JPRS ID: 9685 WEST EUROPE REPORT

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JPRS L/9685 ~
23 April ~i98 ~
West E u ro e R e~ o rt
l~ p
(FOlfO 22/81)
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JrPR5 L/3685
23 April 1981
,
WEST EUROPE REPORT
~ (~'.OUO 22%81)
CONTENTS
THEAT~R FORCES
FRANCE
y- Modernization of ALAT Equipment Related
" (Bertrand de Lacroix de Vaubois; ARMEES D'AUJOURD'HUI, Mar 81)... 1
ENERGY ECONOMICS
ITALY
Nation's F~~ergy Scenario Up to Year 2000
(Giustr^e CPntaro, Ettore Pont; ENERGIA E MATERIE PRIME,
Nov-Dec 80) 5
ECONOMIC
SWEDEri~
Indus~ry Leaders See Recession Bottoming Out in Spring
(Hans-Olof Englund; VECRANS AFFARER, 5 Mar 81) 43
~
- a - [ITI - WE - 150 .FOUO]
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i
- THEATER FORCES FRANCE
- MODERNIZATION OF ALAT EQUIPMENT REI,ATED ~
Paris ARMEES D'AUJOURD'HUI {n French Mar 81 pp 14-15
[Article by Colonel Bertraiad de LaGroix de Vaubois: "ALAT Equipment N1~dernized
- To Meet Tactical Reqcairements"]
[TextJ Upon graduating from Saint Cyr with the class
designated "Ceux de [those of] Dien Bien Phu," the
auChor, Colonel B. de Lacroix de Vaubois, elected to
serve in the ABC [Armored Corps and Cavalry]. After
commanding a helicopter flight and a huasar squadron, he _
attended the ESG [Army War College~. Upon graduating ~
with the 86th ESG class, he was assigned to the lst Army _
general staff. He later activated and commandad the 6th
_ RHC [Combat ~lelicopter Regiment] in CompiPgne. H~ was
assigned to ALAT [Ground~Forces ~actical~Aar SuFport];.headquarters in
= 1978 and has been ALAT chief Qf staff since SeptE;;~ber 1980.
The first SA 342M/HOT [helicopter armed with HO`T a~titank missile] weapon system
was issued to the 2d Combat Helicopter Regiment on 28 February 1980. The gradual
assignment of this system to antitank squadrons is illustrative of the high command's
desire to modernize AY.AT's equipment. ~
This modernization program is prompted by the changing tactical requirements mili-
- tary helicopters have to meet. The o~~osing forces are predominantly armored,
powerfully armed with surface-to-surface and surface-to-air weapons, and capable of
conducting day and night operafiions. These forces are now adding hel:Lcopters armed
, with guns to their arsenal. These guaships pose a continuous and formidab~e threat
not only within the European theater but overseas al~o, an area where this threat
had heretofore been considered nonexistent.
To cope with this hostile environment, new technical solut_ions must continuously
be ~ought.
Redu~ed Detectability and Vulnerability
- . The capabilities af battlefield detection systems are radically increasing. Ini-
tially limited solely to optical detection, the tracking and identification of
' helicopters is now being done wi~:h electroma.gnetic, ther.mal, and even acoustic sensors.
1
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For these reasons, the SA 341 and SA 342 Gaz~lle helicopters have been so designed
as to r~$t,s~~ their detection by the enemy. Their acoustic signature is one of the
loweat of all the world's operational aircraft. Their thermal signature has been
reduced by a apecial paint which lowers the level of infrared reflection, ana also �
by the installation of ~et deflectora (HDJ).
Their radar signature is reduced ~iy usingtirouaded shapes and composite ma.terials '
which also have the advantage of lowering the helic~pter's battlefield vulnera-
bility wtxile enhancing its reliability. .
~ro other factors contribute to heightening the survivability of our aircraft:
- a. Improved engine performance enhancing tactical maaeuverability;
b. Reduced size of our helicopters.
This deliberate choice of am~].1 $pr~~ia1-purpose--and not multimission--aircraft is
- warranted for three reasons:
a. A cost aad maintenance reason: purchase price and maintenance costs are pro-
portional to the tonnage of the aircraft;
b. The direct relation betwe~n mass and the probability of detection, and also
' between volume and the probability of being hit;
c. A multimission ai~craft implies inereased mass and vo1~e due to the weight of
the ordnance and eq~xipment carried. As a result, the helicopter's maneuverability
- , is greatly reduced.
Increased and Diversified Firepower
ALAT's principal misaions involve seeking, finding, and destroying enemy armored
formations. These missions are conducted primarily by antitiank helicopters sup-
- ported by scout.and reconnaissanee helicopters, and possibly supplemented by spe-
cial helicopter-borne infantry antitank warfare teams.
- ~ But Che adversary couducts similar operations. M~oreover, its equipment is becoming
more powerful and its air defense weapons are more suitable. Its armored vehicles
are armed w~t.th gtms and missiles having greater range, and also greater accuracy T
~ thanks to an automatic fire control system. These increased capabilities, coupled
with thase of its helicop~ers that have now become formidable firing platforms,
constitute a growing thr~aat to the freedom o� action and effectiveness of our '
units .
- Conseq~iently we must be able to "see sooner and farther" in order t~ employ our
weapons witi~ maximum accuracy while still remaining as unc~etectable as possible.
- Seeing sooner and farther: this goal is achieved by employing the Athos sight �
mounted on top of the cockpit of the scout and reeonnaissarice ~A 341's. With
this sight, accurate detection and id~ntif~cation j.s possible out to a[ range of
4,000 meters.
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= Arming ourselves with more accurate weapans: the HOT missile has a reduced time
of flight--17 ~econds for 4,000 metere--and i~ practically sure to strike its
target thanks ta its infrared guidance system.
Furthermore, vRrious ite~s of equipnen~ incta~led on the SA 342m/HOT, such as an
' autopilot and a self-contained navigaticro system, lighten the crew's w~rkload, thus
enabling it to devote m~re time and atten~ion to its combs~ m~tss9..on.
_ ~ This employment of firepower is continuously evolving. For instance, in the next
few years, target acquisition is expected to become more inconspicuous with the
rotor mast-mounted optical sight--possiblq coupled with a laser rangerinder--and
the effectiveness of firepower should be improved with a homing "fire and forget"
missile [words missing] that of the opposing helicopter ~oith its fl.at-trajectory
weapons and its future air-to-air mimsile. It has become urgent, therefore, to
design a helicopter specifically for the protection of other helicopters and close
air support. Thia aircraft, possibly derived from another helicopter, should
have its,own apecific character ao as to avoid a mi:l.timission capability detrimental
to execution of its primary mission and to its tactical flight performance.
ALAT's Day-Night Combat Capability
_ Two canstrair~ts limit a helicopter'a movementi and fire support capabilities:
night and poor weather conditions.
At a time when night operations are beconing more common and intensive in a11
of the world's armed forces, such a limitation on helicopter employment is no
longer possible.
- At the present time, ALAT already is capable of movement during a level 1 or 2
clear night, and by instr~ent flying, during a pitch-dark night except when there
are icing conditions. ALAT is progressively increasing its capabilities by employ-
ing light-intensifieation binoculars that make low-altitude fligi~ts possible on
much darker level 3 or 4 nights depending on the type of light-int~ensification
scopes used.
Night firing from a helicopter will subsequently become possible wi~h artificial
illumination of targets by rocket flares. This capabilit3~ is but a temporary
stage pending availability of passive thermal-imagery devices which a few years
hence are expected to make operational movement, visicm, and firing possible at
- night even under unfavorable weather conditions.
,
Navigation, the ma~or difficulty in night flying, is going to be greatly facili-
tated in coming years by installation of a self-contained navigation system inde-
pendent of any infrastructure.
In conclusion, ALAT is endeavosing to meet the army's steadily mountiing tactical
requirements with new items of equipment coupled with new procedures.
But such adaptation can be made only in successive stages, with each stage advan-
tageously using the experience gai.~ed in the preceding stages. Such a method
permits:
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a. Quicker and more reliable development of necessary items3 of equipment;
Lower costs through better determination of design require~ente;
c. Regard for the equipment's practical aspect, avoiding any inordinate sophis-
tication~ This aspect is verifiable from information obtained through use of ,
preceding itema of equipment.
-
- Helicopter- ' '
mounted HOT
- ~,ntitank
missiles
~
,
_ . ,
COPYRIGHT: 1981-Revue des forcea armees francaises "Armees d'Au~ourd'hui"
8041.
~ CSO: 31U0
- 4
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ENERGY ECONOMTCS ~T~,y
NATTON'S ENERGY SCENARTO UP TO YEAR 2000
Rome ENERGTA E MATERIE PRIME in Ital~an Nov-Dec 80 pp 25-42
[Article by Giuseppe Centaro and Ettore Pont: "An Ttalian Energy Scenario to 2000"]
[Text] By us3ng every energy source ~ff3.ciently, it is possible,
during the next 20 years, not only to increase tfie avai7.able pex-
capita energy but also to reduce the country's dependence on im�
ported sources.
The second energy cr3sis in 1979 traumat3.ca11y undexscored the fundamental s3.gn3fi-
cance of the energy problem 3n the ~ndustr~alized countriPS and particularly in
the European countries where the heavq dependence on~Ktddle Eastern petroleum deci-
_ sively determines e~onomic growfih.
Inside Europe, the Ttalian position is therefore part3cularly critical since Ita1y
--although i~ has one of the highest foreign energy dependence levels--fias not yet
managed to carry out a broadly-based energy program wh3ch would be capable of t~~ck-
ling the problems which must be regolved ovex the next several years in an orgar.i-
ized fashion so as to guarantee the necessa~ry energy svpplies.
A contzibution to the identification of a poss:tble solut3on to mee*_~.-.g ~~a country's
energy needs and solving the pertinent probiems w~s made in a~t~udy conducted by
Fiat (1); starting with the 3dea of consider3ng petrole~um as a residual source, 3.t -
analyzes the poss3ble ways of ineet3ng future Ttalian energy needs and indicates the -
lines along ~hich Ital3an energy policy could move.
The study shows that, in spite of the great commitmer.t demanded of the c~untxy ~.n
~ terms of eneirgy sav3ngs and alternate snurce develvpment, the share of requ~rements
to be met urith petroleum in the year 2000 13ke~rise ~.s sti11 too high. Tt then po3nts
up the need for properly orienting petroleum consumption to~rard practically manda-
� tory uses only. -
Methodological Premise ~
To analyze the development of Italfan energy needs we ntuat taice into account the
- characteristic aspects which distingu3sh the Ttal~.an energy system.
First of all we have the heavy dependence on 3tnported energy sources (about 83
- percent of our requirements) and part3cularly petroleum (99 percent); it plays a
- 5
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very s3.gn~i`icant role in the country's energy structure, covering 69 percent of the
tatal energy requirements (Figure 1).
In eecond place, we have the low level of per-cap~ta consumpt~on in relation to that
of the other advanced countries (F3gure 2). Ira1y's per-capita energy consumpCion .
--though it does not reach the levels of the more advanced countries which reveal
major phenomena of waste--ahould therefore tend to increase in line with the rise
of the general living standards. This tendency toward a rise will however have to �
turn out to be compatible with the restr3ctive aspect represented by the heavy de-
pendence on foreign energy. The lack of sign3f icant domestic energy resources
availability as a matter of fact forces Ttaly to puxsue an energy development a3med
- primarily at the objective of min3m3z3ng its energy depenc~ence w3th particular re-
ference to petroleum.
From that viewpoint, a reference scenar~o has been put togQther in wh~.ch we evaluate
the maximum ava~ilability 1evels fo�r the various energy sources, These levels na-
turally were calculated taking into account tfie presumable availability and the in-
ternational distr3bution of energy suppl3es as we11 as technical, structural, soc~.a1,
- ecological, and institutional constraints which exist in relation to the var3ous
energy sources.
The assumption behind this sc~nario ~,s that energy consumption generally w~.11 have
to adjust to the supply not only regarding gxowth rates but also regard3ng the
types of energy consumed. This ad~ustment can come about in a nontraumat~c f.ashion
through the entire economic system if, parallel to the efforts that must bP made by
a11 economic operators, we pursue the right kind of energy polic3es that--along the
lines of what we have already ach3eved ~r launched--wi11 a11ow us to reduce Ttaly~s
petroleum dependence to a minimum while at the same t3me guaranteeing the requ3re-
ments necessary for the country's economic growth.
We therefore did not prepare est3mate~ in the stxict sense of the word but rathex
~ an analysis and an identification of the orders of magnitude and the types of pro-
blems that are going to have to be tackled in Tta1y to meet the country's presumable
future energy needs.
Tha development of overall consumption has been calculated on the basis of the
assumptions that the correlation between the growth rate of this variable and the
growth rate of the gross domestic product Celast3,c3ty coefficient) wi11 be reduced
in time as a consequence of an improvement in the overall eff~c3ency of energy use
- and a gradual reorganization of economic activities.
A~ students of this sector underscored~many t~~nes, the choice of eorrelat~on between
energy consumption and the PTL [Gross Domest~c Pxoduct] enCails numerous 1i~n~tations. '
6
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KP,
~2)� Ordering~ngen ser betydligt Ijusare ut pA ~4~ Priaerne 8r nAgot de ileata avanska
exporGmerknaden 9n p8 hemmamarknadan. f2lretag nu slAas h8rt fbr att hAlle uppe. .
QB exportsiden andas t o m stAlindustrin Och man ser ut ett lyckas. En majoritet
optimism. Hemma aer de4 m8rkast ut fOr av fKretagen rtlknar med hCgre priser
verkstAderna: bAde hemrria och p8 export.
~ Figure 6. �
Key: 1. How will your orders develop--in fixed prices--from spring to fall 1981?
2. Orders look better on the export market than on the domestic. The steel
industry is optimistic about exports. The domestic market looks poorest
for factories.
3. How will the prices of your products develop from spring to fall 1981?
4. Prices are something that most Swedish firms are now fighting hard to main-
tain. And they appear to be succeeding. A majority of businesses expect
higher prices both at home and abroad.
, 5. Increased 8. Export narket
6. Unchanged 9. Domestic market
7. Less
COPYRIGHT: Ahlens & Akerlunds Tryckerier, Stockholm, 1981
9287
CSO: 3109 ~D
53
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