JPRS ID: 9682 USSR REPORT ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 131
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 45
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9682
23 April 1981
- USSR Re ort
p
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
cFOUO 4~8~~ ~
FBIS FOREfGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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Multichannel Radar Measuring Equipmen~ 66
_ Communications Network Equ~.pment 71
Designing Stab ilized Power Supplies f~r Radioelectronic Equipment... 75
Detection of Moving Ob~ects 78
Electrophysical Problems in the Use of Superconduction 83
Facsimile Transmission 86
Galloping in O~erhead Power Transmission L~nes 89
- Handbook for the Installation of Switchgear Over 1000 Volts in
Electric Power Stations and Substations 91
Handbook on Ship's Radio Communication Equipment 95
- High-Frequency-Oscillatio.re Power Summation and Distribution
Equipment 99
Installation of Special and Control Cables 102
Magnetic Metallic Films in Microelectronics 103
- Wideb~nd Integrated Amplifiers 105
- Microelectronics and Semiconductor Devices 107
- New Book of Collected Papers on Antenna Design 110
Protection of Semiconductor Devices by Polymers ......o 118
Semiconductor Electronics in Communications Engineering ..........e. 120
Testing Transformers With Power Ratings Up to 6300 kVA and
Voltages Up to 5 kV 123
The Use of Capacitors in Electronic and Electrical Equipment 128
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COMMUNICATIONS, COMMUNICA~ION LQUIPMENT, RECFIVERS
~ AND TRANSMITTERS, NETWORKS, RADIO PHYSICS, DATA
_ TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING, I~TFORMATION THEORY
� SOVIET ACHIEVEMENTS Ii1 OPTICAL GABLE COi1MtTNICATION SYSTEMS
_ Moscow ~LEi:TR.OSVYAZ' in Russian ido 12, Dec 80 pp 1-2
[Unsigned Article]
[Text] In the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the scientific and engineering potential of our
= country has increased signif icantly. The economic strategy of the party formulated
at the 24th and 25th CP S U C dn gre sses has been realized. The relations of
science to practice have been strengthened in all branches of engineering, including
_ electrocommunications.
Along with the introduction of new equipment on the conmunication net~~orks to im-
prove the quality and eff iciency of information transmission, theOr.etically new
prospective areas of science and engineering have been developed. One of them is
optoelectronics, on the basis of which, in particular, wide-band communication,
systems have been created which have many additional possibilities. Progress in the
field of optoelectronics is proceeding intensely both in the USSR and in other
economically developed countries.
- O~tuelectronic devices operate in the quite narrow, visible spectrwu of electro-
magnetic os~cillations from 1014 to 1015 hertz. However, this wave spectrum has
turned out to be suff icient to see that the engineering based on optoelectronics has
acquired basic qualititative differences from tube and transistor engineering and
other predecessors of it. Broad horizons have been opened up for the practical use
of optoelectronics systems in various branches of the national economy in nu-
clear power engineerin~, machine building, space research, cybernetics, medicine,
holography, sound rLcording, and so on.
The optical frequency range exceeds by thousands of times the range used by electro-
nics today, and it, correspondingly, insures greater carrying capacity of
the optical transmission channels. In the optical range it is possible to obtain,
for example, up to 10~ standard voice-frequency channels. The information carriers
in optoelectronics photons are neutral in electrical respects. They do not
interact with each other and they are not sensitive to external electromagnetic
interference.
The most important planning f actor in the development of optoelectronics for communi-
cations purposes, that is, for pur.pases of transmisaion, conversion, processing and
storage of information, was the appearance of the optical quantum generator
laser at the end of the 1950's, the creators of which, as is known, were Soviet
,
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scientists, presently academicians N~ G. Vasov and A. M. Prokhorov, The laser has
coherent radiation; it has a narrowly directional beam and provides ror transmission
of an enor[nous information f lux to in practice any required distances with a uni-
modal system.
The work on the creation and the introduction of optical communica.tion lines is be-
ing performed every~*~here. For ground and space communications, laser lines in open
space are usad. Hotaever, these "open" lines do not have the necessary reliability -
and transmission range, in view of subjection to the effects of atmospheric, cli-
- matic, industrial and other interf erence.
Under these conditions the radic.al means of establishing high-quality comraunications
~ at large distances are the app3.ication of optical cables in which the role of the -
guide system is played by fiberglass light guides. The initial material for them is
quartz, the reserves of which are unlim~.ted. The urgency and usefulness of the _
applicatioz of optical cables instead of electrical ones arise3 tc a~igh degreefrom
the linited copper and lead resources in the world extraction budget; it is impo~-
- sible to forget that the cable industry requires up to 5~'6 of the coppar ar.d 25% of..the
= lead in the total reserves.
The ~ecessity for saving def icit nonf errous metals was especially emphasized in the
reports by comrade L. I. Brezhnev at the November 1979 and October 1980 Plenums of `
the Central Committee of the CPSU, and will enter into the llth Five-Year Plan and -
the f ive-year plans of subsequent year_s as one of the basic areas of development of
the national economy. -
The advantages of optical cables by comparison with electrical ones are also the
wide�band nature, the possibiZity of transmitting a large inf ormation flux, low _
signal damping, independence of the losses with respect to frequency in a wide fre-
quency band, good protection against external electromagnetic interference, small -
sizey lightness (the weight of the optical ~ables is 12 to 10 times less than the
electrical cables), suitability for laying in the existing undPrground structures _
and directly in the ground.
Losses in the optical cables on rransmission on a wave ~.8'microns long do not -
- exceed 5 decibels/km, which requir~s installation of repeaters approximately every
8 km. Recent studies have demonstrated that with transi_tion to a wave 1.3-1.6
microns long, the damping decreases to 0.8 decibels/km, and this permits the length
of the repeating section to be increased to SO-8C km, -
The engineering economics comparison de~nonstrated that in the future, wita mass pro-
, duction the optical cables will be competi:ive with electrical cables in -
meeting the demand for bunches of di~ital channels, beginning with the year 2000.
A significant factor in reducing the cost o~ optical cables is improvement of the -
optical fiber production technology.
It is possible to state without exaggeration that the arrival of optical commmuni-
cation cabl2s to replace electrical ones has the same significanLe for science and
engineering as replacement of vacuum tubes by transistorized devices in radioelec- _
tronics nad in its time.
Optical communication cables and systems have been 3eveloped primarily for construc-
ting trunks between the city automatic telephone offices where they replace the
highly metal-consuu~ing eiectric cables with copper conductors. They are also used
2
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in lc+cal networks for transmitting ~ride--band information cable television, -
video telephone coumnunications, and so on. In the future the plan calls for using
optical cab~.es on intrazonal and main communication networks. Effective use ot _
optical systems and cables in c~mputer and measuring camplexes, for comiuunications ~
inside mobile objects installations, organizations, and so on, aircraft, space-
craft, ships and other mobile units is also known.
: In the USSR in a number of Moscow rayons there are already several experimental
optical communication lines in operation on which digital transmission systems (IKM-
30 [PCM-30], II~I-120 [PCM-120]) have been installed. lhere are projects working on
the construction of optical lines also in other cities of the country. ~
~ In the Soviet Union a significant contribution to i.he creation of f iber light guides
with good transparency and high transmisaion index~s has been made by the collec-
tives of specialist.s under the direction of V. A. Kotel'nikov and A. N. Prokhorev.
In the field of transmission theory over fiber light guides, Soviet scientists V. F.
Vzyatyshev, I. I. Gr~dnev, V. Z. Katsenelenbaum, N. A. Semenov, I. I. Teumin, and -
V. V. Shevchenko have obtained important results. The creation of optical cables
and communication systems is the work of collectives of specialists under the direc- ~
tion and with the participation of 0. I. Gorbunov, V. P. Inozemtsev, A. G. Muradyan,
- V. F. Suchkov, and so on.
The studies in the field of optical cable communication systems are procepsling on a
' broad front and very intensely. Just as in any other new area of engineering, dur-
- ing the course of developments, ever newer complex problems are arising; the
_ principles of the classification of optical cables, devices, systems and termino-
_ logy have not been f inally establtshed, and there are nr~ standards.
In order to provide information to specialists, the board Qf eclitors of the ~ournal
EL~KTROSVYAZ` [Electrocommunications] made the decision to publish this thematic
issue devoted to optoelectronic cable communication engineering. This issue
encompasses a number of problQms connected with the theory, the engineering design, -
development and application of optical cables. A study is made of the structure of
the optical communicatiores systems, optoelectronic devices, information transmission
' equipment, cable structural elements, the procedures and equipment for taking neas-
ure;aents and installing op~ical cable lines. Surveys were made of the state of the
art in optical cable engineering abroad. An article on the classif ication of
_ cables, basic terms and def initions is printed for discussion.
~ The publication of materials on the given topic will continue in the form of the-
matic selections in subsequent issues. -
ThP board of editors hopes that the publication of this issue will promote accelera-
ted development of the prospective branch of engineering represented by optical
cable communications, and that the issue will be useful to scientif ic workers,
developers of cables and equipment and the specialists of the communication enter-
, prises, teachers at t:ie institutions of higher learning, technical schools and
postgraduates.
The curator of Chis thematic issue was I. I. Grodnev, and the consultant was A. G.
Muradyan. The editors express to them and also ~:ie authors and active members of the
review board their appreciation for supporting the idea to publish this issue and
help with its publication.
_ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz "Elektrosvyaz 1980
[128-10845]
10845
CSO: 1860 3
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STATE 0~� THE ART AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION CABLES -
Moacow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 12, Dec 80 (received 3 Jun 80) pp 12-15
[Article by V. F. Suchkov, Yu. T. ~~arin, and V. V. Shitov]
_ Advantages of Optical Cables and Requirements on Them. The development of r.epeaters _
= that emit e].ectromagnetic energy ~n the wave range of 0.6 to 1.3 microns pre-
determines the poasihility of transmitting light electromagnetic energy to a distance. -
It is possible to use a glass optical fiber (OV) as the guide system for propagation
- of the light electromagnetic energy. The quality and range of transmission depend
- on the construction and the optical characteristics of the OV, and the loss level ~
of the light energy in the f iber determines its suitability for communication sys-
tems.
- Optical communication cables (OKS) have a number of indisputable advantages over
wave guides and communication cables with metal conductors: namely,
Absence of def icit materials in the cable structures;
Broader transmitted frequency band;
Ideal electrical insulation of the line;
Abaence of danger of bccurrence of short-circuiting on the line and equipment damage
_ connected with this; -
Absence of mutual interference from commiunication lines, high voltage cables and
electric power transmission lines laid side by side;
Small size (outside diameter of the optical f iber is 100-250 microns) and small
material consumption;
Ahsence of the necessity of shielding the cable and individual f ibers;
Absence of the necessity for ma.tching the wave impedance of the line sectians;
Possibility of working in a wide temperature range;
Low attenuation factor of the transmitted sigaals (to 0.2 decibele/km on 1.3
microns), which means, long distance betwe~n repeaters.
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Optical cables have been developed for use on city telephone excha.ng,es, data
transmission networks between computexs, and on mobile units. In the future the
plan calls for developing OKS [optical commnunication cables] for transmitting
information to significant distances.
- Beginning with the conditions of laying, wiring, operating and maintenance, the
technical requirements on the OKS basically coincide with the requirements on
electric cables [1].
Let us present the basic requirements on OKS:
Optical fiber diameter with respect to reflecting 80, 100, 120, 150,
sheath, microns 200, 250, 300, 400 ~
Number of optical fibers 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
16, 20, 40
Number of conductors for remote feed 2, 4, 6
Outside diameter af the OK, mm:
wiring 5
- line 10-15
intrasite 5-14
Attenuation in the optical fibers, db/km, of
the cables:
- wiring 5-15
li.ne 3-5
- intrasite 5--15
Operating temperature range (-60 to +80)�C
Relative humidity at t= 40� C ~:0 98%
Operating radial pressure, MPa to 50
No of cycles of sign-variable multiple 90�
bends rrom 100 to 10,000
Longitudinal rupture loads without destruction
of the fibers, Newtons from 50 to 2500
Local radial pressures, MPA from 0.5 to 50
Service life, years from 8 to 25
Factory length, meters from 50 to 1000
Structural Design and Manufacturing Process Principles of OKS. When designing OKS
it is necessary f irst of all to consider the most important characteristics of them,
namely, the narrow limit of the elastic tension zone (to 0.5%) and law mechanical
strength of the main element of the ca.ble the optic~l fiber (the mechanical
strength depends on the degree of uniformity of the material absence of micro-
cracks accumulated in the f iber with time under the eff ect of loads).
Mechanical tests of the fibers made of multicomponent glass demonstrated that the
rupture strength of a fiier 60 microns in diameter is on the average 250-300 MPa, ~
a f iber 70 microns in diameter, 450-550 MPa. The strength of a quartz fiber 150
microns in diameter can be within the limits from 200 to 7~0 MPa.
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Initially the structural elements of the OKS were polyf iber bunched c~nductors. The
fibers in such a bunched conductor were mox~e sub~ect to microbending as a result of
difference in their lengths than the monofibers. This bending leade to increased _
loases. The information transmission rate is reduced in such bunched conductors as
a result of different propagation rates of the signal through the individual fi.bere. -
_ The improvement of the parameters of the light diodes while maintaining suff iciently
high radiation power permitted replacement of the polyf iber bunched conductors by
monof iber 120-150 microns in diameter with an inside core diameter of 60 microns
and numerical aperture 0.2.
The structural elements of OKS with monofibers must insure increased strength in
the longitudinal direction by comparison with electric cables. For these purpose s, -
and also in order to limit the elongation of the cable, high-strength synthetic
filaments are introduced into the OKS with modulus of elasticity within the limits
of 60,000 to 100,000 MPa in the core of the cable, intermediate or protective
polymer sheath. The reinforcing f ilaments muRt have small elongation and be in the
stressed state in the cable. If these conditions are difficult to satisfy, it is
i necessary to insure a margin of length of the OV corresponding to the initial length-
ening of the cable which with maximum tension can reach 2%. The margin of length of
the fiber is achieved by twisting it or placement in endulating grooves of the cable
- core. Considering that contact pressures arise between the fibers in the cab le
core and the sheathing during longitudinal tension, the structural design of the
OKS provides for damping separating layers or f illers. For more details on the
structural design of the OKS, see [2, 3]. -
The protective-reinforcing pol.ymer coatings of optical fibers can be of two type s:
dense without a clearance between the OV snd the covering having sufficient adhe- -
sion to the surface of the fiber, and tubular f or which the fiber is in the f ree
state inside the tube.
- The mechanical properties of dense and tubular coverings depend on the technologi-
cal conditions of the extrusion process. High-density polyzthylene (HDPE), F-2M
fluoroplastic and polypropylene can be used as the materials for the sealed cover-
ing. When using a sealed covering of polypropylene and HDPE, the resistance of the
fiber, for example, to the eff ect of radial loads is more than 10 times higher
- than the uncovered f ibers. Measurements have demonstrated an increase in attenua-
tion in the fiber after applying the covering obviously as a result of the occur- -
rence of microcracks in the OV. -
For tubular application of the polymer covering the main problem is exclusion of
the adhesion of the fiber to the inside wall of the covering and breaks in the _
OV connected with this. The laying of the ~ibers in the tubular cavity of the
covering frequently permits avoidance of critical bends causing an increase in the
loss f actor or rupture of the fiber. The given bending radii and cable diameter s
" determine the geometric dimensions of the tubular covering of the OV, the outside
diameter of which must not exceed 2 mm. _
Some structural designs of the 9oviet OKS are presented in Table l.
Test Results and Prospects for the Application of the OKS. Tt~e OKS samples wer e
tested for r~sistance to climatic and mechanical effects. During the process of -
_ mechanical testing, the minimum bending radius of the cable and maximum number of _
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90~ bending cycles were determined. The r.esistance to bending was estimatad
- by the number of broken fibers reduced to the total number o� OV in the cable. The
cable samples (six-strand 13.2 u~ in diameter) were bent in ten cycles on rolls 26,
39, 50 and 65 mm in radius. Rolls 8, 16 and 32 mm in radius were used to test the -
single-strand OKS 4.5 mm in diameter. The minimum bending radius for the six-
strand cable was established at 26 mm; for the single-strand cable, 8~. The m~xi-
mum number of inflection cycles with double minimum radius of bending R= 50 mm for
- , the six-strand cable is within the limits ot 1000-1500 and for R= 16 m:n for single-
strand cable, within the limits of 100-200.
The maximum number of inflection cycles of the cable with eight strands laid in
rectangular grooves of the core is 1000 for a bending radius o� R= 90 mm and ten-
sion of 50 N. The preliminary tests for multiple inflections of an 8-fiber cable
~ on a roll 66 mm in diameter with tension of 20 N demonstrated that even for 2000
cycles the fibers remain unbroken.
The tests run on the OI:S for resistance to longitudinal loads demonstrated that the
six-strand cable withstands a load. of 294 N without rupture of the fibers; the 8-
strand cable withstands 490 N; the single-strand cable, 49 N.
The tests were performed in the following sequence: v ibration, multiple 3.~pacts,
single impacts, thermal stability +$Q� C for 96 hours, moisture resistance, humidity
95 + 3% for (40 +2)� C for six days, cold resistance at -60� C for 2 hours. It was
- established that after the climatic an~ mechanical tests of all types, no external
defects were detected in the cable samples or ruptures of the fibers.
Before performing the tests and af ter them, the attenuation was measured in the OKS
_ samples f or A= 0.63 and 0.9 microns.
The variation of the attenuation in the samples of single-strand OKS after mechani-
cal and climatic t~sting of all types is shown in Table 2.
The results of ineasuring the amount of attenuation in the mockup of an eight-fiber
optical cable (f iber in a tubular cover of fluoroplastic with outside diameter of
_ 2.4 mm and radial thickness of 0.4 mm) after the ~ffect of inechanical factors are
presented in Table 3.
From Table 2 it follows that the attenuation of the singl~e-strand cable at U.63
micron after testing varied within the limits of 1.6-3.9 decibels, and at a= 0.9
micron , within the limits of 0.2-3.5 decibels. The amount o~ attenuation of the -
" seven-strand cable after the eff ect of increased temperature varied from 2 to 3.5
decibels. The effect of increased moisture and frost also caused a damping incre-
ment in the seven-strand cable by 1-2 decibels on the average. The increase in the
attenuation in the OKS strands takes place obviously as a result of the negative ~
- effects an the parameters of the ends of the measuring tips. ~
The variation of the attenuation af ter the effect of inechanical factors is also
observed in the eight-fiber optical cable. Thus, it is possible to draw the con-
clusion that the OKS with bunched conductors and monof iber_s are always resistant
to mechanical and climatic eff ects and can be used under the same conditions as
~ electric cables.
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Table 1
Units of Cable
Basic structural -
elemeats measure Wiring Intra- Line
site
Diameter of optical fibers with mm 0.08 0.08 0.15
respect to reflecting sheath
Nn of fibers in the cable:
bunched conductors 7 or 19 7 Ar 19
~nonofilaments 1, 2, 4 6, 7 8, 10
Out~ide diameter of the OV with
respect to the cover:
tubular mm 2.0-2.2 2.0-2.6 2.0-2.2
~ dense 0.7 0.7 0.7
Sheat}~ diameter mm 4.5 13.2 14.5
Reinforcing synthetic f ilaments:
in the cable sheathing none used used
_ in the cable core none used used
Loss factor of the cable: db/km
bunched conductors to 100 to 50 to 30
from monofibers to 10 to 15 < 10
Rupture load of the cable Newtons 50 300 500
Lay of the UV ~ mm 80-1.00 100-120 120-150
Factory length m 50 100-200 250
i ;
Table 2 =
Amount of attenuation, db
_ Samplel ~ = 0,63 a = 0.9 _
No microns microns
nitial af ter initial after
alue test. ,alue testin
1. 12,8 1~,4 10.3 10,6 .
2 IY.b 15 7 I 12,3 16,8
3 11,5 Ib,4- 12,I -
The different purposes of OKS are dictated by the necessity for standardization of =
them. Considering that the optic:al parameters and the geometric di.mensions of the _
OKS are determined by the initial characteristics of the optical fiber and type of -
pro tective cover, it is necessary above all to standardize the types and classes of
protection of optical fibers, the tolerances on the f iber diameter, the rupture _
- strength of the OV, minimum bending radius of OV and OKS, the admissible number of
inf lections, the admissible number of twists, the loss f actor, and the factory
length of the aegments of the fibers. _
The application of fiber~ of various types (multimode and low-mode; two-layer and
gradient; unimodal) with $mall loss factor (to 2 db/~m) in optical cables permits
transmissian of information at a rate from 32 to 140 Mbits/sec f or a repeating sec-
_ tion length of 6-15 km.
Gomparative data for transmission systems `,rithPCMover electric and optical cables
are presented in Table 4. From the table the conclusio~l is drawn of the prospec-
tiveness ~f using OKS on various communications networks.
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Table 3
Losses in OV,
~ dB, after the ~
~ o effect of � p
- a o ~ b c a? o~
~ z ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~a ~
~n o o Y+ ~ cv Y+ u~-+ u+.~ a
cn z .~n ~,~-i ~ .n ~ p. q ag ~ c~d
o ~W ~ N ~ ~ ~ ,~-i v~i ;-I ,.~a ~
i
! 1.4 1.7 =,S 4,OD ~
~ I B I 3 0 I R.RI I R,6 I 2,6 I ~ t
~ 4 4.a I 2.3 I 3,9 I 9,e I ~ .
I 7 ~ 1.9 1.2 1,05 1 l,b
I
3 I ~ I I.3 I t.3 I j~~ I 1~72 I 2b
Table 4
No of Lines using electric cables Lines using OKS
channel T e of cable Len th of re- Fiber t
yP ~ ype Length of re-
i pea.ting sec- peating sec-
ion, km tion, km
~ 30 SK NCh 2-3 Multimode,2-layer 5.5-14.0
120 SK VCh
- 0.7-2.5 3-6 Multimode,2-layer 5.0-12.5
1.2/4.4
0.7/2.8 Multimode
480 1,2/4.4 1.5-3 gradient 4.5-11.2
1.2/4.4 Multimode gradient
1920 2,5/3.4 1.5-3 or unimodal 4.0-10.0
7080 2.5/9.4 ~ 1.5 Unimodal j 3.0-7.5
M
Note: SK symmetric cable, KK coaxial cable, NCh low-frequency,
- VCh high-frequency.
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B~BLIOGRAl'IiY
1. I. I. Grodnev, V. N. Korshunov, V. V. Shitov, "Structural Designs and Character-
istics of Modern Optical Communication Cables," ELEKTROSVYAZ' (Electrocommuni-
. cations), No 7, 1978.
2. V. N. Korshunov, S. N. Ksenofontov, V. V. Shitov, "Structural Designs of Opti-
cal Communication Cables," ZARUSEZHNAYA RADIOELEKTRONIKA (Foreign Radio Elec-
tronics), No 5, 1980.
3. V. N. Korshunov, V. V. Shitov, T. S. Moryakov, OPTICH~SkIYE KABELI SVYAZI
(Optical Communication Cables), Moscow, Svyaz', 1980.
4. I. I. Grodnev, A. G. Muradyan, "Development of Optical Systems and Communication
Cables," FLEKTROSVYAZ', No 4, 1980.
Received 3 June 1980
COPYRIGHT : Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz' �t , "Elektrosvyaz 1980
[128-10845] -
10845
CSO: 1860
1Q
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UDC 521.315.2:535.8
STANDARDIZATION OF OPTICAL CABLES
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 12, Dec 80 (received 20 Aug 80) pp 7-12 -
[Article by A. V. Vlasov, I. I. Grodnev, V. P. Inozemtsev, D. D. Rumyantsev
� and V. S. Savchenko]
- Terms and Definitions. Classification. Dimensional-Parametric Series
Printed f or Discuss ion
- [Text] In recent years definite experience in the development and the
operation and maintenance of exper~mental ogtical cable communication .
' systems (OKSS) and experience in the industrial manufacture of optical
cr.';,les (OK) and line elements has been accumulated. -
The trend toward the expansion of the sphere of application of OK
[opt~cal cables] in. various branches of engineering has become clear.
It is important that at thebeginning of industrial assimilation of the
c~:bles, a system he developed for standardizing the elements of
optical cable communication lines (OKLS). The first step in the
creation of sucn a system must be the development of terms and def i-
nikions. The neces sitv for them arises from the fact that at the
present time many organizations are studying optical transmission
systems and cables, and specialists are talking ~n "different lan--
guages" in view of the absence of established terminology, which com-
� plicates the joint work of the scientific research institutes, industry
and customers. Thus, an opti~.al fiber is also called a light guide, -
_ dielectric wave guide, fiber light guide, fiber, optical wave guide,
glass f ilam.ent, and so on. When the transmission characteristics of
the optical channel, for example, pulse broadening, are investigated,
the following terms are used: dispersion, modal delay, pass band,
_ time delay, and so on.
In this article, on the basis of Soviet and foreign development experi-
ence in the area of optical co~nunications systems and the results of
discussing the prob lems of standardizing the OK at Che me~tings of the
_ International Electrotechnical Commission MEK (committee 46L') in Ottawa
in October 1979, an effort was made to formulate the basic terms
and definitions, and proposals were made with respect to the classifi-
~ cation of OK and the version of dimensiona.l-parametric series of ~K.
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The recommendations discussed in this article, which are of a pre-
. li~inary nature, can af ter discussion serve as the basis for prepar-
ing the corresponding All-Union State Standard.
TeYms and Definitions. The terms pertaining to optical cables on the part of trg-
ditional elements (such as sheathing, winding, f illers, and so on) are regu?ated in
- ~1]. Tlie specific terminology requiring development and approval in the f'eld of
optical cables is connected with the use of optical f ibers (OV) as the transmitting
medium, the introduction of new characteristics not available in the terminology
pertaining to electric cables, and the area of application of optical cables.
- It appears expedient to isolate three groups of ternxs an.d def initions pertaining to
the following, respectively: the construction of tlie cable, the optical character- �
istics and classification attributes which are related to the sphere af application
of the optical cables. -
The termin.ology pertaining to the construction of optical cables obviously must quite -
completely ref lect the peculiarities of the structural. design of the fibers and the
' peculiarfties of the execution of the stxuctural elements of optical cables. Sig-
nificant attributes of an optical fiber include the presence of a light-conducting
core (S'V), reflecting sheath (00) and protective covering (ZP) required to protect
the OV from external effects during transportation, storage and the technological
conve�rsions during the process of manufacturing the OK. The nature of the depen- _
dencF_ of the index of refraction of the core of the f iber on its radius determines
the type of OV: it can be two-layer, with an index of ref raction of the SV indepen-
- dent of radius, or gradient, the index of refraction of which varies ~moothly on _
goi.ng away from the OV axis. There are optical f ibers of other types with more com-
pl~:x (for example, W-type) dependence of the index of refraction of the SV on the
radius. However, with a certain degree of conditionality they can be classif ied
either as layered or gradient OV.
A very important characteri~tic of a fiber light guide (VS) is the relation between _
. the wavelength, geometric dimens~ons of the OV core and the distribution of the in-
dexes of refraction as a function of the core radius. _
- F'or theoretical analysis of the process of propagation of the optical signal and
selecti~n of the structural designx~f the radiation inputjunction, unimodal (small-
load) VS and multimodal VS are theoretically distinguished. The basic advan-
- tage of unimodal light guides is minimum broadening of the pul~e, limited in prac-
tice only by the dispersion of the material. The qualitative difference of uni-
moda],~TS from multimodal is connected with the conditions of propagation of electro-
- r.,agnetic energy, and it consists in more rigid requirements on the uniformity of
the OV and the tolerances on its geometric dimensions.
The terms and definitions pertaining to optical f iber and the structural elements of
optical cables are presented in Table 1. -
The term "optical modulus" (OM) has been introduced to distinguish an OV that is in the
knowrisense an analog of the current conductor in an electric cable (that is, "ma-
terial") from the completed structural element of the cable consisting of the f ibe~r,
the protective-reinforcing elements and sheathings. The elements of an electric
cable such as the insulated conductor, spiral quad, shielded group, reinforced
group in communication cables, and so on can serve as the analo~ of the OM [optical
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module]. In practice the OV are used in OK only in the composition of the OM as a
result of low mechanical strength of the f iber.
The term "optical module" pertains to the optical cable consisting of monofi.laments,
that is, to the OK in which each optical f iber serves as an independent signal traea-
mission medium in the cable. For the case where a bunch of optical fibers in a -
common sheathing is used as a single transmitting medium (optical channel), the term
"optical bunch" (OZh) is introduced. ~
Figure 1 illustrates the presented terms.
2 (a) OnmuvecKUU MvByna ^ _
5 5 4
~ 4
. ,
. ~ . ~
. 3
,
OnmuvecKUri ?ra6ene
~ '
. � 6
8 0 0
, g , -
7
6 6
~ B
1-- fiber core (SV), 2- reflecting sheath (00), 3-- protective cover
(ZP), 4-- optical fiber (OV), 5-- module sheathing, 6-- optical
module, 7-- reinforcing elementa (AE), 8-- service conductors. _
iCey: a. optical module b. optical cable
The basic optical characteristics of OK determining the optical and information in- _
dexes of the communication line, as is known, are the attenuation as a result of
losses in the cable, the pass-band width of the frequency spectrum of the useful
- signal (for analog information transmission systems), pulse broadening (for digital
transmission systems), crosstalk attenuation between the optical f ibers in the cable.
_ This group also includes the indexes characterizing the aperture angle of the OV.
The corresponding definitions are presented in Table 1.
The terms and definitions pertaining to the classif ication attributes of OK must nut
- cont~adict the established classif ication system in cable engineering. This system
_ includes three (or more) hierarchical levels. The first level characterizes the _
_ class of products; these are the conductors and the cables. The second level charac-
terizes the type of cable product depending on its purpose: power cables, commu-
nication cables, wiring, windings, and so on [1]. The classif ication of products on
the third level is made, as a rule, by the basic parameters of the dimensional-para- -
metric series, ~or example, by the thermal stability class (maximum operating tempe-
rature), the operating voltage, and so on. Then the cable products can, depending
on the complexity of the cable, be classified with. respect to secondary structural
attributes or characteristics.
- 13
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Each type o� cable classi�ied on th,e second or subsequent level mugt have its di-
- mensional-parametric series.
, Applying such a system for optical cables, we mu~t begin the classification wi,th the
- second level. With respect to purpo~e it is possible tu isolate the following types
_ of OK classified on the basis of the attributes characterizing the extent of the
OKLS and the conditiona of laying it (~ee Table 1); wiring (tens of ineters); intra-
site (hundreds of ineters); intersite (several kilometers); line (long distances).
It is obvious that for the f irst two types the basic parameter; is atteauation; f or
the last two the basic parameter is attenuation and pu].se broadening (the pass band).
The classif ication on the third level is determined by the system of parameters for
e~ch. type of OK and is in�~estigated below.
Table 1. Optical cables, basic terms and definitions
Item Abbrev~iatio
_ Nos. Terms letter. r Definitions
desi atian
1 ~ 2 3 4
-
l. Optical fiber (fiber OB Dielectric wave guide in the optical band, r
_ light guide) VS circular cross section, consisting of a c~re,
= reflecting sheath and protective cover
_ 2. Fiber core SV Light conducting part of the OV with aver~.
age value of the index of refraction nl
larger than the index of refraction of the
reflecting sheath n2
3. Reflecting sheath 00 Cover of the OV core with index of refrac-
tion n2 < nl
4. Protective cover ZP Polymex cover applied to the 00 for its
protec~ion against external effects
5. Absorbing sheathing PO Cover applied over the OV in order to keep
l~ght energy from being radiated into the
surroun.ding space
_ 6. Layered fiber SV Optical fiber for which the index of refrac-
tion varies discretely from layer to layer
and in the core nl = const
7. Gradient fiber GV Optical f iber with smooth variation of the
index of refraction of tha core f rom the
center of the fiber to its periphery: nl t~(r)
8. Unimodal fiber OMV Uptical f iber designed to transmit a wave of
one type
9. Multimodal fiber I~iV Optical fiber designed to transmit waves of
a large number of types
10. Optical module OM Structural element of the cable consisting
of one or several OV and reinfarcing ele-+.
ments in a common sheath where each OV is
an independent transmitting medium
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Table 1 (continued)
Item Abbreviation~
Nos. Term~ letter Def initions
~esi nati.on
1 2 3 r
11. Optical btmc.ii OZh Several OV without protective covers grouped
togeth~r having a common sheathing and used
_ as a single transmitting medium
X2. Optical cable OK Cable product containing several OV, OM or
OZh included in a common sheathing, over
which the protective cover can be applied
depending on the conditions
13. Reinfo~cing element AE Structural element of the OK with high modu-
lus of elasticity insuring increased rup-
ture strength of the OK
14. Aperture angle A Angle between the input vector of the ra-
diation and the OV axis
� 15. Nimmerical aperture ,NA Index numerically equal to the product of
: the sine of half of A times the index of
refraction of the transmitting medium that
, is outside with respect to the end of the OV
16. Pulse broadening ~T Parameter characterizing the distortion of
: the sha.pe of the pulse of optical radiation
on passage tturough the OV; it is defined as
the square root of the difference of the
: squares of the durations of the input and
output pulses with respect to the level 0.5
reduced to the length of tfie OV; it is
measured in mill~.seconds/km
17. Pass band dF Parameter chaxacterizing the frequency ran;e
of the optical signal transmitted through
the OV without signif icar~t distortions and
defined as the upper frequency of the modu-
lated signal for which its amplitude in
the OV of the given length is decreased by
3.0 db. The width of the pass band is
measured in megahertz-km.
18. Loss f actor a Value characterizing the attenuation of the
optical signal on propagation through the
� OV measured in db/km under the established
conditions
1~_~ CxA~talk attenuation Value characterizing the relative amount of
energy transmitted from one OV to anotlier;
measured in decibels
~ 20. Optical chaxactexi,stics Set of parameters determining the conditions
: of propagation of electromagnetic waves in
the optical band through an optical cable
(losses, pass band, pulse broadening,
= crosstalk attenuation, and so on)
" _ ~r._
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Ta~le 1 (continued)
Item Abbreviation
_ Nos. Terms letter Definitions
desi ation
1 2 3 4
21. Optical channel Set of optoelectronic devices (equipment
and cable) providing for the transmission
of optical signals from one station to
another
- 22. Optical co~ector Device designed to connect two OV ~hen in-
- stalling the OK and also for connecting OV
with optoelectronic.devices
23. Split opCical The same, but providing for the poseibil-
connector ity of multiple connection and disconnec-
t ion
24. Optical coupler Device designed for coupling three or more
OV to distribute the energy with respect .
to differen,t channels
25. Wiring OK Optical cablea designed for intramodular
and intermodular wiring of ~quipment
26. Intrasite OK Optical cables designed for transmitting iit-
- formation within a site ~
27. Intersite OK Optical cables desi.gned for information
transmission between sites
28. Line OK Optical cables designed transmi.t infor-
ma.tion on local, zonal and main comarunica-
tion networks
29. Optical cable commu- OKLS Line consisting of factory lengths of OK
nication line inatalled using optical current connectors
30. Optical cable trans- OKSP Systems and technical means providing for
raission system the creation of a line channel and trans-
miasion channels
31. Optical cable commu- OKSS The set of devices providing optical conm?u-
nic~tion system nications over cable lines including the
transmission system, optical cable, opto-
electronic equipment, switching and match-
ing devices
In Table 1 def initions of connectore, couplers, optical cable communication line and
cc~nunication system are presented, without which the list of terma and def initions
would suffer.
Optical Parameters and Dime,nsional-Paxametric Series. The list of parameters and
dimensions of optical communication cables subject to standardization must be
established beginning with the neceseity for parametric, structural and operating
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- maintenance conapatibility of the OKLS componenta, their efficient, most effective
use when designing communication ~ines. The indexes can be hroken down into two
baeic groups: ~
optical and information; -
characterizing the operating reliabilitp of the OKLS. -
, The information-optical characteristics of the OIQ~S determine the length of the line
o~ver which the information is transmitted ~rithout distortions. For extended lines
these indexes characterize the length of the repeater section�,
For the given admissible probability of error in the selected code the length of the
repeater section is limited either by the attenuation or the broadening of the pulse
in the line [4]. It is possible to consider approximately that the admissible length
of line without repeaters, depending on the power of the transmitter Wtrans and the
loss factor a, can have a length
_ - WnQD ~a~
L: t/~ a ln wnP ,
(b)
Key: a. trans b. rec
where reC is the sensitivity of the receiver.
' Depending on the pu~se broadening ~t for the distance T between the pulses of dura-
tion t~ and under the assumption of the absence of mode communication, the line
length is Iimited [4] by the expression
T, _ to ~.,o ~
L, ~ [ e ~ .
~ The losses introduced into the communicati.on system by the optical cable itself are
defined in the first approximation by the loss factor of the OK and the efficiency
of ~he radiation input_to the OV. As is known, it is proportional to the product of
the diameter of the f iber core times thQ 3quare of the aperture angl,~.
Thus, the information-optical parametera of the OK are determined by the values of
the loss factor of the OK, the broadening of the pulse (for the digital transmission
system) or pass band (for the analog transmission system), the numerical aperture
and the core diameter of the OV.
The reliability indexes of the OKLS characterize its resistance to external operat�-
ing effects and requirements on the wiring and laying. As the basic indexes deter-
mining the operating reliability of the OK, the thermal stability and rupture
strength can be used. The thermal stability is related by Arrhenius law to the
reliability indexes; the rupture strength def inea the wiring characteristics of the
cable. In addition, the system of basic parameters of the OK must be interrelated
with the corresponding characteristics of the terminal devices and the connectors.
This leads to the necessity for supplementing the series by the OV diameter with
respect to the sheatY~ing and the ntmmber of OV (OM) in the cable.
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Thus, ccnsidering the classification on tlae second level, the system of basic para-
meters for the wiring and the intrasite OK must include the follo~ring minimum seC
of characzeristics: the fiber core diameter, the diameter of the ref lect~ng sheath-
ing, the nu~erical r~perture, the loss factor, the thermal stability, the rupture _
strength, the number of OV (OM) in the cable; for intersite and line OK thA cor~
diameter of the f iber, the reflecting aheath diameter, the numerical aperture, the
loss factor, pass band (pulse broadening), thermal stability, nu~,nber of OV (OM) in
- the cable.
The series of values of the basic parameters proposed f or discussion are preaented
in Table 2.
. Table 2. Basic parameters of optical cables. Dimensional-parametric
series
Name of parameter unit of Value of the psrameter of optical cable
meas- ~Inter-
ure Wiring ~ Intra~ite site ~ Line
' Logs factor, no db/km -
more than Qa ~ 160; 15; 2U; MQ; BG; 160 5; ~~0; 1~; 3; 8�
Pulse brpadening nano ec~ not s~andardized . necessary to
onds~k~ I establish
Pass band for 1 km ~iega- not standardized necess.,. to estab.
and wavelength of hertz ~ -
0.9~ 1.3, 1.55 ' . ~ 1 ~ "
Numerical aperture ~.{~2; d,4; 0,6 0.2; 0,4; C~,6 I ~,2 C~.1; 0,2
of f iber , no less I
than . _ '
Fiber core diameter micronF ~p; ZpO; 400 50; 60; ~00; 400' 60 15; 50; 60
(rated)
Diameter of reflec- ffiicron~ Igp ~~5; ~5p 125; 15 '"125; 150 -
ting sheath
~ (rated) . . .
Thermal stability �C 7'~~~~: ~25; 2oa; 250 70 ~ 7a
Rupture strength, Newtons~ ~ ~p; ~p~ 4a ~pp~ Y5fl not standardized
- no less than ' -
No. of OV (OM) in {pieces 2; 4; 8~ 16; 32 I 1; 4; 8; 16; 32 4; 8 I 4; ~ _
the cable ' ' ~J
Note. The cores with diameters of 50 and 60 microns correspond to re-
flecting sheaths with diameters of 125 and 150 microns. The diameter of
the reflecting sheaths for a core size of more than 60 microns requires
eatablishment later by the results of developing industrial types of OV.
The assumed values of the parametera with respect to the loss factor, the fiber
core diameter, the number of OV (OM) and the rupture strength correspond to
' All-Union State Standard 8032-58 "Preferred numbers and series of preferred numbers."
The series of values with respect to thermal stability corresponds ~o the oneladopted
in Soviet practice for equipment and kit products.
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The introduction of the series with respect to the pass band (or pulse broadening)
~nd the core diameters and reflecting sheeths (with the exception of the establishe,d '
dimensions of 50/125, 80/200 microns) is, in our opinion, premature. These para-
metera can be established in the future by the results of the development of indus- _
- trisl types of fibers for long OKLS.
The proposed system of OK parameters is intended for use for OKLS of optical modules
primarily based on mc.nofilaments. The optical conductors are finding application in
the OKLS requiring high flexibility and operating reliability. .
The preferable appli.:ation of multimodal OV is proposed for short OKLS - wiring and
intramodular, low-mode fibers for linear and intersite lines.
BIBLIOGRAPIiY
~i
1. All-Union State Standard 15845-70. Cables, Conductors and Cords. Terms and
Def initiona.
2. I. I. Grodnev, LINII SVYAZI (Communication Lines), Moscow, Svyaz', 19~30.
3. All-Union State Standard 8032-56. Pr~ferred Numbers and Series of Preferred
- Numbers.
4. G. G. Unger, OPTICHESKAYA SVYAZ' (Opzical Communications), Translated from the -
German.., Edited by N. A. Semenov, Moscow, Svyaz`, 1979.
5. I. I. Tetmmin, OPTICHESKIYE VOLtJOVODY (Optical ~Wave Guides) , Moscow, Svqaz' , .
1978. .
6. V. N. Korshunov, V. V. Shitov, G. S. Moryakov, OPTICHESKIYE KABELI SVYAZI (Op-
tical Communication Cables), Moscow, Svyaz', 1980.
7. MATERIALY MEK, KOMISSIYA 46E PO STANDARTIZATSII OPTICHESKIKH I:ABEL'NYKH IZDELIY
(Materials of the International Electrotechnical Commission, Committee 46Ye on
Standardization of Optical Cable Products), Ottawa, October 1979.
Received 20 August 1980
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz "Elektrosvyaz 198~
_ [128-10845]
~ .
10845 ~
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UDC 621.396.2.029.7
OPTICAI, CABLE COMMUIIICATION SYSTEMS FOR THE NATIONAL NETWORK
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 12, Dec 80 (received 12 Sep 80) pp 3-6
[Arti~le by A. G. MuradyanJ
During the Tenth Five-1'ear Plan the length of the cable co~unica~ion network of our
country has grown signif icantly. The channels o.~ganized over the cable systems
make up 73% of all the communication network channels. The local network is com-
pletely based on cable lines.
A further increase in the length of the cable lines in all links of the national
communication network is planned. On the main network it is proposed that power-
ful transmission systems be introduced r- for 3600 or nwr.e te~lephone cha.nnels
and on the local network, broad introduction of digital transmission eystems is
_ proposed. .
When solving the problems of further development of the communication networks, a
eignificant technical and costbenefit can be obtained from the application of opti-
cal cable communication systems (OKSS).
The first work on mastering the optical wave band for communication purposes belongs
to the beginning of the 1960's. Ground layers of the atmosphere and light guides
with periodic correction for divergence an1 beam directi.on by a system of lenses and
mirrors were uaed as the transmission channel [1]. Open (atmospheric) lines turned
out to be subject to meteorological cond~tions and did not pr6vide the necessary com-
_ munications reliabili~y. Light guides with discrete correction were very expensive,
they required careful ad3ustment of the lenses and the complex sutomated beam con-
trol devices. They did not find practical applicatioa~ on the communications network.
- The creation of highly reliable optical cable communication systems became possible
as a result af the development at the beginning of the 1970's of dieiectric optical
fibers (OV) with small losses. Theae fibers greatly stimulated the development of
r~pecial equipmeat and line channel elementa for optical cable transmission systems
(OKSP) generators, photo receivers, split and unsplit connectors, c:ouplers and
other elements [2]. A number of structural designs for optical cables (OK) for
- various purposes wErs created [3].
The optical cable co~unication systems are characterized by signif icant advantages,
the basis ones of which are the following:
20
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1) significant savings of expensive and deficit nonferrous metals -~silicon, and
~ its compounds formthe base of an optical cable), the reserves of which are limiteds
2) great length of the repeater section determined by small losses in the optical
cgble. On waves 0.8-0.9 microns long the modern OK have an attenuation factor nf
- 3-5 decibels/1~, and on waves 1.3-1.6 microns, 0.5-1.0 decibels/km. Therefore the
length of the repeater section is 6-10 km in the wave range of 0.8-0.9 microns and
40-50 km in the wave range of 1.3-1.6 microns. Such lengths of sections in prac-
tice alwaqs permit location of the line repeaters on the local networks in the
ATS [dutomatic office] buildings and do away with the necessity for organizing re-
mote feed (DF). The calculations show ~that the application of cables with attenua-
Cion to 5 db/km permits the design of 85X of the interstation trunks on the local
network without DP. The reliability of the network is increased, the labor-consum-
ing operations of the installation, ad~ustment, operation, maintenance ard repair of
the unattended repeater stations (NIP) in the telephone corridors are excluded;
3) small dependence of the cable losses on the modulating frequency band. In optical
cables having multimode fibers with step variation of the index of ref raction, the
pass-band width is 30-50 megahertz/l~, and in cables with smooth variation of the
index of refraction, 200-300 megahertz/lan. When using single-mode fibers the width
of the frequency band can reach 3000 megahertz/lan. This offers the possibility of
building up the capacity of the network without replacing the cable and increasing
the number of NUP [unattended repeater stationsJ;
4) the small dimensions a~id weight of optical cable, which permits eff icient use of
the expensive telephone corridors in the local network and greatly reduce the expen-
ditures on transporting and laying cables;
5) high protection a~ainst external electromagnetic f ields. The required magnitude
of the crosstalk attenuation between ad~acent OV joptical f ibers] is easily insured
by applying a thi.n polymer sheathing to the ~iher wIlich is simultaneously a protec-
tive and reinforcing coating.
The indicated advantages of optical cable systems predetermine the ratesof develop-
ment of this new field of communication engineering. The data from the information
survey of G uastic Concepts Inc. (United States) created for the analysis and pre-
diction of the state of the art inthe productioii and marketing of OKSS in various
countries of the world are nharacteristic. The specialists consider that by 1990
the total volume of the world production of these systems expressed in cost will be -
1.58 billion dollars (the system cost for commercial networks 77% of this total),
considering a significant ~eduction in cost of optical fiber 10 to 20 cents per
meter.
It must be noted that in the first step the optical cable systems are being intro- -
duced on the city telephone exchanges. This is connected with the preparation of -
the elem~nts and equipment, simple solution of the problem of electric power supply
for the intermediate repeaters and the presence of a telephone corridor. In addi-
tion, it is necessary to accumulate experience in the construction, operation -
and maintenance of such communication.systems and evaluate their reliability. The -
second step is characterized by the preparation for the production of high-speed _
transmitters and r.eceivers and systems for organizing large groups of channels on
the nain communication networks. The degree of integration of the elements and
assemblies of the equipment is being increased.
21
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Figure 1 shows the standa~cd structural diagram of an optical cahle transmission
].ine. The equipment of the digital transmission systems in all steps of the hier-
archy is used as the terminal equipment 1, 8. Analog opticai cable communicatica
syetems ha.ve still not found application. This is connected with defined diff icul-
tiee in insuring high-quality indexes of the line channel required for the analtfg .
systems. -
The line channel LT contains the~.following `~asic assemblies and elements: terminal ~
equipment of the line channel OALT for transmission and reception, the line re-
peater Lin. reP. and optical cable OK with devices for splicing the f actory lengths
and the terminal split connectors. Figure 1 also shows: 2-- the code converter,
3, 5-- quantum electronic transmission and reception modules; 4-- optical cable;
6-- an electronic line repeater; 7-- electronic receiving repeater and code con-
verter. -
Optical cable is characterized by the following basic transmission parameters:
Tosses, pass~and or pulse characteriatic and numerical aperture. The cable losses
depend on tne radiation wavelength and are caused by the presence of impurities in
the glass (iron, copper, nickel), scattering as a result of nonuniformity of the
material and also deviations from the rated geometric dimensions of the core and ,
aheathing along the f iber and in the transverse croas section. A noticeable pro-
portion of the attenuation (1-3 db/km) is the so-called "cable" or additional losses ~
connected with the OK production technology (bending, twisting). Loss stability ,
depends on the quality of the f iber. As experimental studies have demonstrated, in
_ high-quality fibers with small losses the attenuation is very stable. There is a
weak dependence of the attenuation also on the temperature; therefore OKSS of
medium length do not contain automatic level controls.
- The cable pass band depends on the type of f iber (unimodal, multimodal, with step or
smooth variation of the index of refraction), and it is equal to 30-30,000 mega-
hertz/1~. The limitation of the width of the OV pasa band is connected with the
. presence of propagation rates in the class of individual frequency components of
- th~ spectrum of the radiation source. Therefore if an incoherent light source '
with band width of the emitted frequencies (for example, a light guide) is used as
the emitter, then the pass band of the optical system will be limited to approxi- -
mately SO megahertz/km.
When using a laser source having a narrower emission band,the pass-band width of the ~
cable is broadened to several gigahertz per kilometer. Additional constriction of
- che width of the pass band (or broadening of the transmitted pulses) takes place in ;
multimodal fibers as a result of different propagation rate of the individual modes.
Tliis effect is expressed most strongly in the OV with step variation of the index
of ref raction in which the pass band is constricted t~ 30 megahertz/1~. Th~ equali-
- zation of the speeds of the various modes is achieved in f ibers with smooth varia-
tion of the index of refraction, the pass band in which reaches several hundreds
of inegahertz per kilometer.
- For digital transmission systems, direct estimation of the pulse characteristic of
the cable is also expedient. It offers the possibility of deterwining the degree
of intersymbol interference and the necessity for using equalizers in the receivers.
A decrease in the pulse diatortions ia achieved by selecting a quadratic distribu- ~
tion law of the index of refractiun in the fiber core [4J, which pravides for equali- .
zing the propagatiun rate of the different modes.
22
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The efficiency ~f radiation input to multimodal fiber from the light sou.rce
_ depends on the fiber c~re diameter and the ~zumerical aperture A, which is def ined
by the sine of the maximum angle of input of the radiation 6 .
- max
The basic elemeiits of the modern line chanael equipment are the quantum electronic
tranemission and reception moduli (iCr~'1~.i) which are installed both at the terminal
stations and in the line repeaters. They provide for conversion of the electric
signals to ogtical and back with complete matching of the paxameters both with
the ele~tronic system of the equipment (the code conver~ers, electronic repeaters)
and the optical cable.
~d? _ CT~_.~~ Lh~_ ~ - - ~f ~ .~i) .
- r/Ipeo6p X3M, ~e~ ~r3H ~u~ ~e> ~e~ riY3M n
A i Kada nep ~ Pr na ptz nr,ai Ok Olt ~ np. pez.l B
~ 2 3 ti 5 b 4 � 4 5 7 B
~ ~ ~ I n ~ 1
_ ~ I ~ peo3q. ;
. ~-----J x~J -
~ ) A~n. OA/IT {b~~ AP A/!1' Ar,n. ~a) -
aXONQA006P030~ � ~ ~ KaNnnao6pa3oB.
Figure 1.
- Key: a. channel former e. OK [optical
b. OALT [terminal cable]
line channel f. receiving
equipment ] ~
c. code converter g. line repeater
_ d. transmission i~EM h. transmitting
[quantum electronic KEM
module] i. receiving -
repeater
As the radiation sour ces in the transmission KEM, laser diodes and li;;ht guides are
used. The modulation characteristic of the laser diode has a clearly expressed
thresho?d dependence with inflection point at the pumping points of approximately
- 200-300 milliamps, af ter which the emitted power increases rapidly. The light
guide is characterized by linear dependence of the output optical power on the booster
_ current.
The operating conditions of the l~ser diode must be stabilized, for significantly
- exceeding the threshold level leads to a reduction in service life and an increase
in ?asQr noise. In addition, the generation threshold increases with time and with
an increase in the transition temperature. Therefore in the transmission KEM with
~ laser diodes, provision is made for an automatic bias current regulation circuit for
the laser. For this circui~t part of the optical power (Figure 2) emitted by the
laser diode 3 is fed to the photo detector 6(as a rule, p-i-n-photo diode), and by
ueing the circuif 7, the bias current is automatically regulated. The effectiveness
of the energy input to the OV is determined by the core diameter and the numerical
aperture of the fiber and also the emitting area and the radiation pattern of the
light source.
_ 23
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tf~. Cg) -
eeoa -
�i, llR 9C. Mtm u~~yu po3s[M. ;
_ yr. nmDsov. w~yv E OG ra~MuN
! 2~+' 3 4 3 x
x,~a~ nwv 7 G ~,qem ~bf -
~1(N4/N _
Figure 2. ~
_ i~ey: a. automatic bias control e, radiation source
- b. photo detector f. pumping amplifier
c. split connector g. intermediate amplifier
d. radiation input to
the OV [optical fiber]
The energy input coefficient fro~ the light guide with Lambert radiation pattern is
def ined by the expression r1 = CA S2/S1 if the core area of the f iber S2 is less than
the radiating area of the light diode S1 and n= CA2, if S2 > S1. Here C is the
coefficient considering the losses to Freanel ref lection. From the presented rela-
tions it is obvious that for reduction of losses on input of the radia~ion it is
necessary to decrease ths dimensions of the radiating area o� the light diode to the
dimensions of the fiber core and increase the fiber SFerture. These possibilities
- are limited, and in practiee it is not possible to ubtain small losses at the in~rut.
For exanple, if we take the diameter of the emitting area of the light diode as d= -
350 microns, the fiber core diameter D= 75 microns and its aperture A= 0.14, then
the losses at the input will be 31 decibels. With an increase in the aperture to
A= 0.5 the losses are reduced to 20 decibels, and at the limit where S2 = S1, the
= losses at the input wi.ll be 17 decibels.
The light guides with double heterostructure have somewhat more directional emission
than Lambert, and therefcre the losses at the input are lower by 2-3 decibels. Such
large losses limit the possibilities of the application of light diodes on the
national network. They ara used successfully on short. intrasite lines.
In laser diodea, the losses are significantly less for radiation input (5-8 deci-
bels) than in the light diodes. They have small emitting area and high directional-
ness of the radiation, which peranits the use of optical maCching elements (fvcons.
lenses) in the input circuits 4 (see Figure 2). Simultaneously, these elements
are used for the coupling of a radiation source with the return part of the
- optical plug 5 of the transmission KEM.
In the iCEM, photodiodes with internal gain (LFD) and without it (p-i-n-structure)
are used to convert light to electric current. The avalanche photo-diode has nigh .
sensitivity, but its pulse characteristic has a long drop which leads to intersymbol
distortion during high-speed transmissions.
The optical cable is connected to the receiving KEM using a split connector 1(see
Figure 3). The amplification of the photo current is realized by the low-noise
amplifier 4, the input resistance of which to a significant degree determines th.e
signal/noise ratio at the KEM output. With the application of p-i-n-photo-~diodes in
order to decreasa the resultant noise it is expedient to increase the input impedance
24
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, / \ d'.nab u cEmapetyn
_ ~a` \C/ r.a^C.rM. Cn~
~ ~ 6
:wxM. ~o~ne
totOuM ycmQ
! t ! 4 5
. ~d~.~~?? ~y~e~ ~.cor,~y~.~i~
Figure 3. .
Key: a. split connectQr d. photo detector
b. matching circuit e. intermediate amplifier
c. bias voltage stabilizer f. output of the matching
~ and automatic control amplifier
of the amplifier 4. As the matching circuit 2, usually a segment of the fiber is
- used with smooth variation of the index of refraction.
At the present time the repeating of the signal is being realized by electronic re-
peaters 6 and 7(Figure 1) containing an equalizer, the device for optimal procPss-
ing of the signals and decision making, and also the device for isolating th.e cycle
frequency.
When selecting the line signal (code) it is necessary to consider noiseproofness of
the code and its technical advantages. The noiseproofness is estimated by the mini-
_ mum mean power of the signal at the input of the photoreceiver which insures a given
quality of reception (for example, the error probability) against a background of
photo detection no ise, avalanche multiplication and thermal noise. The technical
advantages of the code are determined by the high information content about the
synchro-frequency (which simplifies the synchronization channel circuitry), the
possibility of err or detectiion in the line and receiving repeaters, simplic~ty of
the code converter s 2 and 7(Figure 1), and minimum content of low-frequency com-
ponents.
- The optimal signal f rom ~he point of view of noiseproofness in the optical range is
the PCM signal, the ones of which are transmitted by the pulse, and the zeros, by
the interval. However, in this code there is theor.etically no possibility of error
detection, and ther e is a high content of low-frequency components.
For low-speed systems in which equalization of the pulse characteristic of the cable
is not required, the following c~des are used: bipulse, two-level with alternate
inversion of the current signals and certain other ?nBmB codes. The code converters
2 and 7(see Figur e 1) are used in the terminal equipment of the line channel to
convert the signals of the standardized channel-forming equipment 1 to the indicated
- 13.ne code. The enumerated peculiarities of the structure of the optical systems
and the characteristics of the elements ha.ve been checked out for several years on
experimental and coimmercial communication lines in various countries. In the Soviet
Union such research has been performed since 1977 on several lines running up to 5
km put into experimental operation as city telephone exchange trunks. A comparison
is made between the parameters of the lines built from laser and superluminescent
, diodes with the appl3cation of avalanche and p-i--n-photo detectors. The noise-
proofness of the system was estimated for several typer~ of line signals, including
bipulse and AMI, class II type code. The error probability for the repeater section
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will be 10-9. In this case the rated power at the input of the photo receiver
fluctuated within the limits from 2~10"~ to 5�10-9 watts depending on the type of
photo detector used.
Opti~al cables of circular design were tested with 4, 8 and 10 fibers, and combined
cables with copper conductors were also~used. Various methods of apli~ing the factory
- lengths of the optical cables have been checked out with the application of epoxy
resins, aligning bushipgs and other methoda. The junction losses are within the
limits of 0.5 to 1.5 decibels, depenc3ing oa the deviations of the geometric uimen-
sions of the f ibers and the quality of. the installation. Under field conditions
the welding technique is not used as a result of imperfection of the structural de-
sign of the installation attachments.
The optical cable was laid manually. While laying there were cases of breaking of the
fiber. The terminal and intermediate equipment of the line channel was structurally
executed in standard bays and placed in the automa.tic telephone office equipment
rooms. The electric power supply for the equipment came from a station battery. In
order to measure the cable and equipment characteristics, a power meter, attenuation
meter and instrument for determining the location of cable breaks were used [6].
In the foreign literature generalized data have been published on the development,
the production, operation and maintenance of optical cable systems used on differ-
ent sections of the communicationsnetwork. It is noted [5] that the operating re-
liabf.lity an,d high quality indexes obtained have determined the fast rates of de-
- velopment of production and introduction of optical cables.
The data obtained also permit formulation of the basic areas of further scientif ic
- research work. These include first cf all:
1) the mastexy of the new optical wave range of 1.3-1.6 microns in which the damp-
ing of the optical cable and dispersion are extraordinarily small. The process of
industrial production of OV and elements for this range must be developed;
2) improvement of the degree of iutegration of the elements and creation of high-
speed standardized assemblies for the channel-forming PCM equipment with the appli-
cation of elements of integral optics;
3) the ~creation of optical repeaters witthout conversion of the optical signals to
electric signals;
.
4) development of effective methods and electric power supply units for the inter-
mediate generators for zonal and main communication networks;
5) optimization of the structure of various sections of the network considering the
peculiarities of the application of th~ systems based on optical cable (including
the subscriber telephone network, the data transmission, multiprogram cable tele-
vision, video telephone and other networks);
~ 6) mechanization of the process of laying and installing optical cables;
' 7) development of the measuring equipment required during production, adjustment,
- operation and maintenance of the set of equipment and the cables of the optical
" lines;
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8) development of inethods and equipment for frequency and time eeparation of the
signals transmitted over the optical fiber;
9) d~velopment of a united terminology for this developing area of communications
engiiieering.
The most important problem is improvemeat of the technology of the industrial pro-
duction of optical f ibers, which will lead to a reduction in their cost.
' 't'he solution of these problems will unconditionally promote improvement of the effec-
tiveness of introducing optical cables on the communications netWOrk.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. SVETOVODY S DISKRETNOY KORREKTSII~EY DLYA PEREDACHI INFORMATSII (Light Guides
- with Digital Correction for Information Transmiesion); Edited by A. G. Muradyan,
Moscow, Svyaz', 1975.
, 2. S. A. Ginzburg, A. G. Muradyan, "Light Transmission over Two-Layer Dielectric
, Ft.bers,"ZARUBEZHNAYA RADIOELEKTRONIKA (Foreign Radio Electronics), No 10, 1974.
- 3. I. I. Grodnev, A. G. Muradyan, "Develapment of Optical Systems and Communication
- Cables," ELEKTROSVYAZ' (Electrocommunications), No 4, 1980.
, 4. A. G. Muradyan, S. A. Ginzburg, SISTEMY PEREDACHI INFORMATSII PO OPTICHESKOMU
KABELYU (Optical Cable llata Transmission Systems), Moscaw, Svyaz~, 1980.
5. ZARUBEZHNAYA TEKHNIKA SVYAZI (Foreign Communications Engineering), Moscow,
TSNTI "Informsvyaz'," No 5, 1980,
6. A. D. Oleynikoy,et al., "Meter for Ndeasuring the Distance to the Location of
Damage in Optical Fiber or Cable," ELEKTROSVYAZ~, No 12, 1980.
Received 12 Sept 1980
Ci)PYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz'", "Elektrosvyaz~"s 198Q
_ [128-10845]
10845
- CSO: 1860
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. ,
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i~
i
j'
_ i
~ -
UDC 621.396.2.029.7 ~
OPTICAL CABLE DIGITAL TRAIISMISSION SYSTEM FOR CITY TELEPHONE E%CHANGES ~
Moscow ELEKTR~SVYAZ' in Russian No 12, Dec 80 (received 5 Aug 80) pp 31-36
- ,[Article by O. I. Gor.bunov, Yu. V. Svetikov, V. T. Khrykin]
[Text] The prospectiveness of optical cable information transmissi~on
syatesns (OKSP) is determined bp their techaical-economic advaatages
over traasmiseion systems on cables with metal conductors. These
advantages arise from such properties of optical cable (OK) as small
loss factor (0.5-10 decibels/3+~u) with large wideb3nde~dness, nonsus- ~
ceptibility to the electromagnetic interfereac�~~, small size and weight,
signif icant savings of def icit nonf errous metals.
In many countries developments are proceeding for digital ~OKSP (OKTsSP)
designed for organizing line chaxu~els~ Channel forming equipment with
PCM in all stages of hierarchy is usedfor installation on the OK. The
optical cables used as the transmission medium permit organization of
communications between city automatic exchanges without repeaters and '
- remote feed. On the intrazonal and maia lines the number of unattended ,
repeater stations (URS) is decreased significantly, which improves the
technical-economic characteristica of the transmission systems.
~ In our country work is also being done to build digital tranamission
systems over optical cable for the city telephone exchanges. One such
system with a transmission rate of 8.448 Mbits/sec was demonstrated at ~
the Telekom-79 International Exhibition in Switzerland. ~
At the present time the equipment is being sub~ected to experimental
operatioa.
Purpose and Composition of the Equipment. The OKTsSP complex was develqped for use
as ihe line channel equipment of the II~I-120 [PCM-120] digital transmission system
[1], and it is designed for organization of two-way transmission of a group signal
of 120 telephone channela over pairs of. monofiber light guides ma.king up the structure
of the OK lmid between the ,city automatic offices. The set includes the terminal '
equipment (tlie optical i3'3n`e_~~bay SOL) and intermediate equipment placed in the
unattended repeater atations of the f iber-optical communication line (N1~ -VOLS) .
- The structural diagram of a communication line with OKTsSP is shown in Figure 1.
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_ The OKTsSP complex provides for the performance of the following functions: match-
ing of tY~e channel-forming equipment IKM-120 --an SWG temporary group formation
bay with the optical transmission channel; transmission of the inf ormation sig-
_ nal; remote control of the unattended repeat~r station from the main office; opera-
to~ link between the SOL and anp NRP [unattended repeater station]; remote feed
of the NRP,
The terminal equipment includes the equipment of the op~ical informa.tion channel
(OIT), the optical remote control and operator link channels (OTTS), the general-
bay servicing and remote feed de~.~ice (DP) .
. . _ ORQCI/ f ,
ATC . NN~ y'~ CO/1 A'~ HPIi - HPII 0 CDA AIC ~
C~qO CBB/' CBBI' CAl(0
Ca) Cb) ~ ~ (c) (b) a
Figure 1.
Key: a. automa.tic office ATS d. SOL
b. IKM-30, SATsO e. NRP
- c. IKM-120, SWG f. OKTsSP
_ The structural diagram of the terminal equipment of the optical information channel
is ahown in Figure 2. It provides for matching of the WG IKM-120 equipment with
the optical cable line (OKLS). The input and output signals of the WG are a train
of pulses in HDB-3 code not suitable for transmission over the OKLS. It is known
that the following basic requirements are imposed on the line signal code: the
presence in the signal spectrum of a channel frequency component, minimum level of
the constant component, the possibility of detecting errors in the transmitted sig-
nal without interrupting the process of information transmission, simplicity and
- economicalness of the circuit designa. For the OKTsSP with a speed of 8.448 Mbits/
sec the 1B2B type biphasal code was selected which basically satisf ies the enumer-
ated requirements.
The transmitting part of the OIT equipment consists of the transmission code con-
verter (HDB-3-~1B2B) and the optical transmitter, which is an amplifier that controls
the laser diode, the radiation of which is input to the main OK through a matching
circuit in the form of a segment of multif iber cable.
The receiving part of the OIT equipment consists of the optical receiver (photodiode
with postdetector amplifier), the modules for generation of the double cycle fre-
quency VTCh2 and the cycle frequency VTChl, videorepeater, error detector and re-
ception code converter (1B2B-~HDB-3). The VTCh2 module (2fT = 16.896 megahertz)
controls the~operation of the videorepeater, and the VTChl module (fT = 8.448 mega-
hertz), the operation of the reception code converter.
The error detector analyzes the structure of the repeated~ignal and caunts the number
of disturbances of the 1B2B code structure. Then the signal reaches the input of
the BK the module for monitoring the state of the OIT equipment. It monitors
_ the fitness of the radiation source, the presence of a signal at the input of the -
transmitting part of the OIT, not the input of the optical receiver, the presence _
of errors in the received signal, and the feed voltages. In the case of an emer-
gency with respect to one or several monitored parameters the BK generates an
- 29
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- ~ OnmuyecHae nepeda~vu~ee ycmpoucmd6 OHi'
CBB~ yDB-3 /Ipeo6pia~. xo 1B2B ~ S?~ppBep /la.+epNau 9cmpa~iciB
Bx, d~ nepedovu ~ yctvnume~a duo0 c~2nacoB.
~a~ ~h~ (c) ~ ~+a6----(~j-- I
- ~0 0/1/AUVECNOB ilpl/CMNO~ f/~duCmGD ON7
1B2B
HDB� qp~pO3. Np. Bude~v- 9obmo- . ycmpoucr~
B~ ' da ,npueMa peeeNepam. ~ yc~~~m . demurmOp coznacaB. ~
~i) . ~b~ ~ ' -
~ ~ ` Ha
6M J
- ~emeKmop ~fT BTy 2 ~
, , omu6cK (q -
� ~ , . ,
6R r) ` f~ ~9 B~y 1
Figure 2.
Key: a. SWG input j. receiving code converter
- b. HDB-3 k. videorepeater
c. transmission code converter 1. amplifier
d. optical transmitter ot 0IT m. photodetector
e. control amplifer n. matching circuit
f. laser diode o. optical receiver of the OIT ,
g. matching circuit p. error detector
h. to BK q. VTCh
i. output r. BK
emergency signal which goes t8 the general-bay service unitas which determine the
type and location of the emergency.
- T~2e basic paraneter~ Ji ~'i~t vii equi~ment 2r2 8b iui~.OW3:
Transmitter '
Radiation source laser di.ode
Radiation wavelength 0.85�0.02 micron
Optical pulse power, input to the fiber 0 dBm
Duration of the optical pulse 30 nanoseconds
Receiver '
Photodetector p-i-n-photodiode '
Photodiode sensitivity 0.5 amps/watt
, Sensitivity (average optical power) -42 d$m
Error probabil:ity 10-9
Losses to the radiation input to the ~
photodiode 1 decibel
II~ynamic range 20 decibels ,
When using an avalanche photodiode as the photodetector, the sensitivity of the
optical receiver increases to -50 dBm.
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The terminal equipment of the digital optical remote control channel OAT checks the
condition of the information channel equipment at the NRP. The reliability of the
transmission in all of the information channels in both directions, the pressure
reduction in the NRP conCainer below normal, the fitness of the radiation sources
of the transffiitters, the operation of the remote control cl~znel itself are monitored. -
The transmitting part of the remote control equipment OAT consists of the device
that generates digital sounding signals in the necessary sequence and controls
the so~rce of the amplifier radiation. The optical output signal is input through
the matching circuit to the OK.
The receiving part of the remote control equipment of the OAT consists of the opti-
cal receiver including the photodiode and the post-detector amplif ier, the remote
control signal repeater, the analyzer and display of the state of the information
channel and the remote control channel itself.
- Baeic parameters of the OAT:
Pulse repetition frequency 6.4 kilohertz
Radiation source laser diode (or light diode)
Radiation wavelength 0.85 micron +0.02 micron -
Optical pulse power input to the f iber 0 dBm
- Optical pulse duration 300 nanoseconds
The terminal equipment of the digital optical operator link cha.nnel (OAS). In order
t.o obtain a digital signal from the operator link channel, the delta-modulation
method is used (see Figure 3). The signal going from the output of the telephone
set is converted in the delta coderto a train of pulses with cycle frequency of
32 kilohertz, which is then converted in the transmission signal shaper (FSPer) with _
respect to duration and levels, after which it goes to the amplifier input contral-
ling the radiation source. In the receiving part detection of the optical signal,
amplification, repeating, inverse conversion in the delta codertakes place.
The optical transmitters and receivers of the remote control and operator link sys-
~ tems are identical. The remote control and operator link signals are transmitted
over separate paths of monof iber light guides. Hereaf ter it will be proposed that
the remote control and operator link signals be transmitted over one pair of light
guides, that is, over a single OTTS channel.
In the described set of equipment provision is made for an operator link also with
respect to the remote feed circuits useful in the tuning phase of the equipment on
the line.
Structural design of terminal equipment of the line channel. The terminal equipment
of the line channel is placed in standard bays 2600 x 600 x 225 mm. Autonomous DP
sets, OIT, OAT and OAS equipment, the general bay service equipment, power supply
and signal unit for the terminal equipment instalied in the SOL bay (see Figuxe 4).
The height of all of the modules in the bay is 225 mm.
The electric cables for the intrabay wiring are laid in the right-hand shaft of the
bay, and in the lef t-hand shaf t, the optical monof iber cable wiring j oining all of _
the optical receivers and transu~itters to the input ~evice in the upper part of the
31
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3adoau~uu '
(2 ) eNepnmap �
~C/lep ~ 9cunu- NcmovNUx 9~mpou
(1)� (3) ~4~ me~b u~nyvrHU cnznacoB. �
Tpq~ � ,Qe~emo-
onnapam ~adeK
. ~C/!p PeeeNe- ycunu- ~amode- ycmpounB
~5~ pamoP mena meNmop catnacoB. ,
BTy
Figure 3.
Key: 1. Telephone 6. amplif ier
ma.ster osclllator 7. repeater
- 3. delta coder 8. radiation source
4. FSPer 9. matching circuit '
5. FSPr 10. photodetector
11. VTCh
~
Figure 4.
bay. In it the wiring cables are connected through optical plugs either to the op-
tical main cable or to the optical stub cable. The losses in the optical plugs of
~ the input device do not exceed two decibels.
The intermediate equipment of the line optical channel for transmitting the IKM-120
group signal is placed in the NRP of the OKLS, which contains line repeaters of
the optical inf ormation remote control and operator link signals (RTS), the remote
control module (BTK), the remote feed (BP) and protection (BZ) modules.
32
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r. _ . ~ . . . - . - ~
I
,Qamyu~r ~b~ 6IK I
I daBneNUa
(a) f/2 noyenu HoMMymouuu
r-~ I
_ (d) I PIC-6
OnmuvecH ~ ~ I
cmO~xODe~e ~ ~ PTC-A ~ ~ .
~ ' I ~ I
Pn-36
' _ ~ 1 I
PA-3A
~
P/I-26
I i � i
Pn-2~
1 ~ � s
~ e, ' PA-16 , . f/2 Hy~-
P/1-~A I m~~
imob
~ L_~ L_~ BBaTa
x~dena ~ ~ ~k)
I 63 ulJ-fA b/1-16 5/1 ZA 6/!?6 /I
3A 6/1 J6 6/1-4 6/1-4 6/1-7K
I - ~Cny~re6-
L~_ . . . . . . . . Nance~:;a
1)
Figure 5.
Key: a. pressure gage gI,-~~~g
_ b. BTK j. RL-..~A _
c. 1/2 of the switching panel k. 1/2 of the input
d. optical stub coupling
e. electricalstub 1. operator link
f. RTS-A m. BP-...A '
g. RTS-B n. BP-..~B
h. BZ o. BP-TK
(d, KNCe> -
~~~,~--~~~-T-._'_ .
pa3a
' ,Q ~ y['o ~B I > M -
~ nn ~c ) ~
i ~ B' n~ .J
(k) Na 6Tlf ,
(1)
Figure 6.
Key:. a. 1/2 of the optical plug g. ~ m~ pg
b. p-i-n-photodiode h. LD
~ i. VTCh2
d. KD FS
e. KI k. V2
f. USR 1. to the BTK
33
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The NRP was desf,gned for an experiu~ental optical com�uunicat~,ons line; therefore its
structural diagram and the structural design were developed considering that on the
one hand, the specific nature of the optical communications is considered as com-
_ pletely as poss~ble, and on the other hand, various circuit and structural versions
of the NRP assemblies are tested. Therefore the RL and the RTS are made one Way,
in the same structure, which permits them to be inetalled in any direction of any
channely the condition of all the NRP assemblies and remote control signal transmis-
sion to the ma.in station are monitored by one BTK module; the DP modules are made
separate for each repeater.
The structural diagram of the NRP appears in Figure 5. It consists of six RL, two
RTS, one BTK, nine BP, one BZ, the optical signal switching panels and input coup-
lings placed in a container.
The line signal repeater RL (Figure 6) 3s designed for reproducing the amplitude,
the shape and time position of the optical signals of the group flux with cycle
frequency of 16.896 megahertz. The RL consists of the photoreceiver (FP) using the
p-i-n-photodiode, the videorepeater (VR) containing a synchronous decision circuit
(USR), the double cycle frequency generator (VTCh2) using a monolithic quartz filter,
the gate pulse shaper (FS) and the reproduced electric signal shaper (FV); an opti-
r_al transmitter (PD) with laser diode.
The input and output of the optical signals are realized using segments of a~mono-
f iber wiring cable which is joined from one side to the photodetector and the emit-
ter and from the other side equipped with optical halfplugs. The signals from the
VTCh2 and the URS are fed to the error detector (DO) located in the BTK; the signal
from the control unit of the radiator PI also goes to the BTK, and the signals from
the output of the URS and f rom the Pd are sent to the jacks for monitoring the re-
liabi~ity of the KD and the radiator KI.
The line repeater contains a device which permits looping of the RL of the A and
B directions w3th respect to the signal from the BTK.
The basic parameters of the RL are as follows:
Parameters of the input optica~ signal: .
Sensitivity of the receiver (average -40 dBm f or an error
optical power) probability of 10-9
Optical pulse duration 40 nanoseconds
Duration of the optical pulse fronts 20 nanoseconds
Radiation wavelength 0.85 micron~+0.02 microz~
Dynamic range 20 decibels
Parameters of the output optical signal:
Optical pulse power input to the f iber 0 dBm
+10~
Optical puZse duration 28 nanoseconds+3 nanoseconds
Duration of optical pulse fronts 10 nanoseconds+2 nanoseconds
Radiation wavelength 0.85 microns+0.02 microns
Signals to the BTK RZ type at the levels of
TTL-logic
Power inCake from the power supply 1.85 watts
34
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The line repeater of the optical signals RTS (Figure 7) is designed f or restoring
the amplitude and shape of the optical signals of the remote control and operator
link channels. The RTS consists of the photoreceiver (FPT) using the p-i-n-photo-
diode, the remote control decision circuit (RUT) and the optical transmitter (PdT)
with ttie laser diode (PD) or with the superluminescent light diode.
The KUT includea the decision circuit (UR) and the switching circuit (UK) by means
a of which the RTS is connected to the BTK and to the operator link system.
~a~ .~b) ~d~~ ~i~N
;~ro~,,,,.~; n c-~ -T - -T-
pa3eeau'
. ~ ~Q ~ yp ~ > AA -
i , yk ~
wn~ ~f I ~k~ ~
L _ P9T n ~ . J
~11~ No67/f Ho 5]l(~h
. ~
Figure 7.
Key: a. 1/2 of optical plug g. RUT
b. p-i-n-photodiode h, to the BTK
c. FPT i. KI
d . KD j . LD
e� ~ k. PAT
f. UK
~6TI( rNQomvun~e~ ~
vn- u
f~ pn.~6 doBeenuA vn-u I
~a~ ( 9p�iA P.1�!6
y`OnBne~ul~g~ P~�76 P~-?A.
( P~�16
vn J~ \ J P.I -3A I
~(},1 GNf!!/H!/r?U i,I'J6 v~�!6'
.}!.f daMONd yCmpOU,rm40rou P~~ A i
, 1 yB Ah' 39 yN yp~( y~ Bar q~
{k) ~
I
I yy I
-._._.-._.__,__j
Figure 8.
- Key: a. BTK g. RL-...B m. UU _
b. instruction input h. RTS-A n. UI
c. external unit control i. RTS-B o. UPD
d. KI j. DO p. WS
e. pressure gage k. W q. output
f� RL-���A 1. ZU
The basic parameters of the RTS are as follows:
Parameters of the input optical signal;
Sensitivity of the receiver (average
optical power) for a signal/noise
ratio of 20 decibels 50 dBm
35
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Optical pulse duration 310 nanoseconds
+10%
Pulse repetition frequency 6.4 kilohert2
Radiation wavelength 0.85 micron + 0.2 -
micron
Parameters of the output opti.cal eignal:
Optical pulse power input to the fiber 0 dBm
Radiation stability �20%
Optical pulse duration 300 nanoseconds+l0%
Radiation wavelength 0.85 micron.+0.02
micron
Signals to the BTK RZ type in the levels
of TTl-logic
Power intake from the power supply 1.5 watts
xa~ i (t" �ti~u a
~ ~,i ~ ~I ~ ~~~E ~i ~i~~P~~~i~~~ ~1~ ~+~'~~33z
i i~ I F u I ~~~4~~''~(~i~lq~ t'
' 's~ ~
Y~
S
~t
1;~}~'
�x ~
~
~1 ~
Figure 9.
Rey: a. NRP-VOLS
The BTK remote control unit is designed to check the parameters of the RL, RTS, BP _
modules and also to monitor the state of the NRP container. The BTK provides for
the possibility of remote control of the following: reliability of operation of the
repeaters, the radiation power of the laser diodes, the operating quality of the re-
' mote control system. It also permits manual and remote looping of the repeaters of
directions A and B.
The BTK module (Figure 8) contains the instruction input unit (W), the instruction
analyzer (AK), memory (ZU), data preparation unit (UPA), servoelement (UI), control
circuit (W), the signal input unit (WS) and error detector (DO) . -
The basic parameters of the BTK are as follows:
Logical signal level "1" -9 volts
"0" -0.4 volts
Input signal duration 300 nanoseconds
Duration of one instruction as a
function of the measured reliability 1.5 sec; 10.5 sec
101 sec
Repetition frequency 6.4 kilohertz
Power intake from the power supply 200 mwatts
36
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~ The remote feed modules HP are desi,gned to feed the RL, RTS and BTK each assembly
has its own module. The remote feed ia realized at 220 volts, 50 hertz, AC. A'l1
nine SP in the NRP are included in parallel.
The etructural design of the NRP developed for the experimental optical co~.unica-
_ tion line (see Figure 9) is designed for installation in large and medium standard
corridors of the city telephome exchange and they are designed for operating at an
ambient temperature of -40� C to +40� C, relative humidity to 95% at a temperature
to 30� C and excess pressure. The installation of NRP in bays and the technical
service basements of buildings is permitted.
The location of the RL, RTS and BP modules in the NRP permits replacement of them
. and other maintenance operations in any direction of any channel without interrupt-
ing the operation the other channels.
The RL and RTS modules have identical overali and installed dimensions, and they are
made moisture-proof. The standard module consists of a housing, face panel and
holders with plates of functional assemblies insulated and shielded fromeach other.
Light guides with optical semiplugs for input and output of optical signals are
located in the upper part of the NRP and they are protected by a cover which is
removed f~r connecting the optical halfplugs to the switching panel. On the face
panel are the KD and KI monitoring ~acks. fihe remote control feed and signals are
connected by plugs in the lower part of the structure.
The BP module is made in the form of a terminal structure providing for heat removal
- from the stabilizer plates, and it consists of a housing, face panel and supporting
structure on which the functional assembly plates are attach~ed. Looping and con-
- trol micros~aitches are installed on the face panel along the jacks for monitoring
- the input and output remote control signals.
The optical signal switching panel is a board on which 16 ~acks are arranged in two
rows for the optical plugs designed for connecting the optical halfplugs of the
repeaters or optical measuring instruments to the optical stub. -
The NRP container is made in the form of a cast iron (or aluminum) housing with
sealed cover. A valve for supplying air to the container and an operator link plug
are located on it. The entry of the optical and electric stub cables to the con-
tainer is realized by a sealed coupling. Inside the container the optical stub is
connected at +the bottom to the switching panel, and the electrical stub is coruiec-
ted to the BZ protection module. The NRP is sealed by using a rubber seal.
The weight of the NRP without the stubs and modules is no more than 150 kg. The .
overall dimensions of the container with the input coupling are 1200 x 560 x 350 mm. -
Monitoring and Measuring Instruments. A set of ineasuring instruments have been de-
veloped for ad~ usting and experimental operation of the OKTsSP. It includes the
following:
A digital f low simulator ITsP designed to shape the digital test signals of the 1B2B,
HDB-3 code type in the form of a continu~usly repeating pulse train of 16 arbitrarily
selected combinations or a pseudorandom pulse train with a period of (215 - 1);
37
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An error coefficient meter IKQ-PSP designed to measure the error coefficient of
the line channel ~ith interruption of communications. The estimate is made by L-he
test signals from the ITsP (for measurements along the line) or by the same test
si~nals shaped by the IKO-PSP ~for mea$~rements on the loop). The limits of the
er~dr measurement are from 10- to 10-1 ,
The portable error coefficient meter IKO-SP designed f or estimating the error coeffi- _
cient on the line channel repeaters without interru ting communications in the type
1B2B code. The limits of the es~imate are from 10"~ to 10-s. The error coeff icient
is determined by the 1B2B code. The instrument power comes from storage batteries
installed in its housing; -
A test unit designed for adjusting and testing line repeaters. It operates ~ointly -
with ITsP or the IKO-PSP, it contains an error detector, an error coefficient meter,
a shaper of errors of various type introduced into the ter~t signal, an optical
attenuator, an optical power display, a simulator of the test signal phase jitter,
the measuring optical receiver; a meter for measuring tk~e signal attenuation i.n the _
optical cable.
Conclusion. The described OKTsSP equipment was subjected to two-way laboratory
testing; then it was installed and tested under field conditions, on the expzrimen- -
tal line of the city telephone exchange between two automatic offices. "i'he tests -
confirmed the fitness of the entire system as a whole, and correspondence of the _
achieved parameters to the given technical specif icatians.
The results of testing the system will be taken into account dur ing further develop-
ments of optical digital information transmission systems.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Yu. G. Lopushnyan, et al., "IKM--120 Seicondary Digital Transmission System
Equipment," ELEKTROSVYAZ' (Electroco~unications), No 12, 1977.
2. Yu. S. Vorob'yev, et al., "Quanttmm Electronic Instruments in Experimental De-
vices of Fiber Optical Communication Lines," KVANTOVAYA ELEKT1tONIKA (Quantum
Electronics), Vol 4, No 8, 1977.
3. V. I. Makoveyev, Yu. V. Svetikov, "Generalized Method of Analyzing the Noise-
proofness of an Optical Digital Data Transmission Sy~tem," IZVESTIYA VYZOV.
RADIOTEKHNIKA (News of the Institutions of Higher Learning. Radioengineering),
Vol XXII, No 4, 1979.
, 4. "Russians Show Fiber Hardware," LASER FOCUS, Vol 16, No 1, 1980.
Received 5 August 19$0
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz "Elektrosvyaz'", 1980
[128-10845]
10845
CSO: 1860 ~
38 ~
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~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
INSTRUMENTS , MEASURING DEiIICES
AND TESTERS , METHODS OF MEASURING, -
GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL TECEINiIQUES
- UDC 621.317.757
~ HIGHLY SENSITIVE LOW-FREQUENCY SPECTRUM ANALYZIIi
Moscow PRIBORX I TEKHNIKA EKSPERIMENTA in Russittsnn No 2, 1980 PP 9~+-95 manuscript
received 11 Jul 78
~ [Article by G. P. Zhigal'skiy and Yu. A. Tyurin, Moscow Institute of Electronic
Engineering]
[Text] The paper describes a highly sensitive low-frequency
spectrum analyzer with sensitivity of 10'19 V2/Hz based on -
_ transistors and integrated circuits. Width ~f passband 0.2 Hz,
frequency range of arialyzable signals 2-500 Hz.
This spectral analyzer, based on a superheterodyne receiver circuit, is intended ~
for measuring a spectrum in the range of low ana infralow frequencies. A block
diagra.m of the analyzer with preamplifier is shown in Fig. 1, and a schema,tic dia-
_ gram is shown in Fig. 2. The selective system of the analyzer is tuned to an '
intermediate frequency of 263 Hz. The components of the signal spectrum are mea-
- sured as the heteroc~yne is gradually tuned. The latter is a G3-39 low-frequency
oscillator.
- W~en stuc~ying the spectrum of signals with a
!1y Oy CM 3~ rcu low noise level, the analyzer works with a
. cooled preamplifier. This a.mplifier is based
' ' on FETs Tl-T5, and is made as a separate
mc~dule. The internal noises of th~ ampli-
fier are reduced first of a11 by connecting
6/I I(Q NHm CK ~ N the transistors in parallel [Ref . 1]. In
- addition, the set noise of the amplifier is
- reduced by using nitrogen vapor to cool it
- to 77 K. To minimize noise, the bias voltagP
- Fig. 1. Block diagram of spectrum Scross the gate is zero, while the voltage �
- anal,yzer. IIY--preamplifier; OY-- across the drain is 2.1 V[Ref. 2]5 The _
main amplifier; C,nt--mixer; .3SD-- ~Plifier has a passband of 0.3-10 Hz, gain
_ ~ electromechanical filter; u.u.n.-- of 30 and input impedance of 5 MS2. The first -
conductivity inverter with current stage of the a.mplifier is supplied by a sepa-
inversion; 1'3-39--low-frequency rate source. F:ig. 3 shows the frequency de-
~ pendence of the equivalent noise impedance
oscillator; EII--power supply; 1`{Z,-- of the preamplifier normalized to the input. -
square-law detector; Nxm--integrator;
CX--compensation circuit; ~I--display
- 39
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N! IdICn IOM ~ HJ ~ ~ "
~ 1~~ 1 ~ ti 170 !I/ i N /7�J! )
A'cwudpnAvr /R l00 J7 170 !!0 J/ T A'aMeOmr~oi~nwri
NYd 11h~C00' ~l m r rr r~ t. r~ Ts -
un
~.3~mo~ k ' JA7 I~r 100 ~t . !70 /IO ~i i~ , A~ ~ ~mp
e` S00 � M!00 j //0 200 ~ ' I
k !w /A0 17 110 h k Y
V N ~ t 1 1 ~ j/X !I
_ ~ ~ )e,a : ~ . .r~o~ s ~o~av o~ +~r
' ~ IDI~ :N .
_ ~l ~(0 T~ i s, J// n ~ . A~ JO ~ ~ 6~ -
~t~ s` ; nv r e.,s.s
IA~ ! M/ M~ rN Af0 ~ M !N 'NI'
t t ~
~ = o = JON r` 20 ,f1 Ts6�I ~ a �
~ JON S /O fO ~ e o ~M J
JN ~ ~ IN � N O
_ ~s v~~r Me ~ 7 ~
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of spectrwn analyzer. M1-M6--1UT401A; T1=Tg--2P303A;
Tg, T11--KT315A; T10--2P302~?; A1 A6=-D809; A7-Alp--2DSl0A; 1--first input; 2--
second input; 3--calibrating oscillator; 4--low-frequency oscillator; 5--tuning-
fork filter; 6--output; 7--millivoltmeter
Rnoise eq.~ ~ When studying signals with an elevated noise =
4000 level (~10-17 V2/Hz) the cooled preamplifier
~ can be disconnected by switch Bg and replaced
f000 by a preamplifier based on transistors T6-Tg.
� Z . The main amplifier based on low-noise.inte-
200 ' grated circuits M2, M4 has gain >104 when the
feedbacks axe activated. To prevent overload,
50 >00,'f, Hz the frequency response has a steep drop on a
~ frequency of 800 Hz, which is realized by selec-
Fig. 3. Frequency dependence of tion of the elements in the feedback circuit of
equivalent noise impedanceof pre- ~crocircuit M4.
amplifier: 1--T = 300 K; 2--77 K ~e selective system of the analyzer consists
of a mixer, a tuning-fork filter and an active
filter . The balanced ring mixer is based on 2D510A diodes, which are selected with
identical current-voltage charact eristics to suppress signals of the heterodyne and
the intermediate frequency. The optimum heteroc~yne voltage at which the transfer
constant of t~ae mixer is maximti~n is 6 V; signal suppression of the heterodyne and
- intermediate frequency in this case is about 70 dB. A tuning-fork filter is used
' as the intermediate-frequency filt er. Waveforms are excit~d and coupled out by
electroma,gnets with magnetized cores. ~e resonant frequency of this filter is
263 Hz, the equivaler~t Q is about 1300, ~f(-3 dB) =0.2 Hz; Of(-20 dB) = 2 Hz. The
electromagne~ic coils of the tuning-fork filter axe carefully shielded from external
pickups.
To increas e selectivit,y and extend the amplification of the output signal, a selec- ~
tive active filter is usedthat is based on a conductivity inverter with current ~
_ inversion (u.u.n. in Fig. 1) [Ref. 3]. This circuit, in contrast to the~selective
amp].ifier based on the double T bridge, does not require matching of passive com-
_ ponents and is more stable in operation. Opamp Mg is used as the active element.
�A source-follower based ontransistor Tlp matches the u.u.n. to the next stage. ,
The active filter based onthe u.u.n. has the following characteristics: resonant
frequency 263 Hz, Af(-3 dB) 2�5 Hz, gain 40 dB. -
40 '
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY '
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- The squaxe-law detector is a TVB-4 thermal converter with rated current of 10 mA,
but in the given circuit the TVB-~+ operates in the underloaded mode at a current
of 2.5 mA. The thermal converter is protected from overloads by a circuit based on
silicon stabistors A1-A6� A pseudo-integrator based on microcircuit M5 [Ref. 4] is
used to amplif~rithe d-c signal component and smooth out pulsation. At integrator
time constants of 120, 20 and 5 s, noise is measured with an error of 10, 25 and
50~ respectively. An integration time of 5 s is used in estimating noise measure-
ments, enabling on-the-spot setting of the required a.mplification range. The main
- purpose of the circuit based on chip M6 is to compensate for internal noises of the
spectral analyzer and thermal noises of the studied structures, which appreciably
facilitates the process of noise measurement in the form 1/f, and enables measure-
ment of noises with a level below the inherent noises of the spectrum an~lyzer by
~20 dB. By working with compensation, the sensitivity of the spectrum analyzer is
brought up to 10-19 V2/H2. The spectrum analyzer is made in the form of two
- modules: the analyzer proper and a power supply with stabilization circuit. The
analyzer stages are made in the form of separate subassemblies, enabling effective
- shielding from external interference. The analyzer can be operated with any other
preamplifier. Any scale-of-ten low-frequency oscillator can be used as ~he hetero-
cUme .
- REFERENCES
1. V. N. Galkin, "Polevyye tranzistory v chuvstvitel'r~ykh usilitelya~h" [Field-
Effect Transistors in Sensitive Amplifiers], 197~+, "Energiya".
2. V. N. Galkin, ELEK~RONNAYA PROMYSHI~ENNOST', No 3, 1971, p 72.
3. G. N. Aleksakov, editor, "Aktivnyye RC-fil'try na operatsionnykh usilitelyakh"
- [Active RC Filters Based on Opamps], translated from English, 1974, "Ehergiya".
_ 4. Zh. Marshe, "Operatsionnyye usiliteli i ikh primeneniye" [Operational Ampli-
fiers and Their Use 197~+ ~~~Energiya" .
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Pribory i tekhnika eksperimenta", 1980
[Si~4/o674-6610]
66io
CSO: 8144 /0674
41
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~
PUBLICATIONS , INCLUDING
_ COLLECTIONS OF ABSTRACTS
ABSTRACTS OF ARTICLES ON NAVIGATION AND CO1~II~iUNICATIONS
Leningrad TRUDY TSENTRAL'NOGO NAUCHNO-ISSI.EDaVATEL'SKJGO iNSTITUTA MORSKOGO FLOTA:
SWOVOZHDENIYE I SVYAZ' in Russian No 234, 1978 (signed to press 9 Aug 78) pp 114-
118
[Abstracts of articles from "Transactions of the Central Scientific Research Insti- '
tuCe of the Ma.ritime Fleet: Navigation and Co~nunications" No 234, Leningrad,
- Izdatel'stvo "Transport", 1350 copies]
- UDC 621.396.969.1 ~
PRINCIPLES OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS OF SECONDARY RADIO DETEC-
TION AND RANGING AND THE INFLUENCE OF INTERFERENCE FADINGS ON THEIR OPERATION
[Abstract of article by Chernyayev, R. N. ]
[Text] The author discusses the application areas of systems of secondary radio
detection and ranging in navigation, ~rinciples of their classification, and means
of their technical realization, He an~lyzes the influence of the interference of ~
- radio waves caused by ref lections from the surface of the sea on the changes in the :
intensity of signals and variations in the delays of response signals.
Figures 3, table 1, bibliography 3 items. ~
UDC 621,396.96.01
- THE USE OF THE IMPORTANCE SANII'LE METHOD IN CAI.CULATING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DETECTION OF FLUCTUATING SIGNALS AGAII3ST TAE BACKGROUND OF CORRELATED INrERFERENCE
[Abstract of article by Kemissarov, G. F.] '
[Text] The author examines the application of the importance sample method in eval-
uating the effectiveness of the algorithms of the det~ction of radio dptection of
radar ai~nals against the background of correlated interference. He gives the
characteristics of the detection o� fluctuating signals against the background of
the Markov-Raleigh interference for two detection algorithms.
Figures 3, bibliogrsphy 4 items.
42
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UDC 621.396.96.01.019.3
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE RELIABILITY OF THE RESOLUPION OF RADAR SIGNALS -
[Abstract of article by Demin, I. D.]
[Text] The author examines the results of experimental studies on the dependence of
the resolution parameters of ship's radar stations (RLS) on the reliability of sep-
arate observations of signals under natural conditions. He gives recommendations
- for selecting a probable criteria for the evaluation of the reliability of the re-
solution of radar signals for operational measurements of the resolving power and
- minimal operation range of ship's RI.S.
Figures d- 3, table 1, bibliography 7 items.
- UDC 621.396.931:527.8.01
A SIMPLIFIED ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING REGULAR PHASE SHIFTS ON THE FUNDAMENTAL FRE-
QUENCY FOR "Qmega" RNS [Radio Navigation System]
[Abstract of article by Volodin, V. I.]
- [Text] The author examines the possibility of obtaining a simplified algorithm for
calculating RFS [regular phase shifts]with the use of approximate expressions for the
phase velocity of propagation of SDV.
Figures 4, tables 2, bibliography 7 items.
- UDC 621.396.931:527.8.01
IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SELECTION OF STATIONS FOR DETERMINATION BY "Omega" RNS
[Abstract of article by Bykov, V. I., Kozharskiy, R. G., Khotyakov, S. Ya,, and
Shilenkov, M. F.]
[Text] The authors examined the possibilities of the synchronization of receiving
- indicators of the "Omega" RNS and geometrical factors of the system connected with
the accuracy of the determination of location.
F igures 3, bibliography 2 items.
UDC 629.12.072+629.12.053.2
MEASURING THE SPEEL OF VESSELS IN ICE NAVIGATION
[Abstract of article by Shamkin, L. A.]
[Text] The author examines the basic shortcomings of the existing methods of ineasur-
ing the speed of a vesse:. in ice based on the measurement of the base it covers. He
makes suggestions for considering the errors from changing the course during the -
measurements for the woodrail log and inertia in the computation by the rotutions of
43
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the propeller, and proposes a method of determining the speed by traverse bearings
and distances with the aid of ~n RLS [radar atation]. A possible solution of the
problem of ineasuring the speed in ice is examined.
~'igure 1, table 1, bibliography 6 items.
UDC 629.12,053.1 ~ �
EFFECTS OF THE POSITION OF THE GYROCOMPASS ON THE ER.ROR IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE
SHIP' S COURSE
[Abstract of article by Filin, V. M.]
- [Tex~] The author determi~ed the linear and angular velocities and accelerations
acting on an indirect-control gyrocompass being corrected which is installed at a
considerable distance from the cenCer of gravity of a large-capacity vessel.
The author evaluates compass errors due to additi.onal detected constant and variable
components of speed, as well as addiCional accelerations affecting the unbalance of
the gyrochamber, the horizon indicator, and the pendulum of the gyrounit. He shows ,
the possibility of using compasses with a larger natural period on the bridges of
;nertial vessels with an insignificantly lower accuracy of course indication.
Figure 1, Tables 2, bibliography 3 items.
UDC 629.12.053.11 ,
ERRORS OF MAGNETIC COMPASSES CAUSED BY THE ROTARY MOTION OF THE HULL IN A MAGNETIC
FIELD
[Abstract of article by Sigachev, N. I.]
[Text] The author discusses the problems of the accuracy of indications of magnetic
compasses and depth measurements with the aid of a magnetic field. .
Figures 5, table 1. -
- UDC 621.12.014.6-52
' AUTOPILOT IN THE CONTROL SYSTEM OF A VESSEL ON A PRESCRIBED TRAJECTORY -
_ [Abstract of article by Antonenko, V. A., and Mirenskiy, M. G.] _
[Text] The authors discuss special characteristics and advantages of using an auto- :
pilot in the control system of a vessel on a tra3ectory of the communication device
' IVK-steering machine. -
Figure 1.
44
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UDC 629.12.053.2
ERROR OF THE INDUCTION LOG IEL-2 FROM THE QUADRATURE COMPONENT OF THE SIGNAL AND A
METHOD OF ITS COMPENSATION
[Abstract of article by Belov, Yu. I.]
~
~ [Text] The author examines the error of the induction log IEL-2 which changes in
the course of time and gives recommendations for its reduction.
Figures 4.
UDC 656,615.021.8:31
STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SHIP TRAFFIC AND THE TIME OF RADAR GUIDANCE OF SHIPS
[Abstract of article by Lentarev, A. A.]
[Text] The author examines the characteristics of ship traffic in ports from the
positions of statistical analysis.
Figures 4, table 1, bi.bliography 3 items,
UDC 656.615.021.8
INVESTIGATION OF THE REGULARITIES OF THE FORMATION OF STREAMS OF SHIP TRAFFIC
[Abstract of article by Zubarev, V. L.]
[Text] The author presents the results of his studies on the regularities in the
formation of streams of ship traffic: distribution of the number of passing vessels;
_ distribution of the time intervals between the arrivals of vessels. He concludes
that in most instances the type of the distribution law of the studied values is the
same, but the distinctive features of its manifestation in individual instances usu-
a11y consists in the differences of the values of the parameters.
_ Bibliography 2 items.
UDC 629.783~-656.61.052.14:527.62
DETERMINATION OF THE POSITION OF A SHIP AND ITS DISTANCE TO THE SATELLITE BX THE
SHIP'S SATELLITE COI~iUNICATION STATION
[Abstract of article by Zhilin, V. A.]
[Text~ The author gives simple algorithms for determining the position of a vessel
and the distance to a geostationary satellite with the aid of a directional antenna
of the ship's satellite communication station. He shows that the accuracy of the
determination of these data is sufficient for solving certain problems which are of
interest for the organization of communication via satellites. ~
Figures 3. -
45 `
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UDC 629 . 783-~-656.61.087/ .088
DETERMINATION OF TNE REQUIRED NUMBER OF NONSYNCHRONOUS ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES
YN ~'HE INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE DISTRESS SERVICE
[Abstract of arcticle by Bronitskiy, I. S.]
[Text] The author examines the problem of determining the number of artificial earth ~
satellites required for immediate (with a prescribed probability) access to the com-
munication channels of the International Satellite Distress Service. The obtained
results can be uaed also in developing other information transmission systems with
immediate access using nonsynchronoua artificial earth satellites.
Figures 2, bibliography 2 items.
UDC 621.391.82
THE WIDTH OF THE SPECTRUM OF INTERFERENCE OF INTERMODULATION AND THE NECESSARY BAND .
OF OPERATING FREQUENCIES FREE FROM THIS INrERFERENCE
[Abstract of article by Bibichkova, R. P.]
' [Text] The author determines the width of the frequency band occupied by all com-
ponents of the interference of intermodulation of the third, fifth, and seventh or-
ders. The results can be used for communication systems with the frequency diviaion
of channels.
The arCiclQ gives the results of calculations of the sequences of operating channels
= free from the most intensive types of interference (third and fifth orders).
Figure 1, table 1, bibliography 7 items.
UDC 621.391.837
SUPPRESSION OF SELECTIVE INTERFERENCE IN WIDEBAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
[Abstract of article by Dolgochub, V. T., and Demidenko, P. P.]
[Text] The authors examine the possibility of suppressing selective interference
in wideband communication systems. They analyzed four methods of suppressing selec-
_ tive interference in wideband communication systems. They give formulas of gain for
each case and a block diagracn.
Figure 1. .
_ . UDC 621.396.62
k,FFECTIVE SELECTIVITY OF RADIO-RECEIVING DEVICES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE RELIABILITY
OF SHORTWAVE COMMUNICATION
46
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_ [Abstract of article by Li Za Son)
[Text] The author examines the problems connected with the determination of the
parameters characterizing the effective selectivity of radio-receiving devices. He -
establishes the relation between the effective selectivity of radio-receiving devices
and the reliability of shortwave communication.
Figures 2, table 1, bibliography 3 items.
UDC 621.391.837
NOISE IMMUNITY OF THE RECEPTION OF WIDEBAND SIGNALS IN THE PRESENCE OF CONCENTRATED
INTERFERENCE
[Abstract of article by Venskauskas, R. K., Garbuzov, I. Z., and Golubkov, G. D.]
- [Text] The authors determine the effects of the rejection of individual sections of
the spectrum of three types of wideband signals affected by concentrated interference.
They obtained tables for calculating noise stability of optimal incoherent reception
and plotted error probability curves for various combinations of connecting rejection
f ilters .
Figure 1, tables 2, bibliography 2 items.
UDC 621.7.8
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING NEW TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS IN SHORTWAVE CHAN-
NELS OF MARITIME RADIO COMMUNICATION -
[Abstract of article by Zudov, A. S., and Sheverdyayev, V. N.)
[Text] The authors give special characteristics of the method of experimental deter-
~ mination of the characteristics of shortwave channels of maritime radio communication.
0:1 the basis oi the obtained experimental data, they propose a method of objective
evaluation of the effectiveness of using new technical solutions in shortwave chan-
nels of maritime radio communication.
. Figures 2, table 1, biblio~raphy 2 items.
UDC 621.396.24
SUPPRESSION OF PULSED INTERFERENCE BY THE METHOD OF INTERRUPTING THE RECEIVING CHAN-
NEL IN APPLICATION TO MARITIME SHORTWAVE RADIO COMMUNICATION
[Abstract of article by Cherkasskiy, Yu. A., and Malakhov, L. M.]
[Text] The authors examined the problems of controlling the relatively rare Gt-mo-
spheric radio interference by the method of interrupting the intermediate-frequency
channel of the radio-receiving device in maritime char~nels of discrete shortwave
radio communication. They used a seniempirical method of approximate evaluation of
47
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noise immunity in the reception of frequency-modulated signals in the presence of
atmospheric radio interference. It is ahown that the interruption of the channel '
for the action time of the relatively rare and strong interference can reduce the
ave~'age probability of reception errors by approximately one order.
Figure 1, bibliagraphy 6 items. .
COPYRIGAT: Tsentral'nyy nauchno-iasledovatel'skiy institut morskogo flota (TsNIIMF),
1978
_ ~ [170-10,233] -
10,233
CSO: 1860 '
48
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ADDITIONAL ABSTRACTS OF ARTICL~S ON NAVIGATION AND COI~4i[JNICATIONS
_ I~eningrad TRUDY TSENTRAL'NOGO NAUCHNO-YSSLEDOVATEL'SKOGO INSTYTifPA MORSKOGO FLOTA:
SUDOVOZ~IDEIVIYE I SVYAZ' in Russian No 245, 1979 (signed to press 1 Jun 79) pp 118-121
[Abstracts of articles from "Transactions of the Central Scientific Research Insti-
tute of the Maritime Fleet: Navigation and Communications" No 245, Leningrad, "Trans-
port", 2279 copies]
UDC 656.61.052.484
DETERMINATION OF THE NUI~ER OF TARGETS PROCESSED SIMULTANEOUSLY BY THE COLLISION
_ PREVENTION SYSTEM
[Abstract of article by Likhachev, A. V.]
~ [Text] The author discusses a method for dete~nining the optimal number of simul-
taneously processed targets in the collision prevention system.
Figures 2, bibliography 5 items.
UDC 621.396.467:629.12
EVALUATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY BY THE METHOD OF AIGITAL SIMULATION
[Abstract of article by Rzhevtsev, Yu. V.J
[Text] The article describes an algorithm developed by the author for determining
the level of interstation interference for practically any number of interacting
radar stations.
Figures-- 2, bibliography 3 items.
UDC 621.396.932.1
ON CAI~CULATING THE FUNCTIODTING EFFECTIVENESS OF MAINTENANCE BASES -
[Abstract uf article by Kolmogorov, I. P]
[Text] The author gives a method for calculating the functioning effectiveness of
maintenance bases based on the theory of mass maintenance. For an organizational
i 44
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unit which is determining for a given type of electroradionavagation equipment, the
author took a production section with its characteristic parameters and economic
indexes. An example of calculating the functioning effectiveness of a ship main-
Cenance base is given.
Tables 3.
UDC 629.12.053.13
THREE-STAGE TORSION SUSPENSION FOR THE GYROCOMPASS
[Abstract of article by Sigachev, N. I.]
[Text] The article discusses a special torsion suspension ensuring~three degrees of
freedom for the sensitive element of the gyrocompass.
Figures 1, bibliography 4 items.
UDC 656.61.08:31
SHIPWRECK DYNAMICS OF T1~ WORLD FLEET UNDER STORM CONDITIONS
[Abstract of article by Danilyuk, M. I.]
- [Text] The author gives the statistics of the shipwrecks of the world fleet for
1962-1976.
Figures 1.
UDC 629.12.053 -
POSSIBILITIES OF USING LASER RANGE FINDERS AND SPEEDOMETERS IN NAVIGATION -
[Abstract of article by Ignatovich, E. I.]
~ [Text] The author examines the possibilities of using laser range finders and speed- _
ometers in navigation.
Tables 1, bibliography 2 items.
UDC 656.61.052.484:621.396.969.3
SAFE DISTANCES BETWEEN VESSELS WFiEN .THEY MOVE ALONG THE NAVIGAT ION CHANNEL AND
TI~IR USE IN AUTaMATED RDS [AREA TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE] SYSTEMS
[AbsCract of article by Zubarev, V. L.]
' [Text] A method is offered for calculating safe distances when a ship moves along
th~ channel and passes a ship moving in the opposite direction wh ich reflects the
physical essence of the interaction process of the vessels and is convenient for
analysis and use in regulation algorithms. The author investigates the obtained re-
lationships.
Figures 3, table 1, bibliography 5 items.
- 50
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- UDC 656.61.052.484.001.57
SIMUTATION OF THE MOVEMENT OF VESSELS ALONG THE CHANNEL
[AbBtract of article by Lentarev, A. A., and Zhivotok, V. N.]
[Text] The authors examine a program for simulating the simplest variant of the
system a linear Ghannel, and give the results of solving some specific problems.
Figures 3, bib liography 3 items.
UDC 656.61.052.484
PROBABILITY OF DANGEROUS APPROACH OF VESSELS ~
~ [Abstract of article by Taratynov, V. P.]
- [Text] The article describes the possibility of using the probability of dangerous
approach in streams of vessels moving in opposite direction as a basi.s for the eval-
~ uation criteria for traffic control aystems. Basic formulas for the evaluation of
dangerous approach are derived. '
i Figures 4, bib liography 3 items. _
UDC 629.12.053.13
SOME PROBLEMS OF THE THEORY OF A SINGLE-ROTOR ADJUSTABLE GYROCOMPASS WITH CONTROLLED
SPEED OF TI~ DEFLECTION OF THE SENSITIVE ELEMENT FROM THE PLANE OF THE HORIZON
- [Abstract of article by Mitnik, V. M.]
[Text] The article contains studies pertaining to the theory of a single-rotor gyro-
- compass with a liquid, torsional suspension of the sensitive element in which the _
- damping of the natural oscillations is achieved by the superposition on the horizon-
tal axis of the suspension of a moment proportional to the speed of the deflection
of the main axis of the gyroscope from the plane of the horizon.
Figures 1, bibliography 5 items.
UDC 656.61.052.14:527.62
THE ISOLINE ON TIiE SPHERE IN THE INTEGRAL DOPPLER METHOD FOR DETERMIIVING THE POSITION
OF A VESSEL BY NISZ (expansion unknown)
[Abatract of article by Kozhukhov, V. P.]
[Text] The author gives a simple derivation of the equation of an isoline on the
- spherical surface for a case when the position of the vessel if determined acco.rd-
ing to NISZ by the integral Doppler method. The difference between this isoline and
a spherical hyperbola is noted.
Figure 1.
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UDC 629.12.053.2
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TI~ USE OF TAE DOPPLER HYDROACOUSTIC LOG DURING ICE
NA'V~GATION
_ [Abstract of article by Shamkin, L. A.]
[Text] The author discusses the determination of the drift angle of a vessel in
motion during ice drift and method of eliminating the error in measuring the tra-
verse velocity of drift from the wind and the current during asymmetric yawing or
changing of the course.
Figures 3.
UDC 621.396.676:629.12
BASIC ItEGULARITIES IN THE INFLUENCE OF METALLIC STRiICTURES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
SHIP'S ANTENNAS
[Abstraci. of article by Verahkov, M. V.]
[Text] The auChor analyzes the conditions of the influence of ship's metallic struc-
tures on the characCeristics of the antennas, deCermines the basic regularities of
this inf luence, and gives recommendations for arranging the antennas on the ship.
Figures 7, bibliography 6 items.
UDC 621.396.932
ON DIGITAL NUMERATION OF STATIJNS OF THE MARITIME MOBILE SERVICE :
[Abstract of article by Zudov, A. S, Kazanskiy, Chernov, A. G., and Shavykin,
V. A.]
[Text] The authors examine operational aspects of the general numeration system of -
the maritime mobile (I~S) and maritime mobile satellite (MPSS) services. On the
basis of the analysis of the methods of access to ship stations from land subscribers
through distribution boards of local, national, and international networks of gen-
eral use, they formulated the requirements f~r a station numeration system and pro- ~
posed a format and a two-step proce3ure for establishing connections with vessels
when it is used.
Tables 2, bibliography 6 items. _
- UDC 621.396.676 ~
SOLITrION OF A SYSTEM OF INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR A BROAD-BAND MULTIDIPOLE ANTENNA
[Abstract of article by Mikhaylov, S. N.]
[Text] The author proposes a rigorous approach on the basis of a system of connected _
integral equations to the establishment Qf the distribution cf current along a
52
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broad-band multidipole antenna and subsequent establishment of its parameters:
Zinput~ directional pattern, directi.ve gain.
Figures 2, bibliography 7 itema.
UDC 621.396.932
STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LOADING AND THE SELECTION OF TsPR [central port
radio station] CHANNELS OF THE SYSTEM OF MARITIME iJLTRASHORT-WAVE COMMIJNICATION
[Abstract of article by Li Za Son, Nazarova, I. N., and Sokolov, B. P.]
[Text] This article gives the results of statiat ical studies on the loading of
~ radio telephone channels. On the basis of the ana.lysis of the studies, the neces- -
sary number of channels for central port stations is determined.
- Figure i, table 1. ~
UDC 621.396.932.09
RESULTS OF STUDIES ON ADAI'TIVE ANALOG-DIGITAL MODEMS IN REAL RADIO COMMUNICATION
CAANNELS
[Abstract af article by Arzumanyan, Yu. V., Zakharov, A. A., Gavrilov, V. I., Li Za
Son, Naumov, A. S., Sokolov, B. P., and Fomin, Yu. P.]
[Text] The article gives the results of studies on adaptive analog-digital modems -
in real radio communication channels.
- Figure 1, bibliography 4 items.
UDC 621.391.8
RECEPTION OF SIGNALS AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF SPECTRUM-CONCENTRATED INTERFERENCE IN
SLOWLY FADING CHANNELS
[Abstract of article by Venskauskas, K. K,, Cherkasskiy, Yu. A., and Mel'tser, A. Z.]
[Text] The authors examine a case of doubled transmission of frequency-modulated
signals in the system of maritime shortwave radio communication and reception with
automatic selection of the conditions of addition or reception through one of the
channels under the conditions of the effect of concentrated interference. The au- -
thors propose a device for classifying the condition of the channels which c~ntrols .
the automatic selection circuit. It is shown that the use of the proposed classifier
ensures a noticeable gain in noise stability in comparison with the addition mode.
Figures 3, table 1, bibliography 3 items .
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UDC 656.61.052.14:5?.7.62
- CALCULE~TION OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE ELLIPSE OF ERRORS IN DETERMIIJIN~, THE POSITT_ON
OF AN OBJECT WITH THE AID OF ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES ON THE P~SIS OF REDUNDANT,
CORRELATIONALLY CONNECTED RAN~E MEASUREMENTS
[Abstract of article by Rarpov, M. V., and Lebedeva, V. M.]
[Text] The authors investigate the accuracy of the determination of the posiCion of
� an object with the aid of a satellite range-finding navigation system in the pre-
sence of redundant, correlationally connected measuremenCs. They examine a case of
an arbitrary number of discrete correlationaZly dependent range measurements. They
derive the basic analytical relationa for calculating the elements of the ellipse of
errors in determining the position of an object for various values of the parameters
which characterize the mutual arrangement of the object and th~ location points of
- the satellite at the moments of ineasurements.
The obtained formulas are used for calculations and compilation of the charts of the
dependence of the elem~nts of the ellipaes of errors on the above parameters.
Figures 5, bibliography 2 items.
UDC 621.391.8
EFFECTS OF LATERAL OVERSHOOTS OF APERIODIC CORRELATION FUNCTIONS OF NOISE-LIKE SIG-
_ NALS ON THEIR DETECTION WITH THE AID OF DISCRETE MATCHED FILTERS
- [Abstract of article by Stepanenko, D. P.] ~
- [Text] The author gives the results of his studies on the probability of exceeding
a prescribed threshold by the overshoots of aperiodic correlation functions of noise-
like signa.ls (ShPS) due to~errors in the discrimination of the elements of ShPS in
- the processing of such signals by discrete matched filters (DSF).
Figure 1.
COPYRIGHT: Tsentral'nyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut morskogo flota (TsNIIMF),
1979
- [171-10,233]
10,233
CSO: 1860
54
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UDC 629.7.058.54.004(075.3)
AIRCRAFT RADAR EQUIPMENT AND ITS OPERATION
- Moscow RADIOLOKATSIONNOYE OBORUDOVANIYE SAMOLETOV I YEGO EKSPLUATATSIYA
, in Russian 1980 (signed to press 5 Mar 80) pp 2, 244-245
- [Annotation and table of contents from book "Aircraft Radar Equipment and Its
Operation", by Anatoli~ Pavlovich Tikhonov, Izdatel'stvo "Transport",
~ 7000 copies, 248 pages
, [Text] The basic design principles and circuitry of three types of aircraft
radars:~are presented in the book: doppler drift and velocity radars , the
radar transponder af the air traffic control system, an~ panoramic radar. The
- physical meaning of the navigational concepts and def'nifiions to which radar
- functions are related is reveal~d in the theoretical ~:ubs`anti~tion of the
structure of radars.
The bulk of the books contents is devoted to a description of the functional
schemes and circuit design of the most promising specific devices: the DISS-013
doppler meter, the CO~M-64 aircraft transponder of the air traffic control
system, and the "Groza-154" panoramic radar. ~
The book is intended as a textbook for students of the technical aviation
= schools of civilian aviation as well as students of technical servicing
schools. It can also be useful to the engineering and technical staff of the
productior, subdivisions and students of the radio engineering departments of
higher educational institutes specializing in the field of the technical
operation of aircraft radio equipment.
Table of Contents
Section 1. The Aircraft Panoramic Radar 3
Chapter 1. The Physical Principles of Panoramic Radar Operation 3
- 1.1. Radar returns 3
1.2. Special features of the radio wavelengths used in panoramic
radars 4
55
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1.3. The pulsed radar method 5
1.4. Basic characteristics of panoramic radars ~
].~5. Plan position indication 9
1.6. Block diagram of a panoramic radar 11 -
Chapter 2. The "Groza-154" Aircraft Radar 13
2.1. General information 13
2.2. Operational modes of the radar 14
2.3. The equipment complement and a block diagram of the "Groza-I54B"
radar 18
Chapter 3. The Transmitter 21 _
- 3.1. The Circuitry for turning on the transmitter 21
3.2. The modulator 24
3.3. The magnetron and its power supply circuit 27
3.4. The waveguide channel 28
_ 3.5. The antenna 31
Chapter 4. The Receiver 36
4.1. Block d3agram and the radio frequency channel 36
4.2. The in'cermediate frequency preamplifier (PUPCh) 40
4.3. The time gated automatic gain control circuit (VARU) 42
- 4.4. The inter~ediate frequency amplifier 43
4. 5. The video amplif ier 4~'
Chapter 5. The Channel for Generating the Scale Markers 53
5.1. Block diagram 53 -
5.2. The dynamics of pulse generation 54 ~
Chapter 6. The Synchronization Channel 56
6.1. Block diagram 56 _
- 6.2. The dynamics of control pulse generation 57 -
~ Chapter 7. The Sweep Channel 59
7.1. Block diagram 59 _
7.2. The dynamics of generating the sweep pulses 61
Chapter 8. Auxiliary Devices 63
8.1. The azimuthal control circuitry for the antenna 6~ _
8.2. The circuitry for controlling the s~ope of the antenna directional 64
pattern 65
8.3. The circuitry for stab ilizing the scanning fielcl plane
8.4. The automic frequency control system for the local oscillator 71
56 ~
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8.5. Secondary power supplies 77
8.6. The Gr17 and Gr35 blocks gp
Chapter 9. Specific Features of the Oper$tion of th~ Radar 82
9.1. General instructions 82
9.2. Controls 83
9.4. Ad~ustment controls 85 �
9.5. Monitoring the operational performance of the radar 87
9.6. Trouble shooting gp
9.6. Testing the radar on the "Groza" laboratory test stand 93
Section II. The Doppler Aircraft Drift and Velocity Meter 96
Chapter 10. The Physical Principles of the Operation of the Meter 96
10.1. Basic ~zavigational concepts 96
10.2. The operat3onal principle of the ANU-lk 98
- 10.3. The operational principle of the DISS-013 100 ~
Chapter 11. Technical Data on the DISS-013-134 103
11.1. Function and technical characteristics 103
11.2. The equipment canp lex and block diagram 104
_ Chapter 12. The Transmitter 108
12.1. Basic information 108
12.2. Block diagram and operational principle 110 _
- 12.3. Power supplies 114
12.4. Waveguide channel 115
12.5. Antenna 116
Chapter 13. The Receiver 118
13.1. Basic information 118
13.2. Block diagram and operational principle 119
13.3. The radio frequency channel 122
13.4. The intermediate frequency amplifier (UPCh) 124
13.5. The low frequency amplifier 125
Chapter 14. The Converter Channel 128
14.1. Basic information 12g
14.2. The converter 130
14.3. The discriminator 133
14.4. The controlled o~cillator 137
Chapter 15. The Computer 144 -
_ 15.1. Block diagram 144
, 15.2. The pulse driver 145
15.3. The circuits for processing the values of A, a and V,~ 147
: 57
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Chapter 16. Auxiliary Circuits 150
16.1. The controller 150
16.2. The low volta~e rectifier 155
16.3. The BS-1 coupling unit 1~5
Chpater 17. Specif ic Features of the Operation of the Meter 158
17.1. General instructions 158
17.2. Controls 159
17.3. Ad3ustment controls 161
17.4. Monitoring the operational performance of the meter 162
17.5. Trouble shooting under laboratory condtions 165
Section III. The Aircraft Transponder of the Air Traffic Control 171
_ System (UVD)
Chapter 18. General Information on the Automatic Air Traffic Control 171
- Sy stem
18.1. The "Start" system 171 !
18.2. The technique of triple pulse suppression of a sidelobe quarry 173 ~
Chapter 19. General Informatian on the COM-64 Transponder 175
19.1. The function and the problems which are solved 175
- 19.2. The equipment camplement and the block diagram of the transponder 176 ~
Chapter 20. The Receiver Channel 179
20.1. TechnicaZ data on the main receiver 179
20.2. The radio frequency channel 180
20.3. The local oscillator 182
20.4. The intermediate frequency ~mplifier 183
- 20.5. The landing facilities signal receiver 184
Chpater 21. The Decoding Channel 187 -
21.1. The input driver 187 ~
. 21.2. The air traffic control system interrogation decodex i9$ ~
21.3. The ICAO interrogation decoder ~
Chpater 22. The Air Traffic Control System Encoder 193 '
22.1. The str~acture of the reply signal 193
22.2. The encoder for the coordinate codes 195
22.3. The Crigger frequency divider (DChZ) 197
22.4. The crystal calibrator 198
22.5. The entry distributor 201
22.6. The entry switcher 203
22.7. The interrogation switcher 205
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22.8. The altitude converter 206
22.9. The board for dialing the aircraft number 209
22.10. The register of the air traffic control system encoder 210
22.11. The sequence for generating the "BN" keying code 211
22.12. The aequence for generating tha reply aignal 213 _
Chapter 23. The ICAO Fncoder 215 ~
23.1. The principle for generating the reply signal concerning the
f light nwnber 215
23.2. The circuitry for generating the supply signal concerning the
f light number 216
23.3. The principle for generating the altitude reply signal 216 ~
23.4. The circuitry for generating the altitude reply signal 218
23.5. The ICAO encoder register 219
23.fi. The crystal callibrator for the ICAO encoder 220 _
23.7. The sequence for generating the reply signal 222 -
' Chapter 24. The Transmitter 223
24.1. General information 223
24.2. The modulator 224 -
24.3. The high frequency channel 225
24.4. The frequency retuning circuitry 226
Chpater 25. Auxiliary Devices 22~
25.1. The display circuitry 22~
25.2. The circuitry for monitoring the correct operation of the
transponder 228
25.3. The circuitry for generating Lhe "character" signal 231
25.4. The load limiter 232
25.5. The transponder oower supply 233
Chapter 26. Specific Features of Transponder Operation 234
26.1. General informat~on 234
26.2. Controls 235
26.3. Ad~ustment and monitor controls 23~
26.4. Monitoring the operability of the transponder 238
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Transport", 1980
[137-8225]
8225
CSO: 1860
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APPLTCATTON 4~ THE 1~RKOy THEORY 0~ NONLZNEAR FILTERTNG IN RADIO ENGZNEERING -
' Mascow PRTMENENTXE MA~lICOVSKOY TEQRII NELINEYNOY gIL'TRATSTT V RADTOTEKIINIKE 3n
Russian 1980 (signed to press 10 Jul 80) pp 2, 356-358
[Annotation and table af contents from book "Application of the Markov Theory of
Nonlinear Filtering in Radio Engineering", by Mikhail Semenovich Yarlykov,
- Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 4500 copies, 360 pages]
[Text] Modern methods of the Markov theory of optimal nonlinear filtering are _
discussed and generalized, making it po~aible to solve problems in the synthesis -
of receivers and processing equipment for a very large anc? promising class of -
- radio signals. Much attention is~paid to various applications of inethods of the
Markov theory of optimal nonlinear filtering for solving applied acience problems.
Based on an analysis of real operating conditions of radio navigation, radio ~
communications, radar and radiotelemetry systems, according to a unified developed
procedure ia solved a great number of apecific radio engineering problems of
- independent theoretical and practical importance. In each case optimal structural
diagrams are obtained for receivers and signal processing equipment of systems,
their parameters are determined and quality characteristics are calculated.
Tntended for scientific personnel and engineers involved in developing, producing
and studying radio engineering data tranamiasion systems. Useful to graduate
students and students.
~ CONTENTS Page -
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Mathematical Models of Signals and Noise of Radio Engineering _
Data Tran~mission 3ystems 9
- 1.1. Ra.dio engineering data transmission systems 9
1.2. Mathematical models of signals in radio engineering data transmission
systems 12
1.3. Mathematical models of transmitted messages in radio eng3neering
daCa transmission systema 24
1.4. Mathemattcal models of characteristics of signal delay caused by the
mobility of ob~ects 32
1.5. Mathematical models of constructive and nnnconstructive interference
in radio engineering systems 35
60
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Chapter 2. Methods o~ the i~axkov ~'heax+y~ o~ ~ptima~. NonJ.~nea~ ~~7.texi,ng o~
Conti,nuous Processes 41
2.1. Pormulatton o~ the problem o~ opt~ma.1 nonl~neax i~~ltexiag o~ con~
tinuous Markov~ proce~ses 41
2.2. Equat3on ~or a posteriori probability density of the state vector 49
- 2.3. Relat3onship oP two form~ of wrf.ting equations for the a posteriori
probabil3ty of the aCate vector 60
2.k. Approximate algorithms for nonlinear continuous filtering 64
- 2.5. Equgtion #or estimating the state vector 66
2.6. Equation for covariant matrix of filterirag error~ 73
2.7. Equation for optimal nonlinear filtering of continuous processes
~ with sca].ar observation 79
2.8. Eatimation of Gaussian processes linearly entering nonstationaxy
signals; italman-Bucy equationffi 83
Chapter 3. Applicability of the Gaussian Approximation Method in the
- Markov Theory of Optimal Nonlinear giltering 87
3.1. Applicability of the Gaussian approximation method for continuous ~
signals 87
3.2. Solution of the integro-differential equation for optimal nonlir.ear
filtering for eontinuous signa~s 90
3.3. Applicability of the Gaussian approximation method for pulsed signals 97
3.4. Solution of the integro-differential equation for optimal nonlinear
filtering for pulsed signals , 99 .
- Chapter 4. Methods of the Markov Theory of Optimal Nonlinear Filtering of
Discrete and Continuous Processes 105
- 4.1. Optimal nonlinear filtering of multiposition discrete-continnaua
signals 105
4.2. Optimal nonlinear filtering of binary radio signals 114 ,
4.3. Errors in the detection ~f binary radio signals 121, `
4.4. Combined filtering of continuous and discrete Markov processes 133 .
_ Chapter 5. Methods of the Markov Theory of Optimal Nonlinear Gontinuous-
Discrete Filt~ring 143
5.1. Formulation of the problem of optimal nonlinear continuous-discrete
filtering 143
5.2. Equations for estimating the state vec:tor and secondary central
- moments of the a~osteriori Qrobability density 145
5.3. Approximate algorithms for nonlinear continuous-discrete filtering 152
Chapter 6. Filtering of Continuous Messages by Means of Optimal Receivers
of Radio Engineering Data Transmission Systems with Signals
with Amplitude Modulation of the Carrier 167
6.1. Filtering of a very simple message by optimal receivers of radio
signals with a known starting phase 167
6.2. Filtering of a very simple message by optimal receivers of radio
signals with an erratic phase 180
6.3. F'iltering of a very simple message by optimal receivers of radio
signals in the presence of the Doppler effect 186
6.4o k'iltering of a low-frequency dif~erentiable random process by opCimal =
receivers of radio signals with a known starting phase 194
6.5. Filtering o~ a 1ow~~requency differentiable random process by optitttal
' receivers of radio signals with a random phase 203 _
61
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6.6. Compaxat~,ve eet~t~t~ Q;~ the no~~e z~,~~ct~,on o~ 4p~~va~ xeGet~~xs o~
radfo s~gna~.~ w~th vax~oua k~nds o~ pximaxy modul.axton 209
~ Chapter 7. ~+#1ter3ng of Cont~nuou~ Me~o+~gea by Opt~iqal Recefvexs o~ R,ad~o
~ng~neer3,ng Data Transm~#saion 3petetna wl:th Signals with Angular
Modulatfon o~ the Carrfer Z~~
7.1. Optimal reception of radto signals W3th phase secoiidaxy modulation _
and a known atarting phase 211
7.2. Optimal reception of radio signals with phase secondary modulation
and with a random pha~e 216
7.3. Optimal reception of radio signals with frequency aecondary moclulation 219 -
7.4. Comparative estimate of the noise re~ection of optimal receivers of
radio signals with var3ous lcinds of secondary modulation 228 -
Chapter 8. ~iltering of Continuous Messages by Optimal Receivers of
Radio Engineering Data Transmission Systems with Complex
Signals 229
_ 8.1. Optima.l reception of signals with intrapulse frequency modulation in
the absence of nonconstructive interference 229
8.2. Optimal reception of signals with intrapulse frequency modulation in _
the presence of nonconstructive interference 235
8.3. Optima.l reception of signals with intrapulse phase manipulation 236
8.4. Noise re~ection of optimal receivers of VTM [intrapulse modulation]
radio signals with non-autonomous synchronization 244
_ 8.5. Optimal nonlinear filtering of complex Gaussian messages 2~1 -
8.6. Optimal complex processing of continuous signals 258
Chapter 9. Optimal Nonlinear Filtering of Non-Stationary Radio Signals 270
- 9.1. Optimal estimates of parameters of radio signals in radio engineering
data transmission systems with non-stationary delay 270
9.2. Synthesis cf an optimal receiver of continuous radio signals in radio
- engineering systems with non-stationary delay 277
9.3. Synthesis of an optimal receiver of pulsed radfo signals with non-
stationary delay 281
Chapter 10. Optimal Processing of Radio Signals Under the Influence of
Various Kinds of Interference 287
_ 10.1. Optimal processing of pulsed si gnals under the influence of narrow- _
- band interf erence 287
- 10.2. Optimal processing of pulsed si gnals under the influence of discrete
interference 294
= 10.3. Optimal processing of interfering pulsed radio signals 300
- Chapter 11. Optimal Discrete Processing of Continuoua Radio Signals 311
11.1. Synthesis of an optimal unit for discrete processing of continuous
radio signals with an unknown frequency 311
11.2. Optimal discrete processing of interfering continuous radio signals 321
11.3. Accuracy and noise re~ection of a unit synthesized for the discrete
processing of continuous radio signals 328 -
Chapter 12. Crit3cality of Optimal Receivers with Re~pect to Changes in -
Tnput TnPluence~ 332 -
12.1. Degree of crfittcality of optimal receivers of pulsed radio signals
with regard to deviations of input influences from the calculated 332
- 12.2. Quantitative charactert~tics of the criticality o~ synthes~.zed
receivers o~ pulsed radio s3gnal~ 336
62
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" 12.3. Cr#tic~7.tty, w~th re~axd to cha~gea ~n input i,n~7,u~nces, o~ o~t#,nua7.
receivers o~ radio signals wfith a~rAndow phase 342
Bibl3ography 348
Sub~ ect Tndex 353
_ COPYRTGHT: Tzdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye ,:ddio", 1980
- [169-8831]
8831
CSO: 1860
63
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AUTOMATED DESZGN OF MTCROWAYE DxRECTTONAL COUPLERS
- Moscow AVTOMAT~ZTROVANNOYE PROYEKTTROVANTYE NAPRAVLENNXI~I OTVETVITELEX SVCH
in Russian 1980 (signed to press 2 Jun 80) pp 2, 144
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Automated Design of Microwave
Directiona.l Couplers", by Valeriy Petrovich Meshchanov and Aleksandr L'vovich
Fel'dshteyn, Tzdatel'stvo "Svyaz"', 2350 copies, 144 pages]
[Text] The theory is d~scussed and the software is preaented for the sutomated
design of wideband and ultrawideband directional couplers implemented with. micro-
strips and waveguides. The results of the optimization of NO's [directional
couplers] having a practical application are presented in the form of tables.
The fundamentals of the computer optimization of microwave elements are discussed.
Programs for the automated design of NO's employing coupled lines, etc., are de-
- veloped. Programs are presented for the synthesis of microetrips with a compli-
cated configuration of the cross sectioh of coupled internal conductors.
Intended for engineering and technical personnel and specialists in computer-
assisted design.
CONTENTS Page
Introduction 3 ,
Chapter 1. Design Fundamentals; Optimal Synthesis; Approximation 5
1.1. Basic defini~ions; formulation of the synthesis problem 5
1.2. Synthesis process 7
- 1.3. Z~pes of approximation; definitions ~ 10
Chapter 2. Chebyshev Approximation 14 '
2.1. Introduction 14
� 2.2. Linear problem of Chebyshev approximation 15
2.3. Nonlinear problem (unidimensional search) 16 '
2.4. Nonlinear problem (multidimensional search) 18 -
2.5. Problem with limitations on parameters 27
Chapter 3. Max~mally Plane Approximation 32
- 3.1. Classical methods 32 '
3.2. Methods excluding computation of derivatives 33 '
Chapter 4. Coupled Transmittfng Lines 35 ;
4.1. Homogeneous lines 35
64
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Pv
4.2. E~uf~a7.ence re~ati,ona 39
4. 3. Syatems v~ i,ntegxa~. and d~~~erent~,a~ equat~,ona #ox SNi. ~ s jcoup~.ed
- inhamogeneQus li~~s] 43
4.4. Analy~3.s and synthesis o~ some types o~ coupled l~.nes 47
Chepter 5. Spnthests of Multfstage Directtonal eouplers 55 -
5.1. Multistage NO's of class T and TT; general approach to the problem
of synthests 55
5.2. Problem of the unification of designs 59
5.3. Ofiher types of multistage NO's 64
_ Chapter 6. Directional Couplers Employing Coupled Znhomogeneous Lines 67
6.1. General ~nformatfon 67
6.2. Analpsis problem (~g
6.3. Synthesis of symmetr~c coup~ers on the assur~ption of looae.coupling 73
_ 6.4. Symraetric couplers in the case of random coupling 75
6.5. Synthesis of asymmetric couplers 83
- Chapter 7. Multi-Element Directional Couplers 84
7.1. Introduction 84
7.2. Tnitial relationships 84
_ 7.3. Approximation of frequency characteristics by means of polynomials 89
7.4. Calculated data for waveguide directional couplers 91
7.5. Numerical solution of approximation problem 94
Chapter 8. Tandem Connection of Coupied Systems 96
8.1. Introduction 96
8.2. Tandem connection of sections of homogeneous coupled lines 99
8.3. Connection of multistage NO's of class I 102
8.4. Connection of multistage NO's of class II 104
- 8.5. Numerical analysis of properties of multistage tandem NO's 105
, 8.6. Tandem connection of twn NO's employing SNL's 108
Chapter 9. Directional Couplers with Suppression uf Harmonics ~ 109 �
9.1. Introduction 109
9.2. Synthesis of filters based on multistage NO's of class I 111
- 9.3. Harmonic filters based on multistage NO's of class II 113
9.4. Synthesis of amplitude-frequency characteristics of directional
couplerg employing SNL's 115
9.5. Tandem connection of many sections of coupled lines 119
9.6. Employment of tandem connection of multistage NO's of class I 121
9.7. Tandem connection of multistage NO's of class II 122
9.8. Synthesis of tandem coupler-filters employing SNL's 123
9.9. Conclusions 124
Chapter 10. Questions Relating to the Calculation of Tolerances 126
10.1. Fornnulation of the problem 126
10.2. Obtaining a local maximum 127
10.3. Digitizing the boundary of the region of good working order 129
. 10.4. Optimization of GZK [guaranteed quality margin] for a multistage
- NO of class T 129
Appendix 1. Procedures and Programs 130
- Appendix 2. Comments on ~rograms and ~rocedures 135
_ Bibliography 137
COPYI~TGHT: ~zdatel'stvo "Svyaz"', 1980 -
[164-8831]
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UDC 621.396.969
MULTICHANNEL RADAR MEASURING EQIIIPMENT
Moscow 1rIlVOGOKANAL'NYYE RADIOLORATSIONNYYE IZMERITELI in Russian 1980 (sign.ed to
press 21 May 80) pp 2-5, 189-190
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book "Multichannel Radar
= Measuring Equipment", hg Nikolay Matveyevich Tsar'kov, Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye ,
radio", 4000 copies, 190 pages]
_ [Text] The principles of signal processing in multichannel radar measuring
devices and m~thods based on deterministic and statistical approaches for evalua-
- tiiig the accuracy and resolution under interference conditions r~re ~xamined
Much attention is devoted to angular coordiuate measu~ring devices, including a
single-pulse type. Examples of the synthesis of optimal and quasioptimal
measuring devices, as well as calculation of ineasurement error when exposed to -
_ various types of interference are presented. ~
. The book is intended �or scientific workers, graduate students and radio network
design engineere.
Figures 68; tables 2; references: 83.
FOREWORD
One of the urgent prohlems of modern radar is the measurement of parameters and
radio signals simultaneously arriving from several single ob~ects. The greater _
the nLmmber of ineasurements, the more ef�ectively the radar unit fulfills its task.
One of the trends in the improvement of radar devices is the shift to a multi-
channel design principle, which permits their capabilitp to be expanded signifi- ~
cantly when taking measurements under complex radar and electromagnetic conditioaf,s.
This principle is already be~ng bro adly realized using phased antenna arrays,
comguter technology, and acoustooptica~ and holographic means for signal proces- . -
sing. It is for just this reason that an increased interest in multichannel radar
measuring devices arose and numerous publications on problems of their analysis ~
and synthesis have appeared. _
The work of a collective of authors under the editorship of G. P. Tartakovskiy
- j2], in which questions of the synthesis and analpsis of ineasuring devices with
high resolution are examined in an extr~mely generalized form, was the first and
most highly systematized work on the statistical theory of multichannel measuring
devices. Que~tions of signal resolution in muZtichannel measuring devices are
66 =
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correlated adequately broadly in Ya. D. Shirman's book [57]. A number of works -
have been dev~ted to concrete circuits for multichannel measuring devices which -
use angular coordinates [63, 64, 70, 74, 75] and to individual aspects of the '
theory j68, 71, 76J. Both deterministic and statistical approaches to solving -
the problema of analysis and synthesis are used in the preceding works; applied
aspecta of the theory are woxked out as applicable ~o Particular instances of
signal processing, and questions of the realizability of the synthesized circuitry
frequently remain in the general theoretical works.
In the present book, the gene.;al design regularities of such measuring devices
are identified based on gene~ .ilizations of certain results of the theory and
- practice of analysis and syn4hesis of multichan.nel measuring devices, and their
potential and actual capabilities under interference conditions are evaluated.
A broad range of ineasuring devices is theor~tically examined, includin~ single-
channel and dual-channel single pulse units, and in the applied part of the book
stress is placed on multichannel measuring devices performing space-time signal
proceesing and providing simultaneous measurement of angular coordinates (direc-
tion finding) of several radiation or r~radiation sources, the spectra of which
are so close that selection based on velocity, distance and polarization charac-
teristica is f~mpossible .
The material is set out in the following order. General principles for measuring
the parameters of radio signals, a mathematical model for measurements and ass~mmp-
tions wl~ich are made during sqnthesis and analysis are described in Chapter 1.
The definition of a communication channel is given. Chapter 2 is devoted to
methods for analysis of multichannel measuring device accuracy. Methods for cal-
culating mean values, standard correlation functions (coefficients of correlation)
and measurement error dispersions caused by the appearance of external inter-
ference, the non-ide~,l nature of the channel characteristics and the appearance
of several types of interference are set out in it; examples of calculation of
these errors are given. In Chapter 3, the question of the resolution of multi-
channel measuring devices is discussed and methods for its calculation are pre-
sented. The physical essence of resoiution is examined in detail.
Chapter 4 is dQVated to synthesis of optimal multi..channel measuring devices using -
~ a stage-by-stage optimization method. In the first stage, the characteristics -
of zh,e measuring device components (the antenna system and receiver) are consid-
ered as given in general form, and the basic operations necessary to obtain opti-
mal ~valuations are dete rmined, i.e. the structure of the equations which must be
~ solved in ~rder to obtain the eval~ations is determined. In the second stage,
- conditions for the hest (in the sense of minimimm measurement error) conditions
- for cotlversion and the concrete characteristics of the antenna system and re-
- ce;ving channel corresp onding to them are sought. Instiances of synthesis of
- coherent and non-coherent measuring devices and of synthesis of single-frequency
and multifrequency signals are examined.
In Chapter S, the poten tial capabilities of multichannel measuring devices are
determined, given simul*_aneous measurement of the parameters of signals from a
group of radiation or re radiation sources, and conditions for the physical _
realizability of multivariate measurements and the requisite nimmber ot channels
to prov3.de foL simultaneous measurement of the coordinates and parameters of a ~
given number of sources arp fiound.
67 ~
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Chapter 6 is devoted to methods for calculating the characteristics of multi-
channel measuring device components, and Cfiapter 7 to examples of tfie synthesis
and analysis of multichannel measuring devices.
~ The material is selected by chapter so that it is possible to read them
selectively.
. The author expresses his deep thanks to Doctor of Technical Sciences Prof. _
M. V. Maksimov for his in-deuth studp of the manuscript and fiis valuable advice _
for its improvement, and also to Cand. of Technical Sciences L. N. Shustov,
rahose help and strong recommendations did much to determine the advent of this
haok.
The a~ithcr expresses his thanks to the following reviewers: Dr. of Technical
- Scienc~s Prof. A. P. Lukoshkin aad Candidates of Technical Sciences A. K.
Zh,uravle~r- ana A. D. Dalmatov for their helpufl comments which impraved the
manus crip t .
Moreover, the author expresses gratitude to Dr. of Technical Sciences Prof.
= I. Ya. KrEmer, Candidates of Tecluiical Sciences V. I. Vladimirov, A. L. Doktorov
and I. I. Makovetskiy and other comrades who participated in discussion of the
manuscript, as well as to engineer M. N. Lysikova, who took upon herself the
task of approbation of the mathematical computations and preparation of the
manus crip t .
The author is grateful beforehand to all of the readers ~rho will send in comments
on ~~e book's contents to the follo~ing address: 101 000, Moscoar, Glavpochtampt -
jMain Post Office], A/Ya 693, "Sovetskoye radio" Publishing house.
~ CONTENTS
page `
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Measui-ement of Radio Signal Parameters 6
1.1. Basic concepts, definitions and princip les of ineasurement 6
1.2. A mathematical model of the measuring process 12
Chapter 2. Methods for analyzing measurement accuracy 19
2.1. Mathematical model of a measuring device 19
2.2. Calculation of dispersions and correlation coefficients of
measurement errors 29
2.3. Matrix of inean v~lues for measurement errors 43
2.3.1. The influence of internal interference in the -
channels on systematic measurement error 44 -
2.3.2. Effect of the channel characteristic not being
identical on systematic measurement error 46
2.4. Methods for calc;ilating measurement error when exposed to
interference 47
� L
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2.4.1. Calculation of ineasurement error g3ven a large
number of aignals 47
- 2.4.2. Calculation of ineasurement error when devicea
measuring parameters of non-coherent signals
are exposed to coherent signals 52
2.4.3. Calculation of inea~uring error when exposed _
to interference sigaals with orthagonal
polarization 53
2.4.4. Examples of the calculations 55
G'hapter 3. Resolution of the measuring devices 59
3.3.. The concept of resolution 59
3.2. Physical essence of the resolving process in multichannel
measuring devices 63
- 3.3. Evaluation of the resolution of ineasuring devices 66
3.4. Determination of the characteristics of resolving-
detection of the entirety of sources on which bearings
are being taken 71
_ Chapter 4. Synthesis of the structure of optimal meaeuring devices 75
4.1. Selection of the synthesis method 75
4.2. Signals and interference 79
_ 4.3. Synthesis of the structure of optimal devices measuring
the para~eters of coherent signals 83
4.4. Synthes~s of the structure of optimal devices measuring
the parameters of non-coherent signals 90
4.5. Principles for designing the determiner for the number
of targets in multichannel radar measuring devices SS
Ghapter 5. Patential capabilities of multichannel measuring devices 99
- 5.1. Conditions for physical realizability of multivariate
_ measurements 99
5.2. Conditions of linear signal independence within channels 10].
5.3. General evaluation of the information content of multi-
channel measuring devices when measuring parameters of
coherent and non-coherent signals 105
5.4. Evaluation of potential capabilities of multichannel
- measuring devices according to the number of simultaneously _
processable single-frequenry signals 109
5.5. Evaluation of potential capabilities of multichannel
measuring devices according to the number of simultaneously
processable multifrequency signals 114 -
Chapter 6. Calculation of the characteristics of the measuring device
components 116
6.1. Same properties of conversion determiners 116 ,
6.2. Calculation of antenna system characteristics ' 121
6.3. Method for calculating the characteristics of the
receivers of multichannel measuring devices 125
fiq
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6.4. Toward selection of a method for solving transcendental
equations of likelihood 133
- 6.4.1. Solution of equation systems in phase multi-
channel devices measuring non-coherent signals 136
- 6.4.2. Solution of equation systems in amplitude multi-
_ channel devices measuring non-coherent signals 138
Chapter 7. Examples of synthesis and analysis of radio signal parameter
measuring devices 144
7.1. Selection of the structure of the measuring device 144
7.2. Measurement of parameters and direction finding of a
- solitar}r signal source 147
7.3. Measurement of parameters and direction f~nding in a
single plane for two signal sources 154
7.3.1. M~asurement of parameters and direction finding
in a single plane for non-coherent signal sources 154
_ 7.3.2. Measurement of parameters and direction finding
in a single plane for two sources of coherent
aignals 157
- 7.4. Measurement of parameters and direction finding in two
planes for t~ro signal sources 165
7.4.1. Measurement of parameters and direction finding
in two planes for two sources of non-coherent
signals 165
7.4.2. Measurement of parameters and direction finding
= in two planes for two sources of coherent signals 167
Conclusion 170
Appendix. Certain ir,formation from matrix theorp 173
Most useful notations and abbreviations 180
Bibliography 182
Sub~ect index 186
COPXRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1980
_ j158-9194]
9194
CSO: 1860
7Q
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UDC 621.395.52(035)
~ONIl~[JNTCATxONS NETWORK EQUTPMENT .
Moscow APPARATURY SETEY SVYAZT in Ru~s~an 1980 (signed to press 1 Jan 80) pp 2,
_ ~ 437-440
[Annotation and table o~ contents from book "Communications Network Equipment",
by Mikhail Isaakovich Shlyakhter, E1'vira Nikitichna Durbanova, Mariya Ivanovna
Palyakova and Shovkat Galyamovich Galiullin, Tzdatel'stvo "Svyaz 27,000
copies, 440 pages]
[Text] Key technical data are presented on series-produced equipment of trans-
misaion systems of YeASS [Unified Automated Coffinunications Network] trunk line,
intrazonal and local networks. Technical data are also presented on some typea
of equipment removed from production but still widely used in networks. Its
purpose, type of communications line, electrical characteristics, constr~~~.".ion,
composition, and the like are indicated for each type of equipment.
Intended for engineering and technical personnel involved in design3ng, building
and servicing transmission systems.
CONTENTS Page
Foreword 3
Introduction 4
Part I. Transmission Systems of Trunkline and Intrazonal Networks
~ Section l. Equipment of STU-4SM, STU~4K, ITUM-1 to ITUM-7 and TIJ-1 to
TU-4 Low-Frequency (Voice-Frequency) Amplifiers 9
Section 2. Systems for Transmitting Through Overhead Lines
2.1. The V-3-3 and V-3-3s transmission systems 15
2.2. V-12-3 transmission systems 27
2.3. VO-12-3 (Hungarian People's Republic) transmission systems 35
Section 3. Systems for Transmitting Through a Symmetric Cable
3.1. KV-12 transmission system 44
3.2. K-12+12 transmission system 53
3.3. K-6~P transmission system 64
3.4. V-60E transmission system (GDR) gg
_ 3.5. VLT-120 general-purpose line circuit (GDR) gg
- S~ction 4. Systems for 'iransmitting Through a Coax~al Cab1e
4.1. K-120 transmission system ~,02
~x
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4.2. K-3Q0 transmiss3,on gystem :t16
4.3. VK-960-2 transmission system (Hungarian People's Republic) 127
4.4. Combination of line cfrcuit equipment o~ K-1920P and K-24R txans-
mission systems ].42
4.5. Combination of 11ne circuit equ3pment of VLT-1920 and VLT-24R
transmisaion syatema (GDR) 155
4.6. Combination of line circuit equipanent of K-3600, K-1020R and K-24R
transmission systems 1~2
Sect3on 5. Radio Relay Transmisaion Systems
5.1. KURS transmission system 190
5.2. GTT-70 transm3ssion system (Hungarian People's R~public) 193
5.3. GTT-8000/960 transmission system (Hungarian People's Republic) 196
5.4. "Oblast'-1" transmission system 197
Section 6. Channel-Group Separation Equipment
- 6.1. SVPG primary group separation racks 2d2
6.2. SPPr and SWG racks for separating 60-channel gro~�ps from K-1920, .
e K-300 and R-600 transmission systems 210 _
Part ZI. .Standard Network Equipment ,
Section 7. Lead-In and Testing Equ3pment and Switching Equipment ,
7.1. VIS lead-in and testing rack 217
7.2. TS-lU, IS-1W, IS-2U and IS-2W testing racks 220
7.3. IST-M testing and tandem-connection rack 228
7.4. PSP intermediate switching rack 231 -
7.5. SKP-1 primary group switching (commutation) rack 232
7.6. SKVT-1 secondary and tertiary group switching (commutation) rack 234
_ 7.7. SP PG-PRG (KP PG-PRG) and SP VG-TG (KP VCrTG) pregroup, prima.ry,
secondary and tertiary group channel switching racks (asaemblies) 237
7.8. SPM intermediate manipulation rack 241
7.9. VKS-S (VKS-Sl and VICS-S2) cable lead-in rack for connecting cables 244
7.10. VKS-OUP and VKS-OP cable lead-in racks for lx4 cable 247
_ Section 8. SUGO-I-S to SUGO-I-10, SUGO-II-2, STGO-2 and STGO-3 Unified
- Generator Equipment 250
Section 9. TJnified Group Conversion Equipment
_ 9.1. USPP unified primary conversion rack 259
9.2. USVP unified secondary conversion rack 260
9.3. STP-2 and STP-3 tertiary converter racks 264
Section 10. Combination of Transmission System Standard Conversion
Equipment
10.1. General infor~mation 267
10.2. KP PG, KG PG, KARU PG, KP VG, KG VG and KKARU VG primary and
secondary conversion equipment �274
10.3. KOT PG-IT, KG OTPG-I, KG OTPG-IT, KOT VG-I, KOT VG-II, KG OTVG-T,
KG 0'I'VG-TT, KOT TG and KG OTTG equipment for form3ng network channels
of primary, secondary and tertiary groups 279
- 10.4. SS-3600, SS-1920~-I, SS=1320R, SS~1020R and SS-720R coupling racks
for K-3600, K-1920~' (VLT-1920) and R-1020R transm3ss~on sy~tems and
radio relap transmission systems wfth a capacity of 1920, 1320 and 720
~ channels and the KS-1920P coupl~ng assembly for the K-1920P trans~mission ~
system 286
- 72
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10.5. SGUCh and KZGO contro7. ~xec~uency generator xaek and maatex psc~,].~atax
equipment assembly 292 -
10.6. KChS comparison ~xequenc}* a~setabl}* 296
10?7. KRM2-T and KRM2-TTT power distr3butor assemblles 296
Section 11. High-Frequency Tandem Equipment
11.1. STPG-K
M and STPG-AK primary group tandem raeks 299
11.2. STVG-2, STVG-3 and STVG-4 secondary group tandem racks 302
11.3. STTG tertiary group tandem rack 304
Part ITT. Channe 1-Forming Equipment
Section 12. SPUT, SPrUT, SKGT, SPUZSV and SPrUZSV Equipment ~or Trans-
mitt ing Television Programs Through Cable Lines 306
- Section 13. Individual Conversion Equipment _
13.1. SIO-24P ind ividual equipment rack 313
13.2. STP-60 individual conversion rack 315 -
13.3. UKM-120 channel converter cabinet (GDR) ' 319
13.4. SIP-300 individual conversion rack 321
13.5. SMK-300 individual conversion rack (Hungarian People's Republic) 324
13. 6. VI~1-300 (600 ) channel converter rack (GDR) 328 ~
Section 14. Audio Broadcasting and Group Long-Distance Telephone Communica-
- tions Equipment
14.1. SSL-VI incoming and outgoing connecting line rack 333
14.2. SSL-I outgo ing connecting line rack 334
= 14.3. Ts~MTS (OGMTS-18) central (oblast) group long-distance telephone
_ communications equipment 335 -
, 14.4. GMTS-9 studio equipment for setting up group long-distance telephone
communications 339
14.5. OG~'1TS-R rayon center equipment for group long-dista-~ce telephone
communications 342
14.6. AKO equipment for swirching (commutating) broadcasting channels
at oblast centers 343
Part IV. Local Network Transmission Systems
Section 15. Systems for Transmitting Thr~:ugh Overhead and Cable Lines -
15.1. V-2-2 transmission system 346
15.2. KNK-12 transmission system (CSSR) 351
15.3. KRR-M and KAMA transmission systems 355
15.4. K-60P-4 transmission system 363 =
, 15.5. VK-60-2 trar_smission system (Hungarian People's Republic) 368
Section 16. Digit al Transmission Systems
16.1. IKM-30 primary digital transmission system 381 -
16.2. IKM-120 sec ondary digital transmission system 386 _
Part V. Auxiliary Equipment, Electric Power Equipment and Additional
Elements _
Section 17. Auxil iary Equipment
17.1. SEZ echo trap rack 393
17.2. USSL connec ting line matching unit 394
17.3. POTU equipment operation control console 395
- Section 18. E1ect ric ~ower ~qui,pment
18.1. SVT and SyT-P auxil~.ary fnter~ace racka ~or di,rect and al~ernating
curxent 397
73
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18.2. KVA-2, KVA-2-~, Ky'A-2-TY, K'V'A~4~ KVA^5 and KYA-6 automat~,c c~,xcu~.t
breaker assemblles � 400 ~
18.3. SA.RN automa~ic voltage regulation racks 401
- 18.4. SARN~-N automatic voltage regulation rack employing semiconductors 404 -
18.5. SPSN semiconductor vo~.tage atabilizer raek 407
18.6. SEP electric power rack ~~10
18.7. SPAV-M separation equipment po~rer rack 411
18.8. SPCh static f requency converter 414
- 18.9. W call unit 415
Appendix 1. Procedure for Distributing, by Kinds of Tnformation to Be _
- Transmitted, Voice-grequency Channels 3.n Transmission -
Sqstems 416
Appendix 2. Cables and ~Jires Used for Insta?ling LATs [Line Equipment
_ Section] Equipment 428
Appendi.x 3. NUP [�Unattended R~peater Station] Underground Horizontal
Metal Compartments 430
_ Appendix 4. TSR Consecutive Signalling Panel 433
Ap~endix 5. Determination of Nominal Lengths of Repeater Sections with
Deviation of Mesn Ground Temperatures from the Specified
Amount 434
- Appendix 6. Transmission Levels: Determinations and Relationships Between
- Lower and Voltage Leve~.s 434 -
- Bibliography 435
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 1980
_ [166-8831]
8831 -
CSO: 1860
74
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DESTGNTNG STABILIZED POWER SUPPLIES gOR RADTOELECTRONIC ~EQUT~MMENT
Moscow PROYEKTIR~VANTYE STABILIZIROVANNYICH ISTOCHNIKOV ELEKTROPITANIYA RADIOELEK-
TRONNOY APPARATURY in Russian 1980 (signed to press 10 Jul 80) ~,p 2, 287-288
[Annotation and table of contents ~rom book "Designing Stabilized Power Supplies
Por Radioelectronic Equipment" by Lyus'yen Adol'fovich Kraus, Genrikh Viktorovich
Geyman, Mikhail Markovich Lapirov-Skoblo and pasi~iy Ivanovich Tikhonov,
Izdatel'stv~o "Energiya", 20,000 copies, 288 pages
[Text] In this book the designing is discussed and calculations are presented of
stabilized secondary power supplies. Electric circuits are presented, a brief
description of their operating principle is given, and the selection of circuits
satisfying specific technical requirements is provided a basis. The procedure for
and examples of the calculation of circuita are presented in each chapter.
~ This book is intended for engineering and technical personnel involved in developing
- power supp].ies and for students specializing in radio engineering fields at WZ's,
as a destgxiing textbook.
CONTENTS page
Foreword 3
. Chapter One. General Information on Secondary Power Supplies and Systems 5
1.1. Engineering assignment for the development of secondary power supplies 5
1.2. Parameters of secondary power supplies 7
1.3. Structural diagrams of stabilized secondary power supplies 10
Chapter ~ao. Designing Secondary Power Supplies lg
2.1. General ren,arks lg
2.2. Influence of voltage of power main on parameters of secondary power
supplies 20
2.3. Influence ~f frequency and curve shape of supply voltage on calcu'lation
- and design of secondary power supplies 24
2.4. Tnfluence o~ change in load current on calculation and design of
secondary power supplies 26
2.5. Influence of ambient temperature on calculation and design of secondary
power supplies 28
2.6. Selection of secondary power supply circuits 29
2.7. Miniaturization of secondary power supplies 39
Chapter Three. Calculation af Rectifiers 42
75 _
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3.1. Eiectxical circuits o~ ~cectif3ers 42
3.2. Selection of c~rcu#.ts and calculat3on of rectifiexs when opexat~,ng
on an acttve load 44
3.3. Calculation of rectifiers operating on a load with capaciti.ve reaction 48
3.4. Circuite o~ rectifiers with voltage tnultipllcation 53
3.5. Featurea oP the calculation of rectifiers with inductive and inductive-
- capacitive reaction 57
Chapter ~'our. Calculat3on of Ripple Pilters 58
4.1. Electrical circuits and parameters of filters 58
4.2. Calculation o~ capacitive and active-capacitive filters 60
4.3. Calculation of inductive and inductive-capacitive filters 61
4.4. Examples of calculating rectifiera 64
Chapter Five. Calculation of Continuous-Regulation Transistor Voltage ~
Stabil~zers with a Series Regulating Element (RE) 67
5.1. Basis for circuit selection 67 -
5.2. Calculation of the regulating element of a stabilizer 78
5.3. Calculation of the control circuit of a stabil3zer 91
5.4. Determination of outiput parameters of transistor voltage stabilizers 97
5.5. Example of calculation of a transistor voltage stabilizer with a
serie~ ItE 102
Chapter Six. Calculation of Continuous-Regulation Transistor Voltage Stab~1-
izers with a Para11e1 RE 110
_ 6.1. C~.rcuit diagrams and output parameters of stabilizers 110
6.2. Example of calculation of a transistor voltage stabilizer with a
para11e1 RE 117
Chapter Seven. Calculation of Transistor Stabilizers with a Regulating
Element in an Alternating Current Circuit 124
7.1. Def3ign principles of stabilizers with a transistor regulating element
in, an alternating current circuit 124
7.2. C~ircuits for connecting regulating transist~~rs in single-phase and
t:hree-pha~e alternating current networks and their calculation 131
7.3. Energy characteristics and areas of applicatic~n of stabili~ers with
RE's in an alternating current circuit 143
7.4. Features of the design of a feedback loop 147
_ 7.5. Determination of output parameters of a stabilizer 152
7.6.. Examples of calculation of direct tcoitage transisCor stabilizers 154
7.7. Alternating voltage transistor atabilizers 160
7.8. Example of calculating an alternating voltage transistor stabilizer 163
~ Chapter Eight. Calculation of Stabilizers with Two Regulating Elements 165
8.1. Features of electric circuit design; operating principle of stabilizers 165
8.2. Regulating elements, calculation features� 170
8.3. Two-loop stabilizers of the parallel type 172
8.4. Determination of output parameters 17S
8.5. Calculation of regulating saturation chokes 177
8.6. Example of calculating a series-type transistor-choke voltage stabilizer 183
Chapter Nfne. Calculation of Thyristor Voltage Stabilizexs 188 -
9.1. Regulatfng elements of recr~fied-voltage thyristor etabilizers 188 ~
9.2. Thyristor controlled rectifiers with step regulation 202
9.3. Thyristor control circuits and calculation of control circuits 212 -
9.4. Thyristor filters in rectified-voltage thyristor stabilizer circu3ts 233
7b
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9.5. Circuits o~ stabilizers arid determ~nation o,f output paxametex~ 243
9.6. Example o~ calculatton of a thyristor stabilizer
Appendix 250
Bibliography 261
285
_ COPYRIGHT: Tzdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1980
[155-8831]
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CSO: 1860
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UDC 621.396.965.621.391.26
DETECTION OF MOVING OBJECTS
Moscoar OBNARU%HENIYE DVIZHUSHCHIK1iSYA OB"YEKTOV in Russian 1980 (signed to
press 18 Sep 80) pp 2-4, 286~287
jAnnotation, forearord and table of contents from book "Detection of Moving
Ob~ects", by~Petr Alekseyevich Bakut, Yulipa Vasil'pevna Zhulina and Nikolay
Andreyevicfi IvancTiuk, Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 6000 copies, 287 pages]
[TextJ The book is devoted to problems of the optimization of.information pro-
cessing, decision making and abservation control when detecting and measuring
moving ob~ects and parameters appearing at random moments in time. Similar prob-
lems are encountered in a number of areas of modern technology, including radar,
sonar, and light detection, astronomy and microparticle recording in experimental
physics. The exposition is made from the unified positions of the theory of
statistical solutions. Much attentiou is devoted to questions of practical
- realizability and to analysis of the efficiency of the proposed optimal and
suboptimal information processing an.d observation ~ontrol of algorithms. The
fundamental results contained in the monograph were obtained by the authors,
and are being published for the first time.
The book is intended for scientific workers and engineers specializing in the
area of statistical signal processing and control in information systems, and
it may also be useful to graduate students and students in advanced courses in
the corrssponding specialties.
Figures 24; tables 1; references 59.
FOREWORD
TIte book is devoted to problems of the optimization of information processing,
decision making and observation control ~hen detecting and measuring moving
ob,~ects and parameters appearing a~ random moments in time�
The necessity of solving these problems has been dictated by the development of .
modern tecP~nology. Progress in the development of modern radar technology and
sonar and ligfit detection and in the ~development of highly sensitive instruments
for recording microparticles in experimental physics resulted in the creation of
complex multichannel information systems with high information,content which are
78
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capable of operating in the presence of noise and interference of various types,
and which permit flexible and rapid control of tfieir operation directly as in-
formation is being obtained.
The fact that within such systems information concerning se~eral physical obj ects
is processed simultaneously, the number of ob~ects and the size of their param-
eters being random and varying randomly with time, is a significant feature in
the functioning of such sqstems; ob~ects which cease to exist or which pass beyond
_ the bounds of the informations system's control zone are replaced by new ones.
This results in a certain specific nature in the mathematical posing of the prob-
lem and in the need for using non-traditional mathematical models.
In the book, the mathematical problem is formulated as a statistical problem of
detecting and evaluating the parameters of a random flow of ob~ects on the basis
of information contained in the stream of signals which is statistically associa-
. ted with it. Such a statement of the problem is most natural and most adequately
reflects the physical side of the phenomena; however, it has not as yet found an
_ adequate complete reflection in the literature on the statistical theorp of signal
processing.
The authors examine thi,s prohlem from the position of the theory of statistical ~
solutions. Wfiile resolving it, it ~ras necessar}* to use tFie methods of the theory
of random currents j11], the device of recursion equations for the a posteriori
characteristics of Markov processes j47] and the metfiods of sequen~ial detection
_ of spontaneously arising effects [58], as we11 as certain concepts and methods
of information tfieorp.
Exposition of the material is primarilp oriented toarards radar problems, and con-
crete models of signals and interference as well as terminology have been borrowed
from radar detection. Nevertheless, the results have an adequately general nature
and may be used directly in the related areas enumerated above. Not 'limiting
themselves to a formal synthesis of optimal decision principles, the authors also
examine questions of the practical realizahility and the analysis of the effec-
tiveness of the proposed optimal and suboptimal algorithms of information pro-
cessing and observation control.
Chapter 1 is written by P. A. Bakut, Chap t~r and paragraphs 4.2 and 4.4 of~
Chapter 4 hy Yu. V. Zhulina and Chapter 3 and paragraphs 4.1, 4.3, 4.5 and the
appendix by N. A. Ivanchuk. The book was edited by P. A. Bakut.
- CONTENTS
Page
Forearo rd 3
Chapter 1 Statement of the problem and the mathematical apparatus 5
1.1 Problems in detecting appearing and moving ob~ects 5
1.1.1 Introduct.ory remarks (5). 1.1.2 Frequency of false
alarms and average detection time (8). 1.1.3 Average risk
when detecting appe~ring ob~ects (13)
74
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- 1.2 Recursion ratios for a posteriori densities 16 _
1.2.1 TIze task of sequential decision-waking concerning
one process when observing another (16). 1.2.2 Recursion
- ratios for a posteriori densities of Markov processes when
there are independent observations (21)
1.3 Functional and differential equations for average times until
a decision is made 26 ,
1~3.1 F~ctional equations (26). 1.3.2 The case of partial
little-informative observations (29)
1.4 Problems of observatio*! control 36
= Conclusions 43 ~
Chapter 2 Detection of stationary ob~.ects 45
- 2.1 Posing the problem of dete ction at a point 45 =
2.2 The a'.gorithm of detection at a point aThich is based on -
analy~is of a posteriori probabilities 49
2.2.1 Construction of the optimal algorithm (49).
2.2.2 Functional equations for the average time for
reaching the threshold (50). 2.2.3 Solution of the
_ functional equation (51). 2.2.4 Characteristics of
binary signal detection (60).
2.3 Non~optimal detection algorithms 61
2.3.1 InFroductory notes (61). 2.3.2 Algorithms with
_ discrete accumulatiore (61) . 2. 3. 3 An algorithm Frith
reset (66). 2.3.4 The 3election of optimum algorithm
parameters (72). 2.3.5 Characteristics of the criterion -
"M fram N" orithout resetting the information (75).
Conclusions 79
Chapter 3 Detection of a stream of moving ob~ects 80
- 3.1 Some information from the theory of randam streams 81
3.1.1 Determination of tile randam stream (81) .
3.1.2 Description of the streams using function s}rstems (82)�
- 3.1. 3 The generating function of a stream (84) . -
3.1.4 Examples (84).
3.2 A priori characteristics of a stream of moving ob~ects 88
3.2.1 Moving ob~ect models (88). 3.2.2 Probability
description of a stream of ob~ects (90).
3.3 Conditional characteristics of the stream of observed
signals 94
- 3.3.1 Representation of signals being observed as a
_ stream oF random points (94). 3.3.2 Statistical
description of the signals being ~bserved (97).
3.3.3 Conditional statistical characteristics of a
stream of signals being observed (101).
3.4 The formation of a posteriori characteristics of a stream
of ob~ects 104
8Q
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- 3.4.1 Formation of a posteriori characteristics of a
stream on the basis of the results of a single observa-
tion (104). 3.4.2 Extrapolation of the characteris.*_ics
- of a stream of ob~ects (111). 3.4.3 ~Foivuation of a
posteriori cliaracteristiics of a strea . of ob~ects given -
sequential ouservations (1!.13)
_ 3.5 Evolution of a posteriori characteristic:~ of partial
_ currents during the observation p r~cess 123
3.5.1 Evolution of the densitp af a stream of undetected
objects (124). 3.5.2 Evolution of partial densities of
predetected ob~ects (126)
3.6 Synthesis of moving ob3ect det~ction algorithms 142
- 3.6.1 Basic principles for constructing detection
algori~hms ~142) . 3. 6. 2 Recurrent detection algorithms (146) .
3.6.3 Detection algorithms with memorq (150).
3.6.4 Simplified non-optimal detection algorithms (155).
3.7 Analysis of the basic characteristics of moving ob~ect
~etection algorithms 159
3. 7.1 Introductory comments (159) . 3. 7.2 Evaluation
of the average ob3ect detection time (162).
- 3.7.3 Evaluation of the probability of erroneous
- resetting (165). 3.7.4 Evaluation of the frequencp of
= false alarms (168) . 3. 7. 5 Evaluation of the complexity
- of quasi-optim.al detection algorithms (175).
3.7.6 Discussion of results (183).
' Conclusions lg7
Chapter 4 Principles of ohservation control when detecting a stream -
of o~i~ects 189
= 4.1 Statement of the problem of observation control 190 =
4.1.1 A model of controlled observation (190).
4.1.2 Losses during detection and measurement. Actual
- risk. Information criterion (196).
4.2 Controlling register examination upon detect3.on of appearing
ob~ects 202
4.2.1 Statement of the problem (202). 4.2.2 The amount
of information in a single observation (203).
4.2.3 ~:verage a posteriori risk given a single observa- -
tion (208). 4.2.4 Control of register examination upon -
- detection of a solitary ob~ect (212). 4.2.5 Contr~l of
register examination spon detection of an unknown number _
of ob~ ects (217) .
4.3 The effectiveness of algorithms fo r the control of register
examination upon detection of an unknown num~er of objects 223
4. 3.1 Formulation of tht problem (2?.3) 3. 2 The
aaerage number of "useful" observations (224). 4.3.3 The
average number of accesses to emp ty ~egisters (225). _
4.3.4 Comparison of the effectiveness of controlled and
uncontrolled search (230). -
~ 81
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4.4 Control of the search.for an unknown number of moving
- ob~~ects based on an information criterion 233
4.4.1 Formul,-:tion of the information criterion vhen
~earching for an unknov~m number of moving ob~ects (233).
4.4.2 The amount of information given a little-
informative observation given representation of the i
a priori sfiream of ob~ects as a superpositioning of
Poisson and Bei-noulli streams. General discussion of
- the control algorithm ~237). 4.4.4 The amount o�
informatiou given highly informative observations and
lovr intensity of the st~eam of reference marks (242).
4.5 Control of the search for moving objects on the basis of
minimization of actual risk 258
4.5.1 General formulation of the task of actual risk
minimization (258). 4.5.2 Control of the search given
a quadratic loss function (259). 4.5.3 ContrcZ of the
search given other loss functions (269). 4.5.4 Control
in the interest of obtaining the best evaluation of
anticipated damage (272).
Conclusions 274
Appendix. Prohabilities. of large deviations 275
Bibliography 281
Subject Index 284
COPYRICHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1980
lis~-9194]
9194
CSO: 1860
82
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~
~
= ELECTROPHYSxCAL ~RO$I,EMS ~N TH~ USE Q~ StT~~RCONAUCTxON
Leningrad ELEKTROFTZTCHESKTYE PROBLEMY IS~'OL ~ ZOVANIXA S`~ERKfIPR0V0A~I0STI 3n
Russian 1980 (sfigned ta press 15 Apr 80) pp 2, 254~255
[E4nnotation and table o~ contents from book "Electrophysical ~roblems in fihe Use
of
Superconduction", by Tgor' Alekseyevich Glebov, Char1'z Laverik and Valentin
Nikolayevich Shakhtarin, Tzdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1250 copies, 256 pages]
[Text] A discussion is presented of the state of the art of research on the
practical application of superconduction in our country and abroad; characteristics
of superconducting series-produced zvinding wires are given; modern ideas regarding
the magnetic properties of superconductors and the nature of the critical state
- are discussed; methods of calculating losses in superconducting conductors from
the effect of a nariable magnetic field are presented. Methods of calculating
magnetic fields, electrodqnamic �orces and mechan3cal stresses are discussed.
On the basis of domestic and foreign experience in the development and creation of
. specific devices utilizing superconductors--magnetic systems, electrical machinea,
electrotransmission lines, tokamaks, etc.--an analysis is given of problems in the
- practical application of superconduction.
- CONTENTS Page
Introduction ~
~ 1. Supercnnducting Materials and Conductors 11
1.1. Critical Parameters of Superconductors 11
1.1.1. Characteristics of superconducting winding wires 14
1.2. Magnetic Properties af Superconducting Conductors 21
1.2.1. Methods o~ describing the magnetic properties of ~uperconductors 21
1.2.2. Nature of the magnetization curve of a hard superconductor 23
1.2.3. Qualitative picture of the magnetization of a model cf a hard
superconductor and somE quantitative relationships 26
1.2.4. Magnetization of hard superconductors in the presence of a transport
- current 36
- 1.2.5. Measurement of magnetizat3on curves of a super:.onducting conductor 45
1.3. Losses in Superconducting Windings from the Ef#ect of a'Variable
Magnetic Fie1d 52
. 1.3.1. Nature of the effect of a variable magnetic field on superconducting
~ windings 52
1.3.2. Hysteresis losses 53
= 83
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1.3.3. Electrical xesistance o~ a single--~trand supexeonducting w~re in a
variable magnetic .~ield 55
1.3.4. Electromagnetic losses in mult~,p],e-wi,xe supexeonductors 62
1.4. ~,lectrical Resistance of a Multiple-Wire Supexconducting Conductor
' in a Variable Ma.gnetic gield ~2
1.5. Methods of Measuring Losses in Superconductors 82
1.6. Selection of a Winding Wire for a Superconducting Magnetic System 83
2. Electromagnetic Calculations of Superconducting Ma.gnetic Systems 86
2.1. Calculation of Magnetic Field Without Taking Tnto Account Magnetiza-
tion of the Superconductor 8&
2.2. Example of a Superconducting Magneri_c,System ~rith a Homogeneous
Magn.etic Field 91
2.3. Electrodynamic Force~ and Mechanical Stresses in Superconducting
Magne~ic Systems 95
2.4. Calculatton of Magnetic Pield Taking Into Account Magnetization o;~
the Superconductor 101
2.4.1. Magnetization of an inftnitely long solenoid 101
2.4.2e Tnductance of a superconducting solenoid 111
2.4.3. Magnetic field in the opening of a superconducting solenoid 118
2.4.4. Magnetic field on the axis of a supercor_ducting solenoid; remanent
magnetic field 120
2.4.5. Features of the magnetization of ribbon-type solenoids 123
2.4.6. Calculation of distrib~ition of th~ magnetic field of a superconduct-
- ing solenoid of finite dimensions, taking into account magnetization
of the superconducting material of the Grl.nding 126
2.5. Calculation of Magnetic Field in the Presence of Superconducting
Screens 140
2.5.1. Formulation of problem of calculating the field in the presence of
~uperconducting screens 140
2.5.2. Example of study of a magnetic field in the presence of two
superconducting screens 143
2.5.3. Modeling magnetostatic superconducting screens 151
3. State of the Art and Prospects of the Use of Superconduction 156
3.1. Electrical Machines 156
3.1.1. Effectiveness and ways of using superconduction 156
3.1.2. Superconductor turbogenerators 161
3.1.3. Superconductor direct-current commutatnr motors 187
3.1.4. Superconductor unipolar machines 190
3.1.5. Model of a superconductor unipolar machine 194
3�2� Superconducting cable lines 198
3.2.1. Prospects for improving the carrying capacitq of ordinary cable
lines 199
3.2.2. Alternating-current superconducting cable lines 201
3.2.3. Dir~ct-current superconducting cable lines 210
3.3. Superconducting Magnets for Thermonuclear Fusion 211
3.3.1. Development of studies on thermonuclear fusion 211
3.3.2. Problems in the area of research and development and suggestions
~or solving them offered by research groups 219
3.4. Superconducting Magnets for MaEnetohydrodynamic Convexsion o~ Energy 228
- Conclusion 235
84
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- Bibliography 241 -
Sub~ect Tndex 252
COPYATGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
[165-8831J -
8831
CSO: 1860
85
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UDC 621.394.1+621.397.7
FACSIr1ILE TRANSMISSION
= Moscow PEREDACHA FAKSIMIL'NYKIi IZOBRAZHENIY in Russian 1980 (signed to press 22 Jul
80) pp 2, 214-215
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Facsimile Transmission", by Yevgeniy
Loginovich Orlovskiy, Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 2200 copies, 215 pages]
[Text] The author discusses theoretical problems of electrical transmission of im-
ages by means of facsimile equipment.
He analyzes the characteristics of the most substantial transformations to which the
imag e is subjected in the process of facsimile transmission in the analyzing and
synt hesizing devices. He examines the effects of the properties of vision on the
requ irements for the quality of facsimile reproductions, including the quality of
the reproduction of half-tone gradations and sma.ll details of the image. The prin- -
cip les of the method of subjective evaluati~n of the quality of images are used in
eva luating the effects of individual elements of facsimile communication on the
qua 1 ity of transmission, which makes it possible to optimize the characteristics of
- these elements and the entire communication for the purpose of controlling the qual-
ity of the images being received.
The author gave a classification and examples of designs of various sweep systems~,
as well as a method of illumination engineering calculations of light optics systems
in s uch devices. He examines special characteristics of sweep systems for space
phototelevision cameras .
A separate chapter deals with various recording methods used in synthesizing devices,
dis cussing the characteristics of photographic recording in greater detail.
Theoretical problems of the transmission and reproduction of half-tone gradations
are examined with consideration of distortions introduced during the analysis and
synthesis of images, as well as of distortions occurring due to Y.he presence of ~
inte rference in the communication channel. Theoretical problems of the transmission
of c olor images are discussed separately. The author gives exam~~les of equipment
use d for color fascimile transmission, as well as of devices used in color poly-
graphy.
Information is given on the use in facsimile techniques of inethods for reducing the ~
red undancy of signals and effective coding. The uses of various methods of coding
are illustrated by concrete examples.
86
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Discussions ~f theoretical problems are accompanied by examples of their solutions
- in concrete facsimile equipment. Descriptiona of fascimile equipment for various
purposes are given, and equipment for newepaper transmission is treated in detail.
Prospect3 for the development of facsimile coc~unication are determined on the basia
of the modern tendenciea in the development of theoretical and practical problems of
facsimile tr~nsmission.
The book is intended for those engaged in the problems of the transmission of fac-
simile images.
Figures 138, tables 8, bibliography 157 items.
Contents
Page
Foreword g
Chapter 1. Ger.eral Information on Facsimile Communication 4
1.1. Operating Principle and Composition of Facsimile
Communication Systems 4
1.2. Historical Information 6
1.3. Basic Parameters of Facsimile Equipment g
Chapter 2. Visual Analyzer and Requirements for the Quality
of Facsimile Reproductions X4
2.1. Special Chatacteristics of Visual Perception of Half-Tone
Gradations 14
2.2. Contrast Sensitivity of Vision in Examining Facsimile -
Reproductions 20 _
2.3. Requirements for the Quality of the Reproduction of
_ Half-Tone Gradations 23
2.4. Requirements for the Quality of the Reproduction of
Small Details of an Image 25
2.5. Subjective Perception of Half-Tone Gradations 31
2.6. Effects of Light Scattering in the Paper on the Quali~y
of the Image 34
- Chapter 3. Analyzing Devices 34
3.1. General Information 34
3.2. Sweep Systems 36
- 3.3. Illuminarion Engineering Calculation ~f Light Optics
_ Systems (Calculation of a Useful Luminous Flux) 42
3.4. Calculation of the Fields of the Effective Reflection
Coefficient of Rastered Images 4g
3.5. Sweep Systems of Space Phototelevision Cameras 61
3.6. Photoelectric Converters 62
Chapter 4. Electrooptical Analysis of Images 65
4.1. General Information 65
4.2. Electrooptical Analysis of Fields of Variable Brightness 70
87 `
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4.3. Aperture Distortions 80
4.4. Calculation of Aperture Distortions of Rastered Images
with Consideration for Light Scattering in the Paper 84
4.5, Effects of Aperature Distortions of an Anglyzing Device
and the Limited Frequency Band of the Channel on the
Reproduction of Small Details and B].ack-and-White
Boundaries of Images 88
4.6. Test Tables 95
Chapter 5. Synthesizing Devicea 96
5.1, General Information 96
5.2. Characteristics of Photographic Recording ,97
5.3. Electrooptical Synthesis of Images 111
5.4. Electrophotographic Recording 118
5.5. Electrostatic Recording 121
5.6. Electrochemical Recording 123
5.7. Electrothermal Record~ing 127
5.8. Ink Recording 128
- 5.9. Thermoplastic Recording 129
Chapter 6. Theory of the Transmission and Reproduction of Half-Tone
Gradations 132
6.1. General Information 132
6.2. Characteristics of Half-Tone Analysis and Synthesis 133
6.3. Distortions of Half-Tone Gradations in the Analysis
- and Synthesis of Ima.ges 140 -
6.4. Correction of Distortions in Half-Tone Images 146
- 6.5. Reproduction of Half-Tone Gradations During the Trans-
mission of Signals by the Analog Methods in the Presence
of Interference in the Channel 148
6.6. Optimization of a Facsimile Syatem by the Number of the ~
Maximum Distinguishable Half-Tone Gradations in the
Reproduction 152
6.7. Methods for Increasing Contrast ~ensitivity 154
6.8. Method of Photametric Sections 156
Chapter 7. Color Phototelegraph 159
7.1. Colorimetry 159
7,2. Subtractive Mixing of Colors 164
7.3. Color Facsimile Equipment 166
7.4. Electronic Color Correctors 168
7.5, Experimental Polygraphic Color PhototelegraFhic Apparatus 171
Chapter 8. Coding of Signals in Transmitting Stationery Patterns 173
6.1. General Information 173
- 8.2. Coding oi Two-Gradation Images 174
8.3. Coding of Half-Tone and Color Ima.ges 183
8.4. Linguistic Methods of Coding Images 190
Chapter. 9. Prospects for the Development of Facsimile Communication 201
B ib 1 iography 207
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 1980
[168-10,233]
> ~
10,233 ~ 88
CSO : 1860 ~ -
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GALLOPTNG TN OYERHEAD ~OWER TRAIVSMISSION LINES
Alma-Ata PLYASKA PROVODOV VOZDUSHNYKH LTNIY ELEKTROPEREDACHx in Russian 1979
(signed to press 18 Sep 79) pp 2, 151
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Galloping in Overhead Power Trans-
mission Lines" by Revgat Mukhsinovich Bekmet'yev, Alman Sharapiyevich Zhakayev
and Nikolay Vasi1'yevich Shirinskikh, Tzdatel'stvo "Nauka" Kazakhskdy SSR, 1500
copies, 152 pages]
[Text] This monograph is devoted to a theoretical and experimental study of
the intense low-frequency. vibrations of wires and cables of overhead power trans-
mission lines, known as galloping.
Physical an3 mathematical models of the vibration process are discussed, along with
a procedure for estimating the possible amplitude of galloping, based on an analysis
- of the energy balance af the vibration process. A study is made of the influence
of key factors on the intensity ~f galloping. A description is given of a pro-
cedure for the artificial excitation of galloping in test sections of power trans-
mission lines.
Considerable attention~ is paid to measures for combating galloping. A classifica-
tion of inethods of protecting power transmission lines from galloping is suggested,
and the operating principles and design feature~ of various types of dampers and
methods of calculating them are described.
This book is intended for a wide range of engineering and techn~cal and scientific
personnel involved in d.aigning and servicing electrical networks, as well as for
students and graduate students at WZ's in the appropriate fields of specialization.
CONTENTS Page
Tntroduction 3
Chapter 1. Phys~,cal k'undamentals of Galloping ~
~ 1.1. Basic kinds of vibration of wires _
1.2. Key characteristics of galloping 13
1.3. Galloping 3n existing and experimental overhead lines 22
Chapter 2. Mathematical Model of Galloping 31
" 2.1. Characterization of forces acting on a wire in galloping -
2.2. Energy balanc~ of the v~.bration process 43
8g
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2.3. Deternitnat~,on o~ active energy~ 46 [f~
2.4. Analysis of results o~ theoretical calculatfona 66
Chapter 3. Losses of Energy fn Vibrations of a Wire 78
3.1. Aerodynamic losses
3.2. Losses of energy from internal friction g~
3.3. Damping characteristics of steel-aluminum wires 86
Chapter 4. General Characterization of Measures for Combating Galloping 90
_ 4.1. Classification of galloping dampers '
4.2. Influence of dampers on the energy balance of the vibratior process 106 -
Chapter 5. Effectiveness of Galloping Dampers 116
5.1. Procedure for estimating the effecfiiveness of gallopin~ dampers -
5.2. Calculation of galloping parametera 122
Bibliography 140
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka01 Kazakhakoy SSR. 1979
(156-$831] _
8831 ~
CSO: 1860
o s. ~ _
so ~ . ~
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UDC 621. 316.37. 002. 72 (03)
HANDBOOK FOR TIi~ ZNSTALI,ATZON OF SWxTCHGEAR OVER 1000 90LTS TN ELECTRIC POWER
STATIONS AND SUBSTATIONS -
Moscow SPRAVOCfINIK PO MONTAZHU RASPREDELTTEL'NYKH USTROYSTV VYSHE 1000 V NA
ELEKTROSTANTSIYAI~i I PODSTANTSIYAKH in Russian 1979 (signed to press 30 Oct 79)
pp 2, 341-344
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Handbook for the Installation of
Switchgear Over 1000 Volts in Electric Power Stations and Substations", by Yuriy
' Tvanovich Ryabtsev and ;eorgiy Georgiyevich Tiranovskiy, Tzdatel'stvo "Energiya",
40;000 copies, 344 pages]
[Text] In this handbook is presented the technology for installing the electro-
technical equipment of 6 to 20 kV enclosed and 35 to 500 kV open RU's [power
switchboards] and power tranformers. The first edition came out in 1911. In the
second edition are discussed the installation of new types of equipment and new -
methods of installation and new gear and ~quipment are described.
This handbook i~ intended fo.r engineerfrtg and technical personnel, foremen, work
superintendent3 and skilled workers involved in the installation of electric power
station and substation electrotechnical equipment.
CONTENTS Page _
Foreword 3
Section One. Installation of Equipment in ZRU's [Enclosed Switchgear] 5
A. Enclosed Power Switchboards, 6 to 220 kV 5
1.1. General information 5
1.2. Enclosed 6 to 10 kV RU's for network substations 5
1.3. Central 6 to 10 kV RU's with a single system of collecting mains 10
1.4. Central 6 to 10 kV RU's with two systems of collecting mains 10
1.5. Design of KRU's [cubicle switchgearJ for inside installation 14
1.6. Installation of KRU sections 20
_ 1.7. Enclosed 35 to 220 kV RU's 21
_ B. Contact Breakers for Tnside Installation 2g
1.8. Contact breakers for KRU's 23
1.9. Electromagnetic and vacuum breakers 31
1.10. Tnstallation ard ad~ustment of KRU breakers 32
l.il. Installation of MG-10 and MG-20 ui1 breakers 34
31
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1.12. Installa~~on o~ Y'V-20 a~x~67,t~st Dxeakexs 34
C. Tsolating Sw:itches 37
1.13. Tnstallatton o~ tytlpe RYZ-~.0~'7.000 isolating swl,tche~ 40
1.14. Tnstallation o~ RVRZ-10/4000 3so1at3ng switches 41
1.15. Tnstallatfion of RVI~-20/12000-14000 isolattng switches 42
1.16. Tnstallat3on of ZOV-20 grounding connections 44
D. Tnaulators for Tnside Installatfon 45
1.17. Tnstallation of stand-off insulators 45
1.18. Installation of bushing insulator5 . 50
- 1.19. Installation of airtight line lead-ins 55
E. Concrete-Ba~e Reactors 58
1.20. Installation of concrete-base reactors 58
F. Instrument Trans~ormers and Fuses 65
1.21. Inatallation of current transformers 65 ~
1.22. Installation of voZtage trans~ormers 68
1.23. Iiistallation of high-voltage guses ~1
G. Busing 6 to 20 kV ZRU's 73
- 1.24. 'Installation of busbars 78
Section Two. Installation of Equipment in 35 to 750 kV ORU's [Open Switchgear] 86
A. Inst311ation of Wires in ORU's 86
2.1. Installation of chains of suspension insulators 87
2.2. lnstallation of wires 96
2.3. Installation of flexible couplings 108
2.4. D~terud.nation of lengths of span wires 113
2.5. Installation of dead-end clamps 119
2.6. Installation of equi.pment terminals ~ 122
2.7. Attach~ment of wires to equipment lead-outs 122
2.8. Conne~~tion of wires ~y welding 124
B. Air-Bla.st Breakers 125
2.9. SeriE:s WB air-blast b reakers 125
2.10. Installation of WB-220 air-blast breaker 12~
2.11. Inr~tallation of WB-750 air-blast breaker 132
2.12. Se.ries VI3B air-blast breakers 134
2.13. I~nstal~ation of the VNB-330 air-blast breaker 135
2.14. 'installation of the WSh-110 air-blast breaker 136
- C. Oi]. Breakers 137
2.15. Installation of the S-35M oil breaker 137
- 2.16. Installation of the MKR-110M oil breaker 139
2.Z7,. Installation of U-110 and U-220 breakers 147
2.18. Installation of VNIIC-110 breakers 148
D. Isolat:!ng Switches, Separators, Short-Circuiting Devices and Grounding
Devices 150
2.].9. Tnstallation of series RND(Z) isolating sw{.tches 150
2.20. Installation of RND(Z)-330 isolating switches 157 _
" 2.21. Tnstallation of the RPN-50~ suspension isolating switch 158
2.22. Tnstallation of RND(Z)-750P i~olating switch 159
2.23. Instal5.atton of OD(Z)-110M ;~eparator 161
2.24. Tnstallatfon of KZ-220M short-circuiting device 161
2.25. Inc;tallation of ZON-110M grounding uevice 162
~
92
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Stand-0~~ Znsu~ataxs and Rusbax Suppo~ts 163
2.26. 35 to 220 ky bushaz suppoxts and thefx j,nsta].~at#,on 163
2.27. Tnstallat~on o~ the ~hp-.330 busbar suppoxt 167
2.28. Tnstallatton of the Sfi0--750 bu~bar support 167
1~. Curr_ent Transformers #or Outside Tnstallation 169
2.29. Tnstallation of series T~ND current transPormers 169
2.30. Tnstallation of TFND-220 current transformer 171
2.31. Installafiion of TFNKD-500 cascade current transform~er 172
2.32. Installation of series TRN current transformers 173
G. Voltage Transformers, High-Frequency Capacitors and Wavetraps 175
2.33. Tnstallation of the ZNOM-35 voltage transformer 175
2.34. Installation of series NKF valtage transformers for voltage o� ~
_ 110 to 500 kV 176
- 2.35. Installation of the NDYe-750 voltage transformer with a capacitive ~
_ divider 178 _
2.36. Installation of equipment for high-frequency treatment of electro-
transmission lines 181
H. Substation Surge Arresters 185
2.37. Installation of the RVS-110M surge arrester 185
2.38. Installation of the RVrIIZ-330P surge arrester lgg
2.39. Installation of the RVMG-500M surge arrester 189
2.40. Installat3on of surge arresters for 750 kV 189
I. Compressor Units 190
2.41. Compressed air line for ORU's 190
2.42. VShV-2,3/230 compressor unit 192
2.43. VSh-3/40M compressor unit 194
2.44. Installation of air distribution line 194
K. Supporting Structures and Grounding Network for 35 to 500 kV ORU's 195
2.45. Supporting structures beneath equipment 195
2.46. Installation of grounding network in ORU's 2p(
L. Cubicle Switchgear for Outside Installation 208
2�47� Cubicle switchgear for outside installation (KRUN) 208
2.48. Installation of KRUN 215
2.49. 6 to 10 kV cubicle transformer substations for outside installation 219
2.50. Installation of KT1''s [cubicle transformer substations] for 35 kV 224
2.51. Insta11at3on of KTP's for 110 kV 230 -
2.52. Cubicle cntrent conductors 233
2.53. Installation of series TEN, TEKP and TEKN current conductors 23g
Section Three. Installation of Power Transformers 239 ~
A. Key Characteristics of 6 to 750 kV Pawer Transformers 239
3.1. Marking of transformers 239
3.2. Conventional designations and characteristics of transformers 2.54
B. Transporting Transformers 255
_ 3.3. Separation of transformers by overall dimensions 255
3.4. Transporting by rail.road 256
3.5. Txan~porting ~rans~ormers on tnotox yehfcle tra~],exs 259
3.6. Moving trans~ormers on specia7.ly equipped sleighs 265 -
3.7. Moving trans~ormers on stock rollers 26~
3.8. Moving transformers on their own rollers 26g
- 3.9. Inspec*ion of transformers after arrival 26g
: 23
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C. Unloading 269
3.10. General ~.n~orn~tion 269
3.11. Unloadf.ng transPo~tners by means o~ cxane~ 270
3.12. Unloading transformers onto a sleeper stand by ~eans of ~acks 271
D. 3[oring Trans~ormers and The3.r Components 273 _
3.13. Storing trans~ormers 2~3
3.14. Unpacking and lifting o31-filled 110-750 kV lead-ins 274
= 3.15. Storing disassembled units and parts 2~6
E. �reparatory Work for the Tnstallation of Transformers 278 _
_ 3.16. Preparing the work place for installation 278
3.17. Preparing for the installatton of transformer lead-ins 278
3.18. Preparing for the installation of the oil cooling system 284
3.19. Preparing for the installation of other parts of transformers 'L86
- F. Basic Elements of the Installation of Power Transformers 289 -
3.20. Inspection of transformers while lifting tY:e removable or active
_ part 289
3.21. Installation of cooling equipment 294
3.22. Installation of oil-filled lead-ins of power transformers 295 -
3.23. Testing of transformers ~a0
G. Transfozmer Oil 302 -
3.24. Extent of testing and requirements for oil quality 30'L
H. Warming Up and Drying Transformers 307
3.25. Char.acterization of the warming up and drying of transformers 307
3.26. Wa.rming up transformers 314
~ 3.27. Ca:lculation of paraffleters of warmup systems 319
I. Volta.ge Regulation in Power Transformers 329
- 3.28. Voltage regulators requiring removal of the load and disconnection
from the main (PBV's [barrel switches]) 329
3.29. Structure of a switch for shunting transformer windings under a load 330 _
K. Materials and Gear Used in Installing Transformers 333
3.30. Average requirement of materials, equipment, gear, tools and devices
for one transformer 333
L. Safety Prdcedures and Fir~ -Figh~ing Measures in Installing Transf~rmers 333
3.31. Basic iiistructions reJating to safety procedures when carrying out
rigging work 333
3.32. Basic instructions relating to safety procedures and fire-fighting ,
measurE.s when perforn~.ing electrical installation work in the installa-
tion of transformers 338 -
Bibliography 340
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'st~;o "Energiya". 1979
[163-8831]
8831
CSO: 1860
44
- F'~R OFFICIAL USE ONLY a
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' UDC 621.396.932(031)
HANDBOOK OiV SHIP'S RADIO COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
Leningrad SPRAVOCHNIR PO SUDOVOMU OBORUDOVANIYU RADIOSVYAZI I RADIO NAVIGATSII, TOM
1: OBORUDOVANIYE RADIOSVYAZI in Russian (signed to press 2 Nov 79) pp 2-4, 335-336
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book "Handbook on Ship's Radio Com-
munication Equipment and Radio Navigation, Vol 1, Rad.io Communication Equipment" by
~ Marat Vladimirovich Vershkov, Aleksandr Sergeyevich Zudov, Li Za Son, Viktor Alek-
_ seyevich Markov, Nikolay Timofeyevich Nichiporenko, Eduard Karlovich Putraym, and _
Konstantin Aleksandrovich Semenov, edited by Professor K. A. Semenov, doctor of tech-
nical sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Sudostroyeniye", ].2,000 copies, 336 pages,]
[Text] Volume 1 of this handbook gives basic specifications of the ship's antenna
feeders, ship's radio-transmitting and radio-receiving equipment, standby (emergency)
communication facilities, radio stations of intermedi.ate, decametric and metric c
waves, command transmission facilities, and terminal telegraph equipment.
This handbook is intended for engineers and technicians specializing in the develop-
ment of individual types of ship's xadio equipment, as well as for workers of design- .
ing and assemb7.ing ~nterprises and operation services of the maritime, fishing and
river f leets ,
Foreword
In connection with the growth of the tonnage and increasing speeds, dimensions, and
time lag of modern vessels, the requirements for the safety of navigation have in-
creased considerahly. Radio navigation instruments used by the vessels of the mari-
time and fishing fleets are becoming very important. They make it possible to re-
duce the number of accidents causing great material damage, in some cases creating `
a real threat to the preservation of the environment.
~'olume II of the handbook on ship's radio communication equipment and radio naviga-
tion describes modern domestically produced radio navigation instruments used on =
vessels of the maritime and fishing fleets. It gives functional circuits, block .
diagrams, operating characteristic specifications, and technical operation rules for
radio navigation instrt.::nents .
Chapt_r 1 discusses aural ship radio direction finders of the types "Rybka" and
"Barkas" and the"Rumb"-type two-channel visual radio direction finder.
~
_ 45
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I
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Chapter 2 contains descriptions of ship receiving indicators of the types of "Pirs-
1D" and "Pirs-1M" used for determining the position of the vessel by the signals af
the shcre stations of phase radio navigation system "Dekka".
Chapter 3 discusses the vessel receiving indicator of the type of KPI-SF which id -
used for the determination of the position of the vessel by the signals of shore
stations of t"he pulse-phase radio navigation system "Loran-S".
Chapters 4 and 5 describe ship radars of the types of "Lotsiya", "M~ius" and "Nayada" _
and automated navigation radars of the types of "Okean" and "Okean-M".
Chapter 6 discusses the special characteristics of the operation of navagation4l
. Doppler radars for measuring the mooring speed of the type of "Istra".
. Chapter 7 discusses the ship infrared equipment for night vision of the type of
"Mgla" and the television system "Gorizont".
Each chapter of the handbook ends with recommendations for the installation, assem-
~ bling and operation of radio navigation instruments on the ship.
The development of the technical means of navigation in the last decade is character-
ized by a wide introduction of digital computers and the use of new principles of
integration increasing the operational possibilities of the instruments. The reali- ,
zation of the schemes of digital processing of radio navigational information makes _
it possible to use the methods of optimal processing and presents navigational inf or-
- mation in a form convenient for the navigator.
By the time when the work on the handbook was completed, experimental operation of
the radar complex "Yenisey" started. The development of situation indicators with
computers "Briz-Ye" and "Kron" is nearing completion. Their production will start
in 1981. '
- The handbook was written by the following authors: foreword, introduction, and sec-
tion 3.1 by K. A. Semenov; Chapter 1. by M. V. Vershkov; Chapter 2, sections
5.1-5.3, 7.4, 7.5, 8.1-8.5 by E. K. Putraym; sections 3,2-3.4, Chapters 4, 6,
sections 7.1-7.3 by V. A. Markov; sections 5.4-5.6 by Li Za Son; section 7.6
by N. T. Nichiporenko; sections 8.6-$.9 by A. S. Zudov.
Besides the ma.in authors, leading specialiats of the ministries of the shipbuilding
industry, navy, fisheries, and co~nunication services garticipated in the compila-
tion of the handbook.
Since this handbook has been created for the first time, it unavoidably has certain .
shortcomings, therefore the authors will be grateful for any remarks and suggesCions
of the readers which are to be sent to the following address: 191065, Leningrad, ul.
Gogolya, 8, Izdatel'stvo "Sudostroyeniye".
Contents ~
Page
Foreword 3
9b
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Introduction 5
Chapter 1. Ship's Antenna-Feeder Devices 11
1.1. Classification of Ship's Antennas 11
1.2. Se lection of the Composition of Antennas 11
' 1.3. Ship's Medium-Frequency-Wave Antennas 14
1.4. Ship's Shortwave Antennas 15
1.5. Ship's Ultrashort-Wave Antennas 18
1.6. Device for Operating Several Receivers from One Antenna 20
1.7. Selection of the Types and Sizes ~f Antennas 22
1.8. Installation and Operation of Ship's Antennas 23
1.9. Structural Elements of the Antenna-Feeder Channel of
Ship's Antennas 26
1.10. Grounding on Ships 35
Chapter 2. Ship's Radio Transmitting Devices 37
2.1. Classification of and Basic Requirements for Ship's
Transmitters 37
2.2. Radio-Transmitting Device "Musson" 46
2.3. Radio-Transmitting Devices "Korvet" and "Brig" 59
- 2.4. Radio-Transmitting Device "Bark" 73
2.5, Exciter "Bot" 87
2.6. Exciter "Bark" 98
2.7. Reference Oscillator "Giatsint" 110
Chapter 3. Ship's Radio-Receiving Devices 116
3.1. Classification of and Basic Requirements for Ship's
Radio-Receiving Devices 116 -
3.2. Radio-Receiving DPyice "Shtil 121
3.3. Radio-Receiving Device "Shtorm-3" 148
" 3.4. Radio-Receiving Device "Sibir 158
_ Ghapter 4. Standby (Emergency) Radio Communication Facilities '167
4.1. Basic Requirements for Standby (Emergency) Radio -
Co~nunication Facilities 167
4.2. Complex of Ship's Standby (Emergency) Equipment for
Radio T~legraphic Communication "Sirena" 169
4.3. Automatic Transmitters and Receivers of Alarm Signals
"Vyzov-1" and "Avral-1" 183
4.4, Portable Radio Sets for Rescue Facilities 193 ~
Chapter 5. Ship's Radio Sets for Intermediate, Decametric and Metric
Waves . 204
5.1. Classification of and Basic Requirements for Ship`s Radio Sets 204
5.2. Radio Set "Lastochka" 207
5.3. Radio Set "Chayka-S" 213
5.4. Radio Set "Reyd" 22p
~ 5.5. Radio Set "Seyner" 235
5.6. Radio Set "Prichal" 243 -
- v
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Chapter 6. Control Panels of Ship's Radio Communication Facilitiea 248 _
6.1. Basic Characteristics of the Structure of Ship's Control -
L48
Panels
6.2. Panel "Dyuna-lA" 248
6.3. Panel "Dyuna-1B" Z~6
Chapter 7. Equipment of Command Transmission Facilities 25~
- 7.1. Basic Requirements for the Equipment of Command Transmiasion
Facilities 25~
7.2. Standardized Ship's Loudspeaker and 'ctelay Equipment of the
"Ryabina"-Type 25~
7.3, Broadcast Radio Receiver "Lyubava" ' 261
7.4. Tape Recorder "Tembr-2S" 265
- 7.5. "Zvuk-1" Set 268 ~
7.fi. Ship's Multistandard Television Complex ~'Globus" 2~2
ChapCer 8. Term~.nal Telegraph Equipment L82
8.1. Classification of and Basic Requirements for Terminal
- Telegraph Equipment 282
_ ~ 8.2. Electronic Manipula~ion Keys EKM-2 and EKM-3 284
8,3. Morse Code Transmitter P-O10 288
8.4. Morse Code Transmitter "Ferrit " 291 ,
8.5. Telegraph Sets STA-M67, RTA-6 and RTA-7B 294 ;
8.6. High-Fidelity Teletype "Soko1-MR" 307 ;
8.7. High-Fidelity Teletype STB-75 320
_ 8.8. Facsimile TransmitCing Set FAK-D 32~
8.9. Facsimile Receiving Set FAK-P 330
~ Bibliography 334
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sudostroyeniye", 1979
[172-10,233] .
I
10, 233
CSO: 1860 ;
9B
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~OR OFFI~IAL USE ONLY
- HIGH-FItEQUENCY-OSCILLATTON POWER St1NIlHATTON AND DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT
Moscow USTRQYSTVA SLOZHENIYA T RASPREDELENIYA MOSHCHNOSTEY VYSOKOCHASTOTNYKH
KOLEBANTY in Russian 1980 (signed to press 10 Jul 80) pp 2, 293-295
[Annotation and table of contents from book "High-Frequency-Oscillation Power
Summation and Distribution Equipment" by Vitaliy Vladlenovich Zayentsev, Valentina
M3khaylovna Katushkina, Semen Yef imovich London and Zin~viy Iosifovich Mode1',
Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 5000 copies, 296 pages
[Text] The fundamentals of the theory and engineering calculation of high-frequency-
and microwave-oscillation power summat3an and distribution bridge equipment are
discussed, and various types cf bridge devices constructed on the basis of elements
with distributed and l~ttped parameters and desi,~ned ~or.various wave bands are
discussed. New s~lutions are present~d for multiterminal and wideband equipment,
in particular, of the transformer type, as well as for transformers themselves.
Distinctive features of the bridge summation and distribution af power under actual _
- conditions of the operation o~f radio transmitting equipment are discussed, as we11
as questions relating to the summation of the power of self-excited oscillators.
! Quescions are discussed, relating to the summation of power in stripline microwave
devices. ~
This book is intend~ci for specialists involved in creating radio engineering equip-
ment for tne high-frequency and microwave bands; it wi11 also be use~ul to teachers
and students at radio engineering WZ's.
CONTENTS Page
Foreword 3
Pdrt I. Key Properties of High-Frequency Pawer Summation and Distribution
Bx~idge Dev~:ces
Chapter 1. Development o~ Methods of Summing and Distributing the Power of
High-Frequency Oscillators
1.1. Int~oduction 4
1.2. System of units interconnected via a common load 5
1.3. Summat~on of powar in space g
1.4. Bridge principle of summing and distributing power 9
1.5. Multiterminal bridge devices for summing and distributing power 14
1.6. Energy relationships in an MU [bridge device] 21
Chapter 2. Fundamentals of the Theory of Bridge Devices
99
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= 2.1, Scatter~ng matri,x 23
2.2. Match~.ng and dec4upling in a bridge-type eight~terminal netWOxlc 28
- 2.3. Propert~es o~ multiterminal bridge devices 34
_ Chapter 3. Rea1 Operating Conditi.ons of Bridge Devices
3.1. Equivalent circuit of a high-frequency oscillator 43 =
3.2. Key relationships in an MU with unmatched loads 46 ~
= 3.3. Fower division mode 47
- 3.4. Power su~nation mode 49
- 3.5. E1lminat3oa of secondary refiections or losses in the ballast load
of a bridge ~3
3.6. Operation of multitenninal MU's 55
Chapter 4. Summation o~ Power of Self-Excited Osc~llators -
4.1. General in~orniation 58
4.2. Characteristics of a seli-excited osc~illator with exfiernal synchroni-
zation 60
4.3. ~eatures v~ summation o~ the power af self-exc~.ted oscillators by
means of MU~s 62
4.4. :Lnfluence of t~e non-identity o:~ self-excited oscillators 64
_ 4.5. Expansion of Che synchronization band of self-excited oscillators 65
Bibliography 67
Part IT. Bridge Devices Employing Elementa with Lumped and Distributed
Parameters
Chapter 5. Bridge Devices Utilizing Line Sections
5.1. Simple MU's 69
5.2. Devices ~,~ith an expanded frequency band 74
5.3. Devices utilizing two-conductor linea 7g
Chapter 6. Bridge Devices Utilizing Coupled Lines
6.1. Simplest MU's 82
6.2. Multisectional NO's [directional couplers] 87
6.3. Symmetrizing devices 89
6.4. Wideband hybrid coils 94
6.5. Devices utilizing coupled waveguides; slotted waveguide bri~ges 97
- Chapter 7. Multiterminal Bridge Devices with a Minimal Number ~f Decoupling
Resistors
7.1. Devices for paired summation of power 99
7.2. Devices of the ladder network type utilizing coupled 1.ines 102
7.3. Devices of the ladder network type utilizing uncouplad lines 105
7.4. Devices with equivalent loads 111
ChaptEr 8. Multiterminal Bridge Devices with an Excess Number of
Decoupling Resistors
8.1. Multiterminal devices utilizing line sections I15
8.2. Multiterminal devices utilizing shortened line sections 121
Chapter 9. Bridge Devices Utilizing Elements with Lumped Parameters
9.1. Simplest devices 128 -
9.2. Cophased-antiphased devices with total decoupling 131
9.3. Quadrature devices Z38
- 9.4. Syntheais o~ quadrature ~ieyf.cea in terms o~ their operating paxameters 142
Bibliogxaphy 150
Part TTI. Trans~ortqex Devices
Chapter 10. Wideband High-Frequency Trans~ornters
10.1. General remarks ~5~
lU~
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10.2. Elementary tran~~oruler ut3lfzinE ~;rixea (ETZ) 157
10.3. Para11e1-aexies TL~a [w�lxe-type tranaPormers] 160
10.4. Trans#ormexs ~ith an additional wire 167
1d~5. Cascade connection of TL's 171
10.6. Symmetrizing TL's 172 _
Chapter 11. Tran�formers Utilizing Wires wtth Minimal Znternal yoltage ~
11.1. TL's with whole-number transformar.ion ratios 177
, 11.2. TL's ~rl.th a minimal numher of wire sections 182
11.3. Analysis of TL`s with variatfons i,n parameters 186
11.4. Matched TL's with fractional transformatian ratios 192 -
11.5. Cascade implementatton of TL's 199 -
i1.6. Transformers utilizing multiwire lines 202 -
11.7. Transformers with a maximum-wide frequency band 206
11.8. TL's f.or class V push-pull amplifiers 214
Chapter 12. Transformer Devices for Power Summation (Division) with
Two Pairs of Inputs
12.1. Idealized circuits 217
12.2. Devices with a single magnetic circuit 220
12.3. Devices with two magnetic circuits 230
12.4. Sunmiatinn of the power of push-;~s11 amplifiers 234
' 12.5. Devices with unequal power division 237
Chapter 13. Multiterminal Devices with a Minimal Number of Decoupling
Resistors
' 13.1. Idealized circuits 241
13.2. Devices with equivalent loads 243
13.3. Devices with nonequivalent loads 249
13.4. Device for paired summation of power 251
Chapter 14. Multiterminal Devices with an Excess Number of Decoupling
Resistors
- 14.1. Reference circuits 261
14.2. Devices of the series type 265
14.3. Devices of the series type ~,rith minimal internal voltage 274
14.4. Devic~s of the parallel type 279
- Appendix 2g6
Bibliography 288
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1980 -
[154-8831J
8831
CSO: 186Q
- 7.~7.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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UDC 621.315.2.002.72
ZNSTALLATTON 0~ S~ECZAL ,E~NA CONTROL CABLES
Moscow MONTA~ZH S~~TSIAIa'NXKH T KONTROL"�NvK.Ii KABELEX in $ussi.an 1980 (s~.gned to prass
1 Sep 80) pp 2, 96 -
~Annotation and tab~.e a~ contents ~rrnn book "Installat~on o~ Specia~. and Control
Cablea", by Ni.k~~.ay Mikhaylovich Nekrasov and Georgiy Geoxgiy~vich ~iranovskiy,
~zdatel'stvo "Energiya", 25,000 copies,~96 pagesJ -
[Text] Methods are presented ~ox ~h~~~abricatf.on and installation o~ heat-resistant,
mari,ne, coaxial, heat, and radi~atton~res~;stant and control cabl.es used in secondgry
circuits of heat and powex p~.ants and nuclear power pl~n~s. Descxiptions are given
of the equtpment and tools used ~or outfitting technologica,l 7.ines ~ox~ the ~abrica~
tion of cables.
- This book is intended �or ~oremen, crew~ leaders and e7.ectxi.caZ instal].ers carrying,
out the insta~.lation o~ cable ].inea an3 can be help~ul to e~,ectxiciane involved in -
_ fihe maintenance o~ s7.~ctxical equipment at e1,ec~xic pQwex pJ.ants.
. CON'~FNTS :Page -
goreword 3
1. Brief in~ormation on nuclear power plants 4
2. Equipment o~ cable routes 6
3. ~abrfcation and installation of specfal cables 15
4. ~nstallati,on of control cab~es 61
= 5. ~nstallation of radi,o-frequency cables 71
6. xnstallatian cables and wires 75
7. Tnsta].lat3on of connectors 77
8. Connection and term,i~ation o~ atxands 82
_ 9. Fabrication o~ contxol cable bunched conductors 86
10. Materials for installation 90
3.1. Tools, equi,pment and gear g2
Bfbliography 95
_ COPYRIGHT: zzdatel,'stvo "~nergiya"; 1980
[167-883],]
\
8831
CSO: 1860
la2
. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
, J
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FOR OFFICLAL IISM: ONI.I'
MAGNETIC METALLIC FILMS IN MICROELECTRONICS
Moscow MAGNITNYYE METALLICHESKIYE PLENKI V MIKROELEKTRONIKE in Russian 1980
(sign~ed to press 18 Mar 80) pp 2, 190-191
[Annotation and table of co:~tents from book "Magnetic Metallic Films in Micro-
elecL-ronics", by Robert Dmitriyevich Ivanov, Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio",
6000 copies, 192 pages]
[Text] The basic steps in the formation of inetallic films are discussed. The
main methods of applying films are described in fairly great detail, such as
vacuum spraying, electrolytic deposition and cathode sputtering. Special attention
is paid to cathode sputtering as the most promising method of creating magnetic
film elements of large-scale integrated circuits. The magnetostatic, electrical,
'structural and mechanical properties of magnetic metallic films are presented, as
- well as the conditions for producing films for their use in engineering. The
degree of aging of magnetic films produced by various methods is demonstrated, as
well as the influence of annealing on degradation of the properties of films. An
indication is given of the ma~or areas of application of magnetic metallic films
in microelectronic devices, both as a storage medium and as functional elements of
integrated circuits. A description is given of the technology for producing in-
tegrated circuits employing cylindrical magnetic domains for s~orage devices.
This book is intended for specialists working in the field of film microelectronics,
as well as for technologists developin~ processes for creating magnetic integrated
circuits. It can also be helpful to students and graduate students in the appro-
. priate fields of specialization.
- CONTENTS Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Rey Properties of Magnetic Metallic Films 6
1.1. General rules for the formation of inetallic films 6
1.2. Temperature of substrate and rate of growth of films 10
1.3. Electrical properties of mag~etic films 13
1.4. Internal mechanical stresses and strength of magnetic films 14
- 1.5. Adhesion of thin films 20
1.6. Crystal structure of thin magnetic films 25
1.7. Magnetic (static) properties of films 27
1.8. Domain boundaries in polycrystalline magnet~c films 33
1.9. Creep of domain boundaries 37
1.10. Anisotropy in magnetic films 38 _
103
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1.11. Supercritical state ~n magnet3c ~tlsas 43
1.12. Multilayer u~agnetic fflras 45
1.13. Cylindrical magnetic damains 47
1.14. Amorphoua magnetic films wtth TBI~ID's [cylindrical magnetic domains] 51
Chapter 2. Main Methods of Producing Magnet~c Films 56
2.1. Vacuum spraying 56
2.2. Estimating the degree of contamination of inetallic �ilms by residual -
gases 58
2.3. Vaporizers for magnetic materials . 64
2.4. Cathode ntethods of deposition (general remarks) 67
2.5. Electrolytic deposttion of magnetic films 71
2.6. Substrates for magnetic filma 75
2.7. Production and properties of alloyed permalloy films 78
2.8. Production oY MnBi magnetic fflms 83
2.9. Production of isotropic magnetic f ilms 84
Chapter 3. Features of the Formation of Magnetic Films by the Cathode ~
- Sputtering Method 87
3.1. Varieties of cathode sputtering 87 -
3.2. Magnetic properties of cathode-deposited films 94
3.3. Oxidation processes in metallic films 96
3.4. Influence of the electric charge of the substrate's surface on the -
film formation mechanism 98
3.5. Difference in compositions of films and the sputtered multicomponent
target 105
3.6. Features of the structure of cathode-deposited magnetic films 109
Chapter 4. Aging and Annealing of Magnetic Films 113
4.1. Aging and annealing of vacuum-sprayed films 113
4.2. Aging and annealing of electrolytically deposited magnetic films 123
4.3. Evaluation of the ma~ or methods of making magnetic films 128 :
Chapter 5. Use of Magnetic Films in Microelectronic Devices 131
5.1. Memory elements employing plane magnetic films 131 -
5.2. Storage and logic elements employing plane magnetic domains (PrID's) 136
- 5.3. Storage devices based on cylindrical magnetic domains 141
5.4. Storage devices utilizing ~ylindrical magnetic films 152
5.5. Magneto-optical storage elements 155
- 5.6. Storage devices utilizing magnetoresistive elements 159 -
5.7. Magnetoacoustical storage elements utilizing magnetic films 165
5.8. Memory ~lements utilizing magnetic inhomogeneities in a domain -
boundary 166 _
_ Appendix. Technology of Producing a Picture of an Integrated Circuit
Based on Magnetic Films 169
Bibliography 178
Sub~ect Index 189
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "S ovetskoye radio", 1980
[153-8831] `
8 831
CSO: 1860
1Q4
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i~TTDEBAND INTEGRATED AMPLIFIERS
Moscow SHIROKOPOLOSNYXE INTEGRAL'NYYE IISILTTELI in Russian 1980 (signed to press
18 Mar 80) pp 2, 223
[Annotation and table of contenta from book "Wideband Integrated Amplifiers" by
Vladislav Fedorovich Lamekin,Izdate~'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 25,000 copies, 224 pp]
[TextJ In this book are discussed questions relating to the design and aspects of
the creation of wideband amplifiers based on linear integrated circuits, used in
the construction of receiving channels of radar, ca~mmunications and navigation
systems, as well as in measuring and computing equipment. Various high- and low-
frequency correction circuits are analyzed and procedures are preaented for cal-
culating them. Wideband integrated amplifiers which have been created are de-
scribed and examples are presented of the calculation of basic radio engineering
circuits based on them.
This book is intended for specialists involved in the development and creation of
radio engineering and coimnunications equi~ment in which wideband amplifiers are
_ used and will also be useful to graduate students and students ma~oring in radio
engineer.ing at WZ's.
CONTENTS Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Information on Fabrication Technology and Modeling of
ShIU's [Wideband Integrated Amplifiers]
1.1. Technological features of the fabrication of integrated circuits for
wideband amplifiers 4
1.2. Modeling and macromodeling of ShTU's 15
1.3. Stability of wideband integrated amplifiers 59
1.4. Noise properties of wideband integrated amplifier.s 63
1.5. Example of calculating the parameters of an integrated transistor 68
Chapcer 2. Integrated Active Elements and Tntegrated Circuits of Wideband
Amplifiers
2.1. High-frequency capacitive correction of ShIU's 75 -
2.2. Differential stage 95
2.3. Differential amplif ier with neutralization of collect~r capacitance
of transistors 103
2.4. DU [differential amplifier] wl,th phase-stable ARU [automatic gain
control] circuit 109
10.5
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2.5. Differential cascode ShTU ~~5
2.6. Wideband aiaplf~ier-limirezs 118
2.7. High-~requency inducti.ve correction af an ShIU and UPCh [~.ntermediate--
frequency ampli.~fer] fntegrated circuit variants 127
2.8. Low-frequency correctfon of an ShTU 143
2.9. Superwideband integrated amplifiere 152
2.1U. Multistage ShTU's 160
2.11. Ttao-stage amplifiers with co~non feedback 163
2.12. Multistage amplif iers with various stage sequences 172
2.13. Automation of the design of ShTU's 176
Chapter 3. Radio Engineering Circuits Based on ShIU's
" 3.1. Investigation of the characteristics of a general-purpose ShIU
under operating inf luences 186
3.2. Sinusoidal oscillators 191
3.3. Wideband intermediate-frequency amplifiers 199
3.4. Radio frequency mixers 200
3.5. Amplitude modulator 203
3.6. Radio electronic equipment circuits utilizin~ ShN 's 205
Appendix 212
Bibliography 219
Sub~ect Index Z?2
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1980
[152-8831]
. 8831
CSO: 1860
ln6
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UDC 621.382:621.3.049.77
MICROELECTRONTCS AND SEM~CONDUCTOR DEVLCES
~ Mosc.ow MIKROELEKTRONIKA I POLUPROVODN~KOVYYE PRIBORX.. in Bussian 1980 (signed to
press 17 Jul 80) pp 2, 311-312
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Microelectronics and Semiconductor
Devices", edited by Aleksandr Anatol'yevich Vasenkov and Yakov Andreyevich
Fedotov, Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 10,000 copies, 320 pages]
[Text] Ir? t:~is collection are published articles by authors in our country on the
_ following ques~ions: general problems and physical fundamentals of semiconductor
microelectronics, fundamentals of the technology of semiconductor devices and
integrated circuits, methods of testing, the design of microelectronic equipment
and the fabricatian technology for it, optoelectronics, and new trends in micro-
electronics.
A large section is devo~ed to studying the properties of promising semiconductor .
microwave devices, to studying features of their operation in various pieces
of equipment, and to a discussion of modern ideas and trends in the development of
PZS's [churge-coupled devices].
Intended for specialists and scientific personnel involved in developing, fabricat-
ing and using semiconductor devices and integrated circuits.
CONTENTS Page
~
Aleksenko, A.G. and Kolombet, Ye.A. "Estimation of the Technical Level of and "
Prospects for Improving Analog-Digital Element Equipment with Regard to Tnforma-
- tion and Energy Indicators" 3
Vasenkov, A.A., Vysotskiy, B.F., Nazarov, A.S. and Kurbakov, V.G. "Selection
of the Design of Microelectronic Equipment and Systems Employing Large-Scale
Integrated Circuits" 17
Vysotskiy, B.F., Myakishev, B.Ya. and Trepakov, V.K. "State of the Art
and Possibilities of Unifyfng Microwave Microelectronic Equipment with
- Semicnnductor Devices" 30
Andryukhov, I.P., Dokuchayev, Yu.P., Kornil~pev, G.E., Kuz'min, V.y. and
Ushakov, M.A. "KT3115 Low-Noise Bipolar S1licon Trans~ator" 43
107 '
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Bachurin, V.V�, Berezikov, S.A., ~etrov~ G~~., Tolstoy, ~.Z. and Shugaye~a,
- V.F. "KP905 Pi,e1d-E~fect 1~IDP [Metal--Tnaulator Semiconductor] ~zansistors
and Their Appltcation in I~~crowave Band Amp1t#iers" 53 ,
Bachurin, V.V., D'yakonov, V.P., Ziyenko, S.T., Profatilov, A.I. and _
Remnev, A.M. "Functioning of High-Pcrw~er Microwave IrIDP Transistors in the
Pulsed Mode" ,59
Danilin, V.N., Morozov, A.A., Smetanina, D.I., Starshinova, V.V. and
Filatov, A.L. "Hybrid Integrated Low-Noise Transistor Microwave Amplifier" 68
Inozemtsev, G.M., Kovalenko, V.V., Polyanov, A.B., Selivanova, Ye.I.
and Sen'ko, V.A. "Low-Nuise Transistor Amplifier for the SHF Band" 77
Kroleveta, K.M. "Field-Effect Transistor as a Structure ~ith Distributed
Parameters (Linear Approximation)" 86 -
Nechayev, A.M., Rubakha, Ye.A. and Sinkevich, V.F. "Simulation of Failures
and Machine Tests in Studying the Reliability of High-Power Microwave
Transistors" 98
Aronov, V.L., Rubakha, Ye.A., Savina, A.S. and Sinkevich, V.F. "Study
of tha Reliability of High-Power Microwave Transistors Under Dynamic
Conditions" 117
Kosov, A.S., Kuznetsov, O.V., Strukov, I.A., Filatov, M.Yu. and
Khrus~alev, A.V. "Study of Characteristics of Silicon In3ection Drift
Diodes for the X-Ray Band" 132
Malyshev, V.A. and Levterov, A.N. "Frequency Converters for the Microwave
Band Employing Bulk-Effect Semiconductor Elevments" 141
Smetanina, D.I. "Calculation of the Noise Parameters of a Microwave
Bipolar Transistor" 149
Vasil'yev, G.N. and Kamenetskiy, Yu.A. "Wave Noise Parameters of Trans-
istors" 161
Balashov, A.G., Ozhogin, M.A., Simakov, A.B. and Stepanenko, I.P.
"Noise Spectrum in an Integrated Amplifier of the M-DM Type" 176
Batalov, B.V., Kremlev, V.Ya. and D'yakonov, V.M. "Analysis of Character-
istics of the Control p-n Junction of an Injection Field-Effect Element" 184
- Mirgorodskiy, Xu.N. and Rudenko, A.A. "Method of Calculating the Static
- Characteristics of a Planar Schottky Dtode Utilizing Silicon" 194
Yakovlev, V.T. "Compensation of Temperature Changes in the Frequency
of a Relaxation Oscillator Uttlfzing a Single-Junction Tran~istor" 199
1Q8
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Vorob'yev, N.~. and Kirianov, A.RTi. "lndi:rect Method of Temperature
Measurements i~n a B?i~pXar Transi.attor" 205
' Mozgovoy, G.P. and Shagurin, T.T. "Boundarp Eat3mates of the Speed of
Response and Switching Function of Bipolar Digital Microcircui~s, Taking
Ci�rcuitry Limirations ~nto Account" 210
Berezin, V.Yu. "Analysis of and Proced~.ire for Ca.~culating the Output Unit
- of a PZS" 229
- Berezin, V.Yu. , Ko tov, B. A. and 'rataurshchikov, S. S. "Design ~'r~,siciples -
and Problems in the Development of Solid-State Photoelectric Transducers
- wirh Coordinate Addressing, Utilizing Charge-Transf~r Devices" 237
Gorokhov, V.A., Rybakov, V.S. and Shev'yev, A.P. "Integrated Display -
Devices for Testing and Measuring Equipment" 254 _
Kuznetsov, Yu.A. :-~nd Ushakov, A.B. "Generalized System of Parameters for
Semiconductor, M3.croelectronic Optical Radiation Det~ctors" 267
Trishenkov, M.A. "Limiting Parameters of ~,inear Photodetection Devices
with Low-Noi~e Photodiodes" 271 -
Zorin, x.~.~ "Fermation of Current in a Semiconductor Target wlth a
Hetero j unction'' 288
Tsoy, Ye.I. "Quartz Electronic Wristwatches--Advantages and Disadvantages" 294
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1980 _
[162-$831]
8831
CSO : 1860
lU9
F OR OFF IC IAL US E ONLY
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UDC 621.369.67
NEW BOOK OF COLLECTED PAPERS ON ANTENNA DESIGN
Moscow ANTENNY in Russian No 28, 1980 (signed to press 18 S~p 80) pp 2, 179-82
[Annotation and abstracts of paper~ in the book "Antennas: Collected Papers,
_ Volume 28'�, edited by A. A. Pistol �kors, Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 7,000 copies, !
184 pages ] '
- [Text] Questions of the interaction of poorly directional antennas are treated !
- as well as the improvement of the direction finding precision in antenna arrays ;
with discrete phasing and questions of calculating the radiation characteristics
of pyramidal horn antennas. A ntmmber of papers ia devoted to the design of
microstrip line systems and the current distributions over the surface of an
ideally conducting wedge. ,
Abstracts of Articles _
UDC 621.396.677.833.2
THE MILLIMETER WAVELENGTH RT-7.5 RADIOTELESCOPE ANTENNAS OF THE MOSCOW HIGHER
ENGINEERING SCHOOL
[Abstract of article by Kugushev, A.M. [deceased], Kalachev, P.D., Pershikov, A.A.,
Rozanov, B.A. and Fetisov, I.N.]
[Text] The de~ign, fabrication procedure and alignment of the reflecting
surf ace are described as we 11 as the results of the study of the production
process errors, the weighting and thermal deformations and the electrical
characteristica of the fully steerable RT-7.5 parabolic antennas of the MVTU
[Moscow Higher Engineering School] radiotelescope, having a diameter of 7.75 m
and designed for operation at short millimeter wavelengths right down to a
wavelength of 1 mm. Figures 7; references 11.
~.xU
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UDC 621.396.67
ON THE CALCULATION OF THE TRANSIENT PROCESSES IN AN ADAPTIVE ANTENNA ARRAY
[Abstract of article by Pistol'kors, A.A.]
[Text] A method is given for the calculation of trangient processes ~n an
adaptive antenna arrap which leads to a system of differential equations in
which the unknowns are the values of the steady-state directional pattern for
each of the interference sources, while the number of equations is equal to the
- nvmber of interference sources. Cases of one and two interferences sources
are studied in det331 as well as the impact of the elements of the adapting
network on the dynamic process. Figures 2; references 5.
UDC 621.396.677.494:621.396.6~~7.85
A SURROUNDING SHELL LENS TO INCREASE THE SCANNING SECTOR OF A PLANE PHASED ~
ANTENNA ARREIY
[Abstract o� article~by Bubnov, G.G., Korostyshevskiy, Ye.N. and Sergeyev, V.N.]
[Text] For an antenna array with a narrow directional pattern, the product of
the gain times the scanning sector is governed by the number of controlling
elements. One of the well known ways of increasing the scanning sector of a
plane phased antenna array by means of rec;ucing the gain is a phased antenna
array component with a lens having the properties of a refracting Rrism.
, Figures 3; references 6. -
UDC 626,396.676.85
ON THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMIZING A LENS TYPE ANTENNA FEED
[Abstract of article by Lemanskiy, A.A. and Pan'shina, G.P.]
[Text] The results of optimizing several tqpes of lens antenna feeds are
given. The otimization was perf ormed to obtain the maximum value of KIP -
[surface utilization f actor] of the antenna. An estimate is given for the
possibility of boosting the KIP of a lens antenna through changing the profile
of the irradiated side of the l:ens. KIP values obtained with a prec3se and
approximate description of the directional pattern of the feed irradiator are
compared. The results of optimizing a combination receiving and transmitting
lens antenna feed irradiator are given. Figures 7; references 7.
~.~1 -
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UDC 621.396.673
THE DETERMINATION OF THE MUT'~AL IlrlPEDANCES OF RADTAL DIPOLES AND THE CURRENT
DI5TRIBUTION AT THE SURFACE OF A WEDGE WITH CIRCULAR ROUNDING ABOUT TNE EDGE
- [Abstract of article by Kravtsov, V.A. and Dyuzhkova, L.B.]
[Text] Expressions are derived to determine the resonant and mu~tual impedances _
of radial dipoles, positioned close to a wedge with cicular rounding ab out the
edge, as well as the de~sity of the surface currents on the surf.ace of the -
solid under consideration. The results are given for the calculation of the -
resonant a~d mutual impedances of the radial dipole as well as the density of
the surface currents excited in the solid by a radial dipole. Figures 9;
ref erences 6. -
UDC 621.396.677 ~
THE INTERACTIQN OF LOW GAIN ANTENNAS
[Abstract of article by Martsafey, V.V. and Sorodovnikov, M.A.J
[Text] The interaction between two low gain antennas located within the shadow
_ zone of each other is studied, one of which is an aperture type antenna. It is
shown that by focusing the field produced by the sources located within the
aperture antenna shield, an additional gain can be obtained in the decoupling
between the antennas. Results are given for an experimental study as well as
calculations for a two-dimensional model. Figures 4; ref erences 2.
- UDC 621.396.677
ON THE INTERACTION OF ANTENNA ARRAYS
[Abstract of article by Martsafey, V.V. and Shvayko, I.G.]
- [Text] Questions of the interaction between antenna arrays composed of slotted
radiators are treated. Results are given for the calculation of the levels of
interaction between arrays when the distance between them is changed, as well
as for the amplitude and phase distributions in the arrays. Figures 5;
references 4.
].7,2
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UDC 621.396.674.37
THE EMISSION FRdM AN A.;TNULAR SLOTTED ANTENNA POSITIONED AT THE SURFACE OF THE
EAR~H
[Abstract of article by Koastatinova, A.A.]
[Text] An expression is derived in an approximation of physical optics for the
directional pattern of an antenna which takes the form of an annular slot of -
- f inite widths, cut in an ideally conducting, infinitely thin disk with a large
radius, lying on the surface of the earth. Figures 5; references 4.
UDC 621.396.677
- ON THE DIRECTIONALITY OF LINEAR ANTENNA ARRAYS IN MOBILE VHF RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEMS
[Abstract of paper by Lavrent'yev, N.V.]
[Text] It is shown based on an analysis of the electromagnetic field spatial
correlation functions under conditions of multipath propogation that the direc-
t ional pattern of linear antenna arrays is widened. The nulls of the directional
p attern disappear and the pattern itself is smaothed out, approaching an amni-
d irectional pattern with a decrease in the correlation interval. F3gures 2;
references 4. _
UDC 621.396.677
THE ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF THE DIRECTIONAL PATTERNS OF ARC ARRAYS WHEN
, INDIVIDUAL PHASE SHIFTS ARE MADE IN INDIVIDUAL RADIATORS
[Abstract of article by Bagin, G.T. and Gromov, A.I.]
[Text] An esimate is made of the angular displacement of a beam for the sum
and difference directional pattern based on the position of the extremal points
of the main lobe. The analysis is made by means of referencing the arc arrays to
an equivalent linear aperture. Formulas are derived for the minimal beam
d ispla~ements in the cases of arbitrary and equal ampliCude excitation of the
elements. It is determined that the sum directional pattern have the minimum
b eam 3ump which is less than the difference patterns by the ~mount of the -
order of the ntmmber of radiating elements. Figures 3; references 3.
~],3
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- UDC 621.396.677.494
INCREASING THE DIRECTION FINDING ACCURACY IN ANTENNA /ftRRAYS WITH DISCRETE
P1iASINf;
[Abstract of article by Novoselov, Ye.K. , Potravko, V.F. , Chernyshov, V. S.
- and Shpuntov, A.I.]
[Text] A method of improving the direction finding precision in antenna arrays
with discrete phasing is analyzed. The method is based on the averaging of the
~ angular coordinates of the target during its repeated sensing with a change in
the picture of the phase errors in the phased antenna array elements from one ~
probe period to the other. A quantitative analysis is made of the impact of -
the averaging method on the angular errors due to the discrete phasing. The
specif ic features of the application of the method to ref lective phase antenna
arrays are studied. The results of an experimental check are given. Figures 7;
references 10. -
UDC 621.396.67 ~
A BROADBAND STRIPLINE RADIATING ELEMENT -
(Abstract of article by Vayner, Yu.A., Gural', I.M. Konyashenko, Ye.A.,
Moiseyev, A.G. and Shmykov, V.N.]
[Text] A model is proposed f or a broadband "grooved" radiator, which provides
for an SWR of l~ss than two in an octave range. Figures 6; references 7.
~ UDC 62.396.677.3
THE FIELD OF TWO RADIAL ELECTRICAL DIPOLES BENEATH AN ELONGATED IDEALLY ~
CONDUCTING SPHEROID
[Abstract of article by IDonchenko, V.N. ]
- [Text] The problem of the asyrometrical excitation of a spheroid by two radial
elementary electrical dipoles is solved by an eigen function technique in a
spheroidal system of coordinates. Results are given for the calculation of the
directional patterns of dipoles positioned close to a spheroid of small electrical
dimensions. Figures 8; references 7.
].7.4
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UDC 621,396.677.494
'1`HE EXCITATION OF AN OPEN RESONATOR WITH A DIFFRACTION GRATING BY AN
ELECTRON FLOW
[Abstract of articles by Su'lima, A.V. and Shmat'ko, A.A.]
[Text] The problem of the excitation of an open resonator with a grating is
solved in a formulation with the current specified and an approximation of the
narrow slots of the diffraction grating. Analytical expressions are derived
for the amplitude of the f ield radiated by the resonator and for the coefficients
of the field expansion in the resonator. The directional patterns are given f or
the structure studied here. The specific physical features of the emission
_ are ascertained. Figures 3; references 3.
UDC 621.372.852.2
THE CALCULATION OF THE DISPERSION IN MICROSTRIP LINE INTERACTIfi~ SYST~IS -
OF THE 'MEANDER' AND 'OPPOSING PINS" TYPE ON A MAGNETODIELECTRIC SUBSTRATE
[Abstract of paper by Zosim, V.D. and Yurgenson, R.R.]
- [Text] Dispersion equations are derived using a variational technique for a
"meander" system and the method of period multipole network theory f.or an =
"opposing pins" system. The results of the dispersfon calculations are given
which are compared to experimental data. Figurea 5; references 15.
UDC 621.372.852.2(088-8)
PHASE SHIFTS IN A MICROSTRIP LINE ON A FERRITE SUBSTR.ATE WITH A MEANDER
STRIP .
[Abstract of article by Yurgenson, R.R.]
[Text] The perturbation method is used to derive the differential phase
shifts in a microstrip line: it is uncoupled in the case of the transverse
magnetization and coupled for the orthogonal (Iongitudinal-transverse)
- magnetization of the ferrite substrate. The results of the calculation are
given and a camparison is made of the indicated phase shift. Figures 1;
- references 6.
~.15
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- UDC 621.372.832.81
THE CALCULATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A MICROSTRIg Y-CIRCULATOR ON A
FERRITE FILM TARING ABSORPTION INTO ACCOUNT
[Abstract of article by Kheyfets, S.B. ] -
[Text] The Galerkin-Ritts technique is used in conjunction with an iteration
procedure ta solve a syste~? of linear algebraic equations and find the elements
of the imped~~nce matrix of a microstx~ip Y-circulator on a ferrite film, taking
- into account the absorption in the medium. Expressions are derived which relate
the values of' the impedance matrix elements to the geo~metric dimensions of the
circulator and the electrical parameters of the ferrite film and substrate.
The working characteristics ~f the circulator are determined from the known _
- impedance matrix. Figures 5; references 3.
UDC 621.372.061
A CO~ARISON OF THE FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF` STRIPLINE MICROWAVE POWER
- DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
[Abstract of article by Konin, V.V.]
_ [Text] Parallel stripline power distribution sqstems {SPDS's) with uniform
- division are analyzed which are made of ring bridges, dual channel directional
- dividers, symmetrical ring bridges and bridges of linked squares. The frequency
characteristics of SPDS's are given. A comparativ~ analysis is made of SPDS's
and practical recommendations are formulated for the design of SPDS's. Gra~hs
are given for taking into account the influence of the lengths of ballast
resistors in the planning and design of SPDS's made of dual channel directional
dividers. It is shown using the example of a 4,096 channel SPDS that systems
_ designed around dual channel directional dividers have the greatest bandwidth. _
Figures 5; references 9. :
UDC 621.396.677
THE NOISE TEMPERATURE AND TIiE NOISE QUALITY FACTOR OF IN-PHASE ANTENNA ARRAYS
[Abstract of article by Samov, A.M.] :
[Text] A method is proposed for the calculation of the noise temperature
(NT) and noise ~ Q (NQ) of antennas in the form of 3n-phase arrays for
satellite reception. The noise temperature is studied as a function of the
- angle of inclination of the antenna and the number of radiating low gain
- elements. It is propos~d that each of the array elements of highly direccional
reflecting radiators be optimized to obtain a high noise Q. Figures 10;
references 4. -
1.16
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UDG 621.317.743.7
THE QUALITY OF MODERN ANECHOIC CHAMBERS AI~7D RADIO ABSORBEL~TT MATERIALS
~Abstract of article by Mitsmakher, M.Yu.J
[Text] The specific features of radio absorbent materials for anechoic chambers
- are ascertained on the basis of an analysis of the requirements placed on
modern anechoic chambers, the physical principles af the broadband matching of
absorbing.media to free space and their specific realization in various radio
absorbent materials. THe diffraction field of a fracture in the absorbing
surface of a chamber is analyzed as a function of the angular characteristics
of the Fresnel ref lection factor from the absorbing material. The requirements
placed on the characteristics of radio absorbing material are formulated to
achieve the best anechoic response of chambers with a profiled surface. ~
Figures 9; references 14. -
UDC 621.396.67:624.Q7
A SYSTEM OF STRAIN GAUGE WEIGHTS FOR MODEL AERODYNAMIC ST[JDIES OF AN ANTENNA
_ [Abstract af article by Polyak, V.S., Sinkevich, Yu.B., Tsvetayeva, A.A. and
Sharova, S,Ye.]
[Text] t~ system of strain gauge weights is proposed which makes it possible to
measure the six components of a wind load directly on the actuating axes of an
antenna model. The structural designs of the force measurement devices are
executed in the form of closed, prestressed systems consisting of cambinations
of distended plates and membranes. Figures 6.
UDC 621.396.67:624.07
A MEASURE~IENT CQ~LEX FOR FULL-SCALE MECHANICAL STUDIES OF ANTENNA STRUCTURAL
DESIGNS
[Abstract of article by Polyak, V.S., Sokolov, A.G., A1'perin, V.M. and
Polovchen;-a, I.Ye.]
[Text] An instrumentation canplex for the mechanical studies of antenna struc-
tural designs is treated, which makes it possible to study the behavior of antenna -
structures under full-scale conditions in the presence of the actual destabilizing
factors, and additionally, study the wind and tem~Oerature loads on the antenna.
The camplex was realized for the f irst time in the TNA-1500 radio telescope with
the 64 meter antenna dish. Figures 10.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz"', 1980
[174-8225]
8225
CSO: 1860
1].7

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UDC 621.382:678.026(087.2)
PROTECTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICRS BY POLI'MF;FtS
Minsk ZASHCHITA POLUPROVODDiIKOVYI~I PRIBOR0~1 POLIMERAMI in Russian 1979 pp 109-10, 112
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Protection of Semiconductor Devices by
Polyiaers", by P. I. Shved, Izdatei'scvo `'Vysneyshaya ahkola", 112 pages]
[Text] This monograph treats various aspects of one of the important technical
trends in the electronic industry protection of semiconductor devices by poly-
meric materials. Information is given on opticn~l ~conditione of molding semiconduc-
tor devices with epoxy molding materials, on mech~snical atresses in polymeric coat- _
_ ings and protected crystals of semiconductora, etc. -
This monograph is intended for engineers and techniciana engaged in the protection
of semiconductor devices (as well as other articlea) by polymeric materials: It _
- will be useful to instructors and graduate atudents in the electronic and chemico-
technological fields.
C ontent s
Page
- Introduction 3
Chapter I. Moistureproofing Properties of Polymeric Coatings
on Single Crystals of Semiconductors 6
Effects of the Polymer-Semiconductor Boundary Layer on the
Protection of p-n Junctions Agaf.net Moisture 6
Effects of the Setti.ns Temperature on the Moistureproofing
. Properties of Polymeric Coatings 13
Effects of Adhesion on the Moistureproofing Propertiea of
Pol,ymeric Materials 18
Effects of the Nature of Adhesion Bonds of Polymers with the
Surfaces of Semiconductors on the Moistureproofing Pro-
perties of a Coating 21 .
- Hydrolytic Stability of Adhesion Bonds of Polymers with the
- Surface of a Semiconductor 32
Effects of Surface Passivation on the Moistureproofing
Properties of Coatings 40
Chapter II. Mechanical Stresses in Pol.ymeric Coatings and Protected
- Crystals of Semiconductora 45 ~
. .
118
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Methods for Studying Mechanical Stresses in Semiconductor
Crystals Protectesl by Polymeric Materials 45
Studies on the Effect of the Thickness of Protective Coating
on Mechanical Stresses in Resistance Strain Gauges 4g
Determination of Mechanical Stresses in Polymeric Coatings 51
Effects of Adhesion on the Mechanical Stress in a Protected
Crystal 53
Relation of Adhesion Strength and Shear Stresses in the -
Boundary Layer of a Polymeric Coating 54
Special Structural Characteristics of the Boundary Layer 59
Chapter III. Optimal Conditions of Molding Semiconductor Devices
with Epoxy Molding Materials 62
Rheological Properties of Epoxy Molding Materials (,2
Optimal Conditions of Molding Semiconductor Devices with
Molding Materials 65
"Life Span" of Epoxy Molding Materials 71
Chapter IV. Application of Polymeric Materials for the Protection of
Semiconductor Devices 75
Passivation of Semiconductor Devices with Organic Substances 75
� Protection of Semiconductor Devices with Polymeric Materials 84
Stability of the Parameters of Semiconductor Devices in Plastic
She l la 9,~
Determination of the Service Life of a Polymer Coating in an
Article by Accelerated Tests of the Material in Samples 9g
Bibliography 106
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Vysheyshaya shkola", 1979
[173-10,233]
10,233
CSO: 1860
119
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UDC 621.39:621.382
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS IN COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
Moscow POLUPROVODNIKOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA V TEKHNIKE SVYAZI in Russian 1980
(signed to press 20 May 80) pp 2, 225
[Annotation and table of contents from collection "Semiconductor Electronics in
Communications Engineering: Co1leCted Papers, Volume 20", edited by I. F. _
Nikolyevskiy, Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 5,000 copies, 225 pages ]
[Text] The measurement of interference in communications channels is treated;
design calculations and the planning are given for transmitters, radio
frequency oscillators, ampl~fers (including low-noise amplifiers), digital
devices, power supplies; automatic gain control circuits in ampl ifiers and _
- transmitters are analyzed; the results of an experimental study of the charac-
_ teristics of bipolar and field-eff ect transistors in the nominal mode and in .
a micropower mode are given; the application of digital computer s to the design
_ of power supplies and modeling equivalent circuits of semiconductor devices;
the prospects for the use of miniature speech telephone information devices _
- designed around LST's; and the characteristics of piezoelectric voltage trans-
fo~mers. Reference data are gi~en on the characteristics of high power oscillator
and amplifier transistors for the short wave and ultrashort wave bands.
The book is intended for engineering, technical and scientific workers engaged
in the development and design of canmunications equipment using semiconductor
devices, and can be useful to a broad group of specialists working in the field
of semiconductor electronics.
Table of Contents ~
1. Amplifiers and Communications Equipment Devices
~
' Ye.B. Alekseyev, A.V. Kurilov, "Questions in the measurement of the error
- f actor of h igh-speed transmission channels" 3
Ye.B. Alekseyev, A.V. Kurilov, "A high-speed PCM signal simulator" 8
P.A. Popov, M.D. Sverdlov, "A high efficiency singl~-sideband power
~plif ier" 12
7.20
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N.M. Panin, "A low-noise amplifier for third generation equipment" 18
S.F. Sikolenko, "Methods of adjusting the gain of transistor amplifiers
(review)" 23
O.A. Fursov, L.G. Plavskiy, G.N. Devyatkov, "The design of frequency
multiplier.s usl.ng charge storage diodes" 41
Ye.M. Zenin, Ye.G. Zelenskiy, "On the design of negatl.ve fe~dback
circuits in transistorized wideband power amplifiers" 47
G.M. Krylov, "The gain-bandwidth product of elementary amplifier stages" 52
B.S. Yanchurkin, "Structural configurations of voltage followers" 57
V.V. Palshkov, "On the question of the estimation of the nonlinearity -
characteristics of amplifier and cpnverter devices" 61
Ya.T. Zagorskiy, "The design calculation for the power supply mode of
field-eff ect transistors" 67
V.T. Aralov, L.A. Rashevskiy, V.N. Chugayev, "Improving the quality and
operational reliability of a linear power amplifier through
automatic gain control" 78
E.P. Kavun, "A high f requency self-excited crystal oscillator" 83
A.A. I1'in, "The sensitivity of the main parameters of amplitude-frequency ~
response characteristics which satisfy polynamial models" 84
II. Studies of Semiconductor Devices
D.V. Igumnov, I.S. Gromov, G.P. Kostyunina, "The functional capabilities
of MOS transistors" 90
A.A. Kuznetsov, "Series produced bipolar transistors in the micropower
mode" 95
Ya.T. Zagorskiy, I.Ya. Rakitina, "The static parameters of field-effect
transistors" 107
M.N. Omel'yanenko, A.I. Solomatova, "The influence of protons on the gain -
of transistors in the micropower mode" 118~
- A.A. Kuznetsov, "An installation for the measurement of the parameters of
bipolar transistors in the micropower mode" 122
A.P. Garbuzenko, L.Ya. Mogilevskaya, Yu.L. Khotuntsev, "An experimental 12$
study of varactor impedances used as frequency multipliers"
_ I.F. Nikolayevskiy, Ye.P. Sorokin, B.D. Vasilisin, V.V. Rumyantsev,
"Modeling the equ.ivalent cirGUit of a mierowave power transistor using
a digital camputer" 133 -
7.2~.
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III. Pulse Devices
V.B. Sher, A.G. Stavrov, "A trapezoidal pulse driver with a variable trailing
and leading edge width" 138
B.I. Lebedev, V.A. Sokol~v, A.I. Strizhenko, Ye.V. Shokin, "A counter
designed around flip-f lops with injection logic" 140
A.N. Bruyevich, I.A. Popov, "The calculation of the harmonic components
of the current and voltage pulses of a transistorized oscillator in -
an undervoltage mode" 144
Yu.L. Spirin, V.V. Drozhzhev, V.N. Frolov, "Methods of designing high-
voltage secondary power supplies using piezoelectric transistors on
a digital computer" 149
V.A. Goxokhov, S.M. Berglezov, "Miniature telephone speech information
devices (analysis and design principles)" 153
V.Sh. Arutyunyan, V.A. Tumanyan, G.V. Kelementyan, Four-channel code
controlled distributors" 11 160 -
IV. Electrical Power Supplies
M.Ye. Kutsko, G.V. Kozharskiy, G.G. Rogacheva, "An analysis of the
transient processes in regulated power supplies" 165 -
N.P. Uzberg, P.V. Agafonav, "A converter with a voltage booster for
stabilization of the output voltages" 171
N.P. Uzberg, P.V. Agafonov, "A transformerless mains voltage rectifier" 174
A.M. Repin, "The engineering design of a low-power bridge converter" 176
~ M.M. Glibitskiy, L.A. Sukhman, "The systemic analysis and design of. a r
converter by means of a camputer" 187
L.M. Braslavskiy, V.G. Kobylyanskiy, A.M. Sazhnov, "A transformerless
converter with combined voltage regulation" 194
V.A. Bychkov, "A current equali2ation circuit for power transistors
connected in parallel" 201
- V. Reference Information Sheet
V.M. Dronevich, B.A. Borodin, M.I. Gorlov, "The operational properties of
high-power general applications amplifier and oscillator transistors
for the ultrashort wave and decimeter wave bands" 205
,
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 1980
[139-8225]
8225
CSO: 1860 -
~22
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UDC 621.314.2.001.4 _
- TESTING TRANSF~RMERS WITH POWER RATINGS UP TO 6300 kVA AND VOLTAGES UP TO 5 kV ~
Moscow ISPYTANIYE TRANSFORMATOROV MOSHCHNOST'YU DO 6300 KV-A I NAPRYAZHEN.T.YEM -
- DO 35 KV .in Russian 198a (signed to press 12 Sep 80) pp 2, 309-312 -
[Annota~io~ and table of contents from book '�Testing Transformers With Power
Ratings up to 6300 kVA and Voltages up to 35 1cV", by Yevsey Aronovich Kaganovich
and I1'ya Markovich Raykhlin, Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 12,000 copies,
- 312 pages ]
[Text] Programs and m~ethods of performance, acceptance and periodic testing of
_ general service, special and household service transformers during fabrication
- and repair are treated. Methods are described for flaw detection during testing
and repair, as well as programs for prerepair and po~t-repair testing. Recom-
mendations are given for the choice of the test equipment and measurenient
f acilit ies . -
The book is intended for engineering and technical workers engaged in the
testing of transformers during fabrication, repair and operation, as well as
the design of testing stations and individual test units.
Table of Contents
Foreword 3
PART 1. Transformer Testing at the Manufacturing Enterprise
~ Chapter One. The Requirements of Standards for the Program and Types of
' Tests 5
~ 1.1. The Purpose of the tests .5
1.2. The testing programs 6 -
1.3. The testing sequence and conditions 8
_ 1.4. Tests during assembly g
1.5. The organization ~f the acceptance tests 10
123
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Chapter 2~0. The Testing of the Ma~or Compon~nt Parts of a Transfoxmer 13
2.1. The core 13
2. 2. The winding s ~7
- 2.3. Step ~witchgear 29
2.4. Special features of acceptance tests of transformers with the
PBV [switching the taps after all windings are disconnected from
the mains, i.e. , switching without excitstion] and the RPN -
[voltage regulation under load wi+thout disconnecbion of the
transformer fram the mains] devi~es 44
- 2.5. Devices for continuaus voltage control under load 47
2.6. The operatianal principle and specific features of acceptance tests
of autotransformers with cont~nuaus voltage adjustment 49
2.7. Testing the active companent 55
Chapter Three. Testing the Electrical Strength of the Insulation 55
3.1. The complex of insulation tests 55
3.2. Testing transformer oil 57 ,
3.3. Testing a noncombuatible liquid dielectric (sovtol) 59 ,
3.4. Measuring the insulation resistance of windings 60
3.5. Testing the internal insulation with a voltage applied from an =
- exterr.al source for one minute 64 _
3.6. TeSting the insulatian with the voltage induced in the transformer ;
itself 73 ;
_ 3.7. Testing the external insulation 79
3.8. Measuring the high voltage with a ball gap discharger 79
3.9. Testing with thunderstorm pulse voltage 8~
Chapter Four. Checking the Transformation Ratio ~4
4.1. Same specific features of checking the transforination ratio 84
4.2. The bridge method 86
G.3. The two voltmeter mett?od 86
4. 4. Circuits f or checking the transf ormation ratio with two voltmeters -
and the choice of the measurement tools 87
- 4.5. Specific features in checking the tranformation ratio of -
transformers with a low power rating intended for home consumer use 93
4.6. Checking the parts of a winding connected in parallel 93 -
Chapter Five. Checking a Winding Connection Group 94
- 5.1. Winding connection groups 94
5.2. The phase meter method 99
5.3. The two voltmeter method 101
5.4. The direct current method 106
5.5. Faults detected during the checking of a winding connection group 107
Chapter Six. Checking the No Load Current and Losses (No Load Trial) 109
6.1. The perf o~ance of the trial and the detectable defects 109
6.2. The ma~or requirements placed an the test equipment . 113
6.3. The testing circuitry and the choice of ineasurement tools 116 _
].24
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- 6.4. Measuring the no load ~urrent and losses 121
6.5. The readings of permanent measure~ent tools and making corrections
in the~.r results 127
6.6. Measuring the losses in three-phase transformers in the case of _
single phase excitation 132
6.7. Corrections for test conditions wl-.ich differ fram the nominal ones 134
Chapter Seven. Checking the Short Circuit Voltage and Losses (the
Short Circuit Trial) 135
7.1. The purpose of the trial 135
' 7.2. Referen�ing the short circuit trial results to the nominal ~
~ conditione 139
7.3. A s3.ngle phase trial procedure for three-phase transformers 144
7.~+. Specific features of testing converter transformers 145
7.5. Specific features of testing transformers with low power ratings
- and for everyday home use 147
7.6. Measuring the neutral sequence res�~stance 148
_ Chapter Eight. Measuring the Direct Current Electrical Resistance of
, Windings 150
8.1. Purpose of the measurement 150
8.2. Measurement methods 154
8.3. The determination of the design resistances and finding a defective
phase 160
. 8.4. The determination of winding temperature 163
8.5. Measuring the resistance between removable parts and the grounding
terminal 164
- Chapter Nine. Testing for Heating 165
9.1. Purpose of the test 165
9.2. Test methods 169
9.3. Test duration 175
9.4. Temperature measurement methods 178
9.5. Specific features of testing certain transformers 186
Chapter Ten. Testing ror Durability in the Case of a Short-Circuit 188
10.1. Purpose of the test 188
10.2. Test methods 190
10.3. Evaluating the test results 193
10.4. Specific features of testing converter transformers and transfoYmers
with a low power rating 195
Chapter Eleven. Safety Engineering 197
11.1. General principles 197
11.2. Organizational measures 198
125
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11.3. Technical measures 199
11.4. The safety of the tests under operational conditions 211
. 11.5. Safety requirements urhen working with sovtol 212
11.6. Fire safety measures Z12
Chapter 1~aelve. Basic Concepts Concerezing Climatic and Mechanical
Tests 214
12.1. PurposQ of the tests 214
12.2. Climatic tests 215
12.3. Mechanical tests `l16
12.4. Tank testing 21~
PART TWO. Tests of Transformers During Installation, Operation and
Repair
Chapter Thirteen. The Purpose and Scope of the Tests 219 -
13.1. The technical standards documents 219 -
13.2. The classification of transformer repairs 219
13.3. The purpose and~ classification of the tests 223
13.4. The standards and scope of the tests ?29
Chapter Fourteen. Setting Up Transformer Tests at the Installation -
Site 242
14.1. General infr~rmation 242
14.2. Acceptance tests of transformers newly placed in service 242
14.3. Tests of transformers in operation 246
14.4. Equipment for testing transfonners at the installation site 247
14.5. Specif ic features of the test proc2dure at the installation site 255
Chapter Fifteen. Setting Up Transformer Testing at a Permanent
Electrical Repair Enterprise 263
15.1. Permanent electrical repair enterprises 263
15.2. Requirements placed on test facilities 264
15.3. The testing station 26~ ,
15.4. The SIT-2 all-purpose test stand 271
15.5. Working on the SIT-2 test stand 281
15.6. Advantages and drawbacks to the SIT-2 test stand 286
15.7. Recammended documentation forms 288
Chapter Sixteen. Testing Insulation in Operat3on and During
Transformer Repair 295
16.1. Wear of p aper-oil insulation during transformer operation 295
- 16.2. Mois~ure absorption by paper-oil i.nsulation 29~
16.3. Measuring the electrical parameters of a solid dielectric 298
16.4. Testing the main insulation electrical strength 303
126
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16.5. Testing the longitudinal insulation electrical strength 305
16.6. Testing transformer oil 305
Appendix. The Classification of General Purpose Oil Power Transformers
According to Overall Dimensions 307
Bibliography 307
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1980 _
[136-8225]
_ 8225
' CSO: 1860 .
127
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UDC 621.319.4
THE USE OF CAPACITORS IN ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Kishinev PRIMENENIYL KONDENSATOROV V ELEKTRONNYKH I ELEKTRO-TERHNICHESKIKH
USTANOVKAKH in Rusaian 1979 (s3gned to press 25 Jan 79) pp 2, 88
[Anriotation and table of contents from collection "The Use of Capacitors in
Electronic and Electrical Equipment", edited by L. F. Bra ina and N. N. ~
Murashova, Izdatel'stvo "Shtiintsa", 815 copies, 88 pages~
[Text] Urgent questions are treated in this collection; the application of
capacitors in electrical and electronic equipment; the specific features of the
op eration of capacitors in nonatandard modes, in particular, when sub3ected to
pu3~sed loads; the calculation of the thermal fields and permissible electrical ~
loads of capacitors under the specif ied conditions; certain requirements placed
- on the capacitors of semiconductor power converters; diagnosing and predicting
the service life of electrical capacitors, as well as some diagnostic models. ~
The coltection ie address~d tu bcientific woricers and engineers ~t.onaed in
question~ of the application of capacitors in slmiconductor power converters
_ and other electrical power engineering facilities.
Table of Contents
Yermuratskiy, V.V., "Basic A~proaches to Improving the Efficiency of Capacitor
Utilization in Thyristor Converters" 3 -
Yermuratskiy, V.V., "Same Laws Governing the Requirements Placed on Switching
Capacitors for Thyristor Frequency Converters" 10
Berzan, V.P., "Chaxacteristic Operational Modes for Capacitors in Semi- '
- Conductor Power Equipment" 20
,
,
128
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Rimskiy, V.K., "The Steady-State Internal Thermal Resistances of Series
; Produced Capacitors" 26
Rimskiy, V.K., "The Impact of Nonuniformity in the ~Ieat Liberation in
Capacitors on Their Steady-State Internal Thermal Resistances" 32
Gyske, S.M., "The External Thermal Resistances of Low Power Capacitors" 37
Berzan, V.P., Gyske, S.M., "The Equivalent Series Ohmic Resistances of
~lternating Current Capacitors" 44
' Gutsul, I.S., "The Calculation of the Permissible Working Sinusoidal
and Trapezoidal Wavef orm Voltages for Capacitors in Thyristor
Converters" 58
Dasyuk, S.M., Serdyuk, G.B., "Methods of Diagnosing Electrical
Capacitors Based on Nonlinearity Effects" 67
Dasyuk, S.M., "Diagnostic Models of Capacitors" 71 -
Logachev, V.N., "An Approximate Estimate of the Gamma Percentage
Service Life of Metal-Paper Capacitors for Regulated Thyristor
Converters Based on a Theranal Stability Criterion" 75
Abstracts 83
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Shtiintsa", 1979
[138-8225]
- 8225
CSO: 1860
END -
129
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