JPRS ID: 9695 WORLDWIDE REPORT TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300100058-4
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9695
- 29 April 1981
~orldwide Re ort -
p
TELECONIMUNICATIONS POLICY,
- RESEARCH AND DEVEIOPMENT
CFOUO 5/81)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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- are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
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Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are -
_ enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preeeded by a ques- _
= tion mark an~d enclosed in parentheses were n.ot clear in the
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Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
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JPRS L/9695
- 29 April 1981
WORLDWIDE REPORT ~
TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOf'MENT
(FOUO 5/81) ~
~ CONTENTS
As za
JAPAN
Japan To Be First To Lay Laser Beam Phane Network
(IaAILY~YOMIURI, 27 Feb 81) Z _
International Data Sharin�g ihider Consideration
(NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBi~i, 20, 9 Jan 81, NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBI]~T,
20 Jan 81) .....................................a................. 2 -
Background Given
Scho]ars' View
Indus tries' View
New Iand-Mobile Teleco~nunication System
(TE Q~NOCRAT, Feb 81) .....................................o.o..... 8 -
White Book ' Teleco~unications in 1980'
(TE QiNOCRAT, Feb 81) .........................................o... 9
Single-Chip Voice Coder-Decoder LSI fo r Digital Communication
Nerworks
( TEQiNOCRAT, Feb 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . o . . . o . . . . . . . o . . . 11
- Briefs -
~ Captain System Annotmced 12
_ � Coaxial Cable Stripper 12
Optical Multiplex Transmission ~ -
LATIN AMERICA
CUBA
Progress Report on Installation of Coaxial Cable Published
_ (BOHEMIA, 27 Feb 81) 13
- a - [III - H1tn7 - 140 FOUO]
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
NIGER
Telecommunicati~ons Network, F~ture Plans Described
(JELiNE AFRIQUE, 11 Mar 81) 15
, WEST EUROPE
INTER[dAT~ONAL AFFAIRS -
Franco-German Dir~ct TV Satellites Get Go-Ahead
(Pierre Langereux; AIR & C0.SMOS, 14 Mar 81)......o............ 19
ITALY
= Experiments With Videotex System To Begin Within Year
- (Marco Gambaro; IL MONDO, 13 Mar 81) 22 ~
Optical Fibe r Cables Used To Coanect Rame's Phone Exchanges
- (Sergio Irlello-Grand; TL MONDE, 20 Mar 81)......~ 24 r
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JAHAN -
JAPAN TO BE FIRST TO I~Y LASER BEAM PIiONE NETWORK
; Tokyo L1(~ILY YOMIURI in English 27 Feb 81 p 2
~
i _
I ~Text~ New telephone communi- c,lrcult~s on ordlnary tele-
cation networks using thin phone wires, according to
~ glass flbers which transmit -
i voice signals by light will Construction work to lay
be laid in la ma~or areas the netiworks will sLart next
- of the country by aprinQ montlt. �
1982 the Nippon Telegraph N'IT said !t has decided
and Telephone Public Cor- to undertake the pro~ect
porat3on (,1TT) has an- becauae of its succesaful
_ nounced. developmenE of techniques
~ The Sbemptic coramunica- to mass produce the optical
~ion system is satd to have flberglaas.
- beett already placed partial- Development oi a prac-
ly in commerclal uae in the t~cal aem~iconductor laser
US. ' which emits light beama of
Japan's sole operator of 1.3 micron wave ltngth, the
domeatic telephone service ideal tYpe of beam for the
says that the new sqstem new commuaication sysGem, -
u~ing the most advanced aLso tnade it possible to
technology on a large-scale start the pmJect, NTT said.
basis will be employed for The ne~v flberoptic com-
. Lhe Srst time in the world munications syatem will re-
when the networks are com- duce oonaLruction and main-
pleted. tenance costs of telephone
NTT said the networks networlcs by some 20 per-
will be laid in Tokyo, Osaka cent. For one reason the
snd other major urban n~rBlass material is much
areas to connect them ~aith cheaper than ordinary cop-
telephone exchanges in ~r ~r~s� ~ $~d.
thpir vicinities. It said it plana to con-
The flberoptic networks tinue ezperimenta to devel-
will extend a total ot about op aberoPti;.s avith much
130 kilometers. The wire ia BnA~r capacity in the near
of ~nedium size with capa- futurc.
city equivalent to 480-1,440
;
COPYRIGHT: DAILY YOMIURI 1981 -
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, JAPAN
- .
INTERNATIONAL DATA SHARING UNDER CONSIDERATION
B ackground Given
Tokyo NIKKEI SANGYO SHZMBUN in Japanese 20 Jan 81 p 4
[Text] Movements toward the liberalization of communications cixcuits h,ave suddenly
become active. The first step taken in our cauntry which can be called "circuit
liberalization" was the 1971 amendment to the Pu~ lic Electric Communications Law,
which opened the way for the dissemination of data communications by ushering in a i
new exclusive circuit service, the "special communications circuit." A variety of ~
restrictions were imposed in its utilization, hawever, thereby giving rise to com- ~
plaints~fr~m circuit users and the information processing industry as data communications _
became increasingly active. This finally produced the "second wave" for circuit
liberalization.
- "Possibilities for Private Sectors Removed"
The main feature by which the second wave differs from the first wave is the fact that
the participation of private industries in the communications service itself, in such
facets as value-added communications (a service which adds functions to a circuit rented
from the trunic communication industry to make communications more effective) and satel-
lite co~nunications, ~s includ~d among the sub~ects for discussion. This makes it
impossible not to touch on fundamental problem of communications, such as the propriety
of the monopoly h~ld by the Japan Teleghone and Telegraph ~ublic Corporation [JTT].
With the opening of �he special communications circuit service, not only did on-line
service using the exclusive circuits of private information processing industries
become pennissible for the first time, but also joint utilization of exclusive circuits
among the manufacturing industries maintaining continuous mutual transactions or between ,
manufacturers and whdlesalers became permissible. However, numerous restrictions were
still attached to "outside use" (making circuits available to outsiders by renting -
them from JTT for commercial purpose) or "3oint use" (common use of a single circuit
by multiple users), and it w~as this situation tha+t created the second wave of circuit
liberalization.
Another big impetus was DDX (new dzta network) services which the JTT inaugurated at ~
the end of 1979 in July of last year. Of these, depending on one's viewpoint, the
packet exchange service in particular can be regarded as a value-added communication. -
For this reason, conc~rned voices ~rere raised, upon its inauguration, among private _
. information processing industries to the effect that "it may block the possibility of -
private infoxmation services."
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For instance, last March the Japanese Association of Information Centers (Chairman:
Kazuo Kuwae), which is a group of inf ormation-processing industries, nresented to the _
Ministry of Postal Services [MPS] and the JTT a proposal "to limit the package exchange
service to areas related� to the basic communication function, and not to expand it to
the area of information processing," It also requested the minister of postal services
specifically: 1) tu de].iberate a revision of the Public Electr3c Co~nunications Law
in the direction of liberalizing the utilization of communications circuits on the
b-asis of long-range perspective; and 2) to consider the possibility of commencing
private services through the use of the special co~unications circuit in order tc
supplement the JTT's packet exchange service. Also, sometime after this, the On-Line _
Promotion Committee of the Japane~e Information Processing Development Association
(committee chairman: Shuzo Inaba)--a juridical person--submitted a similar opinion
paper to the MPS and the JTT.
The MPS and the JTT Also Are Forward-Looking
In response to this heightening wave among the private sector for li~beralization of
circuits, the MPS in the latter part of October of last year established the "Conference
- for Electric Communications Policy "(chairman: Yoshishige Ashihara, president of the
= Kansai Electric Power Company) with the purpose of reviewing communications policy.
! The r_onference is expected by this summer to formulate "a vision for communications
; policy in the 1980's" encompassing the entire areas of communications pol~cy. It -
i seems inevitable [that the conference] will touch on the problems of circuit�liberali--
; zation and monopoly by the JTT and the International Telegraph and Telephone Cflmpany -
i (KDD). To be prepared for this, the MPS seems to be moving toward the formulation
~ of concrete policies, including the drafting of a new bill. The recent instruction
given by Min~ster of Postal Services Yamauchi to the JTT concerning the investigat~.on
~ of circuit liberalization can be inteTpreted as the first step toward the direction
i of such a policy development.
I
i The proposal entitled "Toward A Dynamic and Decentralized Information Community,"
~ presented by a group of economi.sts at its policy planning forum (representatives:
Tokyo University Professor Tairyo Murakami and Kyoto University Professor Chikashi
_ Moriguchi) at the end of last year, was also following a sim~lar line on circuit
liberalization. Because it pointed out from a professional point of view the harmful
effects of the JTT~s monopoly of the communications industry and "recommended" the
i participation of private enterprises in the area of data communications, it drew
considerable attention even from persons other than communications-related people.
As a response on the part of th~ JT~, new director Mafuji expressed his intention
_ to grapple with the problems of circuit monopoly and liberalization with a forward-
- looking posture. He is expected firs t to summarize the various arguments hitherto
expressed, then to actively participa te in the discussions of private research groups
;.elated to this field, and finally to commence the deliberation of policy meas~ires for
- the JTT.
Progress Seen in International Arena
The wave for tt~.e circ~uit liberalization has reached international communicat~ons as
well. Since foreign users are involved in this area as interested parties, exact ~
responses are required from the KDD. Having this in mi.nd, the KDD proposed relaxing _
the restricted utilization of international special communication circuits, beg~nning
the 5th of this month.
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This allows multiple hookup of computers ii~ the case of outsider use (it is permissible
evcn if more than one of the computers are used by both parties of communicating
countries), whereas in the past, only the hookup of one computer to one terminal was
allowed. This has been a pending item requested by the information service industry
of the United States for several years, and it was considered to be an important
question capable of developing into "the second communication conflict between Japan
and the United States," next to the problem of the JTT's procurement of material~,
depending on the way Japan was to respond to it. Therefore, it can be said that this
was a nimble response on the part of the KDD. Prior to this, the KDD last fall allowed
the hookup of data terminals and facsimilies to international telepl~one circuits.
This, too, is a sort of circuit liberalization. Thus, it can be justifiably said
that circuit liberal.ization has shown steady progress in the international arena,
even thougri it has not been conspicuous as the domestic case.
S cholars' Vie~a
Tokyo NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 9 Jan 81 p 1
[Text] "Toward a Dyiiamic and Decentralized Information Community," published at ~he _
end of last year as a recommendation for data communications policy by "the policy
planning forum," a group of economists organized to recommend policy (representatives: i
Tokyo University Professor Tairyo Murakami and Kyoto University Professor Chikashi
- rioriguchi), is creating considerable reverberations, such as the immediate respnnse ~
of Postal Services Minister Yamauchi giving instructions to the JTT to review the
liberalization of communication circuits. Criticism against JTT's monopoly of the
communication industry had previously been launched by the information processing
industry and computer users, but this is the first time a group of scholars who are,
so to speak, a third party had pointed out problems stemming from the monopoly and
has presented a clear conclusion urging free participation in the area of data .
communications. With excellent timing, the JTT was given a new director from the
private sector for the first time, and it is preparing for a fresh start. Hitotsubashi
University Professor Kenichi Imai who was responsible for putting the xecommendation
- together, emphasized, when he was asked about its r.eal meaning, the great possibility ;
for the realization of "a dif:fuse, diverse, and individualized society" as a result
of rapid prGgress in information and communication technology, He showed his willing-
- ness to point out further in the future the problematic questions accompanying monopoly,
and to work for the realization of the contents of the recommendation. (The questions
were put by reporter Hirohito Suzuki.)
--This recommendation stated that the current system of communcation, based on the JTT's -
monopoly of the communications industry, is not suitable to ',:he era of ~nformation
revolution, which has reached the "second stage." Specifically, what does this
"second stage" mean? -
- Imai: The first stage of the information revolution up to now tended to be preceded
, by futuristic arguments for information revolution; therefore they were in a misty
condition, so to speak. But the second stage is characterized by its having a tangible _
substance as a result of the revolution in microcommunications. Computers and communi-
cation networks are not confined simply to production aspects, but are beginning to
transform enterprises' organizational structures and business patterns. Furthermore, _
- they are beginning to penetrate gradually even to individual life, beginning with
ttie on-line system of financial organizations.
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--What is the reason for promotitig the second stage of information revolution?
Imai: For one thing, there is a need to supplement the weakness of Japanese society
seen from its economic and industrial structure. In order to reduce the degree of
dep~ndence on oil, it is necessary to vitalize the flow of infor.mation by developing
communications networks, on the one hand, and t~ reduce on the other hand the movement
of inen and materials.
For another thing, it is important to individualize lifestyles by promoting the
information revolution at the level of the people, so that everyone can respond
_ flexibly to environmental changes. This is linked to the strengthPning of the sociai
foundation.
--Recent arguments about the information revolution seem linked to th~ promotion of
political, economic, and social diffusion and decentralization. What do you think
of this problem?
Imai: It can be said that the second stage of the information revolution is really
, a response to the trend tuward diffusion. The direction that the Japanese industries
, should take in the future, I think, is to go from the concentrated mode of production
to a diffused model, and from standardized products and technology to diversif%ed
-i ones; these new trends are already beginning to emerge, T think. Di.ffusion of various
organizations and individual life into localities is also in progress. A precondition
for such diffusion is the development of computers and communication networks, which
makes the essential linkage between the loci of diffusioa. Basic to the "information
society's" surpassing the traditional industrial societ~~~ is such a socioeconomic
i structure having botR diffusion and linkage.
I
~ --In order to promote this information revolution, the JTT's monopoly of communication
~ services and its restrictions on the utilization of communication circuits have
~ detrimental effects--this seems to be the main theme of the recommendation. As for
I the restrictions ~n the utilization of communications circuits, the JTT has maintained
that "the wants of users have been accommodated through the flexible application of
~ criteria for permits, and there has been n~ indication of any substantial harm done."
I
i Imai: It is true that there has been a gradual liberalization of circuits, but such
; methods have created an unfair outcome for users. Moreover, they have entailed the
~ problem of making it difficult for users to charz their future plans. What is needed
now is to s et forth clearly the policy of circuit liberalization, dnd to put into
; practice all at once whatever is feasible. Also, if the JTT is not going to allow
, the liberalization of circuits, it should clarify the reasons for it.
--One of the main reasons for maintaining the JTT's monopoly has been the matter of
insuring a global-scale high standard of technology and services. What do you think
of this?
Imai: Such arguments may have been plausible for the traditional communication system
~ center.ing around the telephone, but ttie plausibility is dubious for t?ie contemporary
_ setting, where computer and s~miconductor technology has made huge progress and its
- diverse uti"lization has become ~vailable. We are advocating the introduction of
competitive principles in the area of data communication, but even in the area of
basic communication there are some areas, such as satellite communications, in which
technology is sufficiently ready for private industries to render effective service.
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As for tlie problem of the quality of service, the key point to be considered is
whether all users want liigi~-quality services. In any service, the users' choice
depends on a balance between quality and cost; in communication, too, there must be a
large number of users who look for inexpensive cost with the knowledge that quality
is not perfect. -
--From now on, how do you plan to handle this problexn?
Imai: We are not saying that all aspects of tne JTT monopoly are bad. We plan to
go on analyzing it with two alternate possibilities in mind, and at the same time
we will continue to point out matters of a more specif ic nature.
Industries' View
Tokyo NIKKAN KOGYU SHIMBUN in Japanese 20 Jan 81 p 14 -
[Textj How should computer centers, the specialists in the information processing _
services, respond to the needs of their clients and begin to show an ever-increasing
degree of diversity and complexity? How sl~ould this in dustry, which is shallow in
its history and weak in entrepreneural foundation, be guided to atr_ain heightened
growth? Such prospects and direction on the part of the industry might have been _
i'ix ed '3 years ago if all had gone well, and could. have been in the implementation
stage with the backing of th.e country by now. H~~wever, the industry was excluded
f rom the category of the designated industries stipula ted by the Machine Information
Law (I.aw Concerning Provisional Measures for tne Promotion of Special Machine Infor-
mation Industries), and has suffered from it unexpectedly.
Because the industry entertained the idea t'aat its ~nc lusion among the desi~gnated
industries would assure its social status, the shock of the party concerned was
beyond imagination. The software industry was included in the designation.
It was~due to the violent opposition of Che MPS that the Ministry of International
Trade and Industry [MITI] was obliged to let the computer center industry go off the _
designation at the last moment. As a response to the era of data communications,
which combines comptiters and communications, MITI, using the aforementioried 1aw -
for leverage, has aimed at (1) reviewing the Public Electric Communications Law from
its fundamental 1eve1 in order to promote the information revolution of the country's
industries; and (2) promoting the information industries of the country by putting
the JTT and private information processing industries in the same arena.
Against this, the MPS, which "monopolizes" the administration of communications on
the basis of the Public Electric Communications Law, countered by saying: "Communica-
tion services are public affairs affecting all the people. They cannot be ruled
solely by the Machine Information Law, which is designed to include the JTT simply
f rom the viewpoint of industrial promotion." The alternative which emerged under _
tY?e auspices of the MPS was the Data Communication Bill, but it has not yet seen the
light of day.
At that time, mo~t of the people concerned in the industry kept silent about this
series of maneuvers in the administration. At present, however, the voices of those _
who are demanding at least the liberalization of communication circuits are much
lauder, saying: "If anly we had conditions favorable to do business in the same arena
with the JTT, which is rendering services from its superior position...." It is
characteristic of the recent times that such voices are spreading not only in that
particular industry but all over the ~ndustrial world.
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Also, there are many industrial le:?ders whc sternly point out: ''It is difficult to -
understand why the obsolete sys~em of the old communications law is insisted on,
when we are in the era of linking manmade satellites with computers. In order to
make the information r~volutian of our country bloom with a variety of flowers through
the vitality and creativity of private sectors, the liberalization of communication
circuits is absolutely essential. Althoug~? it is argued that the regulation of ~
- communications circuits can prevent the invasion of American businesses, it works
- contrarily, hampering the development of our country's industries."
In the meantime, the prospects and future direction to be followed by the computer
center industry are now being deliberated by the Industrial Structure Deliberation
Council, under the rubric called the formuiation of "a vision for information revolution.
_ With the participati.on of rel~resentatives from industry, the council is reportedly
, having lively discussions. The industry's determination and eagerness seem to be
so extraordinary that the riITT r~~.~resentatives have reportedly said, with a bitter
smile, "Our side has been swaya~d aIl the way."
On the other hand, there has also been a strong voice saying: "Were the moaning voices
, of us small and medium enterprises heard?" It is reported that the investigation
conducted the year before last into the industry's Uasic problems was administered
from the subsidy granted as "compensation" for t?~e ir~dustry's exclusion from the
, designation. Through the investigation, however, numerous problems that plagued the
industry surfaced so starkly, contrary to expectation, that new emphasis was put
. on the need for the fostering and growth of the industry.
, The leadership of the MITI seemed to be willing for a"return match" even in 1980
[as published], remarking that "if the MPS is inclined to be dilatory, we will give
i further consideration for the inclusion of the computer center industry in the industrial
_ designation," But this may be troublesome to the industry, which is placed in the
valleys of administration, some c~~nfess.
' COPYRIGHT: NIKKAN KOGI'0 SHIMBUNSHA 1981
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JAPAN
NEW LAND-MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Tokyo TECHI30CRAT in English Vo1 14, No 2, Feb 81 p 72
_ [Text] � r~ ~nfluena of tuildings on hnd-mobile FM form and then onmbined with the fre- -
telecommunication by d'upersing ekctromag- quency components. These signals ue then
' netic waves makes the intensity ot the weves transmitted by the SSB system, which is a
changeable. When AM ot SSB rystems ue used narrow b~nd communication system. When
in such communication, fading of the vwves teceiving snch ndio waves, the ~bove operations
~ may occur. Thia also happens ia medium wave are invected~ ~nd the originel voice can be `
band radio b:oadcasting, for thu reason, land- reproduad. Th1s system can be characterized I-
mobile tekcommunication ry~tems such ~s ~s a combindion of the meritc of both the I
taxi radios have atways used the FM ryttem SSB snd FM sy~tems.
to provide a good voice quality. Experimenls in the leboratory, using the
'Che Radio Research Laboratory, of the v~~ apparatus fot tha new aystem, have shown
Ministry of Posis and Tekcommunications, has that the quality of voia tran~mitted in this
ieantly developed ~ new land-mobile tek- Wey u superior to thrt of the SSB and FM
oommunication system which uses all the rystems in plaas whae tadio wavea are weak,
frequency bands efficiently, tnd has the metit making it suilable for practical use. Although
of not being easily diQUpted by spatial noises. the quality of voice was good, some technical _
'fhit :ystem was propoaed ten yenrs ago for problems were expected in the case of commsr-
application to seatnobile telecommuniation cial use, such as aoss~communication between
syatems, but has nol yet bsen applied to channels in the wave band used. It was found
land-mobile teleoommuniation. from the results of experiment that the most _
In this sytlem, the audioCrequency wave adequate frequency intervals between the
forms ue broken down fnto two components, neighbouring channels were 6 to 7kHz. Since
one of whieh is the amplitude component the frequency interval between neighbouring
corresponding to the intensity of voice, and ~annela in the convention~l FM system is 20
the othei which is the frequency cornponent to .25kHz, the new system can transmit
coreesponding to the content of talk. The ~annels thra timos larger than the FM system
amplitude components are converted to the ~n the same frequency band width.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fu~i Marketing Research Co., Ltd. ;
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- JAPAN
WHITE BOOK 'TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN 1980'
Tokyo TECf~IOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 2, Feb 81 p 73
~TEXt~ The Minisay ojPosrsand Telecommunicattonshos published a rcport
cntlNed 'Present Status oj Ttiecommunlcafions In 1980': Thts report
hos as its moin therru 'Present Tefecommunications at a Turting Potni"
' and describes the pres~nt status and juturt deveJopment oj the rapidly -
~ growing ncw telecommunications media such as patlern and image com- .
muntca tion. data communlcation,s and aace!lite communlcarion. !t also
, empharfzca the necessity of adopdng new polictes ro prornote thefr de-
- i ve(opment, becauu they wouid be increasingly impo~rantln accompany- _
ing the devefopment ojan injormed. soctety.
/n It,r int~oductory chapter, the 1toNsflcs of vorioas ktnds of te(e-
~ communication services in l979 an ahown in the TobJe. Tradltiona!
~ communicarion media such as r�aifs, domett(c telephone, and telegraphs,
I show minor growth or same decrease, 6ut domestic deta eommunlca-
tion services arc growing rapidiy. Jnternotlono! telephone end tnter-
nadona! prlvate communicatfons also show a big growth. `
_ As for new te/ecommunlcation media, such as pattern and fm~{qe
~ communication (facsimile, eJectronic mail, CATVJ, data communicatron,
satellite commurticefion, and new digirai telecommunicatlon networks,
the 6ook anafyses their present situaNon and the economlc and socla/
I influence of such media ond dtscusses jurure problems.
I The transfe~ oj communicadons media jrom telephone, te(ex, and
rnaii ro facsimile, is anolysed, ond ir ta txpecred that jacstmile w!/!
confrnue [o grow in the juture, and wfll piay an lmportant role in
ojfice�auromatfon. CATV !s smoorhly increasing in the number of sets
_ and connacts, but the raNo oj contractor to sets is lowe~ than in tlte
U.S.A. (107 persons in lapan, and 3,S9S persons in U.S.A. J.
As jor datn communicotion, rhe anolysls shows ihat distrlbuted in-
i jormafion processing, variations oj input and output sysfems, and
organizarion oj injormoHon procesting are progressing, and al! these
techntques are ielated to jorming a network oj information pracessing
sysfems. For juturc development, (t is necessary fo prorriote the
I srandardizution oj communicatton systems, fo establish enterprises fo~
dealing in rnjorm.atton processing and telecommunicaNons data, to
i
; devclop data bases, and to p~omote security etc.
~ As jor sareJ/ite communiceHons, e,rpecially broodcosdng satel(ite
communrcnrlon, it emphasfzea rhe necesslry to discuss the possible
- grear rnjluences on the present b~oadcasHng systems as weli as broad-
catting companies.
In conciusion, the book descrtbes how therc are now developing
some new pro6fems about privacy p~otection, copyrfghr, secutity
_ protrc:ion of sysrems and daia, and it aito emphasfzes fhe necessity of
solving such problems. Further, !t points out thaf /t ts necessary to
devefop Jlexible adminisrrativr pollcles becauae fhese new media a~e
cxpected to contribute to widt development of the economfc, social,
and cuirura! fieids.
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'Cable 1. Productive Amount of Va~ious Telecommunication
Services in 1919 E3udget Year (Unit: billion yens;
the growth rates relative to last year are shown in
1. the brackets with
Mail 789.5 ( 5.2)
Public telephone (NTT) 3,395.0 ( 5.4) -
Wire broadcastinp and telophone 18.0 (-7.4)
- International telaphone (KDO) 68.~ (20.3j
Public telepraph (NTT) 67.4 (-4.0)
International telepraph (KDD) 53.0 ( 6.4)
NTT private Ilna 86.0 ( 10.5) _
KDD private line 11.1 ( 16.8)
Public data eommunication (NTT) 137.4 ( 18.1)
International date communication (KDD) and etc. 9.0 ( 18.5)
NHK 214.4 ( 2.5)
Commerciil broadcastinp, radio 122.1 ( 15.7) _
Commercial broedcastlnp, TV 814.7 ( 12.8)
Totei 5,785.7 ( 6.8)
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fu~i Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
- CSO: 5500
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JAPAN
, SINGLE-CHIp VOICE CODER-DECODER LSI FOR DIGITAL COMMUDTICATION NETWORKS
' Tokyo TECIiNOCRA.T in English Vol 14, No 2, Feb 81 p 73
Musushino ElecMc CommuntcaHon Laborotory oj N7'T hus devdop-
' I; [ Tex t] e~f a sing(e-chip, low power Coder-Decoder, or CODEC LSL A n anulog
tr diglmJ converrer, a drgtra! ro analo~ converre~ and dual chonnel
jllte~s are rntegrared on a sing/erhlp using CMOS tecNnology, The LSI
requlrea 3SmW and is packed in a srnal7 l6 pin package. This LSI (s
i sxpected to be wldely applied in various kinds oj equipment, con-
f~tbuting slgntjlcontly !o comp/tte digirai communtcatton networAs.
- ~ A CODEC ts the key component jo? reolizing di~fral communtcatlon
' syst~ms, as it juncNons to convert volce slgnals lnto diyital sidna(s oj 8
I 61t PCM (Pul,te Code ModulationJ cnd reconstn~ct voice aignala jrom
I PCM stgnais
- ~ A CODEC usuaily consirts oj an A/D convtrtti, a D/A conve~te~,
~ , band iimtting filters ond interna! rlock yenerators. CODEC LSI's Daste
~ on various kinds oj operadon prtncipies, clrcuit conJiguratlons and
I jabrication process have been developed, and some oJ them have already
i been commncialized. However, more than two LS! chlps havt been
required jor CODEC juncdons. �
The newfy devefoped CODEC LS! hos tntegrated aq functlons (n a
stngle-chip with the size oj 4.35mm'x 7.Omm, whtch !s packed !n a smali
16 pin DIP (Duaf In-Jtnr PackageJ.
New circu/t dtsign technologiea which ~educe the number oj circuft
elements and crossta(k noix between anafog and digttal ctrcufts to
achieve sma!! chrp size have bten opplled.
To reduce tht power dissrpetton, a power�savtng CMOS ampltfer
design has been developed and tht number oj amp!(jfers requfred has
also been reduced Jrom 20 Po ]S. The LSI employs power�down mode
to ?educe the power dlssipation when no signai is input. Thus, small
powe~dfss/patfon oj35mW (ImW in powerdownJ has been achleved.
On�chip capaeltors, swftches and high goin ampilfiers have been used
ro achieve hlgh eccuracy A/D end D/A converters and ~ltcrs.
The CODEC oprrates wtrh fSY supplies, compafibie to logic LSIs,
- ancJ +2.SV rejerence voltage rowce.
Typica! CODEC paramerrrs are shown in Tab/e i. The CODEC LSI
- is expected to be widely appiied far PCM c/nnne/ banks, digitaf switch-
rng systems and dlgttaf private branch exchonges,contributing ,Ngnlficant-
!y to the reollzadon ojdrgita! communtcatfon networks
i
Table 1. Typial CODEC Parameters
A/D ~nd D/A conv~nions Suecasiv~ ~pproxim~tion A/D co~v~nfon
C~p~cftor ~rny md n~istor atrlnp~D/A eonv~nlon
Filc~rinp Switch~d e~p~e~tor t~chniqu� I
S~mD~~~Y ~r~qu~ncy BkHx (~inpl~ valc~ch~~nN) i
PCM eloek fr~qu~ney 84kHx ^~2048kHx I
ComD~ndinp I~w � I~w (A i~w) I
Pow~r tuppli~s 3 5 V ~
I
~ R~1o~ne~voh~p~ +4.5V i
Pow~r d~ulp~tion 35mW (4mW ~t Dow~r�down) '
COPYRIGHT : 1981 Fuj i Marketing P~~k~a~ 18 p~~ p~p ;
Research Co., LCd.
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JAPAN
BRIEFS -
CAPTAIN SYSTEM ANNOUNCED--The Ministry of Posts & Telecommunications, and Nippon
Telegraph & Telephone Public Corporation (NTT) recently announced that the Cap-
tain system (Character and Pattern Access Information Network) will be put into
service from the 1983 budget year. The system is now under experiment with
selected monitors among people living in 23 districts in Tokyo. Survey of the
experimental users leads to expectation of demands for the Captain system in
_ the near future. Similar systems have been successfully developed in other
countries, and it seems there will be international competition among these i_
services. Therefore, the Captain sqstem in Japan must be developed quickly.
The experimental Captain system is now available to about 1,000 terminals in
the 23 districts in Tokyo. Experimental data show that the number of contacts ~
from the monitors to the Captain service is gradually increasing on the average,
and families utilizing the system more than two or three times a week have in-
creased recently. Also, a survey by ~uestionnaire on the Captain system shows
that about 53% of the families want to utilize the system when it is fully -
developed, and about 56% of the families want it to be developed within a few
years. It therefore expected that demand for the system will build up after -
it is fully developed. [TextJ [Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 2, _
Feb 81 p 72]
- COAXIAL CABLE STRIPPER--Nagano Co., Ltd. has developed a coaxial cable stripper,
_ which can strip antenna coaxial cable sheathi~tg very easily and with a clean
cut. The steps are: first, insert the cable into a prescribed position and fix
it with the fixing lever, with the fingers in the rotating hole, rotate the body ;
to cut the sheathing, and then remove the cable to take off the sheathing com-
pletely by drawing it vertically, starting from the cut portion with a knife
proved. Core wires also can be easily cut by simply rotating the body to pro-
vide cutting. [Text] [Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 2, Feb 81 p 72]
OPTICAL MULTIPLEX TRANSMISSION--Showa Wire and Cable Co has developed a low
cost modem which can greatly simplify transmission systems. This modem has -
the function of enabling multiple data transmission through a single optical
fiber cable between the mainframe of a computer and its terminals. Its dis-
tinctive feature is the use of the "Time Sharing Bit Multiple System." This
system costs, about one half the price of ordinary such apparatus because the -
number of parts in the multiplexer has been considerably decreased. Because ;
this modem is fabricated by TTL Logic, it also has the following features: ;
(1) there is no limit to the input and output rates; (2) no data goes missing
due to the clock error of the bit rate; (3) it has the capacity for 8 channels I
of atart-stop synchronous transmission up to 4,800 BPS. [Text] [Tokyo TECHNO- -
CRAT in English Vol 14, No 2, Feb 81 p 72]
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CUBA -
-
I ~
~
-I
i PROGRESS REPORT ON INSTALLATION OF COAXIAL CABLE PUBLISHED
i
; Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 27 Feb 81 p 35
i
; [Text] A few days ago, the coaxial cable link between Havana and Matanzas was
~ made. In that connection, it is well to point out the importance of that long-
I distance communica.tions installation since it establishes the basis for the
national long-distance dialing system, that is, direct dialing between one _
telephone subscriber and another locat~a anywhere in the country. _
In its first stage, this link will have a capacity of 60 telephone channela
which, as the ad~ustments and measurements are made to improve the quality of the
link, will gradually increase the number of channels in operation between the -
- two cities.
When this system is completed, it will provide telegraph channels and radiobroad-
cast and television links as well as channels for transmisaion of data between
digital computers. -
The cabls is made up of various tubes or coaxial lines placed inside a
cyclindrical nucleus covered by various insulating materials. At *he same time,
these tubes are made up of two conductors: one is solid and is of amall diameter -
and goes inside another that is hol~ow and surrounds the former in a concentric
form. The name coaxial is derived from the fact that both cylinders have the
same central axis, being separated by small insulating disks spaced at short
intervals. This cable is buried underground to prevent any contact with the
exterior and it will operate with a voltage of about 800 volts.
During 1980, 212 kilometers of coaxial cable we~e laid, requiring the excavation
of 155 kilometers, most of it in rocky terrain. In addition, 8.9 kilometers
of underground telephone conduit were built; in addition, 520 splices and the
corresponding measurements were made. This has been an achievement in which
Soviet technical advisers took a very active part.
The project will continue to progress this year; it is planned to install about
250 kilometers of cable, build more than 10 kilometers of underground telephone
conduit, build about 50 unattended repeater stations and double the number of
splices ulade in 1980.
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At the same time, construction projects valued at more than 2.5 million pesos
and distributed over 11 provinces have been contracted with the Ministry of
Construction.
The planning, construction, assembly and implementation of th,is extraordinary -
project of the nation's infrasturcture is possible as a~esult of the collabora-
tion provided by Soviet technicians and specialists. About 100 specialists from
the USSR have worked in Cuba and more than 85 Cubans have trained in that country
in the various techniques associated with that engineering activity.
The capacity of the coaxial cable being installed in Cuba is sufficient to cover
all telephone traffic demands envisaged up to the year 2000.
COP~RIGHT: BOHEMIA, 1981
8711
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- NIGER -
i TELECOMMIINICATION3 1dETWORK, FUTURE PLANS DESCRIBE~
Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 11 Mar 81 pp 6-8 ~
i
i [Text] A vast country with 1,267,000 aq km, with a law population density, in
which the landlocked territory is bounded by frontiers with 7 countries (3 of them
wiCh no coastline), Niger has undertaken an operation vital for its economic, cul-
tural and political development.
The Aoals of this operation are:
extension of the telecommunications and television network, such as to allaw complete
coverage of the north and far eastern part of the country and the improvement of
international links;
full automa+tion of the telephone network;
proper equipment of the rural zones with telephones and telex, poasibly utilizing
solar energy; and
improvement o� the urban telephone network and mail distribution.
In fact, no nation can neglect postal and telecommu.nications services. Alang with
the roads, they constitute the nervous system of any social body, the de8ire of whictx
is to grow ha~noniously. Spectacular in terms o� their scope and conception, the
achievements and progress will speed up the economic development of the Bilma, Diffa,
Arlit and Agadez regions. The axis described by the two last mentioned placea plays
a vital role in the economy of the country: its subsoil contains important mineral
- and energy reaources (uranium, coal). Mining comp~nies have developed there in
recent years: SOMAIR [Air Ttegion Mining Company], which has been exploiting the
~ open pit uranium deposits in Ar1it aince 1970; COMINAR [Akouta Mining Company],
which has exploited a gallery mine in Akouta since 197$; SONICHAR, with a power
- plant which was commissioned last 15 January, has been extracting coal a;~ Anou-Araren -
for sever.~l months; and soon, the Tassa N'Taghalgue Mining Company (SMTI), which will
exploit the Arni uranium deposit, will join them.
Tools of a regional policy, these undertakings will also make it posaible, through
the diffusion of information and knowledge, to achieve political, economic and -
national cultural unity in the country. In the very near future, thanks to the
sateliite and microwave links, the people of Niger will be able to make ca11s direct
- to Cotonou, Lagos and Lome, without passing through Paris or London. The delays and
_ 15
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interminable waits will be a thing of the past: currently, depending on the day and
hour, a telephone subscriber can t~lk to Erance in three minutes or...thxee hours.
Gone are the days when it was sometimes difficult to reach someone in Niamey.
Desirous of utilizing the most modern equipment in a sector which is disrupted b~ g
technological revolution every 10 years, the minister of posts and telecommunicationa -
decided upon the most reliable technology for interlinking long distance communica-
tions (more than 500 to 600 km) with the national network: the satellite tele- -
communications system. The technology of ground stations linked with the responder -
of an interaational network satellite is in fact more reliable over these distances
than the traditional microwave band. The maintenance of a system using this latter
_ technology alone is difficult to provide: it requires relays, which uwst be supplied
_ with energy, every 40 km.
Carried out in several phases, the project, the implementation of which is controlled
by the Niger Postal and Telecommunications Uffice, assisted by the SOFRECOM, which
itself is collaborating with Telediffusion of France and France Cable Radio (FCR),
represents a total investment exceeding 25 billion c:FA francs. The first phase alone,
in process now, will cost more than 16 billion CFA francs. T'he project as a whole
includes:
a ground station of large dimensions linked with the Intelsat satellite in the Atlantic ~
' Ocean, built in Karma 32 km from Niamey; ~
four ground stations of moderate size for the national network, with antennae 11.80
meters in diameter, built in Karma, Agadez, Diffa and Bi1ma. The Bi1ma station will
- be built later;
a microwave link 275 km long between Agadez and Arlit, with feeder lines linking the
mining companies; and
- telephone exchanges in Arlit and Diffa, and expansion ot the Agadez exchange and that
at the new internat~.onal relay center. .
Making use of the installation of microwave coverage between Agadez and Arlit and the
ground stations in Karma, Agadez and Diffa, Niger is pursuing the developme+nt of
national television on a garallel basis. Transmitters and receivers are being in-
stalled in Agadez, Arlit, Ingall and Diffa. One of the existi.ng studios is equipped
for color. The premises of the Niamey production center have been expanded, and ,
_ finally, 250 community television reception centers have been built. The Niger Radio
and Television Broadcasting Office (ORTTT), assisted by Telediffusion of France and
the AUDECAM [University Association for the Development of Teaching and Culture in
Africa and Madagascar], is the prime contractor for the television portion.
A French company, Thomson-C5F [General 8adio Company], is executing the various
telecommunications projects--with the exception of the Agadez exchange, which has
been entrusted to the General Telephone Construction Company (CGCT), and the tele-
vision transmitting stations, being built on turnkey aontracts. The commissioning
dates will fall between March and September of this year, 1981.
Beginning in mid-April, the citizens of Niger wi11 be able to watch the direct rPlay
of the Sixth Youth Festival which will be held in Diffa on small color screens
(SECAM [aequential memory color] system). Hundreds, even thousands of persons will
thus be able to watch, cheer and boo the participants in these cultural and athletic
programs in front of their own sets. 16
~nn n~~Tr7AT. iTSF. ONLY
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. � ~ ,uur -
' ~~,u~ YADOfIflA _
: lApIp6~RfN -
I/[MA
~1~ . lEQfNOf ~4~ /A~S~
,~num ' ;Krr~ru
irr[cr~~ : [
� ,1A~r ~ g d,.NM Nn,..., -
~~~,r~~~~_ l l i: ar.nn~..a o~ o...,rN�
~ ~ 2 ~ : . ~ 8 ~ fA/tCfAf/X NfR1l/ENt
i ~w+~nwq ` : fal~lNt w Ii feM.
' ~ ~ C AIAOII ' ~ 9 ~ w /~~fN/Nb~ ~r
~ ~ ~ ~ /
~ \ \10~ ssst�~npr
- r....... ~ i l~ Ml~~~la r�i
N
i
~
~ ~ C~rnlrrr~�tit
' , ~ ~ ~ ~ 12 ~ ~ Kl~/Awi~N
~ ~ c�r?�r dKrw.r~�.
~ ~ (13)
sJ/IUf[R/ \ � f/l/IiiUE 1AN01/A Mt~H~w
~
' I ~ p ~ 1(~ ~ ~ [w~rhrr ri/ir(~b~
~ti,~ Ll y/
~'ti NI~M[V r NROMN/ MApAOHA fANOf/7
iM Aphd ; 1
~
:
~3 ~ �~~ti~ ~MAR~O~-� iy~rl/MOf
~ COURf~` NDU/CM/ p -
~ l~
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(3)
Key: -
1. Intelsat satellite
2. International satellite links
3. PANAFTEL [Pan-African Teleco~unications Network] miarowave links
4. Legend
5. Bilma (pro~ect)
' 6. Ground station -
7. I--International; D--Domestic
8. Microwave links _
9. Existing or being installed; telecommunications and television
10. Planned _
_ 11. Existing or being installed; telecommunicati.ons only
12. Telephone relay center
13. Automatic telephone exchange
14. Television transmitter
- 17 �
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The impact of the television image on a population to which the written press does
- not mean much is in fact tremendous. Television coverage of the country wi11 thus
have become a reality very ~apidly, thanks to the personal detercnination of President
- 5eyni Kountche. The chief of state in fact gave the green light for this program
following the enthusiasm aroused in the population hy the rebroadcasting of the
"world" telecast on school television.
A similar pol~tical sponsorship is seen and confirmed in the desire to establish a
- modern telecommunications network. The major efforts made since 1976 are evidence
of this. More than 8 billion CFA francs (8,470,900) were inveated within the frame-
work of the 1976-1979 3-year program. A microwave link of great capacity equipped
with telecommunications and television channels was put into service between Niamey
and Zinder. '
Microwave links were provided between Konni and Tahoua. Three additional microwave
links were established between Ouallam and Banibangou, Maradi and Dakoro, and
Zinder and Tanout. -
The ground station i.n Goudel, five km from Niamey, interlinked with a satellite in
the Intelsat system for international links with Algeria and France, was put into
service. It is also equipped to receive and retransmit television progr~ms. Final3.y,
the carrier current equipment for telephone an3 telex service between Zinder and Diffa, I
and automatic urban networks were installed.
I-
Parallel to the installation of the PMETT, other projects are being carried out. The
telephone exchanges in Niamey and Maradi have been expanded, and new exchanges have
been built in Dosso, Tahoua and Zinder. An international relay center is being
- built. The link between Niamey and Agadez is equipped for single-sideband (SSB)
communications. ~'inally, the Nigerien portion of the Pan-African Telecommunications
Network (PANAFTEL), financed for the five countries in the region (Benin, Niger,
Upper Volta, Mali and Senegal) by the Canadians, is developing. It will be solicited
_ within a few monChs for two projects: the Maradi-Kano channeS. in the PANAFTEL link
between Niger and Nigeria and the Liptako-Gouma service link.
In 1983, in which year the five-year plan will end (almoat 20 billion CFA francs have
been allocated for the telecommun:ications program during these years) and the year ~
of the lOth anniversary of the seizure of power by the army, Niger will be equipped
with a modern telecommunications network.
Already today all of the major cities (Niamey, Zinder, Maradi, Tahoua, Agad~z, Doseo,
Arlit, Madaoua, ~ilingue) a~re equipped witr an automatic network. The commissioning
of the Niamey-Zinder microwave link made it possible to make interurban cvmmunications
between Niamey and Maradi, Niamey and Zinder, and Maradi and Zinder automatic.
In the next five years, the majority of the district capitals will have automatic ,
systems and will b.e linked directly with at least their re~ional urban center. The
major centers wi11 be linked by automatic interurban facili.ties with Niamey. The ~
vast majority of Nigerien telephone subscribers will have access to automatic inter- i-
national service. The same efforts to inaure speed and certainty will also have made
the improvement of mail distribution possible.
COPYRI~HT: Jeune Afrique GRUPJIA 1981
5157
C30: 5500 ~g -
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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
FRANCO-GERMAN DIRECT TV SATELLITES GET GO-AHEAD
, Paris AIR & COSI~OS in French 14 Mar 81 p 43 ~
[Article by Pierre Langereux: "Go-Ahead Given French aad German Direct Broadcast
i TV Satellites"] _
i
' [Text] Construction of the first French TDF-1 aad German TV-Sat direct broadcast
TV satellite is now underway.
' Their production was approved at the 9 March 1981 meeting of the ~oint Franco-
Cer.nan steering co~ttee comprised of representatives from the French CNES -
[National Cent~r for Space Studies], the French Televiaion Broadcasting Agency,
the German Postal Service, and the German Ministry of Research and Technology
(BmFT). The committee actually froze the technical definition of the satellites
- and approved the technical and financial proposal submitted by Eurosatellite GmBH,
the Fra~co-German o~ganization comprising the principal.industrial firma responsi-
ble for constru~ction of the satellites.
The Franco-German direct broadcast TV satellite program was approved on 2 October
1979 by President Valery Giscard d'Estaing and Chancellar Schmidt. That decision -
was followed by the eigning of an intergavernmental agreement in Paris on 29 April
1980. The Franco-German agreement and its technical and financial appendices
call for the ~oint development aud construction of two }~re-operational satellites,
one per country, and a tni~d uait to be kept as a apare on the grouad.
Eur4satellite's de~ailed industrial proposal for d~velopment of *.he satellite was
submitted to the steering committee on 21 October" 1980, but the final financial
proposals were submitted only in February 1981.
The steering committee finally approved a total financial package of 520 million
deutsche mark (at 1980 prices), or slightly more than 1.2 billion francs, for ~oint
development and construction of the pre-operational satellites. Germany and France
are to share equally in financing the program with 260 million deutsche mark con- -
tributed by the former and 625 million francs by the latter. But the industrial
- tasks will be deliberately distributed unequally with 54 percent going to Gerniany
and 45 percent to France because of France's majority participation in the Ariane
launch vehicle program. The French share in the overall TDF-1 program, including
conatruction and launching of the satellite, will amount to approximately 980 _
million francs. This includea complete launch costs (with insurance) plus the
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transmitting ear*_li station, all separately finan~ed on a strictly nat~onal level. -
The Eurosatellite GmBH group f~ormed in 1978 comprises the program's ma3or French,
German and Belgian industrial participants. MBB [Messerschmitt~Boelkow-Blohm] -
- is responsible for coordinating development of the satellites in cooperaCion with
Aerospatiale. Thomson-CSF is responsible for the payload in cooperation with AEG
Telefunken. Both countries will share responsibility for integration of the satel-
lites. TDF-1 will be integrated in Cannes by Aerospatiale whi.le TV-Sat will be
- integrated by MBB in Munich where the ~oint pro~ect ma.nagement team will also have ,
it~ office.
Participation by ECTA [Aerospace Engineering Tiesign and Manufacturing Company], a
_ Belgian firm, is still conditional, however. The Belgian Government has another
4 months in which to confirm its participation in the program. In the event of
no such confirmation, ECTA would be eliminated from the program.
On the other hand, the Franco-German steering committee has approved participation
of the Swedish space industry--SAAB and L. M. Er~csson--in construction of the Franch
- and German satellites, in exchange for Eurosatellite's participation in development
of the Future Swedish communications and direct broadcast TV satellite TELE-X
scheduled for launch in 1986. ~
Sweden is to commit itself to use certain components of the Franco-German satellites
particuZarly the platform and some parts of the payload. In exchange specific pro- ~
posals were made to Swedish industry relative to development of such elements of
the Franco-German satellites as electronic equipment, antennas, structures, ground -
facilities, etc.
Definition of the Franco-German direct broadcast TV satellites is now frozen. Con-
trary to initial plans, it is now planned to have two identical satellites, pay-
loads included. The only exceptions to this policy are Che antennas which necessar- -
ily have to be adapted to each satellite's specific coverage. ,
Each satellite will actually have five installed channels, but with only three !
active channels capable of relaying as many TV programs. There will be a total
_ of six traveling-wave tubes (TWT) per sate111Ce, with one of the channels having ~
~ two tubes that can be switched in orbit. This will thus enable each satellite to
have three fully redundant active channels.
. Thomson-CSF and AEG Telefunken will share equal development responaih~lity for the
_ six tubes in order to test both u~odels of thesa new high-powered TWT's. _
All other specifications of both satellites will remair~ as previausly announced.
They wi.ll each have a launch weight of approximately 2.3 tons and a weight of 1.15
tons in geostationary orbit, thus utilizing the full launch capability of the
future Ariane 2 launch vehicle.
It was initially planned to launch the two satellites in 1983 and 1984. Their
~aunch dates are no~a firmly set for the latter half of 1984. Reservations have
been made with Arianespace for these two launches: August 1984 for the German
'I'V-Sat and December 1984 (or early 1985) for the French TDF-1. The satellites
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will have a design lifetime of l years. French space officials now have to pre-
= pare the "operational follow-on" to the first satellite, in other words, make pre-
parations for the construct ion and launch of those future satellites that will
proyi.de direct broadcast TV public and commercial service in France. This dec~.sion
will have to be made withia the next 12 to 18 months in order to be able to ~.aunch _
the first operati.onal satellite 2 years after the pre-operational TDF-1.
COPYRIGHT: A.& C.1981
8041
_ CSO: 5500
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ITALY _
EXPERIMENTS WITH VIDEOTEX SYSTEM TO BEGIN WITHIN YEAR
Milan IL MONDO in Italian 13 Mar 81 p 88
i
, [Article by Marco Gambaro: "With the Stock Exchange on the Line"]
i -
I
(Text] In the coming years, the televiaion set ae it is today will be only a mem-
ory. Indeed, the TV set is on its way to beaoming a multipurpose terminal, capable
of receiving and transmitting information, data and meesagea of all types. The
~ first step in this direction is the introduction of videotex. The TV aet is con-
nected, through the telephone network, with a data bank with which it can converse
~ and from which it can request data and information that then r~ppear on the acreen.
Firat developed by the English Post Office in 1979, under the name Prestel, videotex
is undergoing experimentation in aome 15 countries. Italy is now among them.
At the end of this year or, more probably, at the beginning of 1982, the aervice
called Videotel will begin in an initial experimental phase that should last a
Gouple of years. After a period of uncertainty and differencea with the Ministry of
Post & Telecommunications, management of ~the system has been assigned to the SIP
[Italian Telephone Company~,which set up a worlcing group at the end of 1980. Three
weeks ago, it waa decided to purchase the softw~re and know-how of the Preatel sys-
tem. In April, the General Electric Company computer, the heart of the syetem, will
be installed in Milan. For the time being, the investment will be betweer~ 600 and
700 million, which will greatly increase when it becomes necessary to buy the com- _
puters and software for the definitive aervice. The SIP hae also asked informally
for the collaboration of the Italian national electronic industries. Zanusei and
Voxon, in particular, should produce 400 to 500 terminala by thz end of this year
and another 1,000 next year.
What still has to be done ia the preparation of the information that will be avail-
able. Generally speaking, it will be the same as the Englieh infarmation--that is,
~ weather forecasts, seock-exchange quotations, rail and airline timetables, recipes,
do-it-yourself ideas and a pile of commercial and statiatical information uaeful to
proEessional subacribers at most. At the beginning, a total of about 50,000 pages,
furnished by some 30 information centers, will be consultable. To connect the tele-
vieion set to the system, a Modem adapter costing 200,000 to 300,000 lire will be �
required. Business-uaer inatallations, though, will probably comprise videotermin-
als complete with monitor and keyboard, at a price of about 2 million lire.
The experiment will be conducted on a national acale with a thousand uaers who want
to use Videotel right from the beginning. To hook up, it is not necessary to pay _
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any additional rental fee; it will be enough to have a terminal with an adapter.
Gne then pays for individual connections, in accordance with three different para-
meters: time of use of the telephone network, independently of distance; real use of _
, computer time; the per-page cost of information, which is variable with value (in
the English Prestel system, advertising information is free of charge, but certain
commercial d~ta cost up to half a pound sterling--a little more than 1,000 lire--per
= page). "In any case, the rates will be kept sufficiently low," Giancarlo Ruzza, in
- charge of the SIP workin~ Rroup, sr_ated to IL MONDO, "so as not to put users off by ~
excessively high costs, for a service whose development it is still difficult to
- estimate."
- With Italy, there are six European countries that have purchased the software of the
English system, while the others are using the French Teletel system, which is dif-
ferent and not compatible with Prestel. But what is involved for the time being is
in any case experiments of a provisional character.
The ITTCC (International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee) conference
that is to establish a single international standard, to which the various systems
will have to conform, will in fact be held in Geneva in 1984. _
COPYRIGHT: IL MONDO 1980 ~
I
i
11267
CSO: 5500
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ITALY
OPTICAL FIBER CABLES ti'SED TO CONNECT ROME'S PHONE EXCHANGES
Milan IL MONDO in Italian 20 Mar 81 pp 95-96
i
~ [Article by Sergio Mello-Grand:"Eye to the Telephone"]
I [Text) In Itome, seven telephone central offices have been -
I connected by optical fibers. It is the first step toward
a revoluti~nary technology. And within 10 years...
The cable-laying has ended. In recent days, they have been making the laat connec-
tions. And in the coming months, the firat connection in Italy--no longer just an
experimental one--between central offices by means of optical-fiber cables will be-
come operational. The preject is called Cos 3 Foster and involves 288 km of cables
instaZled along a run of 16 km between 7 central offices in Rome belonging to the
_ SIP [Ital.ian Telephone Company] and the ASST (State Agenc~ for Telephone Service~).
Cos 3 Foster is a project of the CSELT [Telecommunications Research and Study Cen-
ter], the research laboratory of the IRI [Industrial Reconstruction Institute]-STET
[Telephone Finance Corporation] group, and it has involved Pirelli. for the optical-
fiber cables; the SGS-ATES [Electornic Components Company] for the inte-
grated components; ITALTEL for the transmission systems; and the SIRTI [telecommunication
company] for the installation. The project is not an absolute first: in Turin, in ~
fact, Cos 1 and Cos 2 are already in ape.ration. The first is a cable 1 km long,
composed of six fibers and installed in the: vicinity of the CSELT itself. Cos 2 is
a somewhat bigger commitment: it involves two cables, the first of which, uniting
two central offices, is 4 km long and is formed of three fibers, while the second
is 1 km long and is composed of seven fibers. But these are expe_imental projects.
The Roman project represents the first step toward industrial-scale utilization of
a technology that could revolutionizP the Italian telephone system in the next de-
~ cade.
An optical fiber corisists of a thin strand of silica or glass, with diameter gen-
erally less than 2/10 of a millimeter, that transmits pulses of light. The mater-
- ial of which the fiber is made is not homogeneous if viewed in cross-section: the
central part (nucleus) is in fact coated with a band (mantle) thathas the function
of keeping the light rays propagating along the nucleus from dispersing to the out-
_ side. This happens because the nucleus and the mantle have different refraction ca-
pacities: that of the nucleus is very high, while thatof the mantle is very low. By
_ virtue of these properties, light introduced at the beginning of a fiber runs lon-
gitudinally for its entire length with practically no dispersion at all, as if it
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- were traveling inside a hypothetical tunnel microscope of mirrors. Use of optical
iibers in a telacommunications system is accomplished by means of a transmitter _
that transforms the electrical signals into optical signals. At the end of the
- cable, the latter are changed back into electrical signals again. The advantages
consist in the fact that an infinitely higher quantity of signals can be trans~
mitted through an optical fiber than through the traditional coaxial cables, with-
out electromagnetic disturbances and in a smaller bulk. Theend costs are also lower.
The most important requirement that an optical fiber must satisfy in order to be ef-
fective is the purity of the materials that constitute it. This indeed is the factor
that has always been the retardant to expansion of this means of transmission: with
normal glass fibers, a run of just a few meters would be enough to cut the intensity
of the light ray in half. And this would make the interest of optical-fiber
transmission applications practically nil. Giant steps have been taken in this
field in recent years: the American company Corning Glass Works, which is the world _
leader in this sector, and the Japanese of Fujitsu have achieved an infinite"reduc-
tion of the interference from metallic ions, the principal element of fiber impur-
ity. The purity of a fiber is important because it makes it possible to run great
- distances without the need of expensive repeaters to strength the signal weakened
by dispersions.
With the fibers in existence today, practically any distance desired can be reached.
= The bottleneck that all the research institutes of the major companies in the sector
have concentrated. on overcoming has become a different one: the transmitter that '
transforms the electrical signals into optical signals. Light-emitting diodes (LED) -
or semiconductor lasers are presently being used for generating optical pulses, and
photodetectors for reception. In all of these, semiconductors, which represent the
nodal point of electronics, are the basis of the technology. It is the progress in
this field that will make it possible to take bigger steps forward in the use of op-
tical fibers for telecommunications and to go from the fibers of the first genera-
tion (the present ones) to thos~ of the second and third generations. ~
Taking steps forward means increasing the quantity of light pulses transmitted per
unit of time. Within the framework of the Rome project, the transmission is done
with 34-million-bit systems (a bit is a unit of ineasurement of binary infarmation)
per second (potentially capable of handling more than S00 telephone calls simultane-
ously on a single optical fiber). These systems will gradually be accompanied by
more powerful laser units of 140 million and 560 million bits per second. In the
- laboratories of the CSELT, a system has recently been developed that is capable of
achie~~ing optical-fiber transmii:sion at the speed of about 1.2 billion bits per sec-
ond; theoretically, this means a capacity of 18,000 simultaneous phone calls on a
sicagle fiber.
The advantages are also of an economic type. The gradual drop ei ete~rrlaelevel~P
tical fibers has almost brought them down to $0.10 (100 lire) p
which, compared with the costs of coaxial cable, already makes them suitable for op-
tical-fiber systems when the transmission rate is higher than 8 million bits per
second. The cost of optical fiber is now a minor component in comparison with the
cost both of putting the fibers into cables and of c:able installation (see graph).
Within the framework of the Cos 3 Foster project, the ratio beCween fiber cost and
final cost of installed cable is 1 to 7.
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Cost Falling
And~pento di costo per fibre, cevi e lora istallazione
ll~
- Pore ~ pfuntion~ ~ 3 ~ ~
(ptr fiM '
~ ~ ~ c5~
Fibn .a . M~sa in cwo
( 4 ) ~ (Wr fibn)
�~~~i
~
-
Key:
_ 1. Evolution of cost for fibers, 3. Laying and connecting (per fiber)
cables and their installation 4. Fiber
2. 1,000's of lire per meter 5. Putting into cable (per fiber)
All this constitutes a great opportunity for the Italian telecommunications sector,
. which has been having difficulties for some time, especially in the urban areas.
Will it be exploited? The Ministry of ~ost & Telecommunications' draft plan for _
= telecommunications provides, for the current year, for experimentarion with the op-
tical fibers of the second generation and with installation of aerial optical
cables. A 30-km cable containing 12 optical cables for experimentation on systems -
for transmission of 140 million and 56S million bits per second will also be in-
_ stalled. During 1982 and 1983, the building of five pilot installations is planned,
with a total length of about 90 km (2,000 km of optical fiber), to be equipped with
systems of 8 million and 34 million bits per second.
The beginning of systematic use of optical �ibers in the urban and sectorial network
is planned by the miriistry only for 1985. But if this deadline is adhered to, Italy
could within 10 years draw even with the positions reached by the other industrial-
ized countries.
COPYRIGHT: IL MONDO 1980
11267
_ CSO: 5500 EP�D
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