JPRS ID: 9720 USSR REPORT TRANSPORTATION

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• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 21
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 16
• Content Type: REPORTS

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~
~
JPRS L/972Q
7 May 1981
_ USSR R~ ort -
p ~
~
- TRAPlSP~RTATION
- CFOUO 3/81) -
:
r
- F~0$ FORElC~N l~ROADCA~T I~J~C~IRAAATiGN ~ERVICE :
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- JPRS L/9720
7 May 1.9 81
- USSR REPORT '
TRANSPORTATION
(FOUO 3/81) ~
CONTENTS
AIR
Operations Research in Civil Aviation
(Ivan Semenovich Golubev, et al.; ISSLEDOVANIYE OPERATSIY
V GRAZHDANSKOY AVIATSII, 1980) 1
Eco.nomics of the Aviation Industry
(Sergey Aramovich Sarkisyan, David Elkur_~~~ich Starik;
EKONOMIKA AVIATSIONNOY PROMYSHLENNOSTI, 1980) 3
Book on City Air Transportation Services Noted _
- (A. I. Borodach, et al.; GOROD I AVIATSIYA, 1980) 6 -
RAILROAD
New Edition of Soviet Book on Railcars Published ~
(L. A. Shadur; VAGONY: KONSTRUKTSIYA, TEORl.YA I
RASCHET, 1980) 8
- a - [III - US.SR - 38d FOUO]
- 1'/1D l~~LT/"T ~ T 7 iCn n*rr v
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AIR . \
UDC 629.7.338.07.001.(022)
O~ERATIONS RES~ARCH IN CIVIL AVIATION
Moscow ISSi,EDOVANIYE OPERATSl'Y V GR.AZ~IDANSKOY AVIATSII in Russian 1980 (signed to
press 3~ Jun 80) pp 2, 256 _
- [Annotation and table of contents from ~ook "Operations Research in Civil Aviation",
by Ivan Semenovich Golubevs Radi.y Vladimirovich Sakach, Yevgeniy Leonidovich
?�oginov and Yevgeniy Georgiy~vich Pinaye~~, Izdatel'stvo "Transport", 1700 copies,
- 256 pages] '
; [Text] In this book, the F~oblems of opera~ing the civil aviation system are dealt =
with, the basic productive and service operations are described, and methods of
assessing their eff iciency based on systems analysis and use o~~: economic and mathe- -
marical methods are givei~. Also discussed are problems in optimi.zation of manage- _
ment an3 planning of the sector.
This book is intended for sca.entific workers and may be used 'oy enginaers and stu-
dents in civil aviation WZ's.
= It contains 67 illustrations, 7 tables and a bibliography of 95 titles.
CONTENTS ~
Page
Introdr~ction 3
Chapter l. General Provisions of Theory and Practice ~ 5
1. Subject and Tasks of Operations Research 5
2. General. Ques~ions and Principles of Operations Research 8
3. Operations Research Software ].g -
Chapter 2. Civil Aviation as a Large System 21
1. Role of Air Transportation 21 -
2. Civil Aviation as an Element- of rhe Unified Transpor~ation System
- for the Country 23 -
3. Civil Aviation as a Large System 27
Chapt2r 3. Management of the Sector 38
_ l. E~sence of Scientific Management 38
_ 2. Organizational System of Civil Aviation 44 -
3. Aut-omation of Management in Civil Aviation 49
Problems df Decision-Making 62
: 1
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, Chapter 4. Planning the Development of the Sector 66
i. Planning and Directing Its Impro~ement ~5
- 2. Principles and Basic Requirements for a System of Complex Planning 70
3. General Scheme of Complex Planning 72
4. Methodology of Developing the Basic Directio;~s for Development of
Cicil Aviation 75
5. Peculiarities of the Long Ter.m Plan for Development of Air
Transportation and Scheme for Drafting It
- 6. Long-Term Planning 100
' 7. Use of the Critical Path Method and Progxammed Evaluation and Review
Technique (SPU) when Drafting the Long-Term Plan 116
8. Realization and Problems of Improvement of the System of Complex
- Planning 120
- Ch~~pter 5. Functioning of the Sector 12~
l.. Analysis of the Technical System 12~
2. Model of Distribution of Means at the Level of the Unified
Transportation System 132
3. Models of the Functioning of A3.r Transportation 137
4. Models of the Functioning of the VTS [possibly Air Transformer Link] 149
5. Model o~ the Functioning of the Transportation ComplE~x (TK) 161
6. Functioning of the Elements of the Transportation Complex 174
- Chapter 6. Methodology of For~ing the System of Civil Aviation Equipment
- Resources for the Long Term 201
- 1. Role and Place of the Problem of Forming Equipment Resources when
Drafting the Civil Aviation Developmer.t Plan 201
2. Complex of Tasks of Planning the Development of EquipmenC Resources 203
3. Main Problems--Large Scale, Uncertainty. Overcoming Them 207
4. Fundamentals of Developing Scenarios 211
5. Forecasting Passenger Traffic in Air Transportation 213
6. Agg~Pgating Source Data on Conditions of Operation uf the
Passenger Aircraft Fleet 224
7. Forming Alternative Versions of Appearances of Fut~re Passenger
Aircraft ~28
Technique for Optimization of the Structure of.the Future Fleet of
- Main Line Passenger Aircraft 232
- References 252
COPYRIGHT.: Izdatel'stvo "Transport", 1980
~ 8545
CSO: 1829
_ 2
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AIR
ECONOMICS OF THE AVIATION INDUSTRY ~
Moscow EKONOMIKA ,~VIATSIONP:OY PROMYShZENNOSTI in Russian 1980 (sigr~ed to press
- '_2 Apr 8a) pp 2, 366-368
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Economics of Aviation Industry", by
Sergey Aramovich Sarkisyan and David Elkunovich Starik, Tzdatel'stvo "Vys~haya
~ shkola", 10000 copies, 368 pages]
_ [Text] In this textbook, the basic questions of the economics of the aviation in-
dustry are dealt wizh. Covered a�re the role of the aviation industry in the nation-
= al economy and in defense of the country, and the scientific principles of manage-
ment and planning af the sector. A m~ajor part is devot~d to the questions of the
economics of scientific and technical progress and to ti;e economi~ substantiation
of decisions made at the stages of d~velopment, pr_od�sction and operation of avia-
tion systems. Pointed out are ways and means of raising production ~ificiency,
labor productivity and work quality.
Designed for WZ studetits of aviation spec~talties.
CONTENTS Page
Introduction. iubject and Tasks ,~f the Course 3
Section I. The Aviation Industry in the USSR National F.^_onomy 11
- Chapter 1. Role of Aviotion Industry in the National Economy and its
Sectorial Structure 11
- 1. Ba~ic Stages of Development of the Aviation Industry 11
2. Features of the Aviation Industry and Its Structure 18
Chapter 2. Management of the Aviation Induatry 25
~ l. Essence, Content and Prixiciples of Management 25
2. Structure of Management of the Aviation Industry. Agencies of
State Management of Socialist Industry 30
3. Improving Management of the Aviation Industry 35
4. Management Methods 38
, 5. Systems Approach to Management of Industry 4U
6. Methods of Making Decisions 44
Automated System for Management of the Sector 50
= Chapter 3. Planning the Aviation Industry 65
l. Es~ence and Princigles of Socialist Planning 65
2. System of Plans and Forecasts of the Sector 67
3
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3. Procedure far C~mpiling Plans for Economic and Social Development 73
- 4. Five-Year and ~'.anual Plans for Economic and ~ocial Development of
the Sector ~S
5. Methods of Planning 78
6. Use of Economic and Mathematical Methods in Planning Development,
Specialization and Siting of Industry 84
_ Chapter 4. Planning Production of Sector. Output 8~
1. Planning Producti~n of ~utput in Physical and Cost Terms 87
2, Planning Production Capacity and Utilization of It y3
_ Chapter 5. ConcEntratian, Specialization, Cooperation and Combina~ion of
- Aviati4n Yroduction 99
- l. Concentration of Productiou 99
2. Specialization of Production 102
_ 3. Production Cooperation 108
4. Productien Combination 110
5. Siting Enterprises of the Sector 111
Section II. Resources of the SPCtor and Utilization of Them 114
~ Chapter 6. Fixed Capital and Capital Canstruction 114
' 1. Classif~.cation, Structure and Methods of Assessing Fixed Capital 114
- 2, Deprec:iation ar_d Amortization of Fixed Canital 118
3. Indicators af Utilization of Fixed Capital ~~3
4o Capital Construction i2$
- Chapter 7. Sector Working Capital, Supply of Materials and Equipment, and
- Sales 137
1. Composition, Structure and Sourc?s of Working Capital 13~7
~ Setting Norms of Working Capital 141
3. Indicators of Utilizati~n of Working Capital 144
4. Organization of Supply of Materials and Equipment and Sales in the Sector 146
Chapter 8. Personnel, Labor Productivity and Wages in the Sector 152
- 1. Sector Personnel 152
2. Labar Pr~ductivity 155
3. Wages 164
4. Wage Fund 177
Section III. Production ~ost and Product Pricing. Cost Accounting and
Finances of the Sector 18~
Chapter 9. Production Cost of Output 18ti
1. Production Cost of Output and Its Composition 180
- 2. Distribution of Outlays by Product Type 182
3. Indicators of Production Cost 188
4. Planning of Production Cost 188
- Chapter 10. Profit and Pricing in the Sector 196
. 1. Profit and Profitability 196
- 2. Prices of Products 200
~ Chapter 11. Cost Accounting and Finances of the Sector 2~7
_ 1, Frincipl~s of Cost Accounting 207
2. Economic Incentive Funds 209
3. Sector Finances 212
4
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Section IV, Economics of Scientific and Technical Progress 224
Chapter 12. Methods of Determining Economic Ef�iciency of Social Production 224
1. System of Indicators of Efficiency of Social Production 224
2. Determining Economic Effectiveness of Capital Investment 227
_ Chapter 13. Scientific and Techzical Progress in the Sector, Forecasting
and Planning of It 235
J 1. Concept of Sctentific and Tachnical Progress 235
2. Basic Directions and Features of SciPntific and Technical I'rogress
in the Aviation Industry L39
3. Fc:.ecasting Scient.ific and Technical Progress 255
4. Planning the Development of Science and Technology 292
; Chapter. 14. Economic Efficiency and Stimulating Scientific and
Technical Progress 294
1. Methodological Principles of Determining Economic Efficiency of
New Equipment 294
2. Principles of Forming Criteria to Assess Eff~.ciency of Systems c+f
Flying Vehic?.es 303
: 3. Methods of Determining Economic Efficiency of Aviation Transportation
Systems (ATS) 311
4. Methods of E~onomic F~~aluation of SyL~ems of Military Flying Vehicles 331
5. Methods of~Determining E.ffectiveness of Scientific Research 335
6. Econrnnic Stimulation of Scientific and Technical Progress 343
- Chapter 15. Econnmics of Prcduct ~u~'_~~y 350
- 1. Concept and Essence of Product Quality . 350
2. Economic Effectiveness ot Raising Aviation Equipment Qualitq 355
3. Pr~duct Quality Control 360
Bibliography 364
_ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Vysshaya shkola", 19~0
8545
- CSO: 1829
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- FOR OFFICIAL USE UNLY
_ AIR
- UDC 711.553.9+725.39
BOOK ON CITY AIR TRANSPORTATION SERVICES NOTED
Moscow GOROD I AVIATSIYA i.n Russian 1980 (signed to presr~ 16 May 80) pp 2, 182-183
[Annotation and table of contents from book "City and Av~!at3.on", by A. I. Borodach,
B. N. Mel'n ikov, V. I. Chernikov and I. Berdnik, Stroyi.zdat, 183 pages]
[Text] This book contains basic da~a on air transportation facilities established
to s~ervice the city: airp~rts for modern aircra~t and flying vehicles with short
and vertical takeoff and ~anding; helip~rts and city air terminaZso Discussed are
the requirements for locating air transportation facilities with respect to the
~ city with r egard to ensuring convenient interaetion with it, preventing the unfavor-
able effects of aviation noise on the population, ensuring eond�~t:ions fox efficient
operatien of air transportation facilities and ob~zerving requirements for airship
flight safety. Dimensions of territories needed for construction of airports, heli-
- ports and city air terminals are given. Aasic principles for organi~ing passenger
transportation between the city and rhe airport are set forth.
This book is intend~d for archi~ects and specialists working in citq building and
- planning of air transportation f~cilities.
~
It contains 40 tables, 87 illustrations and a taibliography with 22 titles.
a
CONTENTS Page
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. `The City and Air Transportation 5
l. Aviation Transportation Capabilities 5
2. Siting of Air Transportation Structures and Systems in City
. Transportation Centers 12
Chapter 2. Airports 17
l. ~irport Classification 17
' 2. Airpart Structures and Systems 23
3. Airport Siting 44
- 4. Basic Provisions of Carrying Out General Pl~ns for Airports 51
- 6
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Chapter 3. Heliport~ and Airports far. Aircra�t with Short and Vertical -
Tak~o f f and ~Landirig 60
~ 1. Purpose of Heliports 60
Basic ElementG ::ad Classification of Heliports 67
3. Land Dimensions 69
~ 4. Heliporc Siting . ~2
5. Iiasic Provisions for Carrying C~ut GenQral P'lans for Helipvrts 83 -
- 6. Airports for Aircraft with Short and Verticai Takeoff and Latnding 88 =
Chapter 4. City Air Terminals 96 -
1. Pur~ose and Classification of ~ity Air Terminals 96
2. Structures, Planni~g Organization and Dimensionb of City Air Terminals 101
3. ~ity Air 7'~~rminal Siting 11?
a Chapter 5. Effect of Air Transportation on the Environment ~.23
- l. Features of the Effect of Aviatior. Nuis~ and Ques tions of Setting
Norms for It 123
2. Comparati~re Assessment of Modern AiYCraft Noise Characteristi~s,
; Questions of Glassi~ication of Them 135 -
3. Main Sources of Air~raft and Helicopter Noise and Msthods
of Reducing It 144
4. Restricr_ing Building in Airport Environs Becaus. of Noise Created
- by Aircraf t and .Ieli~~opters 15~
Chapter 6. Organizitig Transp~rtation Between Airports and the Cit}~ 165
Biblio~t�aphy ~gp _
COPYRIGHT: Stroyizdat, 1980
- 8545
CSO: 1829
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RAILROAD
NEW EDITION OF SOVI.ET BOOK ON RAILCARS PUBLISHED
Moscow VAGONY: KONSTRUKTSIYA, TEORIYA I RASCHET in Russian 1980 signed
to press 18 Aug 80 pp 2-7, 14-15, 437-440
/Annotation; excerpt of introduction; chapter 1, secticn 1; excerrc of
chapter 1, section 3; and table of contents from book by L. t~. Shadur,
~ doctor of techni.cal sciences, professor: "Railroad Cars: Design,
� Theory and An alysis", Izdatel'stvo "Transport", third edit:.on. revis~ed
and expanded, 15,500 copies, 439 pages?
' /Text7 Annotation
This br~ok d~scribes the equipment, the seiection ot technical-econumic
parameters and overall dim~ns~~ns and also tr~e modern methods of ~,na-
- lyzing railcars for strength. In comparison with the secor~d edicion,
- the third edition has been rev~sed and expanded in connection with
changes that have taken place in the desi.gns, ratings and methods ef
designing railcars ir. recent years.
- The book is to b~e used by students in railroad institutions of higher
learr_ing. It can also be used by enginEering and technical workers
~n the railro ad car maintenance facilities and in ~he railroad car
building industry, who are engaged in designing, operating and repair-
ing railroad cars. '
/Excerpt from introduction7
Scudents specializing in "railroad car buildi.n~ and railcar facilities"
' study "Railro ad cars", which deals with:
-designs of railcars and their assemblies, which differ in variety and
- in some cases in considerable complexity;
-ratings of railcar parts for strength and stability;
,
- -the fundamentals of designing rail.road cars (selection of technicg?-
economic para~eters, overail dimensions), methods of testing railcars
- and their assemblies.
These matters are studied in lecture3, in labor.ator}? and practical stu-
- dies, in productio:~ practice, and in performing course and degree pro-
- jects.
8
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The study discipline "Railr~ad ars" is baszd on knowledge gained by
students when studying other di.scip~in~es of Lhe their course work, es- _
pecial~y higher mathematics ^.nd theoretical and construction mechanics.
- In turn. the "railroad cars" courge is the ~asis ior studying su~sequent
disciplines such as "Railroad car dynamics", "Containers", "Refrigera- -
- tion equipment of railroa3 cars and air cand:itioning", "Aucomatic
- brakes'', "Railroad car electrical eQuipment", "Te~hnalogy of railroad -
car building and th2 repair of railcars", �'Organization and i~lanning of =
~ production at railroad car b~ildinq and repair. ent~rprises", "Automatic =
equipment and the ~utomation of production processes", "R2.ilroad car _
management" and others . In additiou, many of tt-,e theories of. these dis-
, ciplines are used in the "railroad cars" course.
Since the first and second editions of this textbook wer~ published, im-
- portant scientific researct, has been done, new d.zsigns of railroad cars _
and their assem:.lies have been developed, and there have been changes ia :
the study plans of the institutes. All of this is reflected in this new
edition of the textbook, wY?ich differs from ~.he earli~~r editions in the
followir.g areas:
-a more complete outline uf zhe theory of reliability ~:id service ].ife _
, in regard to railroad ca~- designs. In the fourth and other chapters
methods �or evalua~ing tl~e fatigue strength ot railroad car parts are
_ outlined, incZ�iding ways to evaluate ti:e st -ength relianility of thE
- elements of the railroad car design; -
- -an outline of the ratings of railroad cars using comput~rs, which pro-
= vide the receipt of more complete and precise solutions when reducing
, labor intensiveness. Digital co~puters are used to determine the opti-
mal para~eters of freight cars, to calc~latE ~he carriage underframes, _
' the boilers of tan~c cars and others whic~ bear the basic loads of a
railroad car's elements; .
-a ,justificarion for the new ciesigns of rail.r.oad car.s and the:.r Farts.
- In particular, chapters 11, 12 and ~3 have been ex~anded,.which are de- -
voted r_o dFSigns of freight and passenger railroad car.s, and also chap-
- ?:ers 5, 7 at~d 10 and oth~rs (hollow axels, pnuematir shock absorber
~:uspensions, new automatic uncouplers, absorption equipmenty etc.);
~
~an outline of new u~ethods for analyz$ng the parts of railroad cars
~:analyzing the axels af wheel pairs, three-layer walls of railroad car
, i~odies, and boilers ~f tau~c cars and others);
=i
-the development af ~nethc~ds for the economic analysis of raiiroad car -
designs. '
In connection with this chapter 3 was significantly expanded to include
a description of a new methodology ror determining the basic parameters
- uk a railroad car. Other chapters of the textbook also contain techni- -
~r~~l-ecoaomic analysis.
9
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As in previous editic~ns, the textbook includes reference material w.",i:.h -
direct the stu~ent to sources that provide more information or tha~t for
the first tim.e ever outline the qL.estion being scudTed. Learning m3ter- '
ials and otner litera~:ure are also indicated wYai~h contain ~xample~ o` _
~ ^_al~ulations, refPrence da~a a;~d so forth. _
This t~xtbr~ok struct~are wa~ choszri n~~` on~y in rezponse to tihe pzobl~ems ~
- of outlining an extensiv2 course in a cc~mparatively smai~ volume, but
ai.so out of a desire to awaken in :.he. student a c~ish to ;our~ue indenend- -
r
ent study uf somE tor~ic or another thereby helping the en~iue~r to ac~
- ~uire the skills tk.at he so n~~eds in this work. -
As in previous editions oL t;~is textboak, the internarional system of -
units was used . In particular, voltage and pressure are express~d in !
pascals (Pa) or in megapascals (MPa). In many cases when translatit~g =
old units into new ~igures are rounded to 2 percer_t, i,e., 1 kgs/mm ^r~' _
10 Mpa and 1 kgs/cm 1 MPa. Since thia rounding. is used in both esti-
mated and allowable voltages, it is no~: reflected in the accuracy o~
the results.
_ The carrying capacity of a railroad car, as a measure of the maximum
cargo carrying capacity, is expressed in units of mass, i~e., in kilo- -
- grams (kg) or tons (t). However, when an.alyzing railroad cars for _
strength and studying rail.road cars for vibrations and for othar calcu- _
lations, the carrying capacity is expressed in newtons (N), kilo-new- _
_ tons (kN) or mega-newtons (MN) based on the re lationship between mass _
and force, i.e., by multiplying the mass by th e acceleration g.
- The railroad car container, viewed as its mass , is expressed in kg or
t. In strength and other calculations~ the c o ntainer is expressed as
ti?e weight (force of gravity) in N, kN or MN.
T.he linear load, which represents the relationship of the su m of the _
carrying r,apacity and container to the length of the railroad car, is _
used to determine the mass of the train and is expressed in icilogram-
meters or ton-meters. In calculating the stre ngth of bridges and orher
' such calculations, results are expressed in n e wton-meters, kN-meters
and MN-meters. -
Axle load is used in a similar way. H~wever, since axle load is used =
in the textbook predominately to evaluate the strength of wheel. pairs
and other railroad car parts, this paramters is given in kN. -
In preparing the new edition of the textbook the authors received va-
luable advi~e and comments from their co-work ers of the departments of
"railroad cars and the railroad car service" of the transportation in-
~ stitutes, scientific-research institutes, railroad car building plants
and others. The authors are greatly indebted to them all f^L their
help in improving the textbook. ,
i_
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Chapeer 1. Gener~l Intormation on Railr~~ad Cars -
1.1 Description of the Railroad Car Park and Its Classification
.
~ Railroad trans ort
g F , which is the basic form of rransportation in the
_ USSR, is very important ?~o the SoviEt Union. The normal operation of
railroad transpo~Lt requirFS the appropriate development =a~~d smoothness `
~ of ~~er~,t~.axl in all of its links - sectors. The railroad car service
_ an:i it~ foundati~n, the railroad car park, is one of the ~ost important
7 and comF,lex sectors uf railroad transport. -
~
~ unit uf railroad rolling stock used to convey pa~sengers or cargo is '
- called a railroad car. ,
Of great importance are the efficiency of railroad car designs and their
- technical-ecocomic indicators, which determines the convenience of con-
_ veying passengers, the carrying capacity of the railroads, the feasibility
- of extensively ddopting comprehensive mect.anization and automation when I
manufacturing and repairing railroad cars, and also their aperation
(the formation of trains, carrying out l~dding and unloading operatxons
_ and so forth), and the amcunts of capital itivestments and the cost of -
shipments.,
The present-day railroad car park is remarkable ior its diversity in
types and designs. This is made necessary by the need to satisfy vari- -
ous req~irements for shipments: the greatest carrying capacity ot rail- -
roads, providing for the comfort of passehgers, preserving tr~e valuable
qualities of perishable cargoes, preventing damage to fragile cargoes,
. protecting cargoes from moisture, universality, the m,aximum use of. cargo
carrying capacit;~ and others.
, ~
These factors determine the complexity of~railroad car designs, which
are equipped with automatic braking systems, automatic coupling systems,
undercarriages, which ensure motion at higli speeda, the necessary smaoth-
ness, little resistance and so forth. Depending upon their use, rail- `
road cars are equipped with thermal insulation, heating, refrigeration,
_ air conditj~oning, electrical equipment and other devices. '
Modern forms of traction make it possible to for~ heavy freight trains,
to develop high speed motion and to make non-stop runs over great dis-
tances. This determines the requirements to ensure reliability and =
long service life of railroad car designs, to monitor t?zeir condition
! witnin short periods of time, including in inconvenient canditio~s af -
the inspection at the railroad stations. Traffic safety is the most im-
portant requirement upon the layout and maintenanee of railroad cars.
There are railroad cars that are not self=propelled, which can only be
moved by locomotives. There are also self-propelled railroad cars, ~
which are called railway motor cars; these cars have their own power
plant for motion (motor cars, transfer-cars, diesel trains) or they
receive power from a contact grid (electric trains, metro cars).
1
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Railroad cars are broken down by purpose, technic~l description and
pla~e of ope~ation. ,
- Raa.lraad cars are broken down in~a ~wo br~sic groups -~�assenger and
~ �rei~he cars~. ,
A passer:Eer car has a body, whi.ch is a close~ facili~y w~ith all basic
equiFment needed for passengers ~equigment for sitting or reclining,
heating, air cunditionin~ and ventilation systems, toilets, convenient
e~ntrances and exits and so forth).
- '~h_� passe,zger car park consists of cars for conveying paesengers, din-
ing cars, mail, baggage and special purpoae ~cars�
Depending upon ths distance of conveyar~ce pass~nger cars differ in
their layout. Passenger cars are broken down as follows:
-long distance, for convey~ng passengers over long distances. There
are both compartmented ~nd non-compartmen~ed passenger cars. They are
equipped with "hard" anc: "soft" benches for reclining and are therefore
called "hard" or "soft" cars;
-local transport, fcar conveying passezgers over shorter distonces, pre-
' dominately durin~ the day. These cars have conve~.a~~nt seats for sit-
- ting;
~ -suburban, for conveying passengers over short distances wi=hin a rela-
= tively sriort period of time (~1 - 2 yiours); the~ are equipped with
- benches (hard or semi-hard) for sitting;
_ dining cars, for feeding passengers during their journey. The car has
a room for eaCing, a kitchen, pantries for refrigerating and storing
food stuffs and other sections;
- -mail cars, for conveying mail cargo. The car has storage rooms and a
large room for postal operations and facilities for service personnel;
-baggaoe cars, for conveying the baggage of the passengers on the train.
' These cars have storage rooms with loading and unloading equipment and
facilities for service personnel;
-mail and baggage cars are used as mail and baggage cars on sections
of railroads that convey small numbers of passengers.
Special purpose passenger cara include laboratory cars, duty cars,
sanitation cars, club cars and so forth.
Depending u~on the type of cargo transported, freight cars are broken
down as follows:
- -covered freight cars are used to transport grain and other friable
cargoes, requiring protection from precipitation, and for transporting
packaging materials and valuable cargoes. The car has an enclosed bo-
dy and is usually equipped with hatches and doors.
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- -~ondola cars are used ~o transport bulk freight (ore~ coal, fluxes,
timber, and so forth), containera~ vari~us equi.pment and ao forth. The
_ car has ~n open body, and is usually .~quipped with doors and unloading
hatches;
-flat cars are used to transport long and bulky cargoes (timber, sheet ~
_ metal, con~truction ~aterials and unfiniah4d construction materials),
~ containeYS, motor vehiclest etc. Theae cars havE flnor boardin~ on a
- frame an~i usually sidea that can be lowered; =
- tank cars are used to transport liquid and ~;aseous cargoes (oil, kero- ~
s~ne, gasoline, lubricants, compreased gases, etc.) The railcar:b~dy
- serves as a special reserwoir (boiler), usually cylindrical in shape, r
~rhich has hatches for filling and emptying the cargo; , -
- -isothermal cara are used to transpvrt perishable freight (meat, fish,
mi1k, fruit and so forth). The body of these cars have insulation and _
equipment fo-r creating the needed temperature and humidity levels. Pre-
_ sent-day isothermal cars are constructed in the form of indeperdent re-
frigeration aections with a central coolin~ plant or a com~plete set of
cooling equipment in each car (independent refrigerator car). P~revious-
ly we had railroad cars with ice-salt cooling; -
-special purpose freight car~ are used e~o transport freight that re-
= quires special handling. This group of cars includes transpo~ters for
- car~~ying heavy and bulky cargoes, motor vehicle carriess, cars for car-
rying cement, cattle and other specific freight. There are also rail- -
road cars which are used by the railroads themsel-~es (railroad car
shops, and railroad cars for auxilliary and fire trains and others).
; Depending uron their technical description, passenger and freight cars
~ are further broken down as follows:
-by number of axles -2-,4-,6-, 8-, and multi-axle cars. There are bcth
bogie and non-bogie railroad cars; .
-by material and manufacturing technology of the body _ all-metal, with
_ wooden or metal shell, basically welded with individual riveted units;
-by ca~rrying capacity, size of container, load upon the wheel pair on
the rails, load on one meter of track ~nd other parameters;
-by size of rolling stock, to which they comply, and by width of the =
railroad guage - wide-guage and narrow guage.
By p13ce of aperation railroad cars are broken down into general line-
_ operated and industrial transport. General line-operated railroad cars
are permitted_to operate on ~he entire railydad network of the USSR.
Industrial transporr. railroad cars, if their designs fully comply with
norms for calculations for strength and for railroad car designing of
mainline railroads and with the requirements of the Rules of technical
operation (PTE), are permitted on the tracks of the USSR Ministry of the
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l
Rail~~ays. RaiiYOad cars of other deaign~, ~rhich do not comply with
~ these requirements. can be opera=ed only only on intra--plant tracks and i
- on other clcased industrial tracks.~ _
/Excerpt of Chapter 1, Section -
~ In 1971 - 1975 railroad transport received 373,000 mainline freight
cars, which raas 1.5-fold more than in the previous f?ve-year period. ~
Industrial transport was also equipped with special railroad cars with _
an increased carryi.ng capacit;*. At this stage the fitting out of the
passenger car park wxth im~roved, comfortable, all-meCal cars was com-
pleted. Railroad transport received 15,400 such railroad cars during
the five-year plan. _
A great deal of attention was devoted to improving the technical status ~
of the operational park of freight cars through moder.nization: equip- _
ping the axle boxes with rol~er bearings, replacing wooden shells
on gondola cars with r~etal shells, equipping covered freight cars with
self-sealing doors, replacing flanged bogies with bogies having cast
side frames and above-shock beams, and also replacingoutda:te:~lbrake de-
signs with improved versions. During this period exteneive theoretical ,
- and experimental research was conducted~ which resulted in the buildirig
~ of experimental modele o.f new paesenger and ~reight cars. The Kalinin _
railroad car building plant produced a series of railroad cars for the
"Russkaya troyka" train (RT200), which is to operate at a speed of 56 ,
meters per second (2Q0 kilometers pe�r hour). The freight car park is
being augmented with progressive types of railroad cars - 8-axle gondo-
la cars and tank cars, all-metal covered freight cars, new refrigerator
sections and motorized cars and flat cara for transporting large-cargo
containers, and others.
TAB~LE OF CONTENTS
3 ~
Introductian
Chapter 1. General Information on Railroad Care
- I.1 Description of the railroad car park and its classification 5
].2 Baaic elements of a railroad car design $
1.3 Development of the railraad car 7ark af Soviet railroads
Chapter 2. Dimensions
17
2.1 Basic definitions
2.2, Railroad car dimensions 19 ~
2.3 Inacribing the dimension of a railroad car 24
Chapter 3. Technical-Economic Parameters of Freight Cars
3.1 The need for economic research and selection of freight car type 30
33
3.2 Parameters of freight cars
33
3.3 Relative volume and space
3.4 Tare-~lo ad ratio of.a railroad car 37
3.5 Carrying capacity and linear load of a railroad car 43
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= 3.6 Linear sizes of a railroad car .................................44
3.7 Sequence for determining ~he basic parameters of a railcar 45
Chapter 4. Basic Dat3 for Analyzin~ Railroad ~Cars for Strength and Eval-
= uat:ing the Reliability af the Elements of Railroa.d Car Design
4.1 Loads affecting a railroad car ........o 51
4.2 Mat~rials that are used and allo~:able stresses 57
4.3 9asic principles and conce~ts of the theory of reliability 69
4.4 Quantitative ch~racteristics of reliability 71
4.5 General analytic relationships for calcu~ating reliability
- indicators 72
4.6 Laws of time distribution of failure-free operation. Failure
flows 73
4.7 Time distribution of failure-free operation �or certain ele-
~~;;~ts of railroad car design 77
4.8 :ating reliability indicators whan siesigning 79
Chapter 5. Wheel Pairs
5.1 Purpose, classification and basic sizes of wheel pairs ~8
- 5.2 Axles 90
5.3 Wheels 95
5.4 Diameter and thickness of wheel rims 99
5.5 Joining the wheel to the axle .................................101
5.6 Iiicreasing the ~trength and reliability of the axle of a wheel
pair 104
5.7 Fc~rces affecting the wheel pair ]05
5.8 Rated loads and conditions of loading wheel pair axle 11Q
5.9 Axle rating for endurance during non-stationary loading 111
5.10 Simplified methods for rating an axle l16
_ 5.11 Several hypotheses on the rating-experimental evaluation of
wheel strength 118
- Chapter 6. Axle Boxes
6.1 Purpoae and classification of axle boxes 121
~ 6.2 Axle boxes with roller bearings 121
6.3 Rating roller bearings 127
6.4 Conditions for the safe operation of axle boxes with anti-
friction bearings 130
6.5 Axle boxes with plain bearings 132
6.6 Rating plain bearings 136
6.7 Economic efficiency of converting freight car axle boxes to
_ roller bearings 138
Chapter 7. Shock Absorbers, Springs and Dampers
7.1 Purpose and varities of shocks, springs and dampers 140
_ 7.2 1)esigns of springs and compound shocks 140
7.3 Rated loads, material.s and allowable atresaes 142
7.4 Elasticity and force characteristics of springs and shocks 143
7.5 Rating of torsion springs 147
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150
_ 7.6 Rating springs during horizontal and vertical loading 15,
7.7 Compression springs
7.8 Rating springs for enduYanc~ 157
- 7.9 Torsion and rings shocks -
= 7.10 Rating compound shocks ..................o.��.����'���" 159 -
7.11 Design and rating of rubber shocks ~63 -
7.12 Pnuematic shocks
- 7.13 Dampers 165 -
Chapter 8. Bogies -
176
g.1 Purpose and classification of bogies . 179
g.2 Revolving and stable layouts in bogies 180 _
g.3 Placement of dampers i.n bogies � � � � � � � � � � � � � 182 _
-
g,4 Freight car hogies 187
8.5 Passenger car bogies 192
8.6 Requirementy made on bogies 193 -
8.7 Forces affQCting a bogie 197
g.8 Rating the cast side frame of a 2-axle freight car bogie 204
- g.9 Rating the cast si~e frame of a 2-axle bogie by computer
5.10 Rating the above-s~!ock beam of a bogie 210
g.ll Features of rating the parts of three- and four-axle fxeight � 212
- car bogies 214
g.12 Rating the frames of passenger car bogies _
8.13 Rating tl:e parta of the cage '~~~~~above-shock�beams~~ 22~
8.14 Evaluating the fatigue-strength of frames,
224
and other parts of bogies
Chapter 9. Railroad Car Bodies
227
9.1 Classification and basic principles of layout �
- g.2 Basic hypotheses on rating bodies 230
9.3 ~Jork features and stability of the elements of the body with . 232
the carrier shell 236 -
9.4 Rating a freigiit car body
9.5 Special features of rating the body with the carrier design in 243 _
the form of a three-layer shell 249 -
9.6 Approximate rating of a passenger car body
9.7 Precise ratings of a pasz~enger car body . . � � � � � ~ ~ � � � � � � " 252
g.g Rating stresses in belts of passenger car body of the closed
- shell tYPe 256
Chapter 10. T.mpact-traction Instruments
260
1p,1 Purpose and classification of impact-traction instruments 262
10.2 Automatic coupling layout. Autocoupler casing
10.3 Rating the casing of autocoupler for low-cycle fatigue and 264
probability of fracture
]0.4 The SA-3 autocoupler 270
1Q.5 Modernized and standardized autocouplera
10.6 Uncoupler drive, impact-centering device, draw gear and ~
bearing parts 272
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]0.7 Foreign autocoupler3 276
Y0.8 Purpose and parameters of absorpti.on equipment 277
10.9 Spring-friction equipment ............................o.....~ 279 _
- 10.10 Power ~haracteristics and ~Aw~r =onsumption of equipment 282 -
10.11 Structure of power characteristics ~i spring-friction eaui~- -
ment 28~ _
_ ]O.12 Ways to increase power consumpti.o~, ar.,d provide stability to _
spring-friction equipment 286
10.13 Absorption equipment with rubber elements 287 =
- 10.14 Hydraulic absorption.equipment 289 _
10.15 Recoil platform 291
10.16 Parameters of placing an autocoupling device and conditions
for coupling autocouplers 2g3 -
- Chapter 11. Freight Cars ~
11.1 Technical requirements for basic types of freight cars 298
11.2 Closed cars 299
- 11.3 Gondola cars 310
- 11.4 Flat cars 318
I1.5 Hoppers and other bunker-type railroad cars 322
11.6 Transporters 325
- 11.7 In.dustrial transport railroad cars and narrow-guage railroad
- cars 328
11.� Features of some freight cars on foreign railroads 333
11.9 Ways to further develop freight car designs 337
Chapter 12. Tank Cars =
- 12.1 Classification of Tank Cars ...................e............. 339
12.2 General purpose tank cars 340
- 12.3 Special tank cars 34$
12.4 Pouring devices and safety valves 361
; 12,5 Rating the boiler of a tank car 363 ~
12.6 Preciae rating of stresses in the cylindrical parts of the-
boilers 367
12.7 Requirements placed upon the moving parts of tank care 378
Chapter 13. Passenger Cars
13.1 Technical requirements upon pasaenger cars 37.9
13.2 Types, basic parameters and layouts of passenger cars 381
13.3 Bodies of the railroad cars 386 _
13.4 Interior equipment of passenger, duty and housekeeping facili-
ties 402
13.5 Water supply in railroad cars 407 =
13.6 Features of passenger cars of foreign railroad systems 410
13.7 Tendencies in the design developc~ents of passenger cara 412 _
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_ ^,hapter 14. Fundamentals of Designiug, Building and Testing Railroad
- Cars
4 15
_ 14.1 Sta~es in designing, manufacturing and testing railcars -
- 14.2 Problems in testing railroad cars and the basic hypotheses 418
of the methodolAgy for doing the testing 419
- 14.3 Varieties of guages and measuring equipment 42~ ~
14.4 Some features of static testing for strength 422
14.5 Choosing a place to place guages for determing atresses 425
14.6 Tests for longitudinal impact loads. Vihration tests _
- 14.7 Using statiezical methoda and special equipment in experim~n- 42~ _
tal reaearch .................................s.........
_ Bibliography 430
Index 434
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Transpart", 1980
8927
CSO: 1829 /191 ~ ~D
~
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