JPRS ID: 9717 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9717
7 May 1981
- USSR Re ort
p
EI~ERGY
~ cFOUO sia, ~
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� JPRS L/9717
7 May 19 81 _
~
USSR REPORT
-
ENERG'~( ~
- (FOUO 5/81)
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Pumped-S�orage Powsr Plants
_ (Boris Leonidovich Baburin; et al; GIDROAKKUMULIRUYUSHCHIYE _
ELEKTROSTANTSII, 1978) .......e 1 -
F'[JELS
Economic Effectiveness of Oil, Gas Exploration Evaluated
(EKONOMICHESKAYA EFFEKTIVNOST~ GEOZOGORAZVEDOCHNYKH
RABOT NA NEFT' I GAZ, 1980) 5 -
Ftiiel Conservation With Special Reference to Military Equipment
(EKONONBYA GORYUCIiEGO, 198~) 9
- 7.~umenskaya Oblast Oil Well Servicing Expenditures, by Method
of Well Operation
(A. N. Yanin; NEFTYANAYA PRaMYSHLENNOST~: SERIYA 'EKONONIIKA',
- Nov 80) 12
- a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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i
ELE~TRIC POWER
UDC 621.221.4
PUMPED-STORAGE POWER PLANTS
- Moscow GIDROAKKUMULIRUYUSHCHIYE ELEKTROSTANTSII in Russian 1978 (signed to press 1
Nov 78) pp 1-4, 182-184
[Annotation, fore~aord and table of contents from book "Pumped-Storage Power Plants",
by Boris Leonidovich Baburin, Moisey Davidovich Glezin, Mikhail Fedorovich Krasil'-
nikov and Leonid Borisovich Sheynman, edited by Sheynman, Izdatel'stvo "Energiya",
2000 copies, 184 pages]
[Text~ Annotation. Pumped-storage pawer plants (GAES) are a new~source of maneuver-
able elec~ric power ror USSR power systems. This book is a first attempt to general-
ize experience in planning and building GAES's in our country and abroad. It de-
scribes schematic diagrams for pumped-stoxage power plants (GAES), GAES conf igura-
- tions and designs and basic equipment. The economics of building and the prospects
- of developing pumped storage in the USSR are analyzed. Examples are given of vari-
ous designs of GAES's in operation, under construction or being planned. The book
is intende~ for hydraulic engineers and hydroeleetric puwer engineers and can also
be useful to WZ students in corresponding apecialties.
Foreword. Hydroelectric power plants have in recent years taken on increasing im-
portance in power systems of the European portion of the Soviet Union as sources of
maneuverable power, integrally combined as they are with the nuclear power Flants
used extPnsively here. The availability of maneuverable power and a flexible re-~
- serve in tihe power systems detennines the power supply, that is, the possibility of
meeting more reliably and economically the power consumption schedules at times of
peak demand and in varioss emerge:~cy situations.
- However, the most efficient hydroelectric power resources in the European part of
the USS?t have in considerable measure been exhausted. Pumped st~rage has therefore
' taken on particular importance here, a~ it is not associated with the need for large
rivers and as it requires the witihdrawal of considerably less land from other use ~
than do river GES's.
The importance of pumped-storage power plants in improving the technical-economic
indicators of power equipment operation was noted in the "B~sic Directions of USSR
National Economic Development in 1976-1980."
Our country has naw overcome the previous negative attitude Cowards GAES construction
which resulted from inadequa~e economic substantiatian. It should be noted that GAES's
ensure a signif icant savings in fuel as compared with thermal maneuverable electric
- 1
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power sources gas-turbine and semipeak steam-turbine power plants. They are suc- -
cessfully inserted into the env:ronment, since they use favorable natural factars and
do not disturb the ecological conditions which have already evolved. In a number of
instances, GAES basins can be used as multiple-use reservoirs. This is of spe~ial
~ importance in light of the theses expressed by CPSU Central Committee General Secre-
tary L. T. Brezhnev in the Accountability Report to the 25th CPSU Congress: "...na-
ture can be used in various ways. We can, as human history shows us with many ex-
amples, leave behind us a space which is infertile, lif eless and hazardous to man.
But we can also, and we must, comrades, ennobl~ nature and help it reveal more fu11y
its vital force~~."
In connection with the forthcoming unfolding of GAES construction in the USSR, the -
question of standar~izing facilities has acquired speciat signif icance. We can first
of all standardize pumped-storage power plants for heads o~ 80-120 meters. At pre-
sent, we are working to standardize components for upper basin enclosures, water i.n-
takes, GAES buildings and pipes. ~
Initial experience in planning and building pumped-storage power plants in the USSR
has disclosed that th~y are superior to river GES's in a number of specific features.
I:n view of the ever-expanding amount of GAES planning in the USSR, wP need to gener- -
alize and analyze domestic and foreign experience in the field o~ pumped-storage
- electric power (pumped storage), as we11 a~ the scientific research and development
done in recent years by the Ukrainian and Leningrad departments of Gidroproyekt In-
stitute imeni S. Ya. Zhuk, its Moscow departments and Scientific Research Sector.
- The book analyzes the schematic configurations and structural resolutions of the fa-
cil~.ties, as well as GAES equipment, and that analysis is the basis for recommenda-
tions on developing e~onomical GAES plans for various natural conditions. The recom-
mendations on methods of calculating GAES economic effectiveness enable us to take
- into account the systems and comprehensive national economic impact of their opera-
tion. The book does not examine GAES hydromechanical equipment, inasmuch as it does
not differ fundamentally from si.milar hydraelectric power plant equipment.
Inasmuch as there is little experience in operating GAES facilities in the USSR and
thc fareign literature contains very limited information on this problem, the book
describes only a few GAES equipment operating features.
- The authors express their profound gratitude to Professor G. I. Krivchenko and engin-
eer A. K. Vakhrameyev, who made a number of useful observations on the manuscript,
which were then talcen into account by the authors when preparing the bock for publi- -
cation.
Chapter 1 was written by B. L. Baburin, Chapter 5 by M. F. Krasil'nikov. 7.'he remain-
ing chapters were written jointly by L. B. Sheynman and M. D. Glezin.
This publication is an initial attempt to create a book devoted to pumped-storage ~
power plants, and it is therefore unquestionably not free of shortcomings. The au- -
thors would gratefully ac.cept obseroations and advice on the books which +-hey request
be sent to: 113114, Moscow, M-114, Shlyuzovaya nab., 10, izd-vo "Energiya." ~
2
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Table of Contents
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Importance and Technical-Economic Evaluatiion of Pumped Storage $
1.1. GAES's and Their Functior.s in Power Systems 5
1.2. Basic Principles of the Economic Substantiation of GAES Parameters
and Ef f iciency 12
Chapter 2. GAES Sch~matic Diagrams 25
2.1. Technological Flow Sheets ~5
2.2. Schematic Diagrams of Hydroelectric Power Equipment 2g
2.3. Duration of GAES Pumped-Storage Cycles g2
2.4. Configuration of Basic Installations and GAES Classification by
Head Height 33
Cliapter 3. GAES Configuration Resolutions 34
3.1. Configurations With Artificial Surface Basins 34
3.2. Use of Existing R~servoirs as GAES Basins gg
3.3. Configurations With GAES Buildings Located Undergraund or Half-Underground ~2
3.4. Configurations.With Underground Basins 49
~ Chapter 4. InstaZlatioiz Design and Arrangement 51
4.1. Upper Basins 51
4.2. Water Intakes and Discharge5 62
_ 4.3. Water Conduits 68
a) General Information 68
b) Intakes 69
c) Outlets 85
4.4. GAES Buildings 89
a) Surface Buildings 89
b) Underground Buildings 100
c) Buildings Half-Underground 113
4.5. Lower Basins 114
~ Ghapter 5. Hydroelectric Power and Electrical Engine~ring Equipment 117
5.1. Hydroelectric Power Equipment 117
a) Three-Machine Units 1~~
b) ~ao-machine Reversible Unifis 123
5.2. Electrical Engine~ring Equipment 131
a) Generator Motors 131
b) Electrical Engineering Equipment Features. Main W3ring Diagrams 135
5.3. Unit Starting, Stopping and Switching When Changing Operating Procedures 139
' S.4. Basic Requirements of GAES Revers3ble Hydraulic Machinery Z47
_ 5.5. Experience in Operating Hydraulic Power Equipment at the Kiev GAES 149
5.6. Hydraulic Power and Electrical ~quipment at the Zagorsk GAES 149
5.7. Maia GAES Hydraulic Power Equipment Indicators in the USSR 152
Chapter 6. GAE~ Environmental Impact ann Multiple Use of GAES Basins 154
- Chapter 7. Economics of GAES Construction 158
7.1. Analysis of GAES Cost Indicators 158
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7,2. Ways of Improving GAES Configuration and Structural ReSol+.~tions 154
- 7.3. Possibility ~f Developing Pumped Storage in the USSR 167
Appendix I. World Pumped-Storage Power Plants of Over 100 MW 169
~ Appendix II. Basic Parameters of GAES Reversible Jnits of Over 100 MW 173
178
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1978
11052
CS~: 1822
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FUELS �
ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF OIL~ GAS EXPLORATION EVALUATED
' M~scow EKONOMICHESKAYA EFFEKTIVNOST' GEOLOGORAZVEDOCHNYKH RABOT NA NEFT' I GAZ in
Russian 1980 ~signed to press 13 Aug 80) pp 1-6, 214-216
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from the book "Econumic Effective-
ness of Geological Exploration for Oil and Gas", edited by N. I. Buyalov and
S. ~'.a. Kaganovich, Nedra, 1750 copies, 215 pages]
[Text] This book shows the value of geological exploration in setting up a raw
mater'~,l base for the oil and gas extracting industry. It examines the metho-
` dol.~~~~-ii principles for determining the economic effectiveness of wark, methods
of ca?culation and anal~sis ~f the efficiency indi~ators for geological exploration
_ with regard for the stages and complexity of its practical implemen~ation. It
= demonstrates the role of natural and organizational-method factors. An examination
_ is made of the features of the active system of current and long-term planning.
= Based on an analysis of the extant evaluation system, it formul3tes a geological
and economic evaluation of the oil and gas fields. It plans ways to increase the
effi.ciency of geological exp loration for oil and gas.
The book is designed for w~rkers in the oil and gas industry, geologists, engineers
_ and economists, scientists and planners.
Introductian
The topic of this book is determined by the key importance of increasing effi-
- ciency and quality as the decisive factor of our country's economic and social
development far many years. L. I. Brezhnev stated: "The future o.f our economy
lies in increasing efficiency. There is no other way to guarantee the successful
and dynamic development of the national economy. This is precisely why the party
- will hald a steady line to accelerate scientific an3 technical progress, and to
perfect planning and control..." [1].
Among the main questions of the national economic develoument of the Soviet Union,
especlal importance is attached to setting up a powerful fuel and energy complex.
' P.. N. Kosygin in his renort at the meeting with worker representatives of the
_ Moscow city okrug stated: "In tt~e new five-year plan it remains to impiement major
measures for the further development of the f.uel and energy complex. Now, when
many capitalist countries are experiencing growing concern with satisfaction of
their energy needs, we are confidently looking to the future. In our plans we
_ envisage a stable growth in the country's energy for many years ahead "[6].
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~dical changes have taken place in the development of the Soviet Union's oil and _
gas industry in recent five-year plans. They were expressed in the organization
and development of extraction in many economic regions of the country: northwest
' Volga-Urals, North Caucasus, within the Ukrainian SSR, Belorussian SSR, in the -
Transcaucasus, republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, in West ~iberia and the
Far East. This significantly promoted the development of productive forces of
the couatry and influenced the complex deJelopment of the economy in major
_ economic regions of the country.
The chief role for the oil and gas industry that develops intensively from year
to year is played by expanding the strong raw material base. This is done by
using the current advances of science and technology.
The Basic Directions for Development of the USSR National Economy for 1976-1980
that wsre adopted by the 25th CPSU Congress set the task of signif icantly expanding
geological exploration and improvir.g its economic effectiveness and the quality of
preparation of the mineral reserves. I~ stresses the need to intensify exploration .
and prospecting for oil and gas fields. The main directions of oil and gas
exploration and prospecting are indicated [3,6].
The results of geological exploration in 1955=1975 guaranteed that the USSR would
attain high rates of development and absolute level of oil extraction. At the
_ same time, the need for a leading increment in explored reserves under more com- _
plicated natural conditions of exploration and prospecting of new fields requires
greater efforts and allocations. The proble~ of increasing the economic effec-
tiveness of geological exploration is therefore becoming mere urgent.
Increasing economic effectiveness of geological exploration is a complex scien- _
tific and practical problem. Geological, technical and economic aspeczs can be
isolated in it. The USSR Minister of Geology Ye. A. Kozlovskiy has repeatedly
indicated the lagging of research in the economics af mineral raw material and
geological exploration. In 1975 he wr~te: "The outlook for the development of. -
economic research in the sector is inseparably linked with the need to solve such
basic problems as developing ths pri.mary indicators for evaluating the efficiency
of geological exploration and a system of economic factors where all the indi-
cators of production and financial activity of the enterprises must be d~rectly
dependent on the increase in reserves and improvement in effectiveness of geo-
- logical exploration" [43]. He later noted: "The main indicators have still not
been formulated for evaluating the economic effectiveness of geological explo~ation.
There are serious ~hortcomings in the active system of planning and economic
stimulation. Work on complex programs is being slowly introduced into practice"
[44].
The decree of the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers "On Improving
Planning and Intensifying the Effect of the Economic Mechanism on Imp~oved
Efficiency of Production and Quality of Work" that was adopted in July 1979 is
v~ry important for the geological exploration sector. The requirements for limited
~unification of annual, five-year plans, the bas2c directions of economic and
social development for 10 years, and the programs of scientific and technical
development for 20 years agree well with the duration of the complete geological
exploration cycle. The selection of the most effectic?e~�means of attaining the
final national economic results, detection and exploration of mobile oil and gas .
reserves, is no less important and significant for the multiple-stage process of
6
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geological exploration. The need to perf ect the intra- and interbranch cost
accounting relaCionships is especially acute.
The great and serious tasks that face geological-economic research, especially in
- the`area of increasing the economic effectivness of geological exploration for oil
and gas, are evident.
- The authors have ar_tempted to condense the circle of unsolved ec~nomic problems
of geological exploration for oil and gas that include perfection of planning,
increase in economic effectiveness, improvement in technical aad economic indi-
cators of deep drilling, analysi~ of the structure of expenditures and ways to
reduce the cost of operations, improvement in labor productivity, etc. The
scientific-method resolution of these complicated problems clearly does not cor-
respond to practical needs. The lack of resolution of many economic questions
has an unfavorable effect on the effective development of geological exploration
for oil and gas.
This book presents the chief results of many years of research on increasing the
economic effectiveness of geological exploration for oil and gas. Special
attention was focused on studying methodological and method questions.
- The authors hope that their modest work will be useful in solving the complex
problem of improving the economic effectiveness of geological exploration far oil
and gas in the USSR.
Contents Yage
Introduction 3
Chapter I. Economic Characteristics of Geologica~ Exploration for
~ Oil and Gas
1. Oil and gas in the national econo~~ny 7
2. Geological exploration for oil and gas 10
Exploration stage 24
. Prospecting stage 30
Chapter II. Method Principles of Determining Economic Effectiveness of
Geological Exploration for Oil and Gas 34
1. General economic efE~ctiveness 36
2. Comparative economic effectiveness 67
3. Cost accounting effectiveness 69
Chapter III. Methods of Calculation and Analysis of Efficiency Indi-
cators for Geological Exploration for Oil and Gas 76
1. Analy~is of final resuJ.ts of geologica~ exploration and results
of individual stages
2. Analysis of volumes of geological exploration in cost and
natural expressions as a whole and by individual stages 84
3. Determination and analysis of indicators for general economic
effectiveness of geological exploration for oil and gas 87
4. Use of comparative economic effectiveness of geological
exploration for oil and gas 94
~ S. Analysis of cost accounting efficiency of activity by
geological exploration organizations 95
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6. Examples of calculations and analysis of economic effectiveness
indicators of geological exploration (according to conditional
initial data) 96
Chapter IV. Main Factors Determining t'ne Level of Eff iciency~of
Geological Exploration 105
Chapter V. Perfection of the Planning System for Geologic:al Exploration
for Oil and Gas 111
- 1. General principles and planning system 111
2. Planning features 113
3. Preplanning substantiations 118
4. Main plan indicators 120
5. Technique for planning oil and gas reserv~s 123
6. Long-term planning and predicting the development of geological
exploration for oil and gas 131
~ 7. Optimization and automation of planned developments 140
Chapter VI. Development of Cost Accounting Relationships in Geological
Exploration Sector 143
Chapter VII. Economic Classification of Potential Resources of Oil and
Gas and Economic Evaluation of the Fields 160
1. Economic criteria for evaluating potential resources and pre-
dicted oil and gas reserves 16~
2. Economic evaluation of ~il and gas fields 1~9
Chapter VIII. Condition, Development Trends and Ways to Improve the
Economic Effectiveness of Geological Exploration for
Oil and.Gas 180
1. Current condition . 180
'L . Main development trends~ 186
3, Ways to improve economic effectiveness 193
Conclusion 200
B ibliography 204
List of terms 210
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1980
9035
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FUELS
FUEL CONSERVATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENf:E TO ~`ILITARY EQUIPMENT
Moscow EKONOMIYA GORYUCHEGO in~Russi,.. 1980 (signed ta press 11 Jun 80) pp 1-4,
143-144
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from the book "Fuel Conservation",
ed~ted by Candidate of Technical Sciences Ye. P. Seregin, Order of the Red Banner
of Labor Voyennoye Izdatel'stvo of the USSR Mj.nistry of Defense, 19,000 copies, 144
~-pages] ~
[Text~ This book generalizes the domestic and foreign experience of conserving -
vehicle fuel. It examines the effect of the design features of the engines and -
chassis, the operating properties of the fuel, the vehicle driving technique, and
the organization of hauling on the consumption of fuel. Suggestions are made to
contend with fuel losses during its transporting, stora~e and filling of the
vehicle equipmEnt. Current views are presented regarding the possible use of pe-
troleum product substitutes.
This book is designed for individuals involved with operating vehicles and other
_ military equipment, transporting, storage and use of fuel.
Foreword
The Communist Party and the Soviet government are concentrating a lot af attention
on improving the efficiency of all economic activi.ty, including the conservation, -
and economical and efficient use of material resources.
General Secretary of the CP5U Central Commirt-ee, Chairman of the Presidi~m of the _
USSR Supreme Soviet, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev noted at the 25th Party Congress:
"No matter how the wealth of our society grows, the most stringent conservation
and economy remain the most important condition f or development of the national
- economy and increase in the people's welfare."*
A patriotic movement for the efficient consumption of fuel and energy is currently
sweeping the country. -
A special science, chemotology, is study�~ng the efficient use of fuel and lubri-
_ cants in equipment. It investigates a broad circle of questions that develop in _
the system: fuel-lubricants-engines, mechanisms-operation.
*"Materialy XXV s'yezda KPSS" [Materials of 25th CPSU Congress], Moscow, Politiz-
dat, 1976, p 45.
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~ -
The book "ruel Conservation" examines conser~~aticn of fuel whet? piston engines
- are used, as well as fuel cons~rvation during transporting and storage in ware-
houses. .
- It shows the complex interrelationship between the design of engines and trans-
_ portation vehicles,the quality of the employed fuel, lubricants and special fluids,
- the technical condition and operating conditions of the equipment, and the problem
= af employing future energy sources.
The baok "Fuel Conservation" can be a valuable manual for further, intensified
work on conservation of fuel used in military equipment. It will also b e of
benefit to all readers associated with fuel. use.
V. V. Nikitin -
Contents
Page
Foreword 3
Chanter 1. Fuel and Lubricants Used in Vehicles 5 -
1.1. Gasolines and diesel fuels -
' 1. 2. Motor, transmission oils, lubricants and special fluids 18
1.3. Optimizing the requirements for the quality of fuel, oils, -
lubricants and special fluids and their unif ication 2$
Chapter 2. Imp-roving the Efficiency of Engines 33
2.1. Evaluating the efficiency of an engine -
2.2. DPpendence of engine efficiency on its tuning and running 34
2.3. Effect of technical condition of engine on efficiency 39
2.4. Perfection of engine design 53
Chapter 3. Effect of Main Assemblies and Units of Vehicle on Fuel
- Conservation 66
3.1. Transmission, undercarriage and control mechanisms - _
3.2. Vehicle maintenance 72
3.3. Perfection of vehicle design 75
Chapter 4. Efficient Organization of Shipments and Decrease in Fuel
- Consumption 80
4.1. Effective use of vehicle transportation -
4.2. Effect of driving technique on fuel consumption S4 _
- Chapter 5. Control of Petroleum Product Loss during Storage,
Reception and Distribution 88
5.1. Types of losses
5.2. Decrease in fuel losses from evaporation 90
5.3. MQasures to prevent contamination and floodin g of fuel 98
5.4. Prevention of losses f_rom leaks 105
5.5. Prevention of losses from mixing 108
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Chapter 6. Control of Petroleum Product Losses during Transportir~g
and Draining-Filling Operations 111 -
6.1. Decrease in losses from evaporation during filling and
transporting in truck and railroad tanks -
' 6.2. Prevention of fuel loss from spills during filling and
emptying of railroad and truck tanks 113
- 6.3. Measures to prevent contamination and flooding 115
6.4. Control of losses during equipment filling 116 _
6.5. Control of petroleum product loss during operation of field
main pipelines 120
Chapter 7. Conservation of Oil Fuel by Using Other Sources of Energy 126
- 7.1. Outlook for use of synthetic fuel and products of processing
soli.d minerals in vehicles - -
7.2. Possible use of hydrogen and water additives in vehicle enignes 131
7.3. Use of gas condensates, compressed, liquefied gases and other
petroleum product substitutes 135
Bibliography 140
COPYRIGHT: Voyenizdat, 1980
9035
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F'UELS _
UDC 622.276.5
TYUMENSKAYA OBLAST OIL WELL SERVICING EXPENDITURES, BY METHOD OF WELL OPERATION
Moscow NEFTYANAYA PROMYSHLENNOST': SERIYA "EKONOMIKA" in Russi~n No 11, Nov 80 pp
23-26
- [Article by A. N. Yanin, Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Petroleum Indus-
try (SibNIINP): "Influence of Method of Petroleum Extraction on Amount of Expendi-
tures to Service Wells in Tyumenskaya Oblast Deposits"]
- [Text] One characteristic feature of the current stage of development of Tyumenskaya
Oblast petroleum extraction industry is the large-scale changeover of wells to mech-
- anized operation. Mechanized well operating indicators are beginning to exert a
great influence on the technical-economic indicators of petroleum extraction for -
the region as a whole. The method of well operation has a signif icant influence oii
the level of capital investments to outfit the wells, on the petroleum extraction -
operating expenditures and on the number of servicing personnel. In this connection,
the problem has arisen of choosing an optimum method of operating wells which takes
into account the specific conditions under which the deposits of Tyumenskaya Oblast
are being utilized, a method which ensures high technical-economic indicators for -
petroleum extracti~n.
The indicator of level of well servicing expenditures is given important signif icance
- in choosing a method of petroleum extraction. Wells are the primary element in the
_ production assets of petroleum e::~raction enterprises. The number of wells varies
from a few units to several thousand; they are scattered about a large area, in which
connection there are considerable diff iculties associated with servicing them. In
the deposits of Tyumenskaya Oblast, with its severe marshiness and flooding.and low
winter air temperatures, and given inadequate roads, expenditures on maintaining
wells in good operating condition are especially high.
One of the main criteria in choosing a method of petroleum extraction is minimum ex-
penditures on servicing wells. The composition of well servicing expenditures is
not regulated by the instructions now in effect in the branch. In this work, they
will include expenditures on work done at the wells: expenditures on basic and sup-
plemental wages, with social insurance deductions for workers directly employed in _
petroleum extraction (subsequently, all three lines of expenditures will be combined
under the title "Wages of Workers in Petroleum Extraction Shops"), as well as expen- -
ditures on routine subsurface oil well maintenance.
The well operating experience accumulated in the branch demonstrates that the lowest -
servicing expenditures are typical of the gusher method of petroleum extraction.
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It is of interest to reveal the influence of inethod of operation on the amount of
well-servicing expenditures for the specific conditions of Tyumenskaya Oblast based
~ on an analysis of actual data.
A11 the basic methods of petroleum extraction are being used dt the deposits o~ ~yu-
menskaya Oblast. In 1978, the gusher method Qf operation was being used at all de-
posits, accounting for 13 to 100 percent of their wells. Electri~ rotary pumps were
- installed at 19 deposits and sucker-rod pumps at 12. A 1.arge compressor gas-lift pe-
troleum extraction complex was being operated at the Pravdinskiy deposi.t. A compres-
sorless gas lift using high-pressure gas dr~,an from the gas caprock of producing
strata was being used at the Samotlorskiy deposit to bring up liquids from several
dozen wells. For Tyumenskaya Oblast as a whole, gushers comprised 72.9 percent of
the average total number of operating wells, wells with electric rotary pumps 13.8
percent, wells with sucker-rod pumps 7.5 percent and gas-lift wells 5.8 percent,
including 5.3 percent with compressor gas lifts. Given the simultaneous use of seve-
ral methods of extracting petroleum, we determined the influence of inethod of opera-
tion on amount of expenditures on servicing wells on the basis of actual data. Of
greatest interest are indicators for the "Yuganskneftgas" association, in which all
methods of operation except for the compressorless gas lift are used under approxi-
- mately identical conditions.
It is not possible to reveal the inf luence of petroleum extraction method on level
of petroleum extraction shop worker wages directly using the reporting data from pe-
troleum and gas extraction administrations (Table 1).
Table 1. Petroleum Extraction Shop Worker Wage Expenditures for Various Combinations
of Methods of Operation
proportion of inethods of operation, %
enterprise worker wages,
gusher electric-rotary sucker-rod gas-lift
pump pump in 1,000 rubles
per well
"Nizhnevartovsk-
_ neftegaz" 90.6 7.4 0.9 1.1 0.62 ,
"Surgutneftegaz" 76.6 15.8 7.4 1.10
"Yuganskneftegaz" 46.1 27.6 4.2 22.0 0.72
including these
petroleum-gas
extraction
administrations:
"Y'ugansknef t"' 41. 8 46. 8 11. 4 0. 79
"Mamontovneft 73.3 26.4 0.3 0.63
- "Pravdinskneft"' 11.5 0.3 88.2 0.79 ~
' "Urayneftegaz" 48.0 8.9 43.0 0.63
total ~ 72.9 13.8 7.5 5.8 0.72
Expenditure data are recorded for the shop as a whole, but each shop is generally
servicing a group of wells with different methods of operation. Workers of a single
shop often monitor the operation of wells at two or more deposits. Moreover, the
production functions of shop workers are not always of the same type in all instances.
- At deposits just begirening to be developed, which have a small number of operating
wells, petroleum extraction shop personnel are instructed, in a number of instances,
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to do jobs which are the province of the petroleum pumping shop. As a consequence
of th~s, the reporting indicators of expenditures at new deposits are not comparable
with ~ndicators relating to old deposits with a full complement of shops. Factors
not associated with method of petroleum extraction availability of roads, possi- _
bility of mov~ng about the deposit, distance to production centers, and so on
exert a considerable influence on the amount of expenditures for this item. As a
conseauence of the simultaneous influence of a large number of f2ctors on amount of ~
shop ~orker labor expenditures, we have not succeeded in revealir~g the influence of
method of operation on the value of this indicator in "pure" form. That is possible
- only on the basis of ~pecial statistical analysis and only if other factors are ex-
cluded. To do this, reporting indicators were woi~ed out for petroleum and gas ex-
tracting administrations for 1~76-1978 and the following equation was set up: _
C= CbNg + CeNe + CSNS + Cg1Ng1 ,
where C is petroleum extraction shop worker wage expenditures, in
- 1,000 rubles;
N~, Ne, NS, Ngl are the average number of gusher, electric rotary pump,
sucker-rod pump and gas-lift wells in operation;
- Cg, Ce, CS~ Cgl are the shop worker wage expenditures per gusher, electric
rotary pump, sucker-rod pump and gas-lift well, respec-
tively, in 1,000 rubles.
Using standard methods to solve the equation, we obtained the following values for
expenditure coefficients: gusher operation 570 rubles per well, electric rotary
pump wells 920 rubles per well, sucker-rod p~~mp wells 1,030 rubles per well and
gas-lift method 800 rubles per well. These indicators reflect the average actual
level of expeaditures on petroleum extraction shop worker labor which had evolved at -
deposits of Tyumenskaya Oblast. Actual expenditures at each specif ic deposit might
differ from those calculated using data from average coefficients, due to the in-
fluence of a large number of incidental factors.
Thus, the lowest petroleum extraction shop worker labor expenditures occurred with
the gas-lift method of operation (among mechanized methods of petroleum extraction). _
These expenditures were somewhat higher when electric rotary pumps were used and were
highest when sucker-rod pumps were used. However, the difference in level of expen- _
ditures for all the methods of inechanized extraction being examined was slight, on
the order of 100-200 rubles per well per year.
Routine subsurface maintenance expenditures account for a large proportion of well- '
servicing expenditures. The amount of the routine subsurface oil well maintenance
expenditures is determined for each r;+ethod of operation by the following two factors:
number of repairs per average operating well and average repair cost. Actual data on
well subsurface maintenance expenditures on average for 1976-1978 at Tyumenskaya Ob-
last deposits are given in Table 2[following page], by method of petroleum extrac-
tion. Well depth has a great influence on the amount of routine well subsurface
maintenance expenditures, so all indicators are examined separately for two groups
of deposits: Shaimskiy Rayon, where well depths are 1,6~0 to 1,800 meters, and the
central Ob' region, where well depths are 2,200 to 2,400 meters.
The lowest routine well subsurface maintenance expenditures are characteristic of the
gusher method of petroleum extraction, in which the number of repairs per well and _
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Table 2. Expenditures on Routine Well Subsurface Maintenance (actual data)
method of operation ~
= gusher electric-rotary sucker-rod compressor gas lift,
pump pump total including
c3ble other
well 3epth of 1,600 to
1,800 meters
number of repairs per
well per year 0.34 4.11 2.71
average repair cost,
1,000 rubles 1.40 2.26 1.98
maintenance expendi-
tures per well per
year, 1,000 rubles 0.47 9.32 5.37
well depth of 2,200 to
2,400 meters
number of repairs per
well per year 0.26 2.64 1.96 1.79 1.45 0.34 -
average repair cost, -
1,000 rubles 3.56 5.61 5.01 1.58 1.02 3.97 -
maintenance expendi-
tures per we1] per -
year, 1,000 rubles 0.92 14.80 9.82 2.83 1.48 1.34
the average cost per repair are significantly lower than in mechanized operation. ~
Annual expenditures per well are 10- to 20-fold lower than with a compressor gas
lift. The lowest mechanized well subsurface maintenance expenditures were achieved
at the Pravdinskiy deposit, which uses the most progressive equipment and compressor
gas-lift technology: the number of repairs per gas-lift well is 1.1- to 1.5-fold lo-
- wer than when pumping methods of petroleum extraction are used and the average re-
pair cost is 3.2- to 3.6-fold lower. The significant reduction in gas-lift well rou-
ti~ne subsurface maintenance expenditures was achieved through the broad application
of cable work met~~ods.
Upwards of 80 percent of all gas-lift well repairs were performed by the cable method
in 1976-1978. In this regard, the average cost per repair was 3.9-fold lower than
with ordinary repair technology.
Consequently, the amount of routine well subsurface maintenance expenditures at de-
~ posits of Tyumenskaya Oblast differ significantly, based on method of operation.
- Given well depths of 2,200 to 2,400 meters, expenditures for all methods of opera-
tion are 1.6- to two-fold greater than for well depths of 1,600 to 1,800 meters.
However, the number of repairs per gusher well at deposits of the central Ob' re-
gion is somewhat lower than in Shaimskiy Rayon, due to the lower average service
life of the wells.
- One important factor influencing the amount of expenditures on rautine well subsur-
face maintenance is well productivity. As productivity increases, so does the dia-
meter of the pump-compressor pipe and sucker rod, and the size and weight of the
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power and pump equipment increase. In this connection, time spent on maintenance and
the cost of maintenance increase substantially. Therefore: when ~omparing expendi-
tures on servicing wells for differer_~ methods of petroleum extraction, considera-
tion must be given to the flow rate of the wells. Indicators given in Table 2 are
not fully comparable, since they corr~spond to actual well flow rates, which vary
within broad limits. Thus, if th~ 1978 gusher flow rate is taken ~o b~ 100 percent,
the electric rotary pump well flow rate would be 129 percent, the sucker-rod pump
well flow rate would be 13 percent, and the compressor well flow rate would be 49
percent. Thus, the average flcw rate of ;aells with rotary pumps was nearly 10 times
- higher than that for wells with sucker-rod uumps. Consequently, the actual indica-
tors to make them comparable must be recalculated for identical well flow rates.
A statistical analysis revealed the empirical functions of routine subsiirface main-
tenance expenditures to well flow rate for each method of operation, wh~ch take the
following form:
Rg = 0.42 +0.003 q;
Re = 8. 25 + 0. 030 q;
RS = 5. 02 + 0.115 q;
Rg1= 1.52 + Q.017 q, '
where Rg, Re, RS, Rgl are routine well subsurface maintenance expendi*_ures for gusher,
electric rotary-pump, sucker-rod pump and gas-lift operation, respectively, in 1,000
rubles per well.
The results of calculations of routine subsurface maintenance and well-servicing ex-
penditures, given flow rates of 30, 60, 90 and 15G tons per 24-hour period, are given
in Table 3. Petroleum ~xtraction shop worker wage expenditures are assumed to be con-
stant for each method of operation for all flow-rate values. [Table 3 on following
page.]
In all the cases examined, the gusher method of operation is the most economical.
Among the mechanized methods of extractian, the lowest servicing expenditures are
+ characteristic of the compressor gas lift.
Well-servicing expenditures increase as well flow rates increase for all methods of -
operation. In the gusher method of extraction, the increase in expenditures is com-
paratively slight; it is more significant for the compressor gas lift and when elec-
tric rotary pumps are used. Well-servicing expenditures increase fastest as a func-
tion of increasing flow rates for the sucker-rod pump method of petroleum extraction.
The well-servicing expenditure values obtaine3 on the basis of an analysis of actual -
indicators for deposits of Tyumenskaya Oblast could be used in the technical-economic
substantiation of petroleum extraction methods at deposits of this region.
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Tat,le 3. Calculated Well-Servicing Expenditures, G~ven Comparable Flow Rates, in
1,000 rubles per well -
indicator.s method of operation -
gusher electric sucker-rod gas-lift
rotarq pump pump
flow rate of 30 tons per day -
wages, wiih deductions 0.57 0.92 1.03 0.80
routine well maintenance 0.51 9.15 8.47 2.03
total 1.08 10.07 9.50 2.83
flow rate of 60 tons per day
wages, with deductions 0.57 0.92 1.03 0.80
routine well maintenance 0.60 10.05 11.92 2.54 -
total 1.17 10.97 12.95 3.34
flow rate of 90 tons per day
wages, with deductions 0.57 0.92 0.80 _
routine well maintenance 0.69 10.95 3.05
- total 1.2~ 11.87 3.85
flow rate of 150 tons per day
- wages, with deductions 0.57 0.92 0.80
routine well maintenance 0.87 12.75 4.07
total 1.44 13.67 4.87
COPYRIGHT: Vseso;~uznyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut organizatsii, upravleniya _
i ekonomiki neftegazovoy promyshlennosti (VNIIOEND), i980
~ 11052
CSO: 8144/0797 END
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