JPRS ID: 9735 LATIN AMERICA REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010031-2
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 28
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 31
• Content Type: REPORTS

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- JPRS L/973~
14 Mav 1_981
, -
- lati n America Re ort
p
,
CFOUO 1 ~1 /81)
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~
~B~$ FOREIGIV BROAD~AST IIVFORIVIATION SEiRVICE
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. JPRS L/9735
14 May 1981
LATIN AMERICA REPORT
( F~UO 11/ 81)
CONTENTS ,
COUAITRY SECTION
CUBA ~
Organizer Explains Furpose of AETM Meeting
(Oscar Pino Santos Interview; BOHENBA, 20 Niar 81) 1
, . Marketable, Gross Production Explained
(Alexis Codina; BQHEMIA, 20 Mar 81) .....o 5
Study on Water Use in Havana City Noted
(Susana Tesoro; BOHENNIIA, 20 Mar 81) 7
Importax~ce of Work-Study Programs Discu~sed
(Oscar F. Rego; BOHEMIA, 20 Mar 81) 12
EL SALVADOR
AGEUS Secreta.ry on Junta's Repression, Student Solidarity
(F~rnesto Flores Interview; BOHEMIA, 20 Mar F31) 17 -
GUATEMALA
Cuban Journal Links Rightwing Violence to Government, U.S. Aid
- (BOHENLIA, 13 Mar 81) 20
- a - [III - LA - 144 FOUO]
~ ~nv ncsrrT ~ r r rc~ rnvT v
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COUNTRX SECTION CUBA
,
ORGANIZER EXPLAINS PURPOSE OF AETM MEE~ING
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 20 Mar 81 pp 72-73 ~
- [Interview with Oscar Pino Santos, president of the AETM (Association of Third World
_ Economists) and chairman of ttae local organizing committee for the Second AETM
Congress to be held in Havana, 26-30 April 1981, by Raul Lazo; date and place not
given]
[Text] [i,puestion~ W!iat ob~ectives r,~i.ll the Th3.rd World Economists Congress be
- pursuing?
[1lxiawer~ It's groin~ to be a bi~ political and academic forum~ I fi;ure there will
be no less than 300 economists from Asia, Afriea and I~atin america attendin~, plus
a number of intern~.tional personalitiea.
[b~iestion~ ~~1hoY
[Answer~ Nor I can't yet say. riinisters from a couple dozen countries will
probably be coming. Vexy distinguished figures f~am the world of science, And from
the w~rld of poli�I:ics too, from both the "North�1 and the "South." But, while some
important person$ have confirmed their participation~ others have not yet done so,
1~ithin 2 or j weeks I will be able to give you some names~
[Question~ :Jhat is the idea of the congress? What will be debated there?
_ [Answer~ The congress has a central them~t "the international economic crl.sis and
its inrpact on the Third World," and, aside from the plenary aessione usua.l at this
sort of an event, there will be workshopa on national and inte~ational development
- strate~ies and rovnd-table discussions on international trade, monetary and finan-
cia? pxoblems, transnational enterprises, the energy question, disarmament and de-
velopment, and s~ on a,lon~ these l~nes.
[~,uestion] In your opinion, what is the reasan for the ~i.~an.tia foreign debt the
underdeveloped coun-~ries are saddled with and what effect does this ha.ve on their
economies?
[Answer~ I believe tha.t the underdsveloped countriea' forei~ debt has already
~one beyond the ~400-billi~n mark, But it is fairly well concentrated in a gxoup
a of c4untries. The mo~t distressing thing is that ~~his aegment in which the debt
is so concentrated attacks the poorest countries, As Fidel has proposed., in th~se
cases the debt ou~t to be remitted~ ~Q reasons for it 1ie in the balance of
1
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paymFnts deficits~ This is a deficit of the debt itself, which gc~nerates intr.r.~~Rt
that }ias to be paid (a vioious cycle~~ a~~efioi+ t.~iat is thu ,~rw~uct oi' tl~~~ ~~i~ui'lt~
reaped by foreign fiizas which operate in the iuiderdeveloped world, a deficit that
is the product of unfair trade aggravated by inflation.
[Question] Do +.~e dollar crisis and inflation also have an influence that tends to
worsen the whole econo~i.c situation the underdeveloped countries are facing?
[~nswer~ Now that is more complicated! '['he U.S. moneti;azy crieis led to the crisis -
in the capitalist ~onetary system and then the capitalist crisis itself was added
to this process, It is a product of the ::~�isis in the conditions of monopolistic
state capitalism~ that is~ the conditions under whi.ch the state apparatu~es of the
capitGlist powers opera.te, intimately involved as they are with the monopolies as
_ well as the transnational enterprises, and this is one of the themes of the congress~
[Queation~ How is Fidel's proposal for a flow of funds of 30 billion a year to the.
underdeve oped world cor.ling a1on~
~ [Answer~ Cor?rade Pidel spoke of this at the Second Party Congress, Now there is
a whole eurrent of opinion ~~rhich, althou~ it sometimes makes no direat reference
to Comra,de Ficlel's proposal, does defend the thesis that we must engags in a ma.sa-
ive transfer of financial resourcea to the ~i.rd World~ Ba,sically, this amounts to
tYie same thiiig~ But Fidel has dramatized the idea more, suggesting a spt~cific
figure~
[Q~aestion~ ;~Jill the iesue of oil prices, the underdeveloped world~s situation and
OP~C be discussed at the congress? ,
_ [Anewer] Yea, experts in that field, including OPEC experts, rrill be coming.
[~u.estion] What do you think of the "Brandt 8eport," of the so-called "North-
South" problem?
[9nswer] Look, in rqy judpnent this is how the ma,tter stands. After World War II
the downfall of the old colonial empires began, Then what everyone lrnows as neo-
calonialism came into being. In rr~r opinion, neocclonialiam too is now beaet by a
crieis and somn~ clear-thinking minds in the industria.l.ized capitaliet world reaZize
~ this to be sure~ after their own fashion and are in favor of makiag~ certain
- concessions to the underdeveloped countries. The Brandt Report is an example of -
this comprehen~ion of the problem. And although we differ on fundamental points
_ in the approach to it, we caruzot ref~,ise to reco~ize that the repor~ conta.ins posi-
tive elements and is, moreover, backed by the prestige of the former West German
chancellor,
[ Question~ Will Brandt be coming to the congreas?
[Ans~~er] The e4ngress will be a great forum for debate on internation economic
problems and people with very d3fferent points of view will participate 3n i~E.. If
- Brandt wishes to come to expreas his ideas, we are rea~,y~ to receive him and l~.sten
to hims~ith the attention ne deserves.
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[Qaestion~ What can you ~ell us about the new international economic order and
the congress?
[Answer~ That wi11 be one of the ma.in topica at the congress.
[(~.iestion] How are the negr~tiations on this recovery progr~m for the underdeveloped
~ countries coming alonb
[Answer] ~ey ha,ve come to a standstill and ex~amination of this problem will be
one of the tasks for the congres: to tackle,
[Question] Ycu said tha.t mi.nisters would be coming to the con~cess~ Does this
- have ~omething to do with the Nonalined Countries Movement?
[Answer~ It is not an intergovernmental event. HoWever, at the Nonalined Countries
Niovement mi.nisterial conference which ha,s ~ust been held in New Delhi, aupport for
the congress was appxoved in the final conference paper, indeed with very warm and
encoura~in~ words, which oblig~te us to make an even greater effort~ The congress
wa,~ also extended ~upport at the anr.ual UZdESCO conference held at the end of last
year in Belgrade. ~l.l thie is hi~ly significant.
~
[l~estion] And in t~rna,t capacity r~ri.ll those miniatera who come be attending the
congress?
[Answer] l~lell, just note the following. This will be a congress of social scien-
tists and [as such] we always run ~he risk tha,t the meeting will take on ri~orous
= and necessasy, but perha,ps unilaterally theroretical~ overtones. So why not in-
vite minister~ of econorr~, planning and finance and heads of the centr~.l banks of
some of the underdeveloped countries, who are individuals who, while usually pro-
vided with a theoretical training, also have a real, practical and day-to-d.ay
capacity for dealin=~ ~rith the problems of development. ~is was an idea that crop-
ped up 2 or 3 months a.g~. ~lnd the� to our satisfaction, a number of miiiistErs
' and individuals entrusted with high governr~:ental responsibilities welcomed the idea
with enthusiasm and exhibited their readiness to participate in the congress which
could in this way be developed on the basis of a fruitful exchange of acientific
approaches and a relative approximation to the probleme.
~6puestion~ Ho~~ wi11 the con~ress take sha.pe?
[llnsker] There will be talks, but the posi~ion papers Third World econimists and
sociologists present will �orm the basis of this conference,
[~,~:.e~tion~ l~nd also [the ones] those from the "North" ~present]?
[Answer.~ Yes~ of course. The first of th~se has already arrived, tY:e one to be
_ presented by Netherlander Jan Timbergea, the first Nobel Prize winner in ~he field
of econo~y. .
[C{uestio_i] The con~ress will be held in Convention Aa.11, won~t it?
[1lnswer] Naturally.
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[Cluestion~ Do you wisii to add anythfng?
[Answer~ Yes, that, at its last meeting in ~lg+eria9 where the ~ecutive Commi.ttee
o~ the Association of ~ird World Econ~mieta has .;.ta official headquartei~s, thie
institution, in which the three regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America are Y'~-
present~, decided to extend an invitation to Comracie FYdel to participate in the
con~resa.
- COPYRIGflTt BOHEI'4IA 1981
11,466
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~
I
COUNTRY SECTION
IJIA.~tI~,'TABLr;, GROSS PR017UCTION D~LAII~
Havana. BOHII~LZA in Spanish 20 N1ar 81 pp 32-33
~9rticie by Alexis Codina; "Layman~s Glossary: Marketable and Gross Production"~
[Tezt~ Marketable production represents f.he value of g~oods and services produced
ov~r a given period of time and iatendpd f~r eale~ ~is also includes tho~e the
enterprise producea to follow tY~ough orz its own investments. This eaclu~ies those
items or sex~rices it consumes in$ide its industrial process, that is, those tha.t
ase prod.uced in a workshop or plant within the enterpri$e and whi.ch ase consumed -
in another workshop of the same enterprise.
Gross production is calculated by adding to or subtracting from the marketable pro- ~
duction the difference that ~ay have been produced in the inventories of goods in
proce~s at the beginn~xig and end of the period being analyzed~
Let us suppose that an enterprise produces 5,000 MT [metric tons] of product A _
- at a price of 10 pesos per MT and 1,000 of product B at a price of 20 pesos per MT.,
In both cases the entire production is de~tined for sal.e. The inventory of g~oode
I in process came to 5~000 pesos at the start of the year and to 15,000 at the end;
_ tha.t is~ it increased by 10,000 pe~os.
The volume of each of these indicators will be as follows:
Products MT Price Total V~,].ue
~ 5,000 ~0 50,000
- B ~,oo0 20 20,000
- piarlcetable production 70 000
~
Plus increase of goods in process 10,000
~
Gross production 80~000
For the society, the ~rowth of maxketable production means the possibility of to a
~eater extent satisfyi.n~ its needs; for the enterprise, that of ootaining ~reater
incor~e, which will exiablc it to cov~r its expenses~ make a profit and set up in-
_ centive ~'unds, Therefore, this is one of the indicators that will be utilized
during the 1981-1985 5-year period in the process of creatin.a bonus f~inds,
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The chief w~ys of increasing marketable production are: increased utilization of
rated capacities, savings in the consnmption of ra.w and other materials ws.thout
affecting production quality, reduction of losses that axe produced during th~ -
- production process and increased prod.uctivity on the job, an inerease in working
diseipline and comgletion of the table of organization with the neceesary persOnn@1~
CGPYN.IGHT: BO~A 1981
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COUNTRY SECTION CiJBA
STUDY ON WATER USE IN HAVANA CITY NOTED
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 20 ~
lar 81 pp 6-8
[Article by Susana Tesoro: "It Cannot Be Repeated Enough"]
[Text] About 7 years ago, specialists for the Havana City aqueduct did a study on
~ water supply problems in the capital. Sane of the major problems were: different
types of leaks and breaks, pollution, lack of water in some areas and waste in
other areas.
That study brought up other concerns because the technical networks in the capital ~
date fY~om 1894. There is great need for complicated and thorough repairs and, in
y many cases, new ~onstruction. Continual massive resources would be required to
solve everything.
There was also one well-known aspect that Was not considered: Cuba is possibly -
the only country in the world where water is free. This would be good if we had
surplus wa.ter and everyone used it conscientiously. However, neither is true.
Before the triumph of the revolution, water was paid for by taxes but in 1967 this
stopped. Based on the experience in the new community of Alamar, the first steps
to reestablish water payments w~re taken in 1973.
It has been verified that the present condition of the technical. networks is due
primarily to lack of constant maintenance but also to the new cons*,ruction in the
capital of industries, schools, daycare centers and other centers that naturally
~ de~nand additional quantities of water . _
Several proposals came out of those studies including the idea of encouraging pay- _
ment for water. In this way, funds could be collected to help the provincial. aque-
duct pay for maintenance expenses. At the same time, this would help conserve this
most precious liquid.
The project began. The first wa.ter meters were purchased in Japan and the pilot
system was implemented in sectors of 15 towns in the province. Water was metered
for housing as well as state offices.
The plan opPrated well enough but the first neighborhood assemblies complained of
problems: poor installation of ineters, occasional excessive charges, interior _
leaks because of a shortage in required parts, users refusing to pay, etc.
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We assume that the Provincial People's Government has been asked more than once
to solve Lhese problems but it was necessary to study the situation.
Silvio Committee
Work committees of the Provincial People's Government Assembly ha.d been estab-
_ lished in 1977 but they actually began functioning in June 1979� Silvio Rodri-
guez, delegate for the town of Boyeros and a mechanic at a machine tool. shop, be-
came ~hairman of the Technical Networks Canmi.tt~e in the province. Siivio's work
group did a detailed study on water supply and payments in havana City.
Silvio himself told us that there were several problems in the technical networks
in the capital and the topic of water payments was included in the 1980 work plan.
Silvio explained: "There were numerous complaints from the electors and the exe-
cutive committee agreed that we should study this case. First, we had to find the
' ori~;in of the problem and study possible solutions. We learned that there is no -
law about payments to permit the responsible enterprise to take measures against
- those who do not pay. There was poor installation of some meters. The people can- -
not obtain the necessary parts to fix leaks."
We asked: "Isn't it true that interior leaks are fixed before the meters are
installed?"
"Yes, each house was inspected at the beginning but subsequent breaks had to be =
fixed by the users and, in the majority of the cases, they did not have the parts
- for the repairs," Silvio answ~ered. ~
The chairman of the cocrunittee added: "There were also problems w~th some of the
- personnel who read the meters and with processing the readings. There was no cen-
ter to process this data. Naturally, all these problems annoyed the people and
_ impeded the success of the system. The poor work led certain ci~izens to think
that they had to pay for the water just for the money. The truth is that conserva-
tion is indispensable because there must either be repai.rs in the aqueduct net- -
works that are more than a century old or we are going to exhaust our water re-
serves. You wil.l say that everyone knows that this liquid is a vital necessity
but this can never be repeated enough because there are still people who waste it."
Investigation
The 17-member Technical Networks Coromittee made a survey of part of the population
that had meters in their houses. They also visited the aqueduct office and re-
viewed existir~ regulations. They examined report~ by ~anrades who went to social- _
- ist countries and had the opportunity to learn in detail how water payments are
made in those countries.
They spent almost a year in these analyses and then began to write a metering bill
_ and drew up payment rates.
First, the causes of these problems were presented. Based on the responses, they -
presented suggestions with detailed economic background to the prc,vincial executive
comm:.ttee. There was a report on the determination of indicators for water -
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ccns~unption control whi~h mal:es it possible to calculate t,he material and human
resources necessary to develop the plan for metering, billing and coll.ecting for
water supply services. -
This work is bassd on measut~ing consumptiori by the user and applying the appropri-
' ate rate to sti?nuiate good wat~r use and eli.-nina.te poor use . -
The report presented by this co~nittee stated that there must be universal meter-
i.ng based on tY:e present and future rousing situation. It feels that it is neces-
sary to create a specialized administrative system to carry out this plan.
'~ao important statements came out of the surveys of the people. "The user fe~ls -
that the condition of the water pipes in the building causes leaks and it is im- -
possible to prevent them because of shortage of the necessary materials. There-
fore, he refuses to pay for water that he has not really used." "Service without -
cneters is a privilege since there is poor use of wa*,er and no means to punish _
' this when it is not measured or billed." -
Collection Must Be Total, Not Partial
This was the committee's first thesis. They presenLed an inventory of housing and -
state units that must be metered, keeping in mind housing that will be finished in -
the 5-year period 1985-9Q and housing that will be razed.
With respect to national production of water meters, they estimated that the al-
ready i.nstalled plant has a production capacity of 500,000 meters in 10 years. -
How long would it take t., meter all the buildings in the city?
The canmittee answP.red as follows: "If we had the proposed r~sources and organiza-
tion, it is possible to complete this task in 10 years." They added: "We have
elaborated the first 5-year plan based on a 10-year analysis."
_ There is another question. According to the car~nittee ther~, there will be no
charge for water for the next 10 years?
_ Silvio explained: "In addition to the economic background, we ha~re written a bill
that is undsr consideration by the pro~~a.ncial executive committee covering what
we will do in these next 10 years."
~nmediate Future .
The bill defines three types of water supply service: domestic, state and future.
- There is a subdivision for domestic service: /metered and temporary free pi~e/ -
- [in boldface]. The metered service will be paid for based on thr~e types of rates:
"up to 10 cubic meters per month at 10 centavos per cubic meter"; "the voltune up
to 20 cubic n.~ters per month at the rate of 20 centavos"; and "the volume con- -
sumed over 20 cubic meters will be charged at the rate of 25 centavos.rr
~ The corrIInittee proposed tha.t those with temporary free pipes--that is, those who
still have not been metered--should pay a fixed monthly rate of 1.5 pesos. Sup-
posedly ~he number of users under this syst,e,~n will decline as meters are installed. ~
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~ The document covered everythin~ related to water supply, defined the responsibi- -
' lities of the aquPduct office and the users and clearly presented the duties and
- rights of both. It also included plan: for new developments and set penaltie~e for
those who consciously or unconsciously cause water pollution or use water impt'o-
~ per'ly with secret installations, etc. It also included the resources that a user
summoned ~efore the Provincial Aqueduct Office can use.
= Not Only Water
_ We sa~d that this work was done by a corranittee of the prov~ r~ial assembly. How-
- e~er, we did not explain that this is not a future project planned to treat only
the subject of wa~er. At each people's government a~sembly .from the national le-
vel to the municipal level, there are work teams made up by del~gates and/or spe-
cialists who act as advisers to the executive caruni.ttees and study or investigate
any type of problem that arises in a certain area or activity.
Tl~ere are 21 committees in Havana City that take care of all spheres of work be- -
cause committees are created for activities based on the characterist.ics of each
t~~:~ritory. Because of the complexitiea of the capital, there is a department in -
. H,::vana ~ity to take care of the carunittees; it coordinates and supervises the work
between *.,hose teams and the organizations iilvolved. -
= Already named "the committee house," this department at No. 504 Calle G between
21 and 23 Vedado is thP center for meetir~s and activities. Reports issued are re-
_ produced and circulated here.
- We have mentioned these co~runittees freqtiently but we will ci.te Silvio again. He
told us that there are topics which can never be emphasized encugh. These work
groups are a fundanental element in the good functioning of local organs. They
= advise the executive cocr~nittees and guarantee the electors that their problems and _
concerns are attended to well.
We stress this because these cocrunittees do not fully operate yet in some provinces -
and towns. When we look for reasons, we find problems that can be eliminated.
~ For this reason, we wanted to ask Silvio: What are the basic requirements for a
cocrmiittee to operate?
He explained: "First, all the members, whether delegates or not, must be convinced
of the importance of the activity that they are goir~ to handle and their role,
Secondly, the discipline of its members, based on attendance and punctuality at
the m;2etings and fulfillment of each task assigned, is important . Another basic -
factor is that the committee must have specialists in the areas handled. If there
are no delegates that are experts, it is necessary to find a specialist. No one
can give an opinion on something he does not know about. Tell me, who is going to
investigate somethin;; when he does not even know what it is?"
Silvio said: "I also urant to talk about something else. Tne support and help of
the corresponding executive committees, organisnis and offices are indispensable.
This support might be material: a fixed place for meetin~s, the necessary docu- -
r.~~~ntation and a facility to write and reproduce the reports."
We asked: "With all this, can there still be committees that do not function?" _
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Silvio said: "This is posnible but unlikely. I have my experiences. These
_ conditions are not new; they are known at all levels. It is not something tl~at I
have invented but it must be repeated until the committees become true overseers
of the rights of the people and the econany of the country from the municipal -
- level. to the national level." -
COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA, 1981
7717
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- COUN'IRY SECTION CUBA
IMPORTANCE OF WORK-STUDY PROGRAMS DISCUSSED
Havana BOHII~IIA in Spanish 20 Mar 81 pp 9-11
[Article by Oscar F. Rego: "Ak*areness as Producers"; passages enclosed in slant-
lines printed in boldfaceJ
[TextJ Milagros and Marcos walked prou~ly down the f~row. They had bunches of _
gigantic, beautiful onions in their hands that they had just pulled out of the
ground. This year the students at the Lazo de la Vega boarding and semiboarding
school have planted more than 2 hectares of this highly valued edible bulb in their
- school garden.
,
Peasant Mario Martinez said: "It is the best large garden i.n the province." He
has attended it since the day tha.t the pedagogical syst~n of combining work with
study was established at that school.
- "The children learn the beauty of work. You should see them toss ' shovel.fuls'
while clearing the land, water the plants, fertilize and pick the crops. This
school year they have already harvested cabbage, beets, squash, cucumbers, beans,
tomatoes, okra, papaya, etc. There are still some ca~rots, onions and lettuce." ~
- "What is the students' norm?"
_ "There is no norm for them but, in the 2 hours of daily productive work, you can-
not tell which detachment is best because, as I said, a11 are really involved.
- Since I like this work, I also~like to teach them."
"Do you have.children?"
"I have two, Rosa and Daysi. They study at the Jose Artigas secondary school in
San Antonio de 1os Banos."
~ At the end of the produ~tive day, the fifth-grade children, members of one of the
best detachments of the 25 or~anized at this school, had a~ood harvest of carrots
and onions. Photographer Enrique Castro verified this with pictures.
Good School
This school has 903 students--507 boys and 396 girls--from preschool to sixth _
~ade. Only fourth, fift~, and sixth grades work in tihe coll.ective garden. When
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- the garden is attached to the school, all the grades work on it. In the small,
basically rural schools, the students do their work on attached plots. 7n every _
- case, the students and their tea~hers work ea~ch day on garden activities, as-
sisted by assigned persoruiel from the nearest agricultural plan.
The Lazo de la Vega school takes care of its collective garden at the Nina Bonita
production plan. This primary school has canhined w~rk wi.th study sin~,e the
1971-72 sc hool year. There was 92.13 percent promotion last school year. _
Armines Gonzalez, director, explained: "In spite of havin~ achieved an e`~aluation
of 87.03 p~r~ent in the first two semesters of the present year, tY~ere has been
responsible worY, to improve the results and surpass the figure rea~ched in 1979-80."
- He added: "For physical edu~ation and sports, we have a magnificent olympic swim-
ming pool, basketball and volleyball courts and a baseball field. We also have
_ entertainment rooms with pir~-pong tables, chess, checkers and other games. Com- -
- rade Juan Antonio iJunez, assistant production di.rector, can report on the produc- -
tive work."
Nunez explained: "You already ~mow that, at first, the gardens received excellent
_ attention. After some years of good work nationally, the enthusiasm of all the
organisms responsible for their attention declined. There were difficult stages
because of lack of support. There ww~erre even problems in obtaini.ng seeds but we
did not stop the garden activities although it is true tha.t final yields declined.
The situation was as follows." ~ -
- School Year Production i.n Quintals
1972-73 4,258.87
1973-74 12,864.90
1974-75 4,198.03
1975-76 3,555.19
1976-77 3,234.00
1977-78 3,118.47
' 1978-79 1,665.53
1979-80 2,350.00
Better Attention
"You can see that we have increased production si.nce the previous school year;
this work is being properly attended. The harvest at the end of last January was -
about 1,434.37 quinL-als, much higher than in the same montk~ in 1979� The est5mate
for the present school year is between 2,500 and 3,000 quintals in the 18.5 hec-
tares of usable land that we have. In the monthly production assemblies, we ana-
lyze the work done with those responsible for each detachment of pioneers. The
students practically run the meetin~."
We asked : -
"What do you do with the harvest?"
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- "Cons~unption by the school kitchen has priority but we deliver part of the harvest
to the plan and also to the processing center when the harvest is good, rr
- A Little History
The application of the work-study program at the different educational levels pro-
vided the bases for the incorporation of students in the school to the fields ~lan,
the farming schools and other systems being developed in the technical and profes-
sional education, tea~her training and special education centers.
- The productive work of the school has a leading role i.n the double objective of
communist education. It was expressed in the Thesis of the First Party Cong~ess
as follows :
- ~'The /formative purpose/ seeks to develop an awareness as producers of social
goods, create the conditions to eliminate prejudice derived from a division be-
tween manual work and intellectual work, eliminate intellectualism in education
and encourage interest in investigation of the surrounding world. ' -
"The /economic purpose/ is to form a labor force of hundreds of thousands of stu- _
dents for production and social work. By properly allocating time for regular
studies and participation in production and cultural, aesthetic, sports and recre-
ational activities, they can easily be educated multilaterally."
It is obvious that this system of cambining work and study, introdu~ced in G~,iban
pedagogy by our revolution, openly contributes to training the students in love
for creative work, the proletariat, collectivism, cooperativism and labor disci-
pline. The first secretary of the party and president of the Councils of State
and Ministers, Commander Fidel Castro, stated that work is the g~eat teacher of
youth.
It is no secret that, in the school years that the work-study principle has oper- -
ated in our schools, some irregularities have shown up, not only in incorporation -
but in retention of students and the fulfillment of the general purposes that this
phase has for the students that should participate in it.
Nevertheless, the NIarxist and P�larti concern that youths be tra.ined in love for
work is happily applied in the school to the fields, the farming schools and the -
school gardens. The pedagogical purposes that back this educational novelty are -
fulfilled in the educational process.
The school garden, as a principal form of work in pr~mary education, ties small
students to a type of short-~ycle agricultural production which can be foll.owed _
step by st;ep for several months until the resul.ts of the collective eFfort are ob-
tained. That effort, in general, has not been the best possible. In a special
~ speech by the Jose Marti Pioneer Organization at the second session of the r?t~.er.al
meeting to ex~change experiences on student productive work held in April 1979,
the following was stated:
"Looki.ng at the problem in its different modalities which are being analyzed at
this event, we have to recognize that perhaps we a11 have not cooperated to the
maximtun to materialize and develop these ideas at the level we aspire to. At
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times our vision has been limited. If we evaluate the development of the gardens
and productive plots, we must recognize that, far fran improving our work, the
results of this school year indicate that we have regressed quantitatively. We
- alsb feel that we have not achieved m�ach qualitative pr~gress.
"F1e are not going to cite what the pioneer organization has done to develop the
gardens sir~e we feel that the results show us that w~e did not work well and we
did not give them proper attention. It is true that many objective factors affect '
these results and there are problems rrrith equipment and tools. The worst, however,
is to ~mow that in sane places the gardens have disappeared because t~ie land has
been used for other productive activities. This unquestionably reveals la~k of
compreY:ension of the value and importance of these activitie~ in the education of
our children. In the productive plots, the situation is much more critical; there
are provinces where they practically do not exist. The truth, comrades, is that
_ only 8 percent of the pioneers have regular productive activities tied to gardens
and plots."
_ Due to lack of understanding about the need for these productive activities in
close coordination with study as well as the persistence of.,problems, an agreement
was signed between MIN~D [Ministry of Education] and the Ministry of A$ricultLme.
That agreement outlined a work plan for both ministries as part of the MINED Prin-
cipal Activities Plan that wa.s applied in the 1979-80 school year.
Concerning school gardens, it mentioned: elaboration of operating norms by the
national, provincial and municipal c~~mnittees of work support and appointment of
members; budget allocation to the muni.cipal committee by each enterprise where
there are school gardens or they are created; and elaboration of the production
plan for the garden. Also the necessary means for work organization, breaking
ground and obtaining seeds, fertilizEr, etc., are guaranteed and systematic checks
~ of everything in the doc;uments governing garden work are planned. The students
will be given a weekly report on the results of their work. Every 3 months, the
reports on the fulfillment of the production plan will be analyzed.
The results of the coordination between different facters to a~chieve better re-
sults in the school gardens and also to increase their number are seen in the data
on the 1979-$~ school year.
At the end of that school year, trrre were 484 gardens throughout the country with
the participation of 154,151 children and 630 productive plots with 41,552 parti-
cipants. In the first quarter of the 19~0-81 school year, there has been an in-
crease in the different forms of socially useful work in primary education: 497
school gardens with 592 schools involved and an enrolLnent of 177,881 students.
This represents 8g.3 percent of the total enrollment of those schools. Some
17,305 teachers are involved in this activity--that is, 95 percent of the staff
of the above mentioned schools.
After the activation of the commitments to increase the number of gardens and
plots and incorporate the largest number of students and teachers possible to this
system, Villa Clara Province did best with 17 new gardens. It was followed by
Pinar del Rio with 7, Ciego de Avila with 5, Isle of Youth with 4, Havana City
Frith 2, Matanzas with 1 and Guantanamo with 1. There are provinces like Las ~nas
with 20 nonfunctioning gardens, Grar~ma which has 12 of its 25 gardens paralyzed
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and 8 such gardens in other provin~ces. The problems that have been confronted
in this work are being analyzed.
In relation to the plots, there are 30 more in production than in the past schovl
year; there were 660 in all in December 1980. there is also better attention to
- the school gardens, nurseries and parks. At present, 236,g96 pioneers take care
of 8g4 gardens.
Educate in W~rk CorHCepts -
To b~tter understand the basis of' productive and socially useful work in education,
it is necessary to create che mentality of producer in the child fran the very
first years of his education, discipline him mentally and teach him how to conduct
his future activities. Al1 the means used for the achievement of this educational
task are valid but it is necessary to stress the rwnthly assemblies that verify
the results. The students have the opportunity to participate in the critical
analysis of the difficulties and deficiencies of the detachment and to develop the _
pri.nciple of collective work. In these meetings, they also learn the plans out-
1i.ned far the school.
In his visit on 15 September 1971, Fidel told the children at the Meneses primary
,school: "Our school has to educate in the con~cepts of work and inculcate work
habits and discipline at a very early age."
COPYRIGHT: BOI~MIA, 1981
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- COU~ITRY SECTION EL SALVADOR
AGEUS SECRETAItY ON JUNTA'S REPRESSION, STUDENT SOLIDARITY
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 20 Mar S1 pp 62-63
[Report on interview with Ernesto Flores, organization secretary of the General
Association of Salvadoran University Students [AGEUS], by Manuel Gonzalez B. in
Hsvana; date not given]
[Text] Ernesto Flores, organization secretary of the General Association af
Salvadoran University Students (AGEUS), has ~ust completed a solidarity-with-his
country tour through several Latin American countries, which was sponsored by
_ the International Union of Students (IUS) and the OCLAE [Continental Organization
of Latin American Students].
During his brief visit to Havana, we spoke with him about the tour, on which
he was accompanied by Elisandro Ballestero, Pana~anian FEP [Federation of
Panamanian StudentsJ representative of the OCLAE. They nisited Colombia, Ecuador,
_ Panama, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and, finally, Cuba.
"The ob~ectives of the tour," Flores explained, "were to establish ~ student
movement opposed to American intervention in E1 Salvador; to make known the
different manifestations of this escalated intervention; to report on the
development of the democrattc and revolutionary struggle of the Salvadorans;
- to break through the barrier set up by the transnational communications companies
of imperialism and its allies in Latin America; and to establish direct relations
not only wi~:h student organizations but also with trade union and labor
organizations.
"We think that the tour has been a rousing success, as we attained our ob~ectives
and encountered receptivity and sympathy. In the eountries we visited, committees
of solidarity w.[th the Salvadoran struggle were formed. The students and other
sectors were able to learn about the reality in E1 5alvador, which the press
agencies and the media are distorting and misrepresenting.
_ "In Colombia, we visited 15 universities; in the Dominican Republic, we talked
with Hatuey de Camp, president of the Chamber of Representattves, and with former
.President Juan Bosch. In other countries, we also talked with political personali- ~
ties and university professors.
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_ "During our stay in Puerto Rico, we were able to determine that there are ~
personalities and organizations on the alert for a possi.ble utilization of Puerto
Rican military forces in a direct and massive intervention in E1 Salvador...:'
- The interview with Ernesto Flores moved to another subject: the Christian
Democratic Junta's repression against the university.
- "Since 26 June 1980, the university has bee. under military control. Before that, -
- several buildi.ngs of the institution had been mach~ine-gunned and the press had
_ conducted an intensive car~pai~n against the highest center of learning. Buring
the police attack on that day, about 40 students were assassinated.
~ "Later, Rector Felix Antonio Ulloa, a man identified with the popular struggles,
was assassinated; this crime is one example of the wave of assassinations, tortures -
and persecutions against students, professors and university personnel in general.
"On 10 February 1981, at a time when there was a national movement for the return
of the university to its legitimate authorities, the University Council was
kidnapped. Eight of its members are still in the Santa 7fercia jail, although no
charges or prooi of guilt have been filed against them."
[Question] In what manner has the student body been brought into the struggle?
, [Answer] University students have been fighting alongside the people for 53 -
years. During the 1932 insurrection, students such as Luna, Zapata and even
Farabundo Marti, who was studying to be an attorney, distinguished themselves.
The student body has always been with the peasants, with the oppressed sectors.
In 1972, the university was taken over, and that is the way things were for 7
years. They imposed reactionary rectors on us, oppressed the�student body and
introduced study programs oriented by an ideology which served imperialism.
- In 1979, there were protests and demonstrations which brought out the police
forces and the reactionary authorities imposed by the tyranny of that time. There
were democratic elections which resulted in the election of Ulloa as rector.
During that entire period, the student struggle never stopped, Even more
recently, the Ageus participated in the formation of the Revolutionary
Democratic Front, an organization which includes the various democratic sectors
struggling for freedom, with the Farabundo Marti Front in the vanguard.
As students, as young people aware of the country's situation, we believe
something which has been more than amply demonstrated: the only alternative for
our people is armed struggle. We have always wanted to have a peaceful solution;
however, the response we received was electoral fraud, the imposition of dictator-
ships, torture and persecution. The students are incorporated with the armed
struggle as part of the people.
Another topic was taken up by Ernesto Flores during the interview: _
- "After the general offensive, there has been a great escalation of intervention
in E1 Salvador, which may be seen in mili+tary aid, the sending of American
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- advisers, the delivery of helicopters, arms and dollars by the United
States.
'~At the same time, there is the complicity and participation of Honduras and
Guatemala ia the assassination and persecution of Salvadorans in the border
regions. Another exam~,le is the case of the secretary general of the Revolutionary
Popular Bloc, Facundo Guardado, wh~ is being held prisoner in Honduran ~ails.
"We cannot rule out the possibility of direct intervention by the United States
with its marines.
- "But we must not forget that the international community is re~ecting intervention.
Now, if American imperialism comcnits the greatest stupidity, we Salvadorans are
ready to fight throughout the national territory, to defend the fatherland inch
_ by inch.
"What is more, it is clear that an Am~eric.an intervention in E1 Salvador would tend
to regionalize the conflict; Central America and all Latin America would become a
new Vietnam, and the Americans would suffer another defeat.
- "The Christian Democratic Junta, with its so-called pacification plan, has _
assassinated 16,000 persons in less than 14 months, which constitutes veritable
genocide. At present, it is using the same techniques as in Vietnam, the
scorched earth policy: bombings, the use of napalm and white phosphorous,
substances which are banned by international organizations.
"But the struggle goes on. There are constant ambushes against m~.litary convoys;
the combative mo rale of our guerrillas is as high as it can be."
In August 1981, the OCLAE will celebrate its 15th anniversary.
Ernesto Flores said: -
"The OCLAE is representative of the Latin American student sector. Over the past _
15 years, it has engaged in activities designed to strengthen the unity of the
student movement and has in various ways expressed its solidarity with the _
struggle of the peoples.
"During the tour which we have ~ust completed, we observed the significant policy
of the OCLAE vis-a-vis the struggle of the Latin American peoples and the
liberation movements. _
"The OCLAE is also playing a decisive role in the plan to unite the students,
workers and popular masses in their struggles against dictatorships and imperialism
which presume to hold back the course of history.
"The Latin American student sector is backing and supporting our Salvadoran
people; and that gives us heart in the struggle for a new tomorrow and the
conquest of imperialism, something we will achieve with the participation of the
' people, headed by the Farabundo Marti Front.
COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA 1981
814 3
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COUNTRY SECTION GUATEMALA
?
CUBAN JOURNAI, LINKS RIGHTWING VIOLENCE ~?'0 GOVERNMENT, U.S. AID
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 13 Mar 81 pp 78-79
[Text] The Reagan Connection ' -
The following sensational revelations about the genocidal violencz of the Zucas
Garcia regime and its close ties with the U.S. Government were published in
tY~e tabloid FRENTE, the paper of the Democratic Fiont Against the Represaion,
whose publicity operations are based outside the country.
- On a recent visit to Guatemala, American newsman Allan Nairn, a researcher
associate~d with the Council for Hemispheric Affairs, conducted interviews
and inves+tigations that led him to the conclusion that close advisers to
President Ronald Reagan have strong ties with the widespread and masaive
terroriam that the Guatemalan Government practices against grass roote
democratic segments of the people. The report written up by the American
journalist diwlges Reagan's pacts with Guatemalan buainessmen and government
officials who are involved with the death squads, one of the main examples
of which is the so-called Secret Anticommunist Army (ESA).
Raegan has offereci to resu~ae and intenaify arms sales to and military training
for police groups and the Guatemalan Army, to end State Department criticism
of the Guatemalan regime for it~ u~assive v~olations of human rights and t~~
- consider the prospect of U.S. military intervention to supp ort the govern~nent.
In 19$0, Guatemala received a string of visits from executivea of hard-lit~e -
conservative organizations such as Young Americans f~r Freedom, the Moral
Majority, the National Federation of Republican Youth, the American Conservative
Union and Citizens for the Republic. During these visite the far right
American activists met with Guatemalan buaineasmen and government officials,
including Roberto Alejos Arzu, Manuel F. Ayau, Raul Garcia ~:anados, Eduardo
- Carrete and Jorge Garcia Granados. These talks were designed to lay the
groundwork so that, when Reagan took office, military aid c ould be provided _
to the army and police and a strong network of support set up for the
Guatemalan Government, including for the paramilitary group s that kidnap, ~
torture and murder the people. The Garcia Granados hrothers, Carrete and
Alejo Arzu are officials of a group called the "Association of Frienda of the
Country," which is composed of well-known representatives of private enterpriae
who support the Guatemalan Government with al~l sorta of funding. They pay -
1
,
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$11,000 a month to "Deaver and Hannaford," a U.S. public relations firm run
by Michael Deaver, a Reagan confidant who was in charge of publicity during
the Republican presidential campaign. They have hired o ther law and
advertising firms to sing the praises of the Guatemalan regime to U,So
public opinion.
The Death Squads -
Guate:nalan Government spokesmen often blame the far left and far right "that
operr~te outside government control" for the violence and terror that reign in -
~ Guate~ala. Sources close to Luc~s Garcia's regime report, however, that
the death squads are formed and directed by the army and police, under the
command of President Lucas himself, Government and Interior Minister ponaldo ~
Alvarez Ruiz and a group of well-placed generals, with the assistance of the
president's chief of staff, Col H~ctor Montalvan, and the director of the
National Police, Col German Chupina Barahona. Theae reports note that certain
businessmen help to finance the death squads and to draw up the lists of
individuals who are to be murdered. Raul Garcia Granado s sai.d in an interview
that the death squads have been in operation for several government tern?s and
_ that they were organized under the auspices of the army. "They have lista of
the people who are suspected of being communists, of any kind, and they kill
them. It's a urar between com~tunists and anticommunists. They ~the death
squads) have the sympathy of the majority of the Guatema lan people," said
Garcia Granados, a~uatemalan businessman with direct links to theae groups.
The control that the government exercises over the death squads, which has
been an open aecret for some time, was confirmed publicl y last September by
Elias Barahona, who served as the Government Ministry's presa secretary for
~ more than 4 yeara and was pracCically a confidant of Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz,
the head of the ministry.. Barahona resigned in September and during a press
conference in Panama said that he was a member of the Guerrilla Army of the
Poor (EGP) and gave newsmen a 15-page statement detailing the way in which
Lucas Garcia and the generals control the death squads from the fourth floor
of the National Palace annex, as well as a list of the a ddresses of the houses
which the government uses to detain and torture its kidnap victims. Vinicio
Cerezo, the secreCary general of the Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party,
stated at a press conference organized by the Heraispheric Affaire Council -
(COHA) that last June a ranking army officer had told 1 eaders of his party
- that they had been placed on a hit list because "if you're againat the _
government, you're co~mttunists."
Francisco Villagran Kramer, who resigned last year as vi ce president of the
republic, pointed out that his former colleagues had rec eived promises from
Reagan's people that the death squads would be able to operate without adverse
- pressure fr~m the White House or the State Department. "They are certain that
Mr Reagan would not condemn them or raise moral objections,10 Villagran Kramer
said. These dieclosures confirm that the Reagan admini stration will igaore
human rights violations in Guatemala an~i that it will, on the contrary,
support the terrorist groups that operate under the direct control of the
army and government and that are responsible for the dea tha of thousands of -
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Guatemalans. They know that the death squads exist and that the regime is
responsible for genocidal practices, but they are not going to do anything to
ptevent the maesacre of the people from continuing; on the contrary, they
will support the squads. A U.S. executive who baasts of working closely with
_ Col German Chupina Barahona, the director of the National Police, recently
made this brazen statement: "Why ahould we worry about the death squads?
- They're getting rid of the communists, our enemies. I'd give them more power.
Hell. If I could, I would arm myself, and so would everyone e1se...Why
criticize them? I completely support the ~leath squads."
Siniater Relations
- Smarting from the suspension of military aid and the former administration's
criticiams of human rights violations, the representatives of the far right
see Reagan as their last hope of reiaaining in power. Milton Molina, a -
well-known Guatemalan landowner who has financed and directed death squad
attacks against dozens of peasant farmers and workera, was questioned about
these terroriat groups. He said: "Well, we have to do something," adding
_ that he and his friends support Reagan "one hundred percent. He's our only
hope." The liaison between Reagan's team and the Guatemalan far right began
in earnest during the December 1979 viait to Guatemala by a delegation from
the American Security Council,an extreme right~wing military group one of -
whose advisers is John Trotter, the ill-famed manager of Coca-Cola Bottling
in Guatemala. Trotter was implicated in the slaying of several workers and
laber leaders at the bottling plant and was recently rem4ved from thP manager's
post in the wake of an international boycott sponsored by the International
Union of Food Workers (UITA) and religious organizations, to protest the
situation at the Coca-Cola plant in Guatemala. Trotter is also the director
of the Guatemala Freedom Foundation, an international pressure group founded
by Roberto Alejos that supports Lucas and is more extreu~ist than the Aaso- -
ciation oi Friends of the Country. Alejos sponsored the visit by the delegation .
from the American Security Council, which was headed by two Reagan associates,
retired Gen John K. Singlaub and Daniel Graham. As a Reagan adviser, Graham
maintains his post as codirector of the Coalition of Peace Through Strength,
a group of retired military officers that is currently lobbying in Washington
for a bigger defense budget. Manuel F. Aysu and Roberto Alejos, among others,
have met recently with them. Ayau, a member of the National Liberation
Movement Party (MLN), which has extreme rightist leanings and is directly
linked to the death squads, is generally regarded as the ideologue of the
most extremist faction of private enterprise. Singlaub, the former commander
_ of U.S. forces in South Korea who was fired by Carter fnr insubordination,
has close contacts with the informal network of far right-wing mercenaries who
support dictatorships all over the world. Last year Singlaub was aeen at _
"the farm," the paramilitary training school in Powder Springs run by the
legendary mercenary and arma trafficker Mitchel Webell. About one-third of
the audience that heard Singlaub consisted of combat troops from the highly
controversial, if not lunatic, Labor Party of the USA (neo-Nazi). In an
interview last August, Singlaub said that he was "tremendously impressed" by
the way that the Lucas regime was "desperately trying to promote human rights,"
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and he deplored the fact that "at the same time, the government ia losing -
American support, which gives the people the impression that something ie
Mrong with the government." Singlaub urged a sympathetic understanciing
_ towards the death squads, arguing that the Carter administration's refusal tio
support tne Lucas regime's efforts to get rid of ita enemies "is cauaing the _
people who are dedi.cated to maintaining the private enterprise system and to
continuing progresa toward s political and economic development, to take
matterr inta their own hands." Reagan's advisers were even more brazen and
categorical in private conv~rsations.. A high-level Guatemalan Government
aificial who met with Graham and Singlaub and then discuseed the implications
_ of their visit with his government and military colleagues sai3 that the _
message was quite ciear: "Mr Reagan recognizes tha~ there is a lot of dirty _
work to be done." Just a few w~eka after the visit from the representatives
cf the American Security Council, the number of slayings increased -
dramatically, and government circles apoke of even more drastic measurea _
after Reagan took office. "In private conversations everyone is saying all
~ the time that there are go ing to be changes in U.S. poli~y," noted a
Guatemalan who meets regul arly with government and business leadera. "I am ,
sure," he went on to say, "that they feel safer and that they are going to try
and eliminate all opposition in the country." -
Right-iJingers and Advisers: Mutual Understanding
Roger Fontaine, Reagan's main Latin American policy adviser,hasmade at least two
tripa to Guatemala. Fontaine is on intimate terms with leading right--wing -
figures and keeps in constant contact with them over the phone. In an ir.ter-
_ view published in t.~c MIAMI HERALD last July, Fontaine stated that "it is
quite clear that the Guatemalans will get the assistance they need to defend
themselves against an armed, Cuban-backed minority." Meanwhile, Gene '
Friedman, the staff director of the Congressional Inter-American Affairs Sub-
Committee, whose leanings in support of the Guatemdlan Government are an
- acknowledged fact, tried t o prevent a series of hearings for opponents of the
Guatemalan regime, until four of the five Democrats on the subcommittee
demanded that the hearings be held in a letter addressed to Friedman's boss,
Congressman Gus Yatron, Democrat of Pennsylvania. Under the auspices of the
= Associaeion of Friends of the Country and the Guatemala Freedom Foundation, _
a r.onsiderable number of Guatemalans have traveled to the United States to
meet with Reagan's team and with Reagan himself. The directors of the
right-wing group, Juan Maegli and Manuel F. Ayau, have acknowledged the
definite agreements between Reagan's advisers and themselves. The same sort
_ of understanding e~rerged from every meeting: the Guatemalan right-wingers and -
Reagan's advisers found thaC they shared the same viewpoints and that they
had little to negotiate about.
The Agreements
As described by Guatemalan and American businessmen a~d Guatemalan Government -
officials, there are four key elements in their dealings with the Reag,an forces:
- a) First, there is an a~reement that Maegli describes as "taking our army off
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- the black list," in other words, resuming weapons and munitione eales,
- furnishing apare parts for U.S.-made helicopters, providing the air force
With combat and cargo aircraft and providing both the army and the police with
riot and insurgency control equipment; b) Secondly, a cotmnitment has been made
to resume Per_tagon training for the ar~ay and police, especially in tracking,
, s~rveillance and interrogation techniques. According to Robert Merrick, an
~nerican-born landowner who has kept in clo~e contact with Reagan' a advisers,
Fontaine promised him and a group of Guatemalan businesamen that Rea~an
"will do all that he legally can to help train the Guatemalan police"; c)
Thirdly and perhaps most importantly, Reagan's aides agreed to suspend all
U.S. criticism of the death squads, which the Guatemalan regime feela has
damaged its international political and financial standing. "We feel that
as soon as Reagan alters this approach," Raul Garcia Granados said, "we will
no longer have to endure the pressure that certain groups have been applying
up to now." Raul's brother Jorge, who is President Lucas' secretary, said:
- "We are in a hot war. Of course it's wrong to kill, but when yau're in a
- war and you have to kill someone, you kill him"; d) Fourthly, the
Guatemalan Government and the chambers of private enterprise anticipate,
albeit not that explicitly, that President Reagaii would intervene militarily
_ in the event that the Lucas regime were in danger of being toppled by a
popular uprising. "That is the feeling I get from Mr Reagan," Garcia
Granados sdid.
Reagan: The Last Hope
Anticipating this kind of future suppcrt, the businessmen who finance and
.v support tl-~e death squads threw everything overboard to back the Reagan -
campaign, regarding him as their only hope to stay in power. In addition to
the $120,000 paid to the public relations firm of Deaver and Hannaford
over the first 6 months of 1980, the Guatemala Freedom Foundation hired
= another public relations firm, McKenzie-McCheyne, which had worked for
Anastasio Somoza, at a cost of $35,000 ~o publish a newspaper commentary,
to organize,a press conference and to distribute some newspaper clippings -
(this cost $8,071.06). This is over and above the enormous sums of money that
- American and Guatemalan businessmen gave to the Republican campaign through a
- co~nittee headquartered in California. For no apparent reason, Reagan
campaign offi~cials tried to cover up the donations from American citizens
- residing in Guatemala. These donations are legal, but a more serious situation
involves campaign donatxons from Guatemalan citizens, which are prohibited by
- U.S. law. Bennet, a passionate Reagan supporter, said that his businessmen
colleagues "are investing their money, and I would say tha.t the Guatemalans
- are the ones who are realiy investing in this ca:mpaign. All I know is that
= the;~ are sending very sizable amounts,"
In the United States, meanwhile, Reagan's adviaers have openly defended the
death squads and tt,e Lucas administration. Now retired Gen Gordon Summer, the
former chief of the.Central American Command and one of Reagan's main advisexs, -
said at a press conference that he defended the death squads, arguing that
although the need for such measures is deplorable, "there is really no other
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way." In light of theae circumstancee, the Government of Guatemala would ~
seem tu have carte blanche to continue operating directly and thr.ough the
death squade, as demonatrated by the murders that have been committed eo far,
in which government terrorism has been characterized by its typical
_ brutality.
COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA, 1981
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CSO: 3010 ~D ~
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