0 1 x/a
1; r.elative rits
1, D
0, 5
0 t I A k,
- 4 0 4 B/(.~/7a)
c
1, relative units �
110
i ~
015
0 ~
~4~elatii~e units n
0 -1 0 1
1, r
- elative units
1, D
0, 5 - 3
Q
b -a o c 91(?/1Q)
1 relative units
1, 0
0, 3 ~ 1
D ' -
SO, relaicive units
0, 4
0 -1 0 1 x/e
4 Z
I; relative units
1, 0
d
0, 5
0
- 4 0 4 91(117a)
d
Fi.gtire 3. Field distribut.,'_ons in an undisturbed resonator (a, c) and in the
1a sing mode (b, d) for N= 30, M= 1. 3(a, b) and 2.5 (c, d) . The no-
t:.irion is tlie same as'in Figures 1, 2.
nr I ,pl /2/P I Kcoupl~ Kcoupl
1.3
0,74
0,31
0,11
1,5
0,73
0.44
0,25
1,7
, 0,72
0,51
0,43
2
0,69
0,63
0,54
2,5
0,69
0,69
0,62
95
FOR OFFXC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
;
roR or� rICi,i. ilsF: otit.Y
J?igure 4 shows how the radiation power in the plane in front of the exit mirror
(1), the Power leaving the resonator (2) and the Urightness in the far zone (3)
vary as a function of the magnification in the range from 1.3 to 2.5. The bright-
- ne;:s i_n the far zone is de Eined as the r.atio of the power with respect to the 0. 7
lcvel of tlc toCa.l. l-o thu angle at wliich this power is emitted. All the values
. are iiormalized to their maximum values. In these calculations it was assumed that
amplification per pass at the Entrance to the resonator is qo = 0.9, the Fresnel num-
- ber N= 30, the index of losses per pass S= 0.03. The output power for the in-
dicated parameters depends little on the magnification, whereas with
respect to br~ghtness of the radiat3.on the optimum magnification is expressed
strougly. In the table tlie ralative magnitude of the power emitted by the up-
stream lialf of the resociator and the coupling coefficients of the resnnator in the
lasing made Kcoupl and tlie ernpty resonator Kcoupl are presented for several
values of the magniEir_ation. With small magnification the coupling coefficient in
the lasing, mode iiicreases appreciably more sharply than for high magniFi.ca-
tion. Frequently this explains the weak dependence of the output power on the
magnification of the resonator.
P; B, relative units
1
2
0, 75 3
1,5 2 1,SM
Figure 4. Power P and brightness B of radiation as a function of the magnifica- _
tion (see the text). _
The results of the calculations permit a defined representation to be compiled.of
; how the properties of the radiation of unstable resonators depend on the charac-
~ te ristic features of the high-speed gas flows as the active medium. In particu-
, 1ar, it :is possible to conclude from them that the problem of optimizing the power
ancl bri.glitness ot the radiation requires comprehensive consideration of the opti-
cal aud kinetic cliaracteristics of the active medium and the properties of the
resonator mirrors.
BIBLIOCRAPHY
1. A. E. Siegman, PROC. IL'EE, No 53, 1965, p 277.
2. Yu. A. ltiian'yev, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, No 6, 1971, p 3.
3. A. F. Mamzer, V. S. Rogov, A. S. Rumyantsev, KVANTOVAYA 1'sLEKTRONIICA, No 4,
1977, p 142.
4. Yu. N. Karamzin, Yu. B. Konev, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, No 2, 1975, p 256.
5. U. B. Yensch, APPL. UPTICS, No 13, 1974, p 2546.
96
FOR OFF'tCIAL USE 01V1.Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOtt ONrtc�iAE. ust: oNt.ti
6. A. E. Siegman, E. A. Sziklas, Al'P1.. OI'TICS, No 13, 1974, p 2775.
7. E. A. Sziklas, A. C. Siegman, APPL. OPTICS, No 14, 1975, p 1874.
8. A. E. Siegman, IEEE J., QU-12, 1976, p 35.
9. A. N. Chester, APPL. OPTICS, No 11, 1972, p 2584.
10. J. F. Perkins, C. Cason, APPL. PHYS. LETTS, No 31, 1977, p 198.
11. L. V. Koval'chuk, V. Ye. Sherstobitov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, No k, 1977,
p 2166.
12. A. E. Siegmaii, IEE1: J. , QE-13, 1977, p 334.
1.3. N. V. Karlov, Yu. ]3. Konev, I. V. Koclietov, V. G. Pevgov, preprint of FIAN,
No 183, Moscow, 1976.
14. A. N. Vargin, V. V. Gogokhiya, V. K. Konyukhov, L. M. Pasynkova, ZhTF, No 45,
1975, p 604.
15. S. A. Losev, "Gazodinamiches?ciye lazery" [Gas Dynamic Lasers], Moscow, Nauka,
1977.
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "S ovetslcoye radio", "Kvantovaya elektronilfa", 1980
[33-10845]
10345
CSO: 1862
97
FOR aFF[C[AL USE ONLY
,
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFF!('1:11. iISF. ONIt.l"
i
UDC 535.417.2
CHARACTERISTICS OF UNSTABLE RESONATORS WITH FIELD DISTORTIONS IN THEIR ELEMENTS.
II. SPHERICAL P4IRRORS
rloscow KVANTUVAYA ELEKTRONIKA in Russian Vol 7, No 11, Nov 80 pp 2422-2426
' [Articie by S. B. Bunkin and Yu. B. Konev, High Temperatures Institute of the USSR
Academy of Sciences, Moscow; submitted S Apr 80]

[Text] A numerical solution was fcund to the integral equations
of an unstable confocal resonator with sphers.cal mirrors by the
- method of fast Fourier transformation. The finld distortions
characteristic of the operatior of the resonator filled with a
high-speed flow of active medium were investigated: asymmetric
distortiou of the mirror surface simulating thermal deformation,
small-sca.le random phasP nonuniformities, phase nonuniformity
occurring as a result of compressi~on wave formation and expan-
- sion in a supersonic flow. Lasing was calculated in a
tiigh-speed flow of a mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and wa-
ter vapor.
.i
a
Unstable resonators have been studied theoretically for a number of years (see,
-Por example, [1, 2]). However, anly a few papers report the results af the stud-
_ ies of three-dimerLsional resonators [3-5]. In th is paper the characteristics of a
three-dimensional, conEocal, passive resonator with phase distortions in its ele-
, ments which can arise wiien using high-speed flows of active media and also a reso-
nator in ttie lasing mode, were investigated numerically. Analogous problems
were considered in the first part of this paper for a two-dimensional resonator.
The calculations were performed using the algorithm of fast Fourier transformation
for the so7.ution of the integral equations of the resonator in the Fresnel-
1:irchhoEf approximation. The resonator mirrors were considered to be rectangular.
It wa5 also proposed that the dimensions of the concave mirror are so great that
iCs edges have no iufluence on the field distribution, and the nonuniform medium
is concentrated in thin layers near the mirrors. The complex characteristics of
the transmission of these layers were represented in the Form
(Dk (�r, y) 2nWh (xI y) + i (gk (x, Y)-Pa)12,
98
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
(1)
;
i
~
i
~
i
~
i
~
i
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
rft OFF!CiAi. U1.111: o`t.ti
wlier.e wk(x, y) are Llic valuWs of tlie phase noiluiiforr.ii.ty measured in wavelengtlis,
pasiti.ve witl an incre;.ise iti the optical path between the mirror.s; gk and Rk are
the gain and loss factors, all of the values correspond to passage tlltOil,o.~h the
k-th layer in one direction. On the n-th passage through the resonator, the fol-
lowtng relation eaists betcaeen the complex amplitudes of the waves ~(x, y) and
En(x, y) propagated to the convex and concave mirrors: '
1/M
En NxNy d~j ~ di1lEn Q1, 711) G+ t), (2)
--I /nf --i/n+
En i Y N..Ny ( dt I clrl iEnl G (3)
wliere F= x/a; n= y/b; a, b are the llalf.-widths of tlte region occupied by tlie
field in the concave mir.ror in the geometr.ic approximation; M is the magnification;
NX = a2/(aL); Ny = b2/(aL) are tlie Fresnel numbers; L is the spacing between the
mirrors;
G+ 11, ~i, ill) expl-inNY (11-y1l)2 1 exp l-ieD, x
X(~t, Ilt)-i(1)2 1)); G- il, ~1, ill) exp I--inMNx (ti-~/M)`-
-inMNy (11l--rj/M)21exp l-i(Ui il)-i(Ui (ti, 1101;
the phase is reckoned Lrom the surface of equal phase of the corresponding waves
in the undisturbed resonator in the geometric appxoximation, 1 and 2 correspond
to the layers near the convex and concave mirrors. The solution was f.ound by the
method of iterations, beginning with uniform distributicl"i of the complex amplitude
with respect to one of the mirrors. The calculations coi:_*.inued until the complex
amplitude distribuCion after the next iteratiun coincided with the preceding one
with given accuracy. The calculations were performed for a resc,nator with the pa-
rameters NX = 10, Ny = 5, P4 = 1.5.
Fisure 1 shows tiic intensity distributions before thc exit mirr.or and in thc far
zone oE tlie iindisturbecl resonator in the form of the contour lines of the corre-
sponcling Liiree-dimensional surCaces.
'1'he distorLions in tlie resonator elements characteristic of its operation with
high-speed flow of active medium include the density discontinuities which are
formed on transition of the supersonic flow from the nozzle to a channel of con-
stant cross section, deFormation of the reflecting surface of the mirrors under
the efEect of radiation on them concentrated in the upstream half of the resonatar
and also small-scale fluctuations of ttie index of refraction of the active medium.
- Density discontiiiuities have been er.perimentally studiecl [6). rig. 2 sliows distri-
Uutions taken from [6) for the refractive i.ndex in diff.erent planes of a c hannel of
fixed cross section with a low ledge on the lower wail at the nozzle outlet(normali-
zation in Fig. 2 is arnitrary, and corresponds to L-he pliase lead along lines of sight
across the L-low raL}ter t}ian to relative change of gas density). Ttiese data
99
FOIR ONFtC1AL U5E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
Hitt OFt tc'L% i. tItiI". O`t.ti
we r.u u:sL-el iii tlic r0.:;oncit0r calculation~. F.igure 3 stows Lhe r.esulLs ol tlte calcu-
lation Lor Llie case wliere the maximum pliase advance per pass was wmax = 0.1. I3y
comparison with tlie tindisturbed resonator the intensity distributions in the
plane of the exit mirror and in the far zone varied significantly. Tlie effect oF
the asymmetry of the .index of refraction witli respect to the core of the channel
is very obvious. A phase advance of this size or even larger is entirely possible
in supersonic flows of the lctive medium and it greatly worsens the divergence of.
_ the radiation.
.U; 9
Q'I5r-__
DE--
1?igure 1.
~
, 0.75 0 P. 75 x~a

6
o e
0-
-5 t' -
_~s ~
-45 0 7, 3 d, /(A /7a)
Radiation intensity at the exit mirror (a) and in the far zone (b) of
the resonator: level lines: 30% 50% (o), 90% (1), 10% (A) and
20% (m) ui: COc m98 percent and speed -0.1 sec. The calibration of both sensors is real-
ized by a calorimetric absolute power meter.
During the work on creating the laser, a great deal of attention was given to sat-
isfying the requirements imposed on technological machinebuilding equipment such
as stability of the operating characteristics, the endurance and operating reli-
abili*_y, economical use of production area, low operating costs, simpliczty and
reliability for servicing. The weakest elements of the laser from the point of
view of endurance are the exit opening, tlie cathode plate and the resonator mir- ~
ror. The systems for fastening the exit opening and the mirrors and also the sec-
tional construction of the cathode plate permit rapid replacement of them. For
this purpose a spare set of replaceable elements is provided. The laser is equip-
ped with an emergency protection system permitting the basic assemblies to be kept
operating on occurrence of emergencies, for example, if the loop begins to leak,
the water or electric power supplies are interrupted. The modular execution of
the basic functional assemblies of the laser permits the BG and the control unit
107
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
roR oFFiriAL t'sE: o~f.N'
to be installed separately from the systems supporting its operation (converters)
power supplies, pumps, gas ramp, and so on). The control of the operation of all
of the laser elements is by one operator from a control panel. The general noise
level in direct proximity to the BG does not exceed the admissible values.
'I'he ba::i.c uper,iti.ng conditions and characteristics of the laser are presented
in its engineering sPecificati.ons.
- lingineering SpeciticaCions
Working mixture
C02: (N2 + air) = 1:19
Pressure of the mixture, mm Hg
-25
Gas velocity at the enL-rance to
the discharbe
ciiamber, m/sec
-80
Gas t low rate in tlie loop, b/s ec
-400
llegree of nakeup of the mi:cture,
% -0.5
(;ooling water consumption, kg/se
c -3
Uverall dimens ions o f L he BG, m:
In plan
2.7x3
Height
2.8
Area for placing tlie laser, m2
-100
_ hlaximuni output power, kw
10
Toral intake, kw
-140
Laser efficiency, %
7
The output power of the laser is
varied from 1 to 10 kw (Figure 3, curve 1) by
varying the voltage of the main
power supply of the discharge chamber. The maxi-
mum electric power contributed t
o the discharge is limited by the discharge sta-
liili.ty and is 70 kw. The power
released in the normal mode in the ballast resis-
tances is 35 kw. Approximately
35 kw are required to power the electric compres-
~ sors, the vacuum system and serv
ice systems. Thus, the total efficiency of the
lzser does not exceed 7 percent
with an electro-optical efficiency of ~15 percent.
'i'he cxperi.ments pur. formed when operating the laser in the air with maximum mois-
ture conLcnt demonstratud tlie tlieoretical possibility of uaing a working mixture
of CO` ancl air wit}i relative humidil-y of -10 percent (at room temperature) under
closad-r_ycle conditions. The output power of the laser in this case did not drop
more than 20 percent. On replacement of the air in the worlcing mixture by helium
_ at apartial pressure of pHe - 25 mm Hg, the output power of tlie laser iacreased.
The study of the time characteristics of the laser emission demonstrated the
presence of output power pulsations to 10-15 percent occurring with frequencies
of 100-300 liertz and also slow, reversible variation of its magnitude within the
limits of -10-15 percent in the time -10 minutes. The presence of "high-frequency"
pulsations does not appear dangerous when using the given laser under process con-
ciitions, for the time of eft-ect of the radiation on tize mactiined part iisually
greatly exceeds the- period of these oscillations. The "low-frequency" variations
of the output power witliin the indicated limits are admissible for many techno-
1ogical processes. However, their magnitude can be easily decreased by introduc-
ing Feedback into tlie basic power supply. The sensors in the feedback system
108
FOR UFF[C[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOl2 OFFICI:IE. i'Sf: U;V
may }iave considerable 1idevslci,y, V. A. Yrorvic}i, V. V. Samedov, A. V. Sartori,
~ V. S. Chuchuryukin, "Measuring the spectra of x-radiation of pulse facilities" 5E
L. A. Korytko, F. G. 'Kulidzhanov, N. S. Medvedeva, V. N. Somov, A. N. Tolstikov,
"NGR spectrometer i'or observing ttie A46ssbauer effect from ga,mma quanta that ari:.e
in the reaction 56I'e(n,y)57Fe on tlie neutron beam of the IRT-2000 reactor at -
Moscow Engineex�ing Physics Insticute" 87 ~
N. Yu. Yegorov, A. V. Kadushkin, V. I. Nekrasov, Yu. A. Serbulov, "A high-efficiency
semiconductor gamma spectrometer with active shielding" 92
V. V. DroboL, A. V. Kadushkin, I. V. Kalinnikova, "Determination of the effec-
t;iveriess of registral.ion of gamma quanta, in the total absorption peak by a Ge(Li)
- L-oroidal det;ector usinl; a Monte Carla method" 99
V. G. 13ondarenko, V. A. Grigor'yev, V. . A. Kaplin, Moscow Engineering Physics
Insti.tute, V. V. Guchchin, N. N. Prikhodchenko, T. S. Silina, T. L. Finashina,
5iberi3si :icientific Research Institute of Plastics, "Investigation of transparency
of cemented joints o!' scintillation strips based on polystyrene" 105
;
- A. N. Gudkov, V. M. 'Lhivun, V. V. Kovalenko, A. V. Koldobskiy, V. M. Kolobashkin,
M. A. ICuptev, A. A. Kotlyarov, "Detertnining the absolute quantum yield of garnma
radiation with enera of 196�1 keV from krypton-88 by the method of amplitude-
time analysis of the gamma radiation spectrum of an unseparated mixture of
fission products" 109
Ye. A. Mazur, M. A. Koptev, V. M. Kolobashkin, A. N. Gudkov, "Dyna.mics of Trans-
port of gaseous fission p.r.oducts in spherical fuel compositions with a combined
protective shield" 115
A. Ye. Konyayev, A. A. Kotlyarov, A. D. Kurepin, "A method of doing gage experi-
men-t^ in gamma spectroscopi.c measurements of the ,yield of gflseous fission products
fmm fuel. compos:itions" 127
A. N. Cucikc>v, V. M. Ko:Lobashlcin, M. A. Koptev, A. A. lCutl,yarov, A. D. Kurepin,
Ye. A. Mazur�, U. G. ~-1aku,..hkiri, A. A. Khrulev, "Lxperimental_ verification of
variotis iiioclels of f'i.:s:i.ori product tra.nsport in fuel compositions" 132
N. G. Volkav, A. N. f;udkov, V. V. Kovalenko, V. M. Kolobashkin, N. I. Morozova,
T. M. Televinova, K. G. Finogenov, "Computer simulation in the interactive mode
oI' an experiment on determini.ng fission product yield" 137
N. A. Kudrycishov, V. I. Tdekrasov, "Convective diffusion and absorption as a
x�adi.oactive gas moves in formations of finite length" 145
S. K. Ilctikasov, A. V. Kadus}ikin, V. I. Nekrasov, Yu. A. Serbulov, "Gas chromato-
l;raphic rnethod of prepar.�ing specimens of krypton-85 dissolved in sea water" 157
S. K. Actikasov, A. V. hadushkin, V. I. Nekrasov, Yu. A. Serbulov, "Temperature
regu].ation of systecris for� preparing specimens of radioactive noble gases" 160
117
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFF.itAL USF. ONLY
Ye. V. Pulyiishkina, K. C. Finog,enov, "A generator of pseudorandom two-parameter
codes with arbitrary distribution iaw" 165
N. G. Volkov, 0. N. Gol'tyayeva, A. K. Churakov, "Resolution of multiplets in
i;wo-dimensional gaAana-gamma coincidence spectra" 171
N. G. Volkov, Yu. I. Malakhov, M. A. Prokhvatilov, "A method of intervaJ. estimates
for reconstructing continuous photon emission spectra" 176
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, 1979
[9o-G6io]
6610
CSO: 1862
118
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONi.Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFiCIAL LJSE ONLY
_ UDC 533.9
PHYSICS OF HIGH-CURRENT RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON BEAMS
MosCOW FIZIKA SIL'NOTOCHNYKH RELYATIVISTSKIKH ELEKTRONNYKH PUCHKOV in Russian 1980
(signed to press 17 Dec 79) pp 2-4, 164-165
[Arinotation, preface and table of contents from book "Physics of High-Current Rela-
tivistic Electron FSeams", by Anri Amvrosiyevich Rukhadze, Larisa Semenovna Bogdan-
kevich, Stanislav Yefimovich Rosinskiy and Vladislav Georgiyevich RukiiIin, Atom-
izdat, 1400 copies, 168 pages]
[Text] `i'he book systematically outlines the principles of physics of pulsed high-
current electron beams and their interaction with plasma. A detailed examination
is made of variou.s equilibrium configurations, shaping and stability of such beams.
Some applied problems of high-current electronics are discussed, such as the ques-
tion of neutralizing and focusing electron beams, relativistic microwave elec-
tronics, the problem of relaxation of electron beams in a plasma,, and heating of a
plasma to thermonuclear temperatures.
For specialists working in the f2eld of physics of high-current electron beams.
May be of use to graduate students a.nd upperclassmen in the pertinent colleges and
universities. Tables 3, Figures 29, references 112.
Preface
In recen-t ,yearr, various areas of science and engineering have been making extensive
use of high-current pulsed electron beams with the following characteristic param-
eters :
Electron energy
105-
107 eV
Beam current
103-
106 A
Pulse duration
10-8
-10-6 e
Beam energy
102-
106 J
Pulse power
108-
1013 W.
, These fields i nclude inertial thermonuclear fusion initia,ted by a powerful elect ron
beam, relativistic microwave electronics, powerful semiconductor, chemical and gas
lasers with electron-bea.m ptunping, new principles of acceleration of heavy charged
particles, power transmission over great distances., t'echnology of exceptionally
: pure materials and so on. With every passing day the literature includes more and
119
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
inore research devoted to the phys,ics of high-current electron beams and their
numerous applications. By now this research has reached the level where it can be
termed a nEw branch of science pulsed high-curr.ent electronics with its own
specific experimental techniques and methods of theoretical analysis.
Despite the enormous number of publications both original studies and surveys on
- separate applied problems of high-current electronics monographs in this field
a.re still excessively scarce. It is only very recently that the first monograph
came out in our nation by A. N. Didenko, V. P. Grigoriyev and Yu. P. Usov: "Moshch-
= nyye elektronnyye puchki i ikh primeneniye" [Powerful Electron Beam.s and Their Ap-
plication], Moscow, Atomizdat, 1977.
The book gives a rather detailed account of the technology of producing powerful
eleci:ron beams, the transportation of beams in vacuum drift systems and systems
filled with neutral gas and dense plsama, and a1so, the use of powerful electron
- storage rings for colle ctive- field acceleration of ions, although other areas of
application of powerful electron beams are discussed only briefly. The principal
emphasis is given to presentation of experimental results of studies of the physics
of high-current electron beams: description of facilities and diagnostic methods,
and also discussion of ineasurement results.
In this sense, our book does the reverse, being mainly theoretical. We present the
principles of the physics of pulsed high-current electron beams, an alyze various
eqiiilibrium configurations of such beams and their stability, discuss questions of
using high-current electron beams in microelectronics, and in this connection we
present in some detail the methods of calculating electromagnetic fields and
currents induced when high-current electron beams are injected into a spatially con-
fined plasma and a neutral gas.
The presentation of only the theoretical methods of high-current electronics has
enabled us to give a more extensive treatment of the problems of physics of pulsed
high-current electron beams, and we leave it to the reader to judge the extent to
- which we have succee ded.
Tkie first and third chapters of the book were written by A. A. Rukhadze, the second
and sixth were written b,y S. Ye. Rosinskiy, the fourth by V. G. Rukhlin, and the
fifth by L. S. Bogdankevicti. Coritents
Preface 3
Chapter l. Powerful High-Current Electron Beams 5
�l. Physical paramet ers of high-current electron beams 5
�2. Classification of preserit-day high-current electron accelerators 11
Chapter 2. Equilibrium Configurations of Relativistic Electron Beams 16
U. Introduction 16
�4. Equilibrium confi gurations of beams with sharp boundaries 17
�5. Equilibrium configurations of beams with fuzzy boundaries 26
�6. Steady equilibrium states of longitudinally inhomogeneous electron beams 30
Chapter 3� St ability of Relativistic Electron Beams and the Problem of Critical
Currents 32
�7. Intx�oduction 32
120
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONi.1'
�8.
Pierce instabi.] ii:y of rieutra:L electron beauns
33
' 89.
Budker-Bunemaaz Ii1stability
36
310.
Canvective insta,bilities of electron beams
39
_ �11.
instabilities of electron beams in a dense plasma
)43
Chap
ter 4. Unstead;/ Pr-ocesses with Injection of a Relativistic Electron Beam
into a P1acma
49
�12.
Introduction
49
�13.
Injection of a relativistic electron beam into a, spatially unbounded.
pla sma
50
�14.
Injection of a relat;ivistic electron bea.rn into a spatiall,y confined plasma
64
�15.
Ilynam.ics of induced fields when a relativistic electron beam is injected
into a plasma
78
�16.
Discussion of expe.riments oci injection of a re:Lativisti.c electron beam
:trito a plasma
90
Chap
t;er ;;tirnulated hmission a.nd Anpl.ification o� Electromagmetic Radiation
by lLi ;;h-Current Relativistic L].ectron Reams
�9
� L7.
Pa:, i cprincip_Le:- and f;o:Lls of relativistic microwave plasrna electronics
99
g18.
Pdra,Lurat elecl-,romagnei,ic v:i.brations of plasma wavef;uides
100
�19.
LOxc.i.tai,ion of na.tural electromagnetic vibrations of plasma wa.veguides
11h
�20.
E'lasma occillators of electromagnetic emission
121
_ Chapter 6. Non;.ineaz� Elfecta in I'ropagation of a Monoenergetic Relativi.stic
Electron Bea.m in a Plasma Waveguide
133
�21.
iJlecha.nisms of saturation of beaan instabili.ty and bea.m relaxation, a,mplitude
and nonlinear frequency shift
133
�22.
Idorilinear dynamics of beam instability
145
�23�
Quasilinear .relaxation of a relativistic electron beam in a plasma wave-
gui de
152
References
160
COPYRIGHT: Atornizdat, 1980
[ 8y-661o ]
66 lu
C:JCt : 186:'
121
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONi,Y
OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY
uDC 530.182.551.510.42
NONLINEAR OPTICAL EFFECTS IN AEROSOLS
Nuvosibir5k NI;LINEYNYYL OPTICHFSKIYE EPFEKTY V AEROZOLYAKH in Russian 1980 (S1E;C1P,d
to p2�e:;:. t Al.~; 80) PP 2-5, 183-184
[Annot:it,.ion, introduction atid table of contents -'from book "Nonlinear Cptical Effects
in Aerosols", b,y Vladimir Yevseyevicli Zuyev, Yuriy Dmitriyevich Kopytin and Alek-
stuidr Vi tol' dovich Kuz.ikovskiy, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1500 copies, 184 pages ]
['1'ext ] `l'tle boolc examines Physical aspects of nonlinear optics of scatteririg media.
11p.plicai:iuns of' this fic]_d of knowledge are principally associatEd wi-th problems of
propagation of intense laser emission through a turbid atmosphere. The physical
mechanisms of intera,ction of radiation with macroscopic particles are described, as
well as processes of nonlinear propagation of laser emission caused by its action
on ari aerosol.
The book has been wx�itten for an extensive range of specialists dealing with prob-
lems of optical communications and propagation of laser beams in the atmosphere.
It may be of interest to graduate and undergraduate students majo.ring in optics
and ].aser physics.
'[nt;r�oduc tion
'l'he kie.aillnrT pr�ogrees iri .research a.nd deve].opment of powerfu]. 1tLSer sources of co- P
hcmnt cm:is:.i.on, a.rici tliei.r u:.e as a major tool in atmoapheric-optics studi.es and -
lonr;-r,uifre at,mospLicr:ic prahinfr has brought ttte physics of nonlinear i.nteractiori o.f
lfz:,e.r ra.d.i at,ion wi i,h natur�al meaia, a.nd especially wit.l, tYie atmospherc, into trie
realm of' most urgent researc}i problemc.
Propagation of high-intensity laser emission in matter is accompanied by chant;es in
the optical parameters of the medium that go be,yond thP Gcope of linear electro- _
dynamics. Nonlinear effects caused b,y the direct action of a, field on polarization
of the mediwn are historica.lly the first, and until now the most extensivel,y studied -
of : uch phenometia. Another class of phenomena of nonlinea.r propaga{;ion o.f light
{;hat :is quite impor.tant from a practical standpoint is ef.fects trirat arise (lue to a
chailf;;c iri thermodynamic par�ameters of thc medium upon linear absorption of emission.
Scatter�ing media of the aerosol atmosphere type, where the microscopic optical
, parameters are determined by avcra.ging over a number of pa.rticles, ha.ve besides
arlditional "degrees of i'reedom" that are sub ject to the action of the fi.elcl.
'.['h(-, r.;uh,ject; matter of tiori].inear optics of c,cattering medi o. i s made ur) of the corr(,-
e.l_W::, of 00-,.i.ca.l_ efPects c.auscd by processes of ra.dir::i;ive heatin~,
122
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
:lAL USE ON1LY
vaporization, dissociation, fragmentation and ionization of the aerosol component,
. eft'ects of pondermotive action of radiation, the �ormation of light-induced thermal
and hydroc~ynamic inhornogeneities in the index of refraction of the mediiun in the
vicinity of' particles and within the scales of the beam, the change in boundaries
of coexistence of an aggregate state of matter, the transition of substances to
- vari.ou:; states raJonl.; given thermod,yna.mi,c tra,jectories, as wel]. as a number of
ot;her phcnurnena.
`I'he first ctiapter of tlie monograph presents the results of calculations by Mie
_ tlieory on the spatia.l structure of light fields inside weakly absorbing s.pheres
, that are important for an understa.nding of low-threshold manifestations of nonlinear
opti.cs effects in cha.nnels, an d studies of the pondermotive action of an intense
optica.l wave on transparent particles, which is expressed in acceleration, coagu-
- lation and orientation of pa.rticles, and resonant buildup of surface oscillations.
Ttle second ch apte.r gives the principal results of reseaxch on the nonlinear action
of intense laser pulses on the solid fraction of absorbing particles. An examina-
tion is made of questions of the formation of thermohydrodynamic perturbations of
the index of refraction of the medium in the vicinity of radiation-absorbing par-
ticles, and nonlinearity of light scattering by these perturbations at radiation _
- intensities that do not eYceed the threshold values of a change in agg.regate state
- a,nd ionization of ttte particle materia].. Major emphasis is given to processes of
self-stress in a laser bc-am as it propagates in media witY) discrete absorbing
centers: self-broadening and self-limi.-tation of the intensit,y of a finite bea.m -
upon nonlinear� scattering, cha.nge in the statistics of the radiation an d of the
me dium, the acoustic mechanism of self-focusing of the light.
~ `.Cwo sections of the second chapter deal with the results of analysis of processes
of vaporization, dissociation and ionization of the aerosol material in intense
optical fields. The last section illustrates the possibility of photostimulation
_ of processes of heterogeneous condensation on seed nuclei by the behavior of co-
existence curves of phase equili.brium in intense optical fields.
`L'he third chapter gives the results of studies of the kinetics of vaporization of
a ra.diation-heated droplet that is a typical element of an aerosol atmosphere; a
self-consistent picture is presented of processes of heat and mass transfer from
the surface of the droplet, for-mation of the internal temperature field, chan ge of
vc.Lporization mode as a fiinetion oF the conditions of action, motion of nonuniformly
hea,ted droplets. 7'tie theoretical conclusions that are compared with the results of
cxperimental studies of -the kinetics of vaporization of a droplet under the action
of lase.r emission form the basic input data required for understar.ding and describ-
ing P.r�ocesses of propagation of intense infrared .radiation in clouds, fog and pre-
(--.i pi t ation .
`I'fio f'our�t}i chapter deals with thermal interaction of laser beams and wate.r aero-
:,ol.s. Ttiis nonlinear ef'fect is obviously most important in the applied aspect,
L; ince :i.t could be l,he ba.sis i'or a practical method of dispersing water aerosols.
The c}iapter presents tre results of research aimed at developing scientific princi-
h,les of the method and i.ncluding analysis of the formation and motion of dissipation
wavcr, conPigurational and oPtical properties of the dispersal channel, secondary
e!'f'ect:, o:f recondensai;iori and distortions of the optical wave. Data are also given
fr.om expe.r:irncnt;, on disr,ersa? of model media tha.t confir.m the correctness of the
~23
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAL USH: ONi.V
theoretical principles, and lead us to hope that the level of knowledge attained
in tr,is field wi17. enable proper evaluation of both the outlook and limitations of
the method of dispersing water aerosols by laser radiation.
Tbe ana].ysis of nonlinea.r interaction of laser radiation with water aerosols is
~
I.imi t(~d to rerru.l.ar� rnc,dr.;; r,f droplet vapnrization, and is based mainl,y on results
~
f'ouricl t,y tYie authors. 2'his book does not deal with the problem of rapid dispers
al '
of aerosol media; the solution of this problem involves investigation of explosi
ve
modes of particle vaporization. Research on thermodynamic and gasdynamic analys
is ~
of processes of explosion, and on determining the optical consequences of pulse
action on an aerosol has only just begun, but the timeliness of this research
,
leads us to hope for a speedy solution of the problem. The authors also expect
rapid progress in the study of nonlinear propagation of light in the presence of
fluctuation distortions since the conditions of the actual atmosphere require co
m- ~
bineci consideration of regular a.nd stochastic self-stressing effects. The obse.r
ved
rise in the nwnber of papers on nonlinear opti.cs of scattering media is evidence
of
Formation of this field as an independent area of atmospheric optics.
Some of tlie results and conclusions presented in the monograph are published here ~
for the fir�st time. The f'irst and second chapters were written by V. Ye. Zu}rev
and
Yu. D. Kopytin, the third and fourth chapters were written by V. Ye. Zuyev and
;
A. V. Kuzikovskiy.
Content;s
:[ni;roduction
3
Chapter l. Pondermotive Effect of Laser Emission on an Atmospheric Aerosol
h
1.1- Introduction
- -
1.2. Distribution of the intensity of an electromagnetic field interacting with
a dielectric sphere (Mie theory)
7
1.3� Radiation pressure on aerosol particles
13
1.4. Change in transparency of a turbid medium due to acceleration and coagu-
lation of particles in intense optical fields
22
1.5- Iriduced vibrations and instability of the shape of trFZnsparerit drop].ets
in u field of luminous emission �
28
Chapter 2. Thermp:l Interact,ion of Laser Radiation with Solid Parti.cles of
AeroUola
37
2.1. Introduction
-
2.2. Hydrodynamic and optical characteristics of perturbations of a. medium
close to radiation-absorbing particles
39
2.3. Transfe.r of intense light in a medium with nonline arl,y scattering centers
49
2.4. Change :in stati: tics of the emission and the medium when an absorbing
aerosol is acted on by optical radiation
54
2.'i- Unsteady acoustic se.lf'-focusing of radiation in agas medium with
absorbing ceriters -
62
2.6. Experimental studies of thermal self-stressing of laser pulses in gas-
dispersed media -
67
' 2.'j. Tlieory of vaporization of solid spherical particles
71,
2.8. Ionization of gas-dispersed media in intense optical fields
84
' 2.9- Laser i.nitiati.on of processes of heterogeneous photocondensation
102
Chapter 3� Vaporization of a, Spheri.cal Droplet i.n a ftadiation Field
109 -
3,1. Quasisteady heat -and mass exchange in a. gaseous med:ium
110
124
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY,
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/48: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
j.;?.
~)C'l7[)~.(�~, L('IIIEii?t'fLl.llr'"
.1 -t r)
_ 3.3.
SLeady stute u!' d.roE,let v,aporization in a. radiai;:ion 1'ield
11'(
3.4.
Quasistea,dy st~'Ll;e of c1r0T)let vaporization in a radiation field
3�5-
Pre-explosive modes of vaporization of a spherical droplet in a
radiation field
128
:;.f,,
Mol;i.on ui' str.�r,nF;~1y absorbing droplets in a radiation field
134
Ctiapte~r 4. TYiermn.l. Di.spersal of 4later Aerosols by Laser Emissioii
139
4.1.
Formulation of' the problem
-
4.2.
Tlie energy variable
142
11.3.
Nonlinear coef'ficient of aerosol attenuation
149
h.4.
Solution of the standard problem
155
4.5.
Configuration of' the zone o.f total dispersal
157
4.6.
Dispersal of a rand.omly irihomogeneous aerosol
160
4.'j.
F;ifects that :l.imit the radiative dispersal of water aerosols
165
4.8.
Exper:imental research on ciispersal of artificial fogs
170
Refe
rences
173
COI."~: R.f. (~HT : T zdate.l' stvo "Nauka", 198o
[ 85-6610 ]
66]_U
cso: 1862
125
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONI.Y
OPTOELECTRONICS
UDC 621.393
NEW BOOK ON MICROWAVE RAnIOHOLOGRAPHY AND OPTICAL DATA PROCESSING
Leningr.ad RADIOGOiAGRAFIYA I OPTICHESKAYA OBRABOTKA INFORMATSII V MIKROVOLNOVOY
TEKHNIKR in Russian 1980 (sj.gned to press 24 Oct 80) pp 2-4, 179-180
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from the book ~,Radioholography and
Optical Data Processing in Microwave Engineering", edited by USSR Academy of
Sciences Corresponding Member L. D, Bakhrakh and Candidate of Engineering Sciences
A. P. Kurochkin, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 2150 copies, 180 pages]
[Text] Questions of the application of holagraphy and optical data processing
in microwave engineering are treated in the collection: techniques and equipment
for thr, visualization of microwave f ields and producing images of objects; the
hologr.lphic method of determining the near field parameters of antennas;
quest16ns of the design and specific operational f eatures of acaustical-optical
radio signal processing devices; and the study of the correlated optical recog-
nition of. images received from space.
Fnrewor.d '
'I'he papers presented in tllis coJ_lection encompass the fo].towing topics: ,1107.0-
y;raphi.c metliods and equipment for visualizing microwave and accoustical ifie:lds,
-is we11 as obtaini.ng images of objects irradiated hy microwaves; vari.ous lspects
of the hol.ographic technique of determining th e near field parameters of micro-
wave antennas; optical procet;sing of the signals of antenna arrays; questions of
the design of acoustical-optical radiosignal processors. .
The papers of A.V. Avrorin and his coauthors as well as L.D. Bayda and coauthors
are devoted to the questions of the design of high speed equipment complexes
intended Eor the.,generation of microwave and acoustical holograms and images.
A new type of display for millimeter and sutimillimeter 'riolograms, films
of various liquids, is studied in the paper of A.S. Klyuchnikov and P.D.
Kukh arcliik .
The paper hy O.V. Bazarskiy and Ya.L. Khlyavich is clevoted to an analysis of
a generalized criterion for the estimation of the resolving power of radio-
hologramG.
126
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The results of experimental stud,ies of the corrslation optical recognition of
images from space are given in the paper by A.I. Balabanov and coauthor.
The papers of A.G. Buday and his coauthors as well as Yu.V. Sysoyev are devoted
to the development of a holographic technique for the determination of near
field antenna parameters.
The next group of papers encompasses various questions of optical signal
processing for antenna arrays and radio emission sources. The two theoretical
papers of A.Yu. Grinev and his coauthors are devoted to an analysis of algo-
rithms for signal processing and estimating the parameters of radio-optical
antenna systems of various configuratione.
- A hybrid optical-digital system for processing th e signals received from pulsars
is preposed and studied by N.A.`Yesepkina and her coauthors.
The collect3.on concludes with the papers by Ye.T. Aksenov and h3s coauthors as
well as S.V. Kudakov, which are devoted Co acoustical-optical data processors
based on nonlinear acoustical interaction and a study of the influence of
elastic wave attenuation and the nonlineariCy of light modulators on the para-
meters of accoustical-optical correlators.
The editors hope that the papers found in this collection will attract the
attention of specialj.sts and will facilitate the further refinement and more
widescale practical apptication of the techniques of holography and optical data
processing in microwave engineering.
Table of Contents
Foreword
3
Avrorin A.V., Breytman B.A., Volkov Yu.K.,, `C:"-:ntsev V.N., Gruznov V.M.,
Kopylov Ye.A., Korshever I.I., Kotlyachkny Kuznetsov V.V., Remel' I.G.,
"Long Wave Real Time Holography" 5
Bayda L.I., Belash G.P., Valyayev A.I., Kachanov Ye.I., Yurkov Yu.V.,
"Electronic Equipment for Recording the Amplitude-Phase Distributions
of Acoustical Fields" 26
_ Klyuclintkov A.S., Kukharchik P.D., "Interferometric-Holographic Methods
of Vtsualizj.ng Microwave Fields" 40
Baz:irskiy O.V., Khlyavich Ya.L., "The Resolving Power of Radioholograms
and Ways of Increasing It" 50
Buday A.G., Bulkin V.M., Kolosov Yu.A., Kremenetskiy S.D., KurocY~kin A.P.,
Litvinov O.S., "The Restoration of an Antenna Directional Pattern from
Measurements of the Near Field at a Cylindrical Surface" 63
127
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Sysoyev Yu.V., "Questions.of the Realization of a Radioholography Technique
for the Determination of Antenna Directional Patterns" 79
Grinev A.Yu., Voronin Ye.N., Kurochlain A.P., "Planar Radio-optical Antenna
Arrays" 97 ~
Grinev A.Yu., Voronin Ye.N., "Aplanar Antenna Arrays Where the Receive
Beams are Formed Using the Methods of CohPrent Optics" 118
Yesepkina N.A., Bukharin N.A., Kotov Yu.A., Kotov B.A., Mi.khaylov A.V.,
"A Hybrid Optical-Digital System for Processing Pulsar Signals" 135
Balabanov A.I., Korbukov G.Ye., Beoktistov A.A., Tsvetov Ye.R., "The
Measurement of the Coordinates of Terrain Reference Points and the
Determinat{on of the Amount of Displacement of Cloud Formations by means
of an Opt3cal Heterodyne Correlator" 140
Aksenov Ye.T., Yesepkina N.A., Shcherbakov A.S., "Acoustical-Optical Data
Processors Based on Nonlinear Acoustic Interaction" 155
Kulakov S.V., "The Influence of Elastic.Wave Attenuation on the Output
Signal of an Acoustical-Optical Correlation Analyzer" 163
Kulakov S.V., Bragina I..P., "The Influence of the Nonlinearity of Acoustic
Light Modulators on the Correlation Processing of Narrow Band Signals" 174
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
[98-8225]
8225
CSO: 1862
128
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR UFFICIAI. USH: ONi.Y
PLASPfA PIIYS'LCS
i1DC 537. 562
r'LL'CTRON ENI,'RGY DIS7'RTI3UT10N FUNC`l'ION AND THREE-BODY STICKTNG RATE FOR UXYGEN WHEN
P, GAS IE; EXPOSED TO AN IONIZATION SOURCE
P+loscow '1'I,I11,0I'IZ1KA VYSOfi7KH TEMFLRATUR in Russian Vol 19, No l, Jan-T'eb 81 pp 16-21
[Article by E. Yc. L'Ion, Mo:scow t'hysicotechnical InstiLut;e]
; ('.['ext] An examination is made of the problem of the energy spectrum
oi' elec-l:i�ons of an a:ir plasma produced by an external ionizer in the
enerpy region beneath the ttireshold of vibrational excitation of
ni trogen rnolecule.>. 'Phe resultant srectrum i s used Lo calculate tYie
corr.i+:-I-
' (3)
-rf(p-{-U,)N,(U+Uj)Qj,s+=-f(U)n'I+:UQJ+:,,}=Nf(U+U9) (u+Ua)Q9(U+ Uo)~
where N~ is the population of rotational state j, N is the concentration of mole-
cules. The second member accounts for electron transition from the region above
the -threshold to the sub-threshold region upon vibrationa.l excitation of molecules
by electron impact; QV is the corre sponding cross section of the process. The
cross sections of impacts of the fi rst and second kinds satisfy the principle of
detai].ed balance
UQJ,3+= (U) 91+2 (4)
(U- Ui) Qj+z,i g) ~
an d the populations of rotational states of the molecules are taken as Boltzmannian
w~ith temperature T
Ni gi U~ (5)
Nj+3 8i+: exp ( - 1,
With consideration of (11), (5), We get the equation
~ NiUQi.j+z(U) [-f (U)+e'�'lr1(U-Ui)]=Nf(U+U�) (U-f-U,)Qv(U-f-U,).. (6)
t
We assume that the second member in (1) and (4) is known from solution of the prob-
lem of the degradation spectrum of electrons [Ref..S1 in the energy region above
the threshold of vibrational excitation of nitrogen U>Uv.
In the absence of pumping, when the second member of (3) is equal to zero, the horno-
geneous difference equation has the solution
f(U)�C esP(-UIT).
LeL us cunsider COTld,I'f,ions where the magnitude of a rotational quantum is small
cottpa.red wi-th the f;cis temperatur.e Uj�T�Uv; then in (4) we can go from the dif.fer-
ence for�m to tYie d.ifferential_ :fo,rm
132
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONi.Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFHICIAL USE ONi.Y
Iif -,--L - J(U-i-uo) ~,i~~-uv)~~.(U+va) . q~u>.
dt jJ ~ gJtJiQi,1+z (U) (7)
i
Here dj = Nj/TJ. Equation (b) has the solution
u
f(U)- (C-{- f 4(Ineu'iTdU,) e_viT~ (8)
0
where the constant C is determined from the normalization condition
W
f f(U)U'''aU=3.
0
(9)
EL~tiniu.tes shuw that a source of fast electrons leads to d.eviation o1' ttie distri-
bution fttnr.tion in the ref;i.on UGUV, and makes a sma]1 contribution to no.rma,liza-
t i on . ~
We use trie r.csultailt ciistribution ftuictiun to calculate the capture constant of
reactiun
~m
,
k~~-(-) m /'j Uf (U)Q. (U) dU. (10)
0
`l'hc: capture cross section has the form of a narrow Breit-Wigner peak with hal.f-
width I'
z :
Qa(v) ZV (V--VxTl`14 �
For� stal:e 02Trg (v=1), I'=10-5 eV, Ua=0.09 eV,
l'!t' b~
Ua) i 1', (12)
`C~ 9cau
wtie.re i;he ri are t}ic sta.t:istir.al weights of the partic7.es.
U~.,on eteeLron-llcani Ptunpitin there .is an increase in the fraction of electrons in the
"tai i." oP l;tie ciistributi n.Yunction, w ich leads to a correction in the three--boc~y
r3 ti cJci.t~ ~ rate Aka =}-y - k~O where k~~~ is the rate coristant of capture in the case
of Maxwelli.an enerfsy disi;ribui;iun of electrons wii;h temperature Te
Aka v~. (v+va)Q,,(U+vn)
' ~ T~ f (U+U�) . (13)
/�,0' ~l . ~
' ~ o U 61 viQi,i.+Z (U)
~
~ 133
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONi.Y
ho
ha
~
!0'~
u /uu zw iuu ie., n
Fig. 2. Relative correction to the
t' kin constant as a function o~'
The excitation cross sections in this case
are resonant both for vibrational and rota-
tional excitation [Nef. 11, 12].
Using the results of calculation of the c~is-
tribution flznction for electrons, formed by a
fast electron beam [Ref. 51, we get the be-
havior of the three-body sticking rate shown
in Fig. 2. At the low electron temperatures
typical of the ionosphere, this correction is
considerable, the sticking frequency rises
sharply, which may Iead to a reduction in the
concentration of electrons formed by an ex-
ternal ioni zer.
s ic g
electron temperature I,et us di scuss some acTditi.onal factors that
can be easily taken into consideration in the
givGn probl.em. Jn :olvinf; t,he problem, consideration was taken o:f sticking that
o(�ciLr:, an].,y throuE;h one levc:l of' i;he 02 ion; accounting for Excitat.ion throuk;h the
oL-tier leve:ls is ana.lot;ou:;, but i;akinf; them into consideration has little eff'ecl: on
the r�esult since LtiEI riext _level v= 5 lies at energies where the distribution func-
i,i.on fa,lls off shar�ply. .In solvi.ng the kinetic equation, orily two-quantum rota-
t;iorial transitions were cons:idered. There are no difficul'ties involved in account-
ing for four-level rota,tional transitions.
Let us consider electron-electron collisions, which are usually difficult to ac-
count for because of the nonlinea-r form of the corresponding collision integral.
Under conditions of gas excitation by an external ionizer there is a slight in-
crease in electron temperature (see estimate above), and therefore the sticking
thre'shold considerably exceeds the average electron energy, and in the region of
the threshold, electron-electron collisions become important between the threshald
electrons and the electrons that have energy Te. Under these conditions, the
integral of electron-electron collisions is linear (Ref. 131, equation (6) is insig-
nifica.ntly complicated, and an analytical solution can be found. For rnore exact
consideration of e:Lectron-electron collisions throughout the energy region, the
app.roxi.tnat:ion of [ 0t ] cari be, used, but this does not change the results to an,y
extent.
Let us estimate the differential of electron temperature from gas temperatur-C that
arises upon degradation of the electron beam in the gas. The kinetic equation for
the electz-on distrihution Functi.on in the T-approximation nas the form
(1-4)
wYiere S is the riumber� of' primary� electrons with energy Un that show up :in a unit of
time in a uriit of volumz. Multiplying (14) by U=mu2/2 and integrating by vc].oci-
ties, we get the el.ectron energy balance
d
di (nCT,) (T,-7') +SU,,, (].5 )
- and after integration of (14) wi-L-h consideration of losses of the number of elec-
i:rons in three-boel,y sticking we 'get the bala.nce' of the number of e]_ectrons
- -;4
FOR OFFtt;IAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OHF1('IA1. IISi? UNLY
dn, SU� re,
dt Uo y 'ro '
(16)
Here Uo z35 eV is the energy expended by tY,e primary electron in forming an electron-
ion pair (the pair cost). In the steady state we get from (15), (16) the differen-
tiation of the electron temperature from the gas temperature
T,-T =Uo/via.
(17)
In comparing (12) with the results of experiments associatPd with transmission of
an electron beam in agas, consideratioti should be taken of the possible arisal of
an electric �ield i n the gas due to neutralization of the electron beam. From the
exprecsion for Ohm's law
j=a[ (I;+1/eD�.)-aV7']
(18)
(ue is the etiemical. potential of electrons, (x is termoelectromotive force) in a gas
su.rrourided by dielect.ric walls, we get an estimate for the electric field that
arises as a result of inhomogeneity of the distribution of electron concentration -
- o f size I,, Einh TeVne/ene - Te/eL. In such an electric i'ield, there is additional
heatir.g of electrons by an amount OTe - eEinhXa -k"'ATe/L8~,rrhex�e 6 =2m/M in weak
electric fields, whez�e there is na excitation of rotational states a� molecules,
while d= dR = Ed jU~~~ ' j+2/EUjQj when this excitation is appreciable. This effect
of arisal of a heating field can be disregarded when th.e inequality
O T, 1% ~ 1 T.
LS.~,
- is met. Otherw.ise heatint; of' electrons in the electric field must be taker_ into
consideration- in kinetic Pqua,tion (1) .
The author thanks N. D. Aleksandrov for discussing the work
REFERENCES
l. S. K. 'Searles, APPL. PHYS. LETT., Vol 25, 19711, p 735,
2. V. M. Andriyakhin, V. V. Vasil'tsov, S. S. Krasil'nikov, V. D. Pis'menny,y,
ZHUftNAL rKSPERIMENT/1L'NOY I TEOF.ETICHESKOY FIZIKI Vol 63, 1972, p 1635�
N. U. 13as~~v, .L;. M. Bc:7enov, V. A. Danilychev, A. F. Suchkov, U:PEKI-II FIZI-
CIIG,.~K I Kll NAUK, Vo:1 ].l l, 1974, p213�
h. ll. R. ~uhre, J. T. Vcrdeyen, J. Al'PL. Pf[YS. Vol 47, .l)'(6, p W4.
; 5. V. P. Konovalov, E. Ye. Son, LHUP,NAL '1TEKHNICHESKOY PIZIKJ: Vol 50, No 2, 1980,
P 300.
6. F. Rloch, N. L. }3radbur,y, FtIY5. REV. Vol 48, 1935, p 689.
135
FOR OFFdCIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAL USF. ONI.Y
7. G. f'arlwlt, F. F'iqur.t-k-'ayard, J. f'HYS. B, Vol 9, 1976, p 1617.
i
8. B. M. Smirnov, "Otritsatel'nyye iony" [Negative Ions], Atomizdat, 1978. !
I
9. N. L. Aleksandrov, TEPLOFIZIKA VYSOKIKH TEMPERATUR, Vol 16, 1978, P 231. I
~
. 10. P. M. Banks, G. Kockarts, "Aeronomy", N. Y., 1973.
~
11. Yu. D. Oksyuk, ZHURNAL EKSPERIMENTAL''NOY I TEORETICHESKQY FIZIKI Vol 49, 1965,
P 1264.
1.2. G. J. Schultz, REV. MOD. PHYS., Vol 45, 1973, P423�
13� B. M. Smirnov, "Fizika slaboionizirovannogo gaza" [Physics of Weakly Ionized ~
Gas], Nauka, 1978, p 131. '
14. Xu. B. Golubovskiy, Yu. M. Kaga.n, R. I. Lyagushchenko, ZHURNAL EKSPERIMENTAL'NOY ~
I TEORETICHrSKOY FIZIK:C Vol 57, 1969, p 2222. ~
' COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka,", "Teplofizika vysokikh temperatur", 1980 ~
[ 8344/0881-6610]
6610
cso: 8344iO881

136
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONd.Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
kOR OFF(CIAL USE ONLY
UDC 533.9�082.76
DETE-CT()R .PROPERTIES OF A GAS-DISCHARGE PLASMA
- MoUcow D�TEKTORNYYE SVOYSTVA GAZORAZRYADNOY PLA7IMY in Russian 1980 (signed to press
- 3 Mar 80) PP Z, 129
[Annotation and i;able of contents from book "Detector Properties of a Gas-Disclzarge
f'lasma", by Konstantin ivanovich Kononenko, Atomizdat, 1800 copies, 128 pages]
~ [Text] The book presents one o� the most effective techniques for plasma diagnosis:
the method of detector� characteristics. An examination is made of the theory of
two kinds of detectors: the probe type and the noncontact type (external r-f
' probe ) .
a
The proposed methods are applicable to investigation of a wide variety of plasma
phenomena: ionic and electronic resonances, parametric excitation of waves, propa- -
gation of ionic-acoustic waves, mechanisms of electron scattering, inelastic col-
lisions of electrons with molecules and ions, recombination of electrons and ions,
and much more.
An analysis is made oF cases of linear and nonlinear interaction of an electric
_ f'ield w-ith a plasma. An outline is given of certain problems of nonlinear inter-
action of electromagnetic waves with a plasma.
For scientists and engineers studying the properties of plasma, working with gas-
discharge devices, in radio engineering ur electronics.
Figures 53, tables 1, references 172.
Contents
ChaPter 1. General Properties of Gas-Discharge Detectors 3 -
6
; 1.1. Detector effect and distribution function 3
1.2. Plasma (ietectors 6
, Chapter 2. Kinetir. rquation Method 21
2.1. Distribution function. Boltzmann's kinetic equation 21
2.2. Some mic.roprocesses in a plasma 23 -
2.3. Further tra.nsformation of the kinetic equation. Special cases of the
distribution function 28
2.4. Effective ternperature method 33 -
2.5. I,lectron runa.way 34
~
137
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Cha.pter 3. `i'heory of' Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
38
3�1. Maxwell's equations atid material equations of the medium .
38
3.2. Spatial dispersion
45
3�3. Longitudinal waves '
47
Chapter 4. Probe Detector Characteristics
51
4.1. Current to the probe
51
4.2. Probe measurements of the distribution function
73
4.3� The detector probe effect
55
4.4. Influence of inelastic collisions on the form of detector characteristics
59
4.5. Resonant probe
61
Chapter 5� Detector Characteristics with Respect to Discharge Current
69
5.1. Ciirrent in plasma
69
5.2. Detector ei'fect
71
5.3. Strong 5ignal detection
75
5.4. Longitudina.l waves and the detector effect
77
Chapter 6. Lxcitai;ion of' Ionic-Acoustic Waves in a Plasma. Flectronic and
Ionic Resonance
79
6.1. Excitation of ionic sound ,
79
6.2. Experiment al investigation of excitation of ionic-acoustic waves
84
6�3� Excitation of longitudinal waves in an alternating field. Electronic and
ionic resonance
86
Chapter 7. Experimental Research
95
7.1. Probe measurements
95
7.2. Static probe characteristic
100
7�3� Sor.ie properties of a glow discharge
103
7.4. Detector characteristics of' the Faraday dark space
106
7.5� Detector characteristics of a positive column
114
'(.6. Frequency dependence of detector chaxacteristics. Ionic resonance
116
References
122
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, 1980
[ ac;_ r;61o ]
1
G6.tu
t.862
L
138
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION
UDC 621.039�517.5
STRESSES ACCOMFANYING TIINPERATURE FL[.'CTUATIONS
Moscow TEKHNIKA YADERNYKI-I REAKTOROV: NAPRYAZHENIYA PRI PUL'SATSIYAKH TEMPERATUR in
Russian 1980 (signed to press 28 Mar 80) pp 2, 4, 64
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Nuclear Reactor Engi-
neering: Stresses Accompanying Temperature Fluctuations", by Aleksandr Veniamino-
vich Suda.kov and Anatoli,y 5ergeyevich Trofimov, Atomizdat, 1100 copies, 64 pages]
[Text] Exper�imental a.tid theoretical techniques are presented for studying tempera-
ture fields and thermal stresses that accompany random fluctuations of temperature
in the components of power equipment in atomic electric plants. Results are giveri
from experimental mes:,urements of ternperature fluctuations in straiZ;ht-flow stea.m
generators i.n the zone of transition to impaired lieat exchange. Exa.inples of appli-
cation of t;he proposed mettiods are given.
For specialists dealing with thermal and strength calculations and experimental
studies of processes in power equipment.
Figures 37, tables 4, references 61.
Introduction
Processes of 7ieat exchange in var~ous elements of heat engineering equipment in
power Plants are accoinpaiiied by temperature fluctuations. When they are of con-
:;.idr-.rable intensii:y, Lliey rna,y have an effect on the servi.ce life of the equipment.
A:, of' now, no unil'i.c:cl approach ha's been formulated to anal,ysis of temperature fluc-
tuations and evaluation of their influence on the life of equipment. Publications
are available in the form of separate articles, reports giving the results of in-
vestigation of individual special problems. Of greatest interest from both the
theoreti.ca.l a.nd e:cperimental standpoints is research done at the Ph,ysical Power
rngirieeri1g Instittite, Moscow F'ower Institute and at the Central Boiler and Turbine
In:,ti.L-uLe. Flowevc:r, tliere is rio systematic p.resentation in the liter.ature of the
ma.jor problems anci :301Ut:ions.
lri i.}iis parnE?ti.l.et t,tie autiiox�s attempt to gene.ralize the results of various research
work:~ in o.rcier to e:cpl.ain fairly simple engineering methods oF calculating the main
pai�arneters -that characteri.ze the fluctuation process. An examination is also made
of inethods of expez�iment;al, research, a.nd examples are given to demonstrate the
feasibility of using these methods for practical calculations.
139
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONi,Y
Pulsation research :;houl.d not be considered complete; because of the timeliness of
this problem, furtlier elaboration of studies is needed. In this connection it is
very impox~tant to clioose tlie proper direction of research. If this book will be of
assistance here, the authors will feel that they have done their 3ob.
In conclusion the authors thank B. F. Gromov for help and for support in the work,
arid also D. M. Kalachev, Ye. D. Fedorovich, A. V. Shchedrin who participated
directly in experimental research done at the Central Boiler and Turbine Institute
Contents
Introduction
4
Chapt
er l. The Problem of Durability with Heat Fluctuations
5
1.1.
'Phe na,ture of temperature fluctuations in various thermal processes
5
1.2.
;3tressed state of components and durability with temperature fluctuations
7
Chapt
er 2. Temperature IPields and Stresses . ,
$
2.1.
F'oriiiulation of the problem. General form of transfer functions
8
2.1.
fIarmonic temperature fluctuations
11
2.3.
Statistical characteristics of temperature fluctuations
14
2.lE.
Canonical expansions ,
16
2�5�
Moci.el with linear temperature distribution
18
2.6.
Second-order model
19
2.7.
A-ppraaimate method of e,raluating the intensity and effective period of
stress I'luctuations
25
2.8.
Cxpress �ethod of�evaluating statistical characteristics
31
2.9.
Approximate estimation of characteristics of temperature fluctuations
of the evaporative surface'in the zone of transition to impaired heat
exchange ,
32
2.10.
Sequence of calculations
33
Chapter 3� Experimenta,l Investigation of Temperature Fluctuations in Components
of the Power Equipment of a Nuclear Electric Plant,
34
3.1.
Sensors for measuring temperature fluctuations ,
34
3.2.
Sealing thermocouples
35
3.3.
D,ynamic characteristics of thermocouples
36
3.4.
Recoz�ding equipment
37
3.5.
Experimental data processing a.nd error estimation
39
3.6.
Ternperature f'].uctuations in straight-flow stearr, generators
1+~
Chapter 4. Uurability of Components with Temperature Fluctuations
117
4.1.
Ana:lysis of f'actors that influence durability
47
li.2.
Estimating durabili.ty in the case of cyclic stress variation
48
4. 3�
&,t, imatinj! durabi.lit,y in ttie case of random stresses
50
h.4.
Cxn.rr~pte oC calcu].ation of statistical stress characteris+ics
55
4. 5.
Uurab:i 1:ii.y esi, imation
57
Con C.
-
I. uu i o11 ,
58
61
Iie Ccrciice:, ,
COi'Yl
UCIlT: rltomizdat, 1980 ,
~84-66_i.ol
(ii_') l U
cr'O : 1 WO
0
140
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR ONf7C1AL USE ONLY
TIiERMODYAIAI4r CS
THERMAL PHXSICS OF LOi+1-TEMPERATURE SUBLIMATION COOLING
Kiev TEPLOFIZIKA NZZKOTEMPERRTURNOGO SUBLIMATSIONNOGO OKI-LAZFIDEtdIYA in Russian
(signed to press 10 Sep 80) pp 2-4, 231-232
[Anriotation, foreward and table of contents from book "Thermal Physics of Low-
temperature Sublimation Cooling", by Boris tyerimiyevich Verkin, Vladimir Fedoro-
vich Getminets and Rem Sergeyevich Mikhal'chenko, Physicotechnical Institute of Low
Temperatures, tlkrainian SSR AcadPmy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka",
1,000 copies, 232 pages]
[Text] The thermophysical. properties which determine the kinetics and intensity of
sublimation of cryoqenic materials in a vacuum are considered in the book, the main
principles of external and. internal heat and mass transfer during sub].imation of
porous solidified gases and during solification and self-freezing o� them are out-
lined., analytical relations are presented for calculating steady and transient
thermal processes in devices based on solified gases and recommendations are given
on optimLUn management of low-tempezature sublimation cooling. The methods are con-
sidered and the results are presented of experimental investigation of heat and
mass transfer processes in the viscous mode in the capillary-porous structure of
porous solidified gases and on their boundary upon heat transfer through the gas
interlayers by the contact mPthocl. Many of the indicated results are published for
the first time.
The book is intended for scientific workers and engineers who develop and operate
low-temperature cooling equipment, graduate students and students of the corre-
sponding specialties and may bF useful to specialists related to heat and mass -
transfer procPSSes during sublimation in a vacuum.
roreword
The great success achieved in the f.ield of physics and low-temperature engineering
i.s related to a significant degree to development and improvement of the methads _
and teclinology of using cooling agents. Cryogenic materials in liquid and gaseous
states emerged in the role of these agents until quite recently if one does not
consider "dry ice," which has long been used in the food, chemical, pharmaceutical -
and perfume industry, in infrared and vacuum eguipment, medicine, machine building,
meteorology, agriculture and so on.
Judging by the number of publications and patents [1-28], interest in solid-state -
cooling agents has recently increased considerably. This is related to the fact
141
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014441-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
that soliciified gases as cooling agents have a clear advantage in temperature level
compared to cryogenic liquids (for example, temperature can be reduced from 77 to
30-50 I: in solid nitrogen and from 20 to 5-10 K in solid hydrogen) and in the higher
_ values of density and specific heat of vapor phase transition. Moreover, the con-
version to solidified gases under reduced gravity conditions makes it possible td
eliminate the complex problem of separating the vapor-liquid mixture. Utilizing
these advantages and the results of many years of investigations carried out at the
Physicotechnical Institute of Low Temperatures, Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences,
in the f_ield of heat and mass transfer in solidified gases and in more effective
shield-vacutun thermal insulation, it was possible to develop new promising sources
of cold--sublimation storage devices with operating life up to a year or more
[232, 233, 236, 240, 245]. The fundamentals of the thermophysics of processes oc-
curring both in sublimation cold storage devices and in various other installati,ons
and devices in which solidified gases are used are outlined in the proposed
monograph.
Problems of the kinetics of sublimation and heat and mass transfer during flow of
gases in the viscous mode are considered since it is these conditions that occur
when solidified gases with saturated vapor pressure from 760 to 0.1 mm Hg are used.
The problem o� investigating heat and mass transfer during sublimation of soliciified
gases in the molecular mode is not as timely and is therefore not considered.
The monograph consists of the introduction and five chapters. General data on the
thermophysical properties of solidified gases and the kinetics and mechanism o�
heat and mass transfer during sublimation of solids in a vacuum are presented in
the introduction. Chapter 1 is devoted to processes of sublimation and heat trans-
fer during self-freezing of cryogenic liquids in a vacuum. The characteristics of
heat and mass transfer along the purface and in the mass of porous solidified gases
crystallized under conditions of evacuating vapors above the liquid phase are con-
sidered in Chapters 2, 3 and 4.
Chapter 5 contains tre results of applying the principles found in the paper to
calculation of problems occurring during operation of vessels with solidified gases.
The most significant of them are problems of filling geometricaily complex vessels
with solidified gases and providing effective heat dissipation fron, the objects to
be cooled and thermostatting the latter with sufficient degree of accuracy. These
prnblems stimulated the appearance of a large number of mai.nly experimental inves-
tigations of heat and mass transfer during sublimation of solidifi.ed gases. The
results of the investigations were published in numerous journals and other publi-
cations; they were mainly contradictory and interpreted on the basis of various
theoretical prerequisites.
An attempt was made in the given monograph to evaluate the experimental results on
tieat anci mass transfer during sublimation of solidified gases (using available data
for other molecular crystals as well) from a unified viewpoint and to supplement
them with an analytical description of thP main processes specific to devices based
ori solidi.fied gases.
The outline of the materials is based mainly on the results of the authors' investi-
gations. With regard to the newness of the problem, the given resu].ts are obviously
far from complete and sometimes are discussion types in nzture; therefore, the
- authors will be grateful to readers for critical comments and advice which they
request be sent to the address: 310164, Khar'kov, Prospekt 1p-niria, 47, I'TINT,
AN Li5SR.
142
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USF ONLY
Contents
Foreword
' M.ain Notations
Introduction
�1. General data on sublimation processes
�2. Thermophysical characteristics of solidified gases
g3. Forms of heat transfer to'a sublimatinq body
Chapter 1. Heat and Mass Transfer During Self-Freezing of Cryogenic
Liquids in a Vacuum
�4. Experimental investigation of solidification of cryogenic liquids
�5. The mechanism of heat transfer during crystallization under
conuitions of vapor evacuation
Chapter 2. Heat Transfer in Porous Solidified Gases
�6. Experimental study of heat transfer during heating and cooling
of porous solid nitrogen
�7. The mechanism of heat transfer in porous solidified gases
�S. The macrostructure of porous solid nitrogen and it s effect on
heat and mass transfer
~ Chapter 3. Convective Heat and Mass Transfer at the Boundary With
Solidified Gases
�9. Heat transfer of solidified gases with piane heat-transfer
surfaces
_ 910. Analysis of the heat and mass transfer mechanism in plane slits
under conditions of sublimation of one of the walls
�11. The effect of the shape and dimensions of the body on the
naturQ of its conductive heating in a sublimating medium
Chapter 4. Contact Heat and Mass Transfer Near the Surface of a
Sublimating Body
�12. Experimental investigation of contact hPat transfer with
solidified gases
�13. The mechanism of contact heat transfer during sublimation
in the low-temperature zone
- �14. Contact heat transfer near triple point temperature
Chapter 5. Heat and Mass Transfer in Devices Based on Solidified Gases
�15. The rate of relaxation of the temperature of solidified gases
under conditions of draining their vapors
�16. Calculating the rats of crystallization during self-freezing
of cryogenic liquids
�17. Problems of temperature stabilization using solidified gases
�18. Cooling-heating of bodies of simple shape under mixed boundary
conditions
g19. Calculating the temperature and thermal resistance distribution
of a sphere with circular ribs under different boundary
conditions
143
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Page
3
5
ii
11
18
34
44
44
52
58
58
62
69
80
80
93
106
115
EL
115
122
135
143
143
151
160
167
173
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
FOR OFFICIAL USF. ONLY
�20. Selecting the optimum storaqe modes of cryogenic materials
�21. Seleoting the optimum arrangement of the shield of cryogenic
vessels cooled by vapors
�22. Supplying vessels with solidified gases when using auxiliary
cooling agents
�23. 'I'he permissible rate of heating solidified gases in closed tanks
Blbliography
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1980
[119-6521]
6521
CSO: 1862 - END -
144
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010041-1
183 i
~
198 ~
~
207 ~
211 ~
i_
219 ;
I
i
i