JPRS ID: 9336 WORLDWIDE REPORT NARCOTICS AND DANGEROUS DRUGS

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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 94
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 16
• Content Type: REPORTS

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- JPRS L09~53
10 April 1 ~81
?
u i . .
- ~ -
Jc~ ar~ Re ort ~
p p
CFOUO 22/81) .
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" JPRS L/9653
l~ ?~pril 1981
JAPAN k~PORT
cFOUO 22/s~)
CONTENTS
E CON OMIC
- Indonesia Ag~ees To Double I~TG Export to Japan
( J,APAN E CONOMZC JOURNAL, 17 Mar 81) o 0 o a o o� o o,, o o.. o 0 1
: Japanese, French Plant ~`irms Will Cooperate in International
Tenders
(JAPAN EOONOMIC JOURNAL, 17 Mar 81)00...,...,.o.,.a...oo..o.,.. 2
- SCIENCE ANA TEQiNOLOGY
_ Fi~;~e Major Stee~makers Will Boost Plant, ~quipment Investments for
~ 198~
(JAPAN Et70NOMIC JOU~IAL, Z7 Mar $1)0.,,00.,,...pao,oo~,..o.,o � 3
� Solar Energy Research Wins Wide Support
~ (Kiyoomi Takiyu; BUSINESS JAPAid, Mar 81,1.,.....,~o..a~o,..o.... 4
Ways To 0`~ercome Problems in Plant Export Discussed
(Various sources, various dates)........aoooo.oo.,a,,.ooa.,,o.o. 7
-
Current Drive, by Shohei :~urihara
Ex.port Irisurance System
Nego~iations With Europe
- Survey oi Overseas Activities
_ Mitsui Fixms Probe Com~ercial Feasibility of Coal-Methanol Mix
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 17 Mar 81)..00,0,ooo,p,aoo,.,.o...o.o0 24
Ethylene Producers Expand Naphthz, LPG Storages ~
- (JAPAN ECANOMIC JJURNAL, li Mar 81)0.0,0,,,,0� ~o,~o.oo,oooo,,, 25
_ Toray Will Double Carbon Fiber Production to 100 Tons a Mont:
- (JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 17 Mar 81)0.,~,,...o,,,o.....o.,,....,, 26
= Russian Seeks Ca 1laboration in Coal Liquefaction Program
- - (Hiroshi Egashiran JAPAN ECONOMIC JOU1tNAL, 17 Mar 81).,0,..~,.~ 27
~ - a - [III - ASIA - 111 r^OUO]
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A1leviation of Internatianal Data Communication.,Cnntr~l
(TECfINOCRAT, Jan 81) ..............~.~.......................o... 28
New-Type Private Data ~om~nunication Network
(TE(~II~tdCitAT, Jan 81).....o ....................o..e.........o.... 29
_ A Si.ng.~e Syllable Input Voice Recognition Device
(TEf~INOCRAT, Jan 8i)~ ..................~a..o.~.....~....o...a... 31
' Software IIevelopmcnt by ~?-aphics
(TEC:EiNOCRAT, Jan 81).......o......oo....o ...............voo..... 32
An Interfero~tric Supersouic Microscope
(TE(~II~IOCRAT, Jan 81)...0...0......o..o....oo.oo 34
Joint Res..arch Project ~n I?igh-I~lecular Materials
- (~ca~rncx~~r, Jan 81) ....................:.ooooooao..o.........o0 35 ~
Heat Dissipating Si~icon Rubber
(TECHTTOCRAT, Jan 81) ....................o.....o.....oo..oo...... 36
- Injection Molding Measurement tYbnitor
- (TECI~TOCRAT, Jan 81) .........................o.oo.o....oooo.o... 37
- Energy Saving Injection Molding Machine
(TE(~TOCRAT, Jan 81) ..................o..o.........ooo........,.~ 38
Microcomputer Controlled Injection Molding Machine
C iL' Vill\~Ui~L'11 ~ al~ Ol, ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e u ~ a o o ~ ~ o o ~ o 0 0 ~ ~ � J7
Measuremezit of Stratospheric Materials
(TEt3~TOCRAT, Jan 81)....o............o.a..~.......o.ooo~...o...a 40
Solar Seawater Desalination Plant
(TEtHNOCRAT, Jan 81)......o..........o.,.o.......4........o...o. 41
Companies To Compete for Bids in Constructing Oi1, Ga.s Production
Facilities
(TE(~iNOCRAT, Jan 81)....oo .........................o...o.....o.. 42
Deve.lopment of Technology fo r Synthesis of Silicon Semiconductor
Membrane
(TECHNOCRAT, Jan S1)..o.......o......o..~...o.o.....a.ooo..oo.a. 43
Ne~ Dry-Etching Method Narrows LSI L:ne Width to Oa5 Microns
- (JAPAN E~NOMIC JOURNAL, 17 Mar 81) ...........................o. 44
Green Cross Is Ready for Three ~rpes of Interferon
~ ( JAPAN E OONOMIC :TOURNAL, 17 Mar 81) . . ...,r. o . o . o . . . . . . o a . o . . . . . . . !+5
Automatic Reticle Mask Defect Inspection System
(TEC.EINOCRAT, Jan 81)..........o .....................oa....o..... 46
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Method Developed for Manufacturing Powdered Amorphous Si.i.icon
( TEQiNOCItAT, Jan 81.) . . a . o . o . . . . o . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 ~
, Digital Dew-Pr~int MPter Developed -
(TE(HNGCRAT, Jan 81).0.....o......40.....o .................o.o. 48 -
Littiium Ce7.~. ~'ota'lly Solidified -
(TECHNOCRAT, Jan 81)~.....o.........o.....o.........o...a...... 49
Magnetic-Field Micr~,~-ave Plasma Etching System
(TE(~INOCRAT, Jan 81)0 ....................o.....o............o.. 50 ~
New Filter Technology for. Removal of Super-Fine Du'st f-
(TE QiN~CR,AT, Jan 81).0...0 .....................o..o..o......... Sl !
VLSI's Seading for Mass Production ~
('i'ECHI~IOCRAT, Jan 81)0 .............o..........ooao...o..oooo.o.a 52
VAD Optical. Fiber Manu~acturing Technique
(1'ECEINOCRAT, Jan 81) ..................o.....;.....ooa...oo....0 55
Research Accelerated on Optical Measurement Con~m 1 System -
(TECEINOCRAT, Jan 81)...0........o.oo.o~o.....oo.....a.ooo.o.... 60
Sub-Pico-Second Pulse Laser Described
- (TEL~Il~TOCRAT, Jan 81).....oo........o.o..oo..o.oo.o....oo.v~o..o 62
- New Type of Catalyst for Redox Czll -
(Z'~G'~INOCRAT, Jan 81).00 .........................o.......eo..... 6~
Heat Storage Medium for Waste Heat Fhergy in Rivers, Seas, Air
(TE QiNOCRAT, Jan 81)..0 ..........................ooo~oooao.o.o. 66
1
High-Performance LP Gas Detector Incorporating Newly Developed
= SpeciaT Sensor .
(TE(~iNOCRAT, Jan 81)....~............o.o.......o.......o...o.... 68
Ztao-Cycle Engine Basea on Active Thez7nal Atmosphere Combustion
Process
(TE QiNOCRAT, Jan 81)00.........o...o.o..o..o...o.....o.o........ 69
Super-I~aw Temperature Patigue Tester ~
(TECHNOCRAT, Jan 81)....o.o.......ooo...oo..o..o....o.o.oo..o.o. 70
y Fuel-Saving, High-Efficiency Propulsion System for Large Ships -
_ (TECEII~'OCRAT, Jan 81)..00.0o....e.ooo40.00.000000...oo.oa.o..ooo. 71 :
~ I?irect-Couple ~pe High-Economy Generation System Using Waste Heat
, (TE Q~TOCRAT, Jan 81)0............o....o.o.....o.......ooo....... 72 _
Catamaran Stern Type Energy-Sav3.ng Ships
(TE(~II~TOCRAT, Jan 81)...0..0.........ooo..oa.ooooo..ooo.oo.ooa... %3
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Method of Storing, Mspens3ng Coal Using C,oncrete Silos
' (TE(~tOCRAT, Jan 81) .....................~.ao..........oo.o.o.. 74
- New 70 Percent Efficiency Wave Resonance Gener.ation System (WRC)
Described
" (TE(~IIdOCRAT, Jan 81)...........o....o .............o......o.ooo. 7,~
EartTtquake Detection System Described
(TEQiNOCRAT, Jan 81).........o...ooo.oooo...o..ovo.o.~.....o.o0 76
, Ministry of Agriculture, F~restry, Fisheries To Develop Biotechnolog~
- (TECH*'OCRAT, Jan 81) .........................o.......ooo..ooo.0 77
Briefs
Practical Amorphous Cell Development 78
Internat.ional Cooperation for Coal Liquefaction 78
Largest Solar Power Plant ~g
Gas Absorption-Type Iieat Pump 79
Ultra-Small Proximity Switch 79
Pump Heats Water 79
Technical Cooperation With China gp
_ Sintered WBM Tools gp
New Drills g~
_ New NC Equipment Maker gp
Tools Operated by Human Voice gl
New Electro-Discharge Machine Maker gl
Ultra-Precision Mirror gl
- Machining Center for Mass Production gl
High Speed Hobbing Machine 82
_ Verticle Machining Center 82
_ Autamobile Air Clutch Dev~.'~~ped 82
Lightweight C~mmuter Train Coach 82
~ Auto-Leveler 83
- Positive~Type Electron Beam Resist 83
Vo].tage Direct Photo-Ignition Thy ristor g3
= Photo-Sensitive Organic System 83
- Terminal Which Directly Calls Aemos 84
Optical F`iber Flu~aneter 84
- High-Speed Press Facsimile 84
_ Postal On-Line Mainzenance 85
Glass-Made Qptical Fiber Connecto r 85
Fujitsu 1~-170F Computer gs
NEC M~odel 55 Office Compu~er 85
- Software Maintenance `~;~chnology 86
Decentralized Data Processing Minicomputer 86
Tujitsu General Purpose Computer Eb
_ Large-Scale Decentralized Frocessor 86
LSI Tester Family 8~
- High-Sensitivity Sensit~ve MaL-e.rial g~
' Nylon 66 With IncombustibiJLity g~
Au~omatic Injection Molding System g~
- Marina Differential-Temperature Pawer Genera.tion gg
LP Gas Automatic Control Valve gg
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~
ECONOMIC .
~ ~
-i
" INDONBSTA AGREES TO DOUBLE LNG EXPORT TO JAPAN
_ Tok;~o JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 946, 17 Mar 81 p 4
[Text]
- Electric ulilities and c:ity ga~ ~wrt l3ank uf Japan un the LNG as a part o[ their efforts l~i
= crnnpanics have agrecd with I~~tler's financing assi,t for reduce relia~ice on petroleum.
- Ycvlamiiia, the Indonesiun LNG dcv~lopmeut projects. Currenlly, Jepan lmports a
st~~le uil curpui�atiun, tu nearly !'crlamina uriginally as~c~d lutal of 15 million tuns o[ LNG
duuble lhcir lolal imporls uf tur Sii pcr milliou B'fU uu lhe ~nnu~il!y from, among olhers,
lique[ied uatural gas. grounds oi' skyrcx;kel~Yl crude Indunesi~, li?�unei, Abu Dhabi
Yrior to lhe ~greements, ln- uil prices and linking its LNG and Alas?:a.
dunesia was scheduled ta sup- price tu pelroleum. Users here 'Phe Japanese lung-term plan,
_ ply about 7,5 milliun lons uf i?~isted on $5 payment, point- worked uul in April, 19'79, calls
LNG a year. Under the lalest ing uut that I.NC lransportation for expanding the imporl
~grce~nents, 3 million luns ~ cosls are higher than carrying volume tu 45 million a year by
yes~r will be supplied to 'fokyo crude uil. 'I'Fic price com- lyJO. The new conlracts wilh
and 7'ohoku Elec:tric Yower promise was made, due partly Ycrtamina will raise th~
= Cump;~nies. Anuther 3 million tu lhe 1!lti3 tacget Cur supply Indonesian share lo 'lU per cent
- t~ms will I.~e delivered lu Ch:~bu starls. in lhe impurt g~in planned by
- an~ ICa:~~�::: Electi�ic Powe:r '1'he utiliti~~s a~reecl to expand lhe induslcy and Japanese
~ U~~upanies, and USaka aud their pw�chases of 4~duneaian Covernmenl.
'1'ul~o Gas Companies.
7'hc exU�a G milliun tons,
priced ~t $5 abuut per million
lic�ilish thermal units, ~vill t~e
- supplied uver a.'lU-y~~ar peric~~l,
slartin~ 1~J8:1.
'1'h~~,~~;reemenls will pave the
- w;iy for n~~K~?ti~ilions be~tween
f'crl:,mina und the I~x~~orl-im-
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
CSO: 4120
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ECONOMIC
~ JAPANESE, FRENCH PLANT FIRMS WILL COOPERATE IN INTERNATIONAL TENDERS
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 946, 17 Mar 81 p 6
[Text]
glant build~rs o~~ Japan and extend tull .~o~eration to their export finance systems and
- Ftance have ~agi'eed on going ~Japaaese Counterpar,ts in also call on the governments of
hand in hand in joining int~r-,.~ winaing t~ders in.Attica aud bolh countries-to create a pint
- national tenders , to better East~ Europe. In . return, the export insurance system.
- ~ui`,race rivals from oth,er : latter '~wi1,1 hdp fhe ~F1~ench Japanese and French plant
cou~~ti5es. industry ad~ . ~rito~ 6outh- builders, [ar from working
This revolutionary coopera- east Asian m~. together in international ten-
_ tion setup between the indus- -Speci~cally, they will form ders, so far have staged fierce
tcie~ oE the two coustries was aonsortiums thereby ah~ring . conipetiNon in winning con-
arranged by the Japan Machin- risks involved in iuternational tracts from the Soviet Union,
~ ery Exporters' Association with constructia:? jobs. , Japanese East Europe and African
its k'rench counterparts, enterprises will buy French nations.
Groupement des Ensembliers equipment as mui:h as possible For example, a Japanese-
~ Industriels Francais and As- in exporting their plants to U.S. team, composed of Nippon
sociation Francaise des Sa Africa so that they can con- Steel Corp. and Armco, Inc.
cietes D'etudes et de Conseils tr3bute to boosting FYench suffered a crushing defeat in
. Exportatrices. trade. the Russian electrical sheet
' A JMEA spokesman said that -They will take advantage of plant tender last year, losing to
the association sent an in- the merits in each country's Creusot Loire.
dustrywide mission to I'aris in
early' March to confer K~ith
~J Creusot Loire Entreprises and
uther French plaret builders on
_ mutual collaboration in world-
wide biddings. The mission
_ memtyers, led by 7~oshiba Corp.
Consultant Katsuzo Nagai,
_ comprised of~cials of JGC
Corp., Chiyoda Engineering &
C~nstruction Co. and six other
companies.
Salient points agreed on at
_ tt-,e Paris meeting were:
-French plant builders will
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimhun, Inc.
CSO: 4120
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FIVE MAJOR STEELMAKERS WILL BOOST PLANT, EQUIPMENT INVESTMENTS FOR 1981
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 946, 17 Mar 81 p 4
- [Text]
. Plant and equipment invest- fiscal 1980. ~
- ments by five major Japanese Investments will be centered
steelmakers in fiscal 1981 are on the expansion oF seamless
expected to reach'~680.8billion pipe production capacity and
con a construction basis), a energy conservation.
sharp 36.2 per cent, gain over Sumitomo :~tetal Indusiries,
the provisional figure for the Ltd. envisages boosting invest-
- preceding fiscal year, it was ments in fiscal 1981 by 33.7 per
learned last week. cent over fiscal 1980 to around
Nippon Steel Corp. plans to # 13t billion.
. boost its plant and equipment Kawasaki Steel Corp. plans
investments for fiscal 1981 to to increase investments by a
aro~d ~ 200 billion from th~e staggering ; 2.7 per cent to
provisional ~ 165 billion for around ~ 115.2 billion in Fiscal
fisca11980. 1981. Investments will be ear-
Among the major piants and marked mainly for the expan-
equipment it plans to start sion of the seamless pi~e mill
_ building during fiscal 198i are a at the Chita works and the
small diameter steel pipe mill expansion of the electroly~ic
' at the Yawata works, a cold galvanizing line at the Chiba
strip mill at the Hirohata works works.
and a continuous casting equi~ Kobe Steel, Ltd. also will
ment each at the Kimitsu and boost its investments in fiscal � ~ -
Muroran works. 1981 by 11.1 per cent over fiscal
From the peak of ~ 325 billion 1980 to around ~E 110 billion:
in fiscal 19'T5, Nippon Steel has These major steelmakers
_ reduced its plant artd equip- have moved to boost their
ment investments to 160 capital spendings in an attempt
billion in fiscal 1978, ~ 170 to expand their seamless pipe '
' billion in fiscal 1979 and around production and continuous
- ~ 165 billion in fiscal 1980. ca.sting capacities and beef up
, Nippon Kokan K.K. intends to production of suzh high value-
increase its . investments in added steel products as sur-
fiscal 198t to around ~ t04.6 tace-treated steel sheets and
_ billion, sharply up from the high tensile steel sheets for
provisional ~ 65.a billion !or automobiles.
COPYRTGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ~
SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH WINS WIDE SUPPORT
Tokyo BUSINESS JAPAN in English Vol 26, No 3, Mar 81 pp 69-73
(Article by.Kiyoomi Takiyu, managing director, Solar System Promotion Society] ~
[Text] ~
'T`HE energy crisis is one of ~ tYie The first successful step in develop- heater system or a hot water and r
1 most serious problems the world ing equipment fcr practical utilization heater/cooler system. The solar system
. faces today. To Japan, which depends of solar energy during the years im- is different from the conventional
almost entirely on imported oil as its mediately following the launching of solar water warmer. It cames under '
energy source, energy is a crucial the government program called for different government jurisdiction and
national problem. Efforts have been combined efforts among the private the Solar System Promotion Society
made by the Japanese government and sector in collaboration with the dees not handle the conventional solar
� private industries to tackle this prob- government to move forward to the water warmer. I -
lem in three major areas ever since the ultimate goal of replacing oil with
first "oil shock" in 1973 through solar energy. For the purpose of devel- The Market Condition ~
- securing sources of oil impo, :s, energy oping technology, promoting market- It is estimated that a total of 2.5 ' -
saving and finding alternate sources ing and the economic viability of solar million solar water heaters are cur- -
of energy, Among them, development systems, and obtaining public support rently installed in Japan. Solar sys-
of energy sources other than oil is to encourage increased demands, the tems, on the other hand, are still in
c~nsidered the most important in Solar System Promotion Society was their infancy. Lack of public under- i
_ the long-range viewpoint. Solar energy, established in May 1978. standing and still-expensive installation
which provides a pollution-free, limit- costs are the major maiketing prob- I
less source of energy if effectively What Is a Solar System? lems.
utilized, could contribute greatly to A solar system is a system which The situation, however, is gradually ~
solving the energy problems of man- collects heat from the sun, converts changing. The general public is becom-
kind. energy to heat water or air, and stores ing increasingly aware of the need for ~
Among many countries of the heated water or air in tanks, utilizing energy conservation. The rising price ~ -
world, Japan has been active in ex- the stored energy when required for of kerosene and increases in utility !
ploiting solar energy over the years. In hot water supply or air-conditioning. rates are drawing the attention of ;
_ Japan, sun-heated water by either When the temperature of the stored consumers to solar energy. Growing ~
natural circulation of warmed water wafer or heat is low due to lack of numbers of houses, offices, schools, ~
through pipes or warmed water stored sunshine, an auxiliary heater will auto- hospitals, homes for. the aged, and ~
in tanks has been in practical use since matically bring the tank to the re- public facilities such as athletic halls
before the energy crisis. The Grst oil quired temperature. and government buildings are installing
sl~ock attracted the attention of the For productive collection of solar solar systems.
- people as they realiaed the need for energy, forced circulation of water (or Solar systems are also beginning to
the development of a more effective air) is constantly maintained between be installed at industrial facilities in-
= use of solar energy. Concordantly, the the collector and the tank. Operation volved with farming, fishery, livestock
Industrial Techi~ology Agenc~ of the of the circulation pump and the auxil- and manufacturing. As seen in Table 1,
Ministry of International Trade and iary heater is automatically controlled. the total number of solar systerns _
Industry launched the "Sunshine Pro- An electric heater, hot water boiler or installed throughout Japan as of 3uly
gram'~' under which many technical heat pump is used as the auxiliary 1980, was 1,573. The statistics cover
studies were initiated to manufacture heater. For cooling, an absorption all members of the Solar System Pro-
- equipment and devices for hot water refrigerator or a Rankine cycle engine motion Society which comprise manu- _
supply and air�conditioning of build- refregirator is added to the system. facturers and thus can be regarded as
.ings. The system is normally used as a reflecting the total market size. It is
4
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~ Table 1. Solar System in Use in Japan study as the basis of promotional
_ ~ activities - Budget ~19 million, and
End June 1978 End June 1979 End Dec. 1979 End June 1980 3~ Establishment Of 2 performance
assessment organization (by a non-
Houses 1,442 2,365 4,146 14,174 profit organization for technical2ssess-
_ Apattments 12 25 30 50 ment facility and conducting testings) .
Businesses 132 274 443 899 = Budget ~402 million.
Promotional activities: 1) A subsidy
_ Industrial plants 25 21 29 50 to promote the installation of solar
Total 1,611 2,685 4,648 15,173 systems at public facilities (continuing
Statistics cover systems manufactured by members of the Solar System fiom the first year, government sub-
- Promotion Sociery, sidies are given to finance 50% of the
installation costs of solar systems by
local government agencies and non-
Table 2. Accumulated Number of Solar System by Function Profit corporations engaged in educa-
tional, cultural, welfare, medical care,
(As of the end of )une 1980) environmental protection, sports and
- recreation, ptiblic comn~unication and
Hot water/
Hot waier Hot waCer heater/ Others Total transportation activities) - Budget,
supply heater cooler ~3,600 million.
- 2) A subsidy to the Solar System
' Houses 13,674 4a8 48 4 1a,174 promotion Society's public finaricing
- Apartments 45 1 4 9 50 program (continuing from the first
Bu~nesses 715 53 115 16 899 year, the following government sub-
Industrial plants 24 4 3 19 50 sidy is provided to the Society for low
'Total 14,458 506 170 39 15,173 ~terest loans) - Budget, ~1,797 mil- ;
- - lion, with the total amount of loans !
Statistics cover systems manufactured by members of the Solar System (per year) set at ~1 1,000 million. ~
Promot;on Society. Loan conditions for houses are set at '
5.5% per year interest and 5�year
significant to note that the figure policy calls for installation of solar repayment with a maximum of ~2
represents a sixfold increase from systems at 7.8 million houses, .one- million, and on businesses, 6.5% per
2,685 of June 1979. The rapid in- fourth of the total houses in Jap~n, in year interest and a 10-year repayment,
crease is expected to continu~ because addition to increased utilization in the maximum ~�100 million. Loans will be
the official measures to promote the business and industry sectors. It is available for systems approved by the
- solar system started in April 1980. estimated that 5.2 million kiloliters of society, and contractors should be ;
- About 90% of the solar systems oil will be saved. registered with the society. ~
_ currerctly in use are installed in private '~s cannot be achieved without 3) A subsidy for promotional activi- '
houses, but use at business establish- concerted efforts between the govern- ties (establishment of four permanent ;
ments and industrial plants is expected ment and private industry in promot- exhibition facilities and operational
to grow in the near future because of ~ng solar systems. The governmental costs) - Budget, ~47 million.
today's critical energy situation. ~ measures which began during fiscal 4) Tax reduction (7% income tax '
Over 90% of the systems now in use 1980 were� expanded in 1981 to in- reduction, or 30% special deprECiation,
are for hot water supply. This is clude the following: . 25% reduction on taxable real asset
mainly because of the ]ow cost of value).
installation, but more and more solar Technical development: 1) Grants T1?ese government measures will be-
systems are expected to be used for to develop industrial solar systems come effective only when the industry
_ air-conditioning as well because of its (~`ixed heat process and cascading heat makes its own efforts to promote the
safety and pollution-free nature, an process system) - Budget, ~216 mil- use of solar systems in Japan. The
important advantage for households lion and 2) Grants for hot water Solar System Promotion Society, as
with children and older people, while Supply/air-conditioning system (study the central body, will combine effurts
costs of oil, electricity and gas are of assessment system and development of inember firms during the coming
continuously rising. of equipment and materials) - Budget, fiscal year in expanding the loan pro-
- ~ ~~90 million. gram, :~tandardization of equipment,
Increasing the Use of Solar Systems improvement of installation technol-
In its "Long-Range Forecast of Establishment of a basic proma ogy, quality control, establishment of
- Energy Demand and Supply," the economic viability assessment, exhibi-
tional st~ucture: 1) Promotion of
Japanese govemment declared that it tions and seminars, ublication of ~
~}uality improvement of solar systems p I
� on~importedl 01 tog50% ofphe total lestablishment of a solar system quali- ti s~Working prosg ams arelnow under
energy requirements by 1990. This ty improvement committee) - Budget study.
~3 million, 2) Grants for acceptance
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I am proud to state that Japanese
solar sys4em technology and equip- -
ment enjoy world recognition for '
~ quality and performance. Many devel-
oping countries without .self-support- _
ing energy sources are showing interest
_ in importing technology and equip-
_ ment such as solar collectors from -
Japan. Energy is not a problem for one =
country alone; it is a global problem. _
Japan, as one of the industrialized ~
nations of the world, should extend
every possible assistance to developing _
nations in their efforts to seek alter-
nate energy sources.
The Solar System Promotion Socie-
ty requests governmental support in
providing such assistance to develop- -
ing countries which will lead to in-
creased technology and product ex- _
ports from Japan. ~ _
COPYRIGHT: 1981 The i~ihon Kogyo Shimbun
CSO: 4120 '
'
i
I-
~
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
. ~
WAYS TQ OVERCOME PROBLEMS IN PLANT EXPORT DISCUSSED
Current Drive -
Tokyo NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN in 7apanese 19 Dec 80 pp 13-18
[Article by Shohei Kurihara, chief of Ma~hinery and Information Industry Bureau,
~ Ministry of International Trade and Industry]
- [Text] Significance of Plant Export
Japan's officially approved plant export (except transport machinery) adds up to
- some 10 billion dollars annually, and it comprises about 10 percent of total ex- -
~ ports, In Japan, the importance of a drive for the advanced development and higher
; added values of the export structure has been stressed in the light of the advanced
_ stage and higher added values of the industrial structure, and plant export deserves -
attention as a model example. Especj.ally in recent years, the importance of plant
: export has increased due to changes in the international environment and other
- circumstances as follows:
As seen in the semi-industrialized countries of Southeast Asia, the desire f or
- industrialization among devel.oping nations is strong, and plant export has great
_ signif icance as a form of economic cooperation which could help those countries
_ by boosting their income and transferring technology.
- 2. The export of cars, television sets and other products has resulted in trade =
- fricticns and the future trend is a source of concern. Consequently, it is hoped '
that future exports will be free of trade frictions and will meet the needs of -
the recipient countries.
3. Not only do plants have a major ripple and job-prod~xcing effect on the domes tic
economy, but their rate of added values and technoZogy intensiveness is also high.
= They are th.erefore effective in enhancing the level of Japan's industrial struc-
ture.
Recent Trends ~
Japan's plant export showed a marked growth until fiscal 1976. The averaga annual ~
growth rate during FYo6-76 was about 38 percent (officially approved exports), while
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the period FY71-76 showed a remarkable rise of about 44 percent. In addition to
- the large increases in plant demand in both advanced and developing countries,
- Japan's favorable conditions, such as its high technological capability and the
stabilization of the yen at a low rate, are conaidered to have contributed to its
competitivenesa. ~
However, the growth rate after FY77 declined rapidly and hovered araund 4 percent
- during FY77-78. Seen from a yen base, the atrong rise in the yen rate brought
. a d:ast3c decrease in FY77 and FY78, but a slight recovery was aeen during FY77-79.
[sic] Also, in FY79, there were signs of a return to high growth, with exports
~ worth 11.8 billion dollars (53 percent higher than the ~reviou3 year). Iia;aever,
it included about 3.5 billion dollars worth of exports to China, which were virtu- ~
- ally nonexistent before. Since further ~xports to China cannot be expected in
the near future except for spot shipments, it could be said that the basically
- stagnant condition remained unchanged.
- A number of reasons could be given for the recent sluggish condition, for which ~
the main reasona are as follows:
- 1. Following the initial oil shock ar~d as a result of the sluggish economies in ,
- the advanced nations, plant export demand dipped sharply, especially in Che Euro-
pean Community co~zntries. As a result, primary plant-exporting countries like
_ West Germany and France, which had previously viewed the advanCed nations as their
principal mar.�kets, began to seek sales outlets in the developing countries of
Asia, Afric~, and the Middle East. This r~esulted in headlong competition with
" Japan, which had been marketing plants to the developing countries in Aaia and the
' riiddle East.
~ 2. On Che ott~.er hand, with the bocsts in oil prices by the Middle East oil-groduc-
ing countries, the developing nations began to experience an industrislization and
- land development boom, beginning in 1974, which was accompaniPd by large purchases
of plants. Around 1977-78, prospects for rapid industrialization were generally
on track and plant demand ended its first stage.
_ Also, because of the deterioration in the international balance of payments caused
by the rise in oil prices, cumulative foreign debta in many of the non-oil-producing '
countries increased rapidly, and there were many cases of industrialization plans
- being deferred or suspended. Plant-exporting countries also became concerned about
risks in some countries and narrowed their markets.
3. In addition, the sharp rise of the yen is viewed as a decisive and unfavorable
factor for Japan. Plant export is usually backed by long-term credit, but foreign
exchange risks prove to be a ma~or obstacle in any business negotiation.
Since FY80, exporta to target countriea have been disrupted, partially as the
- resulc of ecnnomic sanctions against the Soviet Union in connection with the
AFghan problem, and also because of the Iran-Iraq war. Also, such plant-exporting
- countries as West Germany and France have granted mixed loans--a combination of
conventional financing and ODA-based soft loans--to promote plant export, and
they have also provided private-base terms which are free from OECD voluntary
restraints. Such cases where orders are sought under favorable finance terms
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have become frequent, and attention is focused on new problems for Japan where
business negotiations fail because of less favorable finance t~arms. .
Fttture Ta~ka
Although plant export is desired and there are great expectations for the future,
the present situation is stagnant and the outlook is not very optimistic.
~ Although we are in a severe environment, international consortiums are being formed
with Western countries, and Japan's share of plant exports is gradually increasing
through its efforts to open up opportunities for new orders and to capitalize
' on its technological capability. However, there is a growing vigilance among
tl~e Western nations against Japan's advance, and it faces the difficult task of
_ pushing the plant-export drive while avoiding international frictions.
_ For the t:Lme being, Japan is considering the following promotional policies:
1. A more flexible implementation of its export insurance system.
2. A more flexible application of ODA-based loana (to compete with the mixed
loan systeffi of Western nations).
3. A more flexible application of OECD voluntary restraints.
4. Formulate a system to organize international consortiums (e.g. signing of a
~oint insurance agreement).
: DrasCic Export Increase Centering on Oil-Producing Nations
Plant export business begins through negotiations with the overseas.users. When
- agreement is reached on contract negotiations, a series of preparatory steps are
talcen in agreement with the user country--such as surveying for onsite construc-
tion, procurement of machinery and materials from third countries, assignment of
overseas builders and securing of workers in the site country. Of course, equip-
ment and machinery are shipped from Japan also. When these steps are completed,
- onsite construction finally begins. In addition to Japanese personnel, manpower
= from the site country and from third-country nations in Europe and America parti-
cipate and work closely together in the construction. Touching episodes of
internaCional exchange often occur. When the construction is safely completed, :
the plant is transferred to the custody of the user country through a process of
operational guidance. It requires 3 to 5 years from agreement on contract to
completion of construction. An important industrial facility which will play -
a large role in the user country's industrial capability is thus built by Japan-
ese hands. This is why plant export is treated as a'4aelcome" export which contri-
butes to the industrial progress of the user country.
If we look at the progres3 of ,7apan's plant exportshown in the MITI's statistics
_ on approved exports, the total barely exceeded 300 million dollars in the mid-1�F;0's.
However, in FY71 it topped 1 billion dollars, and exports subsequently continued
to expand rapidly, centering on the Middle East oil-producing countries where
revenue from crude prices zoomed upward during the oil crisis. In FY76 it
reached the 8-billion-dollar level and the export industry secured a position only
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~ next to the automobile, steel and home applicance industries. The average annual
_ growth rate during the 11 years from FY66 to FY76 was about 38 percent. During
= the 6 years from FY71 to FY76, it was about 44 percent, which indicates the
speedy growth. (Note: The plant exports in the MITI's atatistics o*~ approved
exports were heavy machinery plants worth more than 500,000 dollars per p1anC,
with a deferred payment proviso of one year or longer.)
The reasons for the remarkable growth of Japan's plant export in the mid-1960's
were: on the supply side, stronger international competitiveness, and on the
de~and side, a widening global market.
_ Regarding the increase in international competitiveness, one could point on the
- technical side to the speed with which Japan's plant makers caught up with the
_ markers of Europe and America. The buildup of engineering technology required
for plant constructi.on was made posaible by agressive investment in domestic
- facilities. Also, the superior quality of plant equipment and machinery, punc-
tuality of delivery, and the trust enjoyed among users play~d an important part.
Furthermore, in the case of Japan's plant export, we cannot overlook the fact
- that the role of Japan's top-level trading companies is fully utilized--from in-
= formation-gathering to fund procurement.
_ Meanwhile, a widening global demand proved to be of considerable help. According
to the OECD's etatistics on plant-related machinery, the average annual growth
rate in global demand for plant-related machinery was about 21 percent during the
pre-oil shock years from 1970 to 1973, and about 19 percent during the post-oil
shock years from 1973 to 1976. Despite the warldwide recesaion due to the oil
shock, the reason global demand for plant-related machinery did not drop percep-
tibly wae because of the active OPEC markets in the Middle L~ast and Africa. In
- contrast to the marked slowdown in markets in Europe and America following the
oil shock, the demand in the Middle EasCern and African markets grew at a rate of
some 34 percent during the post-oil shock years 1973-76 and greatly surpassed the
world market as a whole.
: Export Abetted by Expanding Global Demand
Which contributes more to expansion of Japan's plant export--increased competitive-
nesa internationally, or the growth in global demand? According to the "analysis
_ of Japan's international competitiveness concerning plant export" conducted by the
- Japan Machinery Export Association, contributing factors supporting the expansion
- of plant export during the 4 years from 1973 to 1976 were: "growth of global
- demand," 70.9 percent; "increasing global competition," 8.2 percent; "changes in
' types of plant machinery," 6.7 percent. "Growth of global demand" is indicated
- as probably the strongest factor supporting the increase in Japan's plant export.
As we have seen so far, Japan's plant export achieved remarkable progreas by about
1976, but the growth rate since 1977 has alowed aharply and is now stagnant. That
is, after recording 8.01 billion dollars in FY76, it rose to 8.61 billion dollars
in FY77 and 8.73 billion dollars in FY78, thus remaining at the 8-billion-dollar
level for 3 years. In FY79, it finally broke the barrier and rose to 11.78 billion
dollars. However, since this included about 2.7 billion dollars worth of plants
destined for China and held over from the previous fiscal year, thE export volimme
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- for FY78 was actually about 11.4 billion dollars and foY� FY79 about 9.1 billion
dollara. In other w~ords, there was a drop of some 27 percpnt in FY7�, compared
to thQ previous year.
- Political Changes Cause Slowdown This Year
What are th~ causes of the drastic change in the plant export growth, with ~'Y77
as a watera4ed? First, tlye impact of the sharp rise of the yen. The yen value
~ rose at a rapid pitch in early 1977 ~nd continued to do so until the end of 1978.
In 1976, a dollar was equal to about 300 yen, but the yen reached a high in the
fall of 1978, a rate of 1 dollar to less than 180 yen.
_ It could be generally stated that a high yen value causes export price competitive-
ness to weaken, and its impact is especially true in the case of plant export.
In other words, since the settlement of payments for plant export is spread over
an extended period, the exporter would fear a rise in foreign exchange risks if
the yen tended to become stronger, and he would hesitate to conclude the contract.
It may be said that this tendency increased as the yen grew rapidly stronger from
1977 to 1978. �
= Furthermore, the siuggish world demand for plants has accelerated the stagnation
~ of exports. As we have already seen, the rise or fall of Japan's plant depends
largely on the trend in global demand. When the world demand drops, a lag in
exports is inescapable.
The impression since 1977 has been that the world's markets which had attracted
- Japan's plant export have disappeared one afCer another. First was the Algerian
- market. Plant export related to the natural gas development pro~ect in the
~ Sahara Desert planned by SONATRACH (National Company for the Transport and Market-
ing of Hydrocarbons) saw a boom 4 or 5 years ago, but trade talks dwindled follow-
ing political changes in the Iocal governmznt in late 1978 (no subsequent develop-
ment). Also, because of the Iranian revolution in February last year: Iran-bound
exports stopped completely. In addition, a reevaluation trend set in with regard
= to the industrialization plans which had so swiftly gained momentum in the Middle
Eastern countries. This resulted in a narrowing of plant demand.
Also, talks on expdrts for China, which suddenly loomed as a"prize" market the
year before last, culminated in some 2.7 industrialization plans in FY79 resulted
in a sharp rever~al. With the buildup of the Chinese economy entering an adjust-
ment period, the increasingly pessimistic outlook precludes hope for recovery for
some time to come. Furthermore, relations with the Soviet Union deteriorated
afCer the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan the yeax before last, and Japan-Soviet
t~ade talks were frozen when Japan stopped export credits to the USSR in coopera-
tion with U.S. eanctions against the Soviet Union.
Meanwhile, the closing of the Iraqi market following the outbreak if the Iran-Iraq
war in late September was probably the decisive factor threatening the future of
- Japan's plant export. According to a survey by the Japan Plant Association, the
contracted plant exports to Iraq in FY79 totalled about 350 billion yen. This
- was an increase of nearly 15 percent compared with the previous year and had the
" signs of an "Iraqi fever." In that year large-scale trade talks had been planned
for five cement plants (t~talling Zi10 billion yen), an oil refinery (worth 150
_ billion yen) and crude oil processing facilities (worth 60 billion yen). The
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plans were expected to revitalize Japan's plant export, which had been declining
fvr several years.
New Contract Formula To Avoid Risks
The international environment ~urrounding Japan's plant export is aevere. Con-
- sequently, the government and industry are deaperately working on measures to ~
ride out the difficult times.
- Plant-export companies are forming international consorti~s with enterprises
in Europe and America as a strategy to secure markets. The aim is to avoid, as
~uch as posaible, head-on collisions between the Japanese side and the European-
American side concerning international plant trade talks, and to ~oin hands in
- "international cooperation" to share trade opportunities.
Amid the stagnaat global demand, the r~se in export risks looms as another obsta- '
cle for plant-producing enterpri~es wh~ch are seeking expansion of exports. Since
plant export rec}uires plant construction abroad over a period of many years and -
since collection of payment is spread over years, the plant exporter is vulnerable
to politicsl dangers such as upheavals, wars and internal strife, or to such econ-
omic dangers as un.favorable balance of payments in the importing country. Increase `
of such riska results in curtailing exports.
Examples of recent political risks were the freeze on plant trade talks between
the Soviet Union prompted by the U.S. sanctions against the USSR as a result of
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the halt in exports to Iraq reaulting from
the Iran-Iraq war. Also, cumulative 3ebts in non-oil-producing countries and
East ~,uropean countries are recognized as economic risks. With countries like
Turkey i~nable to repay foreign debts, there is a spreading fear globally that
plant payments :aight be halted or postponed. -
_ Also, the onrush of worldwide inflation is seen as a ma~or risk factor.. The reason -
is that, during the time between contractual agreement and actual delivery, plant -
_ materials procured from around the world would skyrocket in price and goals would
become difficult to meet. As a measure for avoiding such risks, a contract form-
ula called "coat-plus-fee formula," which leaves the payment for equipment and
machinery costs to the customer, is being adopted among Japanese companies.
Three Types of Supplier's Credit
- The two principal forms of financial assistance offered by Japan are export credit
- by the Japan Export-Import Banlc and yen loans provided by the government. The
Export-Import Bank financing is divided into three types: supplier's credit, bank
loans and buyer's credit. .
= The supplier's credit is offered to the exporter in the form of settlement of pay-
ment (export credit), which the Export-Import Bank purchases on long-term deferred =
- payment of contracts between the Japan~se exporter and the importer in the foreign
country. In such ~ases, the foreign exchange bank group also participates in
- the Export-Import Bank financing. The share ratio is 70 percent by the Export-
Import Bank and 30 percent by the foreign exchange bank group. The ma~ority of
Japan's plant export is based on supplier's credit, and the Export-Import Bank
loans for export financing totalled 324.4 billion yen (approved loans) during
FY79.
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Bank loans are provided by the Export-Import Bank to government-affilitated banks
in the importing country for piant ~ayments. The government-affiliated bar~k
lends the money to thP importer to pay the Japanese exporter. Also, buyer's cred-
iti is provided the importer by the Export-Impcrt Bank and is received by the Jap-
anes~ exnorter. Bank loans are frequently provided to such communist bloc cotu~-
_ tries as the USSR, East Germany and China, and to Latin American countries like
Mexico and Brazil. They now conetitute Lhe principal type of Export-Import Bank
loans, together with supplier's credit. Buyer's credit has been provided to Alger-
ia's SONATRACH.
Government Loans to Non-Oil-Producing Countries
In the case of supplier's credit, the settlement of payment for plant export is
deferred. However, in the case of bank loans and buyer's credit, ready cash pay-
ment is the rule, which avoids risks on the part of the exporter from future for-
- eign exchange fluctuations. Consequently, providing bank loans results in facili-
~ tating agreement on export contracts and.in enhanr.ing competitiveness during
plant purchase negotiations.
= Government loasn can also be expected to increase. Government loans are provided
to the government of the importing country as plant import loans, and the exporter
_ receives payment directly from the Jaganese Government. The loan transaction is
_ handled by the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund for the government. Compared
' to Export-Import Bank loans, intPrest rates are lower and the terms usually longer--
' about 20 years. When exporting to a country which has difficulty in importing
_ plants, such government loans are indispensable. When global demand decreases
and exporters are forced ~o explore new markets, such loans are said to be quite
ef�ective. Consequently, there is a strong voice in the Japanese plant industry
for expansion of government loans, and the government ha~ clarified its policy
at home and abroad to actively grant loans to non-oil-producing countries with
_ foreign exchange problems, as a form of economic cooperation.
Much Expected of Mixed Credit
Such government assistance is not unique to Japan. The governments of the advanced
countrizs in Europe and America also actively support plant export. Especially
conspicuous are the aggressive efforts of West Germany and France, and their new
financing called "mixed credit" is a threat to Japanese exporters. Mixed credit
is a form of deferred paytnent financing by exporters tied to extremely low-interest,
long-term government loans. The conditions for the grant of export loans are a
deciding factor in the bid for orders in international negotiations, and when fierce
competition begins among exporters from various countries over law-interest and
long-term financing, countriea like France reportedly provide lateral assistance
- to its own exporters by promising government loans to the prospective importer
country and thus offering to lighten the burden of the borrowing importer.
There have been cases where the Japanese side lost out in plant talks in the face
of mixed credit offered b~ European exporters, such as bids for co~nunications
equipment for Egypt and electric generating equipmex?t for Honduras. As a result,
- Japanese makers aze strongly demanding that their government also offer mixed
credit.
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Joint Insurance Agreement With European Countries
_ Another form of government assistance which cannot be ignored is expanded export -
= insurance. As a step in promoting international consortiums among ~lant ~xportere,
y the JapanesP Government is firming up a poltcy decision to conclude an agr~ement
� in Belgium with various European countries ~n "joint inGurance." There��~s also
a strong demand among plant makers for the establishment of "pre-loading insurance." _
The present scope of export insurance is to provide collateral for the risks which
occur abroad after plant equipment and machinery are loaded on board and leave _
Japanese wharvea. But there is a demand to broaden the scope to include risks
- in the pre-loading stage. Becaus~ of t!~e Iran-Iraq war, Iraq-bound equipment and
machinery could not be loaded, which increased the need for such insurance. ThE
- role of insurance supporting the desire of plant makers to export will probably
increase in importance in the future.
Orders to LNG Tankera
With the worldwide boom in oil excavation as a backdrop, the construction of ocean
rige is also booming. As a result, there has been a sharp increase in orders for
Japanese shipbuilding and heavy machinery, as well as for added construction of
plant facilities and new construction of spec:Calized plants to produce large ocean
, structures. ;
i
Especially noteworthy are the numerous porjects for large-scale use of natural
_ gas in order to economize on use of oil. In Indonesia, in addition to the LNG plant
in Batak, Kalimantan, the Nikki Chemical and Bechtel companies are competing
for bids to explore for natural gas and to build an NGL (natural gasoline) separa-
tion plant in Arun, North Sumatra. There are also LNG, LPG and NGL pro3ects plan-
planned in the USSR, Australia, Nigeria, Qatar and Thailand. However, with LNG
' and LPG glutting the global market and second thoughts being entertained in
Japan regarding purchases at spot prices, a reappraisal of LNG trade is underway.
Due to the activity in LNG trade, there have been increasing cases of orders re-
ceived by Japanese shipbuilders for LNG tankers. Recently, Mitsubishi Heavy In-
dustries and Kawasaki Heavy Industries received orders for one LNG tanker each to
transport Arun LNG. It is also highly probably that, in the second round of orders,
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Mitsui Shipbuilding will each receive an order
for a tanker.
_ Coal gasification and coal liquefaction pro~ects have also been started. Regarding
gasification projects, Hitachi Ltd received an order for seven coal gaaification
~ furnaces from the American Natural Reaources as the first U.S. commercial pro~ect.
As for liquefaction projects, the Mitsui Coal Liquefaction Co of the Mitsui group
initiated a pilot plant in Omuta City, Fukuoka, to cor.duct coal liquefaction tests
using Victoria (Australia) brown coal. In addition, the company has begun to study
the possibility of a joint venture with Auatrialian enterprises to construct a
commercial 6,000-ton daily capacity plant there. The Mitsui Coal Liquefaction Co
(MCL) is participating in a~oint Japan-U.S.-West Germany SRC-II project. The '
~ MCL's technical development branch is participating in the EDS plan which is cen-
tered on the Exxon Co (United States) and is aiming for the start of operations
of a 250-ton plant in 1981 or 1982. The Japan Browr. Coal Liquefaction Co signed
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_ a~oint development agreement with the Province of .Victoria (Australia) and ob-
tained guarantees for brown coal supplies needed for liquefaction. Such concerns
as the Mitsubishi group, Sumitomo group and a direct hydroliquefaction group, cen-
tering on Mitsui Shipbuilding, are also pushing their respective coal liquefaction
plans.
, Petrochemical pro3eGts are also 13kely to be actively puahed next year. ~s~f4r
the Saudi Arabia project b~ing pushed by the Mitsuhishi group, the Chiyoda~Chemi-
cal Engineering and Construction Co has been cQnaigned to conduc.t surveys �or its
commercialization, and technicians from Saudia Arabia will arrive in Japan next
spring to receive training. There are other petrochemical plans in Saudi Arabia,
- and discussions are underway to combine them with the Mitsubishi pro~ect. If
this materializes, a supersize pro~ect with an annual production capacity of 500,000
- tons of ethylene will become highly feasihle.
There is also activity between Japan, the United States and Canada to build a
petrochemical comple:c on the west coast of Canada. The Mitsubishi Chemical Indus-
tries, Mitsubishi Pe~rochemical, Asahi Glass, Mitsubishi Corporation, Occidental
= Petroleum ( United States) and Dome Petroleum (Canada) would bui.ld an ethylene
- center with an annual production capacity of 300,000 tons and a target op~rational
date in 1985. Japan's chemical industry has recently been concentrating its efforts
on overseas production with plant sites near material resources, and it also has
plans for chemical complexes in Alaska a~d Australia.
Series of Steel Refineries Pro~ected
- The second-stage construction of the Baoshan steel refinery in China has been post-
poned, but there are many refinery prajects in the works globally. In addition to
the 500-600 billion yen projects in Mexico, Venezuela and Libya, plans are under-
_ way for the construction of new refineries in Mala~aia, Thailand, Iraq, Algeria,
Saudi Arabia and Colombia.
~ In the Middle East, there are s.any sea water desalinization projects, as usual.
In Kuwait and tfie United Arab Emirates, there are projects for which one new bid
and one rebid have been submitted respect3.vely, and one pro~ect in the UAE and
three projects in Saudi Arabia for which surveys are underway to put production
on a commercial basis.
A~ong the projects interrupted by the Irar~-Iraq war, active steps are being taken
to reopen talks and construction on Iraq-related projects. In Iraq, the Chiyoda
Chemical Engineering and Construction on Iraq-related pro~ects. In Iraq, the
Chiqoda Chemical Engineering and Construction, Toyo Engineering Corp,Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Niigata Engineering t?ave started
preparations or supplemental negotiations to reopen construction work on oil re-
- fineries, LPG plants, fertilizer plants and cement plants. General construction
companies, which are going ahead with construction of new towns and harbor faci-
lities, are working to secure transport routes and studying the reentry of key
- personnel. Talks on large projects totalling 200-300 billion yen are also likely
to be reopened at the request of the Iraqi Government.
Japanese interests had been experiencing successive failures in talks concerning
- exporte to the USSR, due to sanctions against the Soviet Union for its Afghan
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invasion, but there are active moves on Japan's part to improve trade with the
USSR. Japan has decided to provide the USSR with bank loans through the Japan
Expor~t-Import Bank to build the Siberian natural gas pipeline. It will be
the first step in the thaw in anti-Soviet sanctions, and the pipeline talks az'e
. seec~ as a big step forwar3. The pipel:.ne wi11 connect Siberia and Europe at
_ a total cost of over 10 billian dollars, and the Soviet Union has affered a deal -
amounting to some 3 billion dollars.
In view af the ma.jor risks invo~ved in plant export to countries in the Middle
- East, a second look at the Southeast Asian markets is also being taken in Europe
and America. Japan had hitherto shown strength in Southeast Asia, but the t rend �
. toward appraisal is bound to increase competition. Among the major items in the
region are the Saglin [phonetic] hydroelectric generating plant in Indonesia, which
may cost 50 billion yen, and the fertilizer plant in Malaysia, which is expecCed
to cost 57 billion yen. Some 20 groups, including those of Japan, France, West
Germany and South Korea, are bidding for the Saglin hydroelectric generating plant.
- Recently, Toyo Engineering received an order for a 70 billion yen fertilizer plant
_ in Indonesia. -
Engineering Capability Highly Evaluated
_ The most popular form of contracts for Japan's plant export has been the "full
turnkey contract," which includes a l~p order ranging from production surveys to
plant completion. There hav~ been few which opted for the cost-plus-fee contract, -
which adds engineering fees to the accrued costs. This is be::ause, in the case
of developing nations, a complete set of conditions is necessarw for plant opera-
_ tiona to the point where operations can be started with one turn of the key. However,
from the standpoint of technical capability, and extremely high degree of engineer-
_ ing capability and management ability is demanded of the side receiving the order
under a cost-plus-fee contract. Therefore, if the conditions are not met, the _
cosC-plus-fee contract usually is not chosen.
Nonetheless, the oil refinery built in Saudi Arabia by Chiyoda Chemical Engineer-
ing and Construction and the order for an oil refinery in Kuwait rec ently received
by Nikki Chemical were under the cost-plus-fee type of contract. Toyo Engineer- -
ing and.Nikki Chemical have received orders, for engineering only, for a methanol
plant in Trinidad-Tobago and an aluminum plant in Brazil, respectively. These
examples indicate that the engineering capability and management ability of !
Japan's engineering firms have come to be highly evaluated on an int ernational lev-
el.
In Japan, consulting, which includes surveys for commercial production, draf ting
= master plans and checking estimates form the standpoint of the ordering aide, is
still inferior to the Western nations. However, consulting orders received by
, Japanese consulting firms have increased, and such firms as Nippon Ko ei and
_ Pacific Consultants International are showing impressive results.
TAS Contracts Increasing -
Concerning recent plant export, the importance of not only prices and performance
of hardware but also technology transfer to the developing countries importing
plants are stresaed, and personnel training and operational guidance have been
given ir~creasing importance as contract terms.
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As an example of operational guidance currently in practice, the TAS (technical
_ assistance service) contract for the Shikuda [phonetic] patrochemical plant
signed by Toyo Engineering Corp with the Algerian hydrocarbon company, and =
- handled by the affiliated Cosmo International Company, is atriking. Instructors
are assigned one-on-onP for 450 of the 1,420 employees from the plant manager
_ to procesa operators, under "double post training," and class education is also
_ conducted concurrently. ~
- The trainin.g was start~d in March 1978. By the end of November, 279 employees
were on their own after completing technology transfer, and a like number of
- instructors returned to Japan. The rest are continuing their Craining. Each ~
instructor consults with the hydrocarbon company to determine how Iong his
assigned student should continue training, but it is expected to be some time
before all trainees will be able to stand on their own. All employees are re-
quired to receive basic education in class before beginning work, andthe [IPEDIX]
Company of France and the [Comerinto] Company of Italy have been assigned to
offer educational guidance. In other words, an international consortium has been
formed for operational guidance. -
Plant employees are being solicited by other companies, and, with some trainees
quitting due to a sense of insecurity after their instructors leave, operational -
guidance has not always lived up to expectationa. However, not a few cases have
- surpassed expectations. For example, at the steel worlc~ in Qatar built by Kobe
Steel Co, 120 Japanese instructors were sent at the be~inning of operations in
April 1978. Today, 80 are training leaders in management and operations. The ~
reason for the decrease to 80 Japanese is because of the training completed, and
today the plant is functioning at 130 percent of production capacity. At this _
_ rate, it is helieved, the plant will contireue to improve its efficienc~ after
the total transfer of operations to the Qatar side.
In the case ~f steel plants, also, there are increasing examples of large-scale
operational guidance. The double post training conducted by Nippon Steel Corp at
China's Baoshan steel complex is said to involve some 1,000 trainees, and the
_ steel works in Algiers is also said to be on a similar scale.
_ Guidance Also in rfaintenance Techniques
The developing countries are seeking technology transfer at every phase, and there
are increasing cases of technology transfer beginning with the construction phase.
~ An example is the Kaduna oil refinery in Nigeria, which Gras completed this past
October by Chiyoda Chemical Engineering and Construction.
It is a large project totalling 180 billion yen and s~~me 1,000 Nigerians, in-
cluding not only miscellaneous workers but also wel~ars, plumbers and assemblers,
were assigned to its construction, which required high degress of skill. The
skilled workers were trained in onsite training classes by a Japanese staff, and =
_ those who attained a certain level of ekill were successively assigned to con-
= struction work.
Meanwhile, the training of technicians and operators was conducted in Japan under
a separate technician training contract. Par,allel with the plant construction,
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75 Nigerians came to Japan to learn operational and maintenance techniques while
working in Japanese refineries. Today, the plant (in Nigeria) ia run almost en- ~
tirely by the 75 Nigerians who were trained in Japan, and it is considered a
~ model for the industrialization of Nigeria. _
Share of Riska and Funds -
_ :
There are two types of international joint ventures for plant export. One is
formed between the enterprises of the exporting country and the site country order-
ing the pro3ect. The other is between nonsite countries which team up together.
- For example, in Brazil, which had adopted the. policy of boosting the domestic
- production rate in order to raise national capital, the type of joint venture with
enterprises of the site country is more often adopted. However, in this case the
site cauntry obliged to form consortiums from 2 policy standpoint, although
~
there is inherently no need to form joint ventures at all. It is quite different
- in nature from ~hat of enterprises in Europe and America, which join hands for
projects in the Middle East to compete with other consortiums. Therefore, a Con- -
sortium generally means a jaint venture between er_terprisss in no.nsite countries.
International consortiums began to increase in Japan after the initial oil shock.
According to a report by the international consortium survey ~o~~:ittee formed by _
the Japan Machinery Export Association, under commission by the MITI, Japanese ~
- companies formed 78 international consortiums for 71 projects during the 4 years
_ from 1976 to 1979. Their partners were varied, including West Germany (26),
the United States (15), Britain (13), France (10), Denmark (7), Austria (3),
Switzerland (2), South Korea (2), and 1 consort3um ~ach with Italy, Spain, Czechos-
lovakia, Poland and Lebanon. This year, 13 consortiums have been fozined for 12 _
pro~ects, and orders for 9 projects have been received.
The reason for the increase in international consortiums is because the projects ~
- are more massive, more complicated and the terms are longer. Among Japan's plant
exports, there was only one costing more than 100 million dollars in 1973, but as -
many as 27 last year, which by themselves constituted about half of the total _
worth of approved plant exports. Consequently, a single enterprise by itself ~
- could no longer bear the listcostorprovide the financing and supply capability -
to cover the projects. -
- If inerely large scale and increased complexity were involved, joint ventures among
Japanese companies could cope independently with the challenges in many respects,
and in reality the number of Japanese consortiums has sharply increased. However,
in order to meet the fierce competition and cope with higher yen values, there is .
a limit to the capability of purely Japanese 3oint ventures. For example, regard-
ing onsite construction capability, teaming up with foreign companies is the key _
to stronger competitiveness in order to cover the lag in internationalization among
Japanese engineering and construcxion companies. Also, in certain regions it is
. ofCen more advantageous to team up with en.gineering and licensing concerns in -
Europe and America, which have wider vested interests and achievements. Internation-
_ al consortiums are also more effective as a means of avoiding rompetition with
European and American companies.
The decline in price competitiveness due to the higher yen value was also greatly
instrumental in promoting international consortitnns. As a mear?s of coping with -
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the higher yen, overseas procurement came into active use, but overseas procure-
ment requirea a high level of knowhow in trade negotiations, specifications, con-
troi over delivery and construction pace, and transport. Consequently, it is often
_ more advantageous to form international consortiums, rather than for Japanese
companies to go it alone, and to consign the activities en bloc to foreign com-
panies. Thpre are some cases where consortiums are formed wth European and Ameri-
can companies in order to facilitate dollar-based contracts and dollar financing.
. There ar.e thus various merits to international consortiums. However, regardless
- of the merits, unless the Japanese companies themselves possessed adequate capa-
bi:~_ities and achievement records, international coneortiums with the advanced en-
gineering cnuntries of Europe and America would not be feasible. In this respect,
Japanese engineering industries have in the past dozen or nore years rapidly
acquired international competitiveness in both hardware and software, and have aZso
posted broad achievements. Consequently, there are many indications thaC European
and American enterprises have also increased their competitiveness by joining
Japanese companies.
_ Ma~or Role by General Trading Housea
During 1976-79, Japanese companies formed 78 international consortiums. Among
these, 59 are partnerships with European enterprises and only 15 with American
_ enterprises. The reason is said to be the prevailing opinion in America that they
= could get along without consortitmms. However, 3uring the past 1 or 2 years, in-
ternational consortiums between Japan and the United States have been increasing.
This indicates that the American engineering tirms with their overwhelmingly su-
perior achievements and sales volume have been forced to make a forward looking
reappraisal of the real capability of Japan's enginee.ring industry.
The role of the general trading house in the international consortiums formed by
Japanese companies is substantial. The general trading house has a manifold func-
tion and capability, such as the initiation of projec:ts, previding assistance in
finding partners, procuring and applying funds, executing contracts and conducting
- public relations between partners and customers, conducting sales campaigns, etc.
It has been very effective in forming domestic consortiums and is proving equally
effective as the consortiums be~ome internationalized. The role of the general
trading house increases as the projects hecome more complex and varied, and its
- importance vis-a-vis plant export is e~pected to continue growing.
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1980
Export Insurance System
Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 7 Jan. 81 p 5
[Text] The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) has decided to
broaden its export insurance system to cope with the increase in plant export in-
through the~development and import of foreign resources and consortiums with
_ European and American enterprises. It includes (1) new insurance to guarantee
obligations of parent companies vis-a-vis j oint venrures in cases where trading
_ houses establish joint ventures or subsidiary companies for the development and
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import of oil and coal; and (2) extension of insurance to cover plant export -
orders received jointly with foreign companies and where the share of orders re-
ceived by the Japanese side is less than 50 percent. Additionally, the coverage
rate (damage covered by insurance) will be raised fr~m the ~resent 90 percent to
95 percent. With the disrupted construction of ~he Iran-Japan petrochemical
(IJPC) project due to the Iran-Iraq war as a turning point, the direction of -
export insurance lias become an issue, and the MITI intends through these ateps
to support ~oint plant export with European and American enterprises in order to
eradicate friction in resources development and trade occurring from such un-
stable international conditions, and to establish "danger-resistant export in- -
, surance."
Seek Guarantees for Obligations in Joint Ventures
The MITI plans to convene its export insurance cou:icil (Keizo T3machi, chairman)
in January, a'. which agreement is expected on measures for expansion of insurance
and a hike in rates. Subsequently, the MITI will submit a bill to the current
- Diet session to revise the export insurance law and begin a new system sometime
in FY81.
The reason f or the expanaion and boost in expert insurance is the increasing -
development and import af resources and plant export not anticipated under the
existing system. For example, in the case c~f the IJPC project, the ap~roximately
I10 billion yen in investments or loans by Mitsui & Co to the IJPC could be
covered by overseas investment insurance--which is one form of export ineurance--
- provided the project is halted under agreement with its partner, the NPC (Iranian
National Petrochemical Corporation). However, the guarantee of debts by Mitsui &
~ Co regarding stmms borrowed by the IJPC from the Euromarket will not he covered.
The proposed revision is aimed at eliminating such risks through inclusive cover-
= age. First, it is aimed at including the debt guarantees related to resources
- development by Japsnese companies under overseas investment insurance. When not
only the IJPC hut also Japanese companies develop and import oil, coal and natural
gas, they usually establish a 100-percent capitalized subsidiary in the site
country or set up a joint venture with site country capital. Although investment
and loans toward such ventures have hitherto been covered under overseas invest- -
- men~ insurance, the new proposal is aimed at including coverage of debt guarantees
by the pa.rent companies toward loans borrowed by subsidiaries and join~ ventures. -
If it materializes, the new system would facilitate guarantees by the parent
companies vis-a-vis loans borrowed by joint ventures and subsidiaries participating
in the pro~ects. The aim is to promote the development and import of substitute
fuels through such measures. We shall inquire ~urther into coverage of other
kinds of resources development besides coal and oil.
Regarding expansion of plant export insurance, ordinary export insurance will
cover plant orders received by consortiums wherein the share of orders on the
Japanese side is less than 50 percent. The present system embraces only "domestic
enterprises" and excludes venturea wherein the share of orders on the Japanese
side is under 50 percent. Plant makexs have therefore been reluctant to partici-
pate in plant export centering on foreign companies.
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- However, the MtTI feels that "in order to remove trade friction with ~he European
Community, there is greater need to increase plant export through ~o3nt ventures
with the European countries" (a high MITI official), and it has decided to
Cr~ate conditions fro~ the insurance side which are conducive to forming ~oint
venturea. Thus, even if their share of orders declines further, the Japanes~
companies would be able to receive insurance coverage proportionate to the
orders, in casea where such fac~or.s as wars pose difficulty in collecting payments
- from customera, and they coul.d "form joint ventures with the countries of Europe
y, and America with peace of mind" (a certain plant maker).
Also, supplemental coverage for the most widely used ordinary export ins~lrance~.
will ~e raised from the present 90 p~rcent to 95 percent and, in cases where con-
tracts a.re nullified, the compensation rate for damages incurred by Japanese com-
panies wi11 be increased. In implementing the revision, the MITI contempl~tes a
hike in insurance premiums.
(Note: Export insurance. This insurance guarantees compensation by the govern- ~
_ ment in casea where an exporter is unable to collect payment in the country of
import because of war, bankruptcy, etc. There are presently nine kinds of in-
= surance, including ordinary export inaurance, foreign exchange fluctuation insur-
ance, overseas investment insurance, etc. The exporter pays premiums to the
government export insurance special account in proportion to the debt and, when
it is unable to collect the debt, the special accounr pays damages at a set rate.
- In most cases, insurance damages are paid in the ~eveloping countries which suffer
from unstable political conditions and unfavorable foreign currency reserves.)
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1981
Negotiations With Europe
Tokyo NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 15 Jan 81 p 13
[Text] The Japan Machinery Export Association (Ichiro Terao, director) wi11
send a mission on international plant exchange to Europe in Iate i~ebruary. Prin-
cipal companiea engaged in plant export such as Chiyoda Chemical Engineering and
Construction, Nikki Chemical, Toyo Engineering Corp, Nippon Steel, Kobe Steel,
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, Toshiba, Hitachir Kawasaki Heavy Industries
_ and Nippon Electric have already decided to participate in the mission. Also,
such trading houses as Mitsubishi Corp, Mitsui & Co and C. Itoh & Co are expected
to ~oin the mission through their local overseas branches, and indications are that
_ it will be an unprecedentedly large-scale mission on international plant exchange.
Consequently, it is expected that specific matters will be taicen up as themes
- and discussed in con~tderable detail with the organizations and enterprises of
~ four European countries, including Belgi~ and the Netherlands, which ar~ seeking
a policy of joint cooperata.on betwPen Japan and Europe on plant export, and that
goals with substantial merit will be established concerning international exchanges.
In order to expand Japan's plant export, the Japan Machinery Export Association
considers it indispensable to seek export cooperation with European countries in
third country markets, and it considers that such cooperation is related to avoid-
ance of trade friction with Europe. Consequently, it has aggressively promoted
exchange projects with fihe machinery industry groups of European countries, center-
_ ing on the Japan-Europe international plant exchange commission (Katsuzo Nagai,
chairman and Toshiba consultant). `
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_ In ad~:ttion to aponsoring periodic consultative meetings with the Belgian Machinery -
and Metal Industry Union (FABRIMETAL) and the Dutch Ma.chinery and Electrical
_ Industry Association (FME), the commission has reached basic agreement with indus-
trial groups in Britain and France on periodic consultations.
The Japan Machinery Export Association is thua planning to have the mission visit =
Belgium, Che Netherlands, Britain and France to discuss industrial cooperation
betcaeen Japan and Europe with the various organizations in those countries. At _
the third periodic meeting with FABRIMETAL, with which two consultative meetings
have already been held, discussion on individual matters is expected. Also, it
= will be the second meeting with the FME and, besides plant export cooperation in -
third countries, general talks will be held on investment and technical coopera-
= tion in the Netherlands.
- It will be the initial periodic tal k with the British Machinery Industry Manag~rs
Federation (EEF). In France, talks will be held to set up periodic discussions ~
~ with tiie Plant Industrial Group (GEIF) and the engineering enterprises organiza-
- tion ABETEX. -
Japan's prominent enterprises in the plant export field are thus participating in -
_ full force in the upcom.i.ng mission. Mitaubishi Heavy Industries is also said to -
be studying the possibility of ~oining. The mission to Europe will be unprecedented _
~ in its scope, and major resulCs are anticipated from the visit.
The chairman of the Japan-Europe international plant exchange commission has been
- appo3nted as leader of the mission, which will depart 23 February and disband �
6 March in Paris.
COPYRIGHT: Nikkan Kogyo Shimbunsha 1981
- Survey of Overseas Activities
Tokyo MATNICHI SHIMBUN in Japanese 11 Jan 81 p 7 _
[Text] Japanese enterprises have made increasingly aggressive advances into over-
seas markets each year in order to counter import constrictions and to secure low-
cost labor. However, the reality of such activities is not always made clear.
Consequently, beginning in FY81, the MITI has decided to kick off a"fundamental
survey of ovexseas proj ects and activities," which may be viewed as an elucidation ~
of "Japan-type multinatianals." The content of the survey will be detailed to
- include the production volumes of individual items and their distribution routes.
_ The MITI's policy is to r~solve the friction resulting from the advance into ~
' overseas ma.rkets by Japanese capital on the basis of survey results, and to pave ~
- the way for an international system of diviaion of labor, including the restruc-
~ turing of industries. ~
i
= The MITI has conducted a survey of "trends of overseas projects by Japanese .
- enterprises" annually since 1970, concerning the overseas activities of Japar.ese
- companies. However, since the survey items were simplified, it could not provide
sufficient data in explanation of s uch company activities based on actual conditions.
For example, the "textiles" produced abroad by Japanese cospanies totaled 749.3
- billion yen in sales (1978 survey), but the sales volumes of individual items
were not determined.
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A conspicuous "bomerang effect" was seen in the textile field, where Japanese
capital was invested overseas and the goods produced overseas were shipped back
_ to Japan, resulting in a negative impact on the domestic textile industry. It
has nofi been made clear what kind of goods, in what countries and in what quan~
tities, were produced by Japanese capital to make reverse entry into Japan, nor
were adequate counCermeasures taken.
� Therefore, the survey will add areas of study, proning much deeper into the inter-
. nal workings of the companies, including such apecific categories as overseas pro-
e duction voluu~~es by country and item, the procurement routes of raw materials and
parts, the aales routes of finished products, etc. The MITI takes the view that
the real conditions of overseas activities by Japanese companies could be better
understaod by studying the conditions.of capital investment, procurement of raw
~ materials and parts, production, sales and profits. When the survey results and
damage to the domestic industry from the boomerang effect become clear, it intends
= to set up definite guidelines on overseas activities.
Once Every 3 Years Beginning Next Year
The ob~ect o� the survey will include some 4,000 large, medium and small enter-
~ prises, and will be conducted once every 3 years, beginning in fiscal 1981. rt
wi11 be limited to those enterprises w~.th at least 25 percent capital investment
in foreign corporations, or those with less than 25 percent investment but which
~ are sending corpora~e executives to the foreign companies or maintaining technical
cooperation with them. Finance and ~.naurance companies are exempted from the sur-
vey.
Partial results of the survey will be made public during FY81 and complete results
wi11 be announced during FY82.
~ COPYRIGIiT: Mainichi Shimbunsha 1981
- 5884 ~
CSO: 4105
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MITSUI FIRMS PROBE COT~IERCIAL FEASIBILITY OF COAL-METHANOL MIX
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 946, 17 Mar 81 p 9
[Text]
~ Mitsui Group companies can be promote experiments by
interested in coal-methanol building a plant with daily
mixture tuel will send a fact- capacity of 50 tons or so.
finding mission to North The new forrri ot energy
America in mid-March in an features obtaining methanol by
attempt to probe into the gasifying coa] before blending
mixture's commercialization the alcohol with c.oal at a ratio
possibilities. . of 9:6 (Electric Power
The group, including Mitsui Development Co. is interested
Mining Co., Mitstti Toatsu in coal-oil mixture for the same
Chemicals, Inc. and Mitsui & purpose of solving coal tr~,ns- I
Co., believes Ghat . the trans- portation problems.) I
portation problems with North America is seen ~is ap
Western U.S. and Canadian ideal site for coal-methan~rl fuel.
~coals can be solved by im- The collieries in the Nest are
porting coals ~ in the form of located more than i,000 kilo-
mixture. ~ meters from the Pacific coast,
The broup is slated to con- raising transportation costs per
duct coal-methanol fuel's ex- ton $6-10 above the Australian
- perimental production, trans- coals. To solve the problem,
port, storage and combustion some advocate that the
- with a pilot plant with daily Western coals be carrie~ in
capacity of 1.2 tons at the slurry form. But this method's
_ Tochigi works of Mitsui Miike disadvanta,;e includes ,
_ Machinery Co. in fiscal 1981. In requiremPr~ ;,i large water
or after 1982, the~group hopes it volume~. .
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
CSO: 4120
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ETHYLE~IE PRODUCERS EXPAND NAPHTHA, LPG STORAGES
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 946, 17 Mar 81 p 9
_ [Text ]
. 1~i
- . Ethylene producers are ex- ended � December, 1980. Other ~
panding their naphtha and ethylene makers were forced to
liquefied petroleum gas storage report reduced profits.
capacity in an attempt to pur- Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co.
chase these feedstocks at low is following SDK by planning in-
prices. The tank construction ~ creased storage capacity at
= projects are aimed at reducing both Kashima and Yokltaichi,
variable costs, including feed- as are 5umitomo Chemical Co.
stocks, which account for 80-90 apd Shin-Daikyowa Petro-
; per cent of total ethylene pro- chemical Co.
- duction costs. It costs roughly ~2 billion to
Showa Denko K.K. leads the build a 40,000-kiloliter tank. The
_ industry's~tank storage plans, ethylene industry plans tA ex-
' The company is expanding its pand its skorage capacity by
storage capacity to 290,000 kilo- about 410,000 kiloliters. The
liters by July, whEn 100,000-kilo- ronghly ~ 20 billion investment
~ ~ liter capacity will be completed. reflects the petrochemical in- '
~ SDK's investment in existing dustry's realization that ethy-
tanks and a berth at Oita helped lene competitiveness depends
~ it increase its r.ecurring profits partlyonobtainingandstocking
- ~ by ~ 400 ,million in� the year low-price feedstocks.
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
~
TORAY WILL llOUBLE CARBON FIBER PRODUCTION TO 100 TONS A MONTH
- Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 946, 17 Mar 81 p 9 _
[TextJ
Toray Industries, Inc. will fast, starting in 1985. In.the
start expansion of its carbon past year or so, major
[iber capacity in May to chemical concerns derron-
~i~, more than double it to 100 strated their interest in -
tons a month by in 1982. The entry into and expansion of _
company's monthly .carbon~berbusinessinboth
. capacity is rated-at 35 tons, the U.S. and West Europe.
_ making it the world's Given this situation, .Toray
_ largest producer of the wants to maintain its No. 1�
specialty "fiber.'.' slot in the carbon fiber in-
The Toray capacity ex- dustry.
- pansion features construc- The product is made by ,
tion of a new line rate at 50 baking special grades of -
- tons a month and boosting the acrylic fibers. Its unique
_ . existing piant's capacity by 9ualities, including light
15 tons for 50 tons a month. Weight comparable to _
= The construction project is aluminum and better ~
aimed at meeting the strength than steel, led to
- demand, which the maker applications for leisure
anticipates will drastically Boods. In the U.S.,~ aircraft =
, qo up in �he nex! fp~~~ ^'ak�!'s are interested in -
- ' carbon fiber consumption,
At Toray's Ehime works, ~,~~e automobile and space
located at Matsuyama City, equipment makers will
the new plant is scheduled to ]~kely adopt the material,'
, be completed in about a t~
year. Simuitaneously., the gesides . being No. 1 in
35=tun-a-month plant's capaci~y, Toray's technical ~
capacity will be ' steadily expertise was demonstrated
ra~sed to 45-50 tons a month. w,hen its process was
= By mid-1982, Toray expects licensed to Union � Cabide
- to possess the world's Corp. (Similarly, Toho
- largest (100 tons a month) ~yon Co. will make its
level. know-how available to � -
- The company anticipates Celanese Corp., another U.S.
that lhe demand will go up maker.) ,
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. -
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
RUSSIA SEEKS COLLABORATION IN COAL LIQUEFACTION PROGRAM
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 946, 17 Mar 81 p 3
y [Article by Hiroshi Egashira]
[Text~
- 1~90SCOVP - The Soviet in the project materialize,
Union irrtends to call upon cooperation with the Soviet
Japan to cooperate in its c~al energy projects would develop
liquefaction project during its from production oi the con-
11th five-year economic ventional energy sources, such
development plan (1981-85), it as petroleum and natural gas,
was learned last week. to development of alternate
Baibakov, chairman of the energy sources.
Soviet Gosplan (national According to Kawai,
planning committee) sounded Baibako~~ refrained from
out Ryoichi Kawai, chairman referring to any detail of the
of the Liunber Committee, a coal liquefaction project save
sub-committee of the Japan- to disclose only its inclusion in
USSR Business Coopention the current five-year economic
- Committee, who visited Moscow plan when he met with Kawai.
lasl week to sign a basic agree- But this was lhe first time
ment on the Russo-Japanese that the Soviet Union had
forestrp resources development disclosed its intention to carry
_ project, on Japan's interest in out a coal liquefaction project
the joint coal liquefaction u'ith a free nation.
project. The Soviet Union is said 'to
Should Japan's _cooperation have already built pilot coal
liquefaction plants and to now
- be studying the feasibility of its
- coal ~ liquefaction technology.
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ALLEVIATION OF INTERNATIONAL DATA COMMUNICATION CONTROL . _
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vul 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 72
[Text]
'The KDD has dccid0d to oll~viate control on
use of the leased circuit for intcrnational data -
communication, wl~ich it is accuscd of doing
_ by the Ameriran information processing in-
= dustry. ~
Presently the KllD permiis conncction of
unly one computcr installcd abro�rd when an in-
formation processing induxtry of a foreign _
country tries to supply its service to a Japanese
user. This is due to thc fear tliat the information
may be exchanged as not being processed be-
tween the terminals connected to the two
computers at the both ends if iwo or more
computers are pcrmitted to be cpnnected.
ParticuL~rly, strict restrictions werc poxed
because it is almost impossible to investigatc in
detail the use status of many computers in-
stalled in a foreign land and check for viola- -
tions.
On thos~ restrictions, hou�ever, the Ameri- -
can users have cxpreseed a strong feeling uf dis-
satisfaction. Carresponding to those demands,
the KDD has decided to permit the connecting
of multiple computers installed in a foreigri
land. This decision enables the busincss world
in the U.S. to expand and diversify their
services in Japan. I3chind thc KDD dccision,
there cxists considcration to try to evade the
issue of the int~rnational data communication
restrictions from becomuig a Wurce of friction
ix~tween Japan and America, Gke the NTT
opendoar problem.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 4120
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_ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NEW-TYPE PRIVATE DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORK
Tokyo TE~HNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No l, Jan 81 p 73
[Text]
?7re private decentralized processing ,~n�fine sysrem, at preaent in
genrra! use, employ.r rm m~ny cases, the discrrre dlstribution system in
wh+ch each unir is connected separarely. The shortcomminga are how.
eve~ that the number o/' distri6urions increasrs and thr disaibutinn
pus.res are comp~xed, brrnginq about high consnucrion expen.xs and
- dtfj'ccu(t and operadon mainrenance.
- ,'VEC has announced jor such a siruation, an oprical pnvate com-
municatlan nerwork, ".N6770 Dura Link" which enables high�speed
dato tmnsmission among unirs by loop connecrirtg a number oj com-
puters or terminals in an ojrce or a facrory by [he optica! jiber cabJes.
This sysrerri consisrs of mu/tiple foop inrerface unirs /LlUJ, opticol fiber
cubies which connect ~ong rhe L!U's and one mainrenance/monitor
unii jor each LIU computer o~ terminas being connecled.
The LIU is also provided wirh funcriorts oj a packet exchange,
which enab(es sending dara to a(i units conrtecred ro the data link by
specifying rhe addresses oj the communicatirtg desdnetion jor each
- packet j~om a cerfain compurer.
Compucer or terminal
- l Maintanance/monitar
- I I unit
- ~ I
I I
LIU
i1
\ _ _ _ _ - - - - ~ Optical tab I~
Oporating lin�
---Standby line
- Fi~. l. N6770 Data Link
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.is optical jrbe~ cables �rre used jor rhe commu�icarion line, rhe
_ system enjoys such properries as wide t~an.vntraiort band, low dans- ,
mission loss, and abrllty nor ro .~vjfrr j~om electromagnetic inter�
ference. The fengrh of a cabie betwren one L: U und another cun be
up ro :km and the tota( length cables up to 1SOlan. This system cun
cvrtnec r up to 116 units, computess or rnminaCt, in one loop and also
nansinir 32 megabirs ojdata per second. ' -
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd. 1'
" CSO: 4120
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
A SINGLE SYLLABLE INPUT VOICE RECOGNITION DEVICE
Tokyo TECHI30CRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 74 -
[Text]
NEC has bcen successful in the production
of a voice recognition device by single syllable ~
input. ln respect to voice recognition, the
production of a device . that recognizes two
words as one word has beeun. 1lowever, singic
syllabie input is made by uttering each syllablc
such as A or B and thc utt~ring time is shurtcr -
than for a word. Therefore, single syllable
- input must bc precise and a higher processing
for recognition ix rcquired.
' To ovcrcomc this problem, NEC has
used their unique recognition method based
on the Dynamic Programming Marking System
for recognition of a single sy113b1e and a word.
The device produced in this way has the -
following charactcristics. 1) .4 single syllablc can
be recognized in 0.25 to 0.? .~rcond by dediiat-
ed hardware in a multiprocctsor environment.
2) Hi~h-specd data input is possiblc. 3) The
dcvice can be connected to a('RT ditiplay. ~
'[hi~ device can recogmze 68 diCfe;rent
single syllables, 10 numeral~, and :ibout 500
words.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOi~OGY
~
SOFTWARE DE~IELOPMENT BY GRAPHICS -
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT_ in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 74
[Text] ~ ~
Pujitsu has dcvelopcd a softwarc~oricnted
gtaphicx display techniquc to dcvelop softK~arc
_ uxing hvu~limensional dm~~ingx.
This baxic iJra ix intcndcd to dcvclup a
_ progr.~m by ma{cin~ tlie comptrter directly read -
the t7owrhart used for pr~igr~m development. -
Various commands or conditions are written
i~iro frames (boxes).'I'hese boxes are connected
together by lines alor~ ,he logical tlow.
Tliere are five ~vays to connect lines as shown
in the tigure. 'fhcy are: Siniple,lF,CASG, D0,
and ll0 UNTIL boxes.
To input a program written by boxcs and
- lines to the computer, you will punch the data
.iboot where a line to a bos originatrs, whet a
command in a box is, and ~~heFe a line gors tu ~
und then input it. NLC providcs sofrivarc called
a trunstormcr to rcwrite a~raphics program
into a normal pmgram for ronversion to the
_ language uxed by thc a~mputcr.
"1'he program using gr:iphics requires u paper
arca three timcs ~vider than conventional
pru~i:ims in a Iczt lormat, but thc volumc of '
dorun~rntx can br greatly rcduccd uwing to lhc
L�~ch ~~F nccd fnr I'1~~~+�chart. f~om thc vicwpoint -
uf Ihc rntiie pr~~ccxti ol' prn~.r;im developmenL -
'I'h~s :ippioach i. ,i Irr.il to opcn the way for thc
nut~,mation of sut'hvarc devrb~pmcnt.
32
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_ Simple box: Simply processes V after U.
IF box: C processes Ul and the others do V after U2.
CASE box: In the case of condition t, UI is
processed and in the case of con-
dition 2, U2 is procesed. In the
case of condition n, Un fs pro-
cessed.
_ - Dobox: U/V processing is repeated until
conditions 1, 3, and n.....
2, 4, 6..... directly process W.
Do UNTIL box: UN processing is repeated
until condition P and then
W is processed.
Fig. 1. Basic Patterns of Graphic Program Dispfay
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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AN INTERFEROMETRIC SUPERSONIC MICROSCOPE -
- Tokyo T~CHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 77 _
jText] _
tlrtoclri hos deve/oped u nrw type nf
_ iruerjeromerric supersonic mrcroscope tlmt
_ uperates at lCHz. This inh~rjerometric micro� -
scope Iras a resolution oj less dmn 0.3 microns
in depdi, wAicN cnables Jcte~ctioir oj minor _
changes in the interna! structure uj semi-
conductor devices, Irving orgnnrsms, vnd metals.
Cc+mmcrcial production of the rnicroscope is
expected soon.
The supersonic microscope uses supersonic
waves that can propagate lnto optieally opaque
� substances. A supersonic wave is generoted by
vibratrng a piezo�electric thin jilm excited by
h{qA jrequency pulses. The wuve is converged
ti~rough an acousttc lens Jmving a spherica(
surjace, is irradiated onto thc.s~vmple, and then
the reJlected wuves from tlie sample ure agatn
jocused by the spherica! len.c and converted
in tn elecrricai signuls.
S+~pe~rsnnic microscopes /rremr~tip available
hure jrequcncies limited tu 2lIDMHz due m ~
uia� dijjicu[ty oj manujacnrriny uic ~tcnustic
(iv~.c, und Irurr u resoluPinr~ oj .S microns
~ai�nuha!!r und l0 micrunx in depth. The nrw
pro~luet, l~owever, has a resufutiw~ nj / microii '
- uzimutha!!v und 0.3 microns in depUi.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
JOINT RESEARCH PROJECT ON HIGH-MOL~CULAR MATERIALS
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 80
jText]
Five major synthetic�Fiber and chemical study themes include the following: t) "lii~h-
makers, including i'oray Industries Inc. and efficiency sepatation film mat~rials" lo be used
Mitsubishi Chemical Industries Ltd, have for functional films: 2) "liigh-molecuL�tr con-
stactcd a"council fot high�functionality high- ductive materials" to be used for clectronic
molecular materials" in order to promotc joint parts; 3) superhard pl�rstics and "high-crystal
research and development of high-molecul:u high-muleculat materials" with higli heat
materials ptoducing fu~ctionality films (such resistance; 4) �reactive high-molecular mate-
as inverse osmosis membranes) and new en- rials" intended to rause reaction with ti~e aid ~
gineeting plastics (high-functional resin). of catalysts.
The council is intended to be an organ for
carrying out ~he "next-generation industry
- basis technology reseatch and develupment
+ scheme" which the Ministry of ]ntetnational
rrade [ndustry intends to start next fiscal
_ year. It is a successor to the "Biotec;~nology
~ CounciP' organized by Mitsubishi Chemicat
[ndustsies a~d Asahi Chemical Industry Co.
The five companies which have joined the
council are making plans lo promote for, the
time being 5 lines of ceseazch on high-molecular
materials in the pioneer fields which are in
research and development phases, such as
"reactive high-molecular materials". The five
_ COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuj i Marketing Research Co Ltd. ~
~ -
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HE[~T DISSIPATING SILICON RUBBER ' ~
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT i~ English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 81
_ [Text ]
The Shinetsu Chemrca! lndusrry Co. has ` ~ f~"ff~-~
recenrly developed 3 types oj heat dissipatGig '`Y
f 'tir' r t't'~ i `r
sQicon rubber with rherma( conductivity and ,,t~
nc~rma! : esirrance inc~eased und has stm~red 4>4
, ~i1.~'~,.~ i:~~7
marketing them as materials jor hear d[tsipating ` >
insu!ation to makers of elecrronrc equlpment y:' " ~ "a
~ and parrs. In heat dissipanng rnsu/ation ma- ,y y~+ ~
rerial industrtes, Fujikura Kasei and Fujt Hlgh ;y r 3
Polymer have abeady markered simib~ types. , r fx
So, it tetms rhat [he companies concerned wiU f rtr ^
'
- corr~pere veher?ienr[y on pricrng. ~ ` . ~ ~ r
The new s(ltcon rabber has the jolJowing ~;'~�i',4 ` `
jeatures: (J li has high thermal conducNvtty y~+. r~ l
and is able ro corrvey 5-9 dmea mom heat F ~ t~ ~ ''~`'1: ,r
tl~an o.dinary rubber and plastics Thus, ir is Heat llissipating Silicon Rubber ('TD
able to protecr rrunsisrors fiom rherma! de- (TC�New Series)
strucnon. 2J It has sufjtcient rubbes resiUency
nor ro damar{e parts of heared equlpment and
Jlanges and efements of eqaipment.
Irs app(tcarions are as insu/aNng and heat
_ dissipatrng marerial for semiconductor elements
in partrcu/ar, power tsansisrors jor te(evision
- sers, stereo sers tronsceivers and computen ond
hea[ dissiparing rn�~erials and vibrarion damp=
ing mate~rvis jor heated e(ectrons and e(ecrric
parts Jor e(ectronic jars and pane( heaters.
_ COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
1
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INJECTION MOLDING MEASUREMENT MONITOR
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 81
jText]
� Nippon Regularor Co. h4c ~ecenrty develop-
- ed un injection molding mea,iuremenr moniror
which ccquires cosreci dara on rhe ntolding
conditions oj inject~on molding machines and
condittons oj res/n in molds and ha.r exhibiud
ir at ?apan Plas '80 recently held in Osaka The
system is equipped with a mic~oprocessor ond
- rs able ro analog displcy vari�tions in mea.sure�
mentr by using !0 bar graphs, design easyro
read vclues by using a d~ital display and print
_ out rhe data by using a pnnrer. !r is amaeting
- atterttton us an in,tnurrrenr which enables in-
jecrton moldtng products to be produced ej-
ficienrly under oprbna! conditions
. _ .
r ~ .
, .
- � !'."k~`~~
� y~
:'j ~ /
~t:
�
. ~n,.,,t` 1~
...,,;q ~r~~
.
_ ' , '
[njection Molding 141easuxement
~tonitor
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ENERGY SAVING INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 81
[Text ]
Mltsubisht Heavy Indusrstes hos lately onnounced that it has dt-
veloped a high�perfomtance in/ectton molding mochlrte whkh ls able to
save tnergy by more than 30'70. The new molding ~nachine attracted
attenrion when it was exhibired at lapan Pfas '80 whrch war he[d irt
~ Osaka in ,Vovember.
' AJ'ter the cosi oj elecrsic power was raisrJ ove~a(f, the molding
machtne industry turned to developing energy saving moldtr~,g rrtachines.
Consequently, a number of inedtum~.rized makers havr btefy disciosed
new energy savir~ types, Jnd ~he developments oj rhtse compunies an
~ utt~acfing attentron.
In lrght of rhis, the new ene~gy saving molding machine lauly
developed 6y Mitsubishi Heavy lndustries is stgniJlcant and ia btfng much
talked abouL
- The compwy exp(ains that it aimedar improvements laying emphasi.t
on fhree points: energy saving, hrgh operarivityand ease ojoperotton. !n
rnspecf to energy saving, an ejjective linkage sysrem /or purnp rrtorors
has been incoporared, hearer capacity has 6een rtduced by 309b and a
1 mulri�step discharge shijta has been adop[ed.
~,i 7"'
- ~'~~i� ~�~~i ~
'.t;_ , ~+~`;e 1
4 f , ~
~ ~ .1 ' � o s
_ ~v, ~ ~ �
qu,,#,~ '-'r`~ . ,i g~ ~
~ ai ~
-
Injection Molding Machine "650 MF-110"
- COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCTENCE AND TECHP'~LOGY
MICROCOMPUTER CONTROLLED INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE -
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 81
_ [Text] ~
lointly wrih Komki, Iwatani Sangyo Co. has _
recent[y deve(oped an upright nrbbe~ injection
r�olding machine equipped with u micro-
compure~ and hasexhibifed tr arJapon Pics '80.
T7?ere is growrr?g demand jor rubber m-
jection molding machrnes prvnurily in rhe auto-
mobile indusrry. T}te mkrocomputer-equipped
iniection machine rs intended to meet this ~
_ demand and increase sales while augmennng '
rhe expioitadon oj newmarkets.
The molding machine h~s rhe fo!lowing
jearures. !t has jew pa~ts svhich depend on
molds and materiafs, requires no specia( ski/! ro
operate snd enables rhe user ro uchieve srable ` 4`
qualtty and higher accumcy because condirions r r~;~ ;t ~
for mokling can be ser ond controlied easily. ft ` ~
K
vivo lves fow mafesia l losaes. ~uves resources an d :b
energy, provides Aigh cosr�perjormance ~ario �r ~
and increases producNvity. ~ Y
4~r -
.d ~ .
"n
~
' ~V:
. :YiYS~�.1.;!i.:
~ficrocomputer Controlled Injection
Molding Machine
COPXRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd. _
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MEASUREMENT OF STRATOSPHERIC MATERIALS '
Tokyo TECr1NOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 86 -
[Text]
The Metearologic;al Laboratory is conduct- , I
ing a test foc measuring the amount of micro-
_ ingredients which are estimated as accountable
- materials for destroying ozone, such as Fr~on
- gas, by flying in the sttatosphete, on an ait-
plane .with measuring instruments aboard. As
compared with the conventional method, by
- which the upper atmosphere is collected by ~
airplanes or balloons and is analyzed on the ;
ground, it has an advantage that precise
= measurement can be madc in a short time. It
has been confumed that the tirst observation
test conducted last winter presented practically -
almost no problems. A fuU-sca7e observation
has been made since' last October, and this
method is sclieduled to be used in int~r-
= national cooperative observationsof the stratos-
pheric atmosphere, which will start in 1982.
Tlie measuring instrument to be used is
u~lled an infrared interference spectroscope.
[nfrared rays in sunlight falling on the measur =
_ ing instrument ace divided in two clirections
crossing at right angles by a beam splitter and
are retlected by mirrors res~ectively. The two
retlected rays are introduced into a detector
at the s:ime time.�(n this instance, the move-
ment of one mirror at a cunstant speed puts
the two reflected rays introduccd inro the
detector out of phase. An interference fringe
resulting there is detected. Infrared absorp-
tion system is u~lculated from the infer-
- ference fringe to examine what kinds of
substances exist in the ~a.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- SOLAR SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANT
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 88
- [TextJ
The Agency of Industrial Science and voltage between the electrodes causes anions
'fechnology of MITI has decided to develop and cations to be drawn to the cathodes and ~
and make practical an electrical dialysis sea- anodes respectively, resulting in the production
watet desalination test plant using solar cells, of nondtlotine compartments and condensed-
as part of its Sunshine Project. chlorine compartments in an alternate pattern.
rechniques available for the desalination T'he liquid in the nonchkrine compartments
= of seawater inctude the multistep flash sysrem, is fresh water.
which separates water by boiling and evapota- 'fhe electric dialysis system tequires the
- tion, and ~the inverse osmosis system which temperature of the liquid to be raised to
separates water by using inverse osmosis mem- 70-80�C, to increase the utilization efficiency
branes. 'fhese systems, however, have the oP the curtent. I'he energy requited for this .
drawback of high energy costs, such as for oil cao be covered by making use of solar celis
and electric power. I'he technique developed and solar coUector panels.
by the Institute is known as the electrical 'fhe key point in the develop~nent of a
_ dialysis system, which makes use of solar seawater desalination plant using the above
- energy only. technology, is the development of weather-
_ This ekeMca! dinlysis utilizes elecVo- proof solac cell panels, high-tesponsivity
phoresis. 1'he mechanical system involved batteries and inexpensive high-performance
consists of anion exchange membranes which ion exchange membranes. In 1982 the Agency
pass anions only, and cation exchange mem- intends to start the construction of a model
branes which pass cations only, both altetnate- plant, with a desalination qpacity of 254 per
ly arranged, with a pair of electrodes provided day, by making full use of the technology
on both sidcs of the membranes. Applying a developed under the Sunshine Project.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
_ CONIPANIES TO COMPETE FOR BIDS IN COISSTRUCTING OIL, GAS PRODUCTION FACILITIES '
- Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 88
[Text]
In the manufacture and installation of ~
large underwater structures such as platforms
used to produce oil and natural gas fro m '
undcrsea oil fields, European and American
companies such as McDermot (U.SJ, Brown -
& Roots (U.S.), ETPM (Fcance) and Saipen -
(Spain) are far in the lead. lapanese co m- -
panies are still behind the European and
American companies, competilively, although _
shipbuilding companies and steelmakers such ;
as Nippon Steel Corporation and Nippon
Steel Corporation and Nippon Kokan have
received otdecs for platfocros. ~
Undet these circumstances, Nippon Kokan
and Nippon Steel Corporation have decided
_ to enter into direct competition with the F
European and American companies by forming
an alliance to jointly acquire orders for the
manufacture and construction of production
fucilities for undersea oil and natural gas -
exploration and development in arcas sur-
rounding the Japan islands. This alliance will
be advxntageous to them both,in that work
shops and assembly yazds u~n be jointly used
in the effott to win international tenders. -
tenders.
For the time being both companies will
jointly apply for international tendets for
production facilities in gas fields off Tokiwa
in Pukushima Prefecture. They also intend to _
work together when necessary in the future, '
for tenders concerning sites off Sakhalin, the
lapan-Korea continental shelves and Pohai �
Hay.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
. DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR SYNTHESIS OF SILICON SEMICONDUCTOR MEMBRANE
Tokyo TECIiNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 76
[Text]
Professor Keitarou Yoshihara of the Molc- employing a chemical rcaction using a laser
- cule Science Kesearch Institute of the htinistry beam has good points as mentioned below: ~
of Gducation, Prof. Mitsugu Hanabusa of (1) Manufacturing process is simple.
1'oyohashi Technology Science Colledge, add (2) 1t is quite easy to control impurities
Lectuter, Akira Namiki have together de- because o~ly a material gas actuates tlic COz
� veloped a new manufacturing tecl~nology for a gas laser.
silicon semiconductor membrain employing a (3) It is easy to accurately maintain thinness
~ , chemical reaction using a laaer beam. By this of the membrain under non vacuum conditions
new manufacturing technology, infrared rays by adjusting the gas pressure, intensity of the
with 16� wave length of a laser beam are laser beam and the number of thr beam's
momentarily exposed to the silicon (the pulses.
~ material of semiconductor) and Silangas (4) The laser beam is more efficient because
- (which is hydrogen compound) like a strobe COi gas absorbes more than 90 percent of the
- llash, to activate them for a chemical reaction. beam.
In the above way, lhe silicon membrain is In the experiment, Prof. Yoshihara em-
manufactured onto a base of glass or similar ployed a C02 gas laser (light source with
- material without heating. 100kW power as peak, a time scan of 0.2
The silicon membrain wliich has a wide micro second and an average power of 0.2W)
' application area including Cnr Amorfas wlat so tha! he could manufacture the membrain
- batt~ries has becn so far m:~nufacturcd by a of 0.6 micro in thickness by using a laser
chemical reaction through ionization of a kas beam under the condition of 1/SHG gas a
material. However, in the c;~sc of cmploying hundted times and 1.4 micro under 1/4liG gas.
{ the ionization method, it is difficult to control We have little experience of employing .
; impurities and to maintain tlic thinness of thc laser beams in the area of forming chemical
_ membrain. 'Chcrefore, when manufacturing compounds. Nowever, this application will
- mcmbrain transistor for digital plane T.V., it is extend possibilities for the other chemical !
~~o~.eible to manufacture such only under con- compounds and seems to come to the fore as
- diti~~ns cf an ultra high vacuum of 10-12HG. a new method for Corming chemical com-
Un the contrary, this manuFacturing technology pounds:
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Puji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
~
NEW DRY-ETCHING METHOD NARROWS LSI LINE WIDTH TO 0.5 MICRONS
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 946, 17 Mar 81 p 13
[Text ] A Japanese company has that original process. That developing treatment
developed a dry-etching ("Plasma", in this case, repre- temporarily causes the printed
method of mass-producing sents very tiot, electrically- lines .to swell lo double the
large-scale integrated (I.SI) cha*ged atomic separation of original size, though they
electronic circuits in sub-mi- oxygen. "Etching" is tran- shrink back to the original size
cron line width down to 0.5 mi- sposing the elect~onic circl~it later. But the swelling limited
crons. ~ pattern on little silicon chips by commercial production of line
The production yield is almost photography. The finer the width to around 1.5 microns.
- always 100 per cent, - the circuit lines in width, the larger Besides, all bends ot the lines
developer said. The Kawasaki the volume of information that tended to curve and lose that
company believes its process to can be packed ~into each chip much precision: Production
- be the world's first that is circuitry as a basic computer yield dipped considerably
- practical. element. ) below l00 per cent.
According to Tokyo Ohka As the company explained its The new method is free from
- Kogyo Co., the 0.5-micron line "Submicron Plasma~ Dry all such troubles:,On top of
width attained by its new Etching Process," a silicon that,~ it is highly automated.
process is one-third as small as wafer is coated with an Average ' production, time is
the 1.5 microns which conven- oxydizing chemical film. The about the same as for the best
tional Japanese commercial wafer is further coated with conventional process - one
methods produce. The . com- somer photosensitive artificial wafer; per one or two minutes
~ pany's achievement was aided resin - a photoresist, These compared with the conventional
= by the Faculty ot Pharmacy of treatments may be the same as method's 10 wafers at a time in
Chiba University, a national the conventional methods, but 30 minutes. The new method is
school in Chiba, near Tokyo as the resin used in the new much less costly .because it
well as by various semiconduc- process loses its photosensiti- needs no developing , and.
tor makers in the Kawasaki tivity when heated. , assisting chemicals.
area. The laboratory and the After the original circuit
- university faculty have ex- pattern is , photographically ,
perimentally attained 0.25 transposed on the wafer sur-
microns in line width by the face through light exposure, the
' new method. ~ ' wafer is heat~d and hardened
The company's new method, by, a hot-air dryer. Then, the
.essentially 'identified as a printed circuitry is � photo- '
"p}asma etching" process, had graphically developed inside an
been originally developed for oxygen plasma-filled chamber.
electronic data processing jobs The completely dry process '
in 1973 with the cooperation of comes in sharp contrast to the
the same university .faculty. conventional, wet methods,
The company has sought about which required dissolving in a
20 "design" patents in Japan strongly acid solution all in-
^nd key Weslern countries on tervals between each two lines.
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
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~ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ~
GREEN CROSS IS READY FOR THREE TYPES OF INTERFERON
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 946, 17 Mar 81 p 9
_ [Text]
- Starting April, The Green culture (2.5 billion). how for production of the
CYoss Corp. will be capable of ~e company will become the gamma type as early as May.
supplying all three types of first Japanese source of all the Specifically, CRI is schedtiled;. _
intcrferon (alpha, beta and to~ supply mutated strains of
gamma) for clinical trials coor- three types df interferon, a Yeast, developed by genetic
- dinated by the Ministry of block~ multiplica ion off viruses. engineering.
Health & Wefare. The last two .~e potential wonder drug, The Japanese firm will try to
types will be imported by the estimated to be. effective commercialize the CRI know-
Osaka firm from the U.S., against viral diseases, ~S how four or five years from
including Collaborative now.
Research Inc. . of Waltham,. classified into three types Toray Industries, Inc. and
Massachusetts. . � Under an internati~r,~al agree- Mochida Pharmaceutical Cfl.
In all, Green Cross will ment made a year ago~, aze trying to develop fibroblast
supply 6.5 billion units a month, The im~ports are intended to technique. Sumitomo Chemical �
including the 4.5 billion units of - fill Gre~'.n Cross's shi~rt-term Co. is pursuing the lymphoblast '
- the alpha ~type the company need: The Massacl~usetts technique, while Takeda
- will produce by extraction from ' company .signed a pact;;,under Cherhical . Industries, Ltd. ~ is
white cells of human blood f2.0 which it will provide lireen working on leukocyte know-
billion units) and lymphoblast Cross with production lu,ow- how. -
_
COPYRtGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun;`Inc. -
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AUTOMATIC RETICLE MASK DEFECT INSPECTION SYSTEM
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 70
[Text]
Nippon Kogak u Kogyo Co. has experimentaJ-
]y made an "automatic reticlc mask defect
inspection systcm" tliat inspccts at high re-
sol~tion for microscopic defects in patterns on
rcticle masks tliat are used in manufacturing
semiconductor ICs. Te.chniqucs developed by ~ ,
the Musashino Electro~ommunications LaUora-
tory of the Nippon Telegrapi~ and Telephone'
Corporation wcre used in developing the system.
In the system, a picture of a circuit board
is converted into clectric signals and compared
against thc original drawing of the boatd that
has becn recorded on magnctic tape. Any
defects are detected automatically. '
Tlic system lias the following features:
1) lt compares the pattern on the reticle or the
mask against thc design data. This permits de-
tection uf defects caused by erroneous opera-
tion of the drafting machinc.
2) it can also detect defects on a master mask
that h:is becn directly drawn by an electron
becn exposure systcm.
Tlie minimum defect size detectable is 2�m
(or reticles and l�m for masks. lnspection
limc is 15 minutes for a 100mmx100mm
reticlc arca and 15 minutes for a lOmmx
l Omm mask area. The maximum size of sarnples
ti~r inspeclion is 6 inches for hoth reticles and
masks.
Thc system is priced at less than ~100
miUi~~n.
' ,COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
J METHOD DEVELOPEU FOR MAI3UFACTURING POWDERED AMORPflOUS SILICON
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 70
- [Text]
Fuj i 1'hoto Film Co. has developed a method
tor manufac.turing powdcred amorphous silicon
that has high photo-clectric pcrformancc, and
at the samc timc found lhat liigli-pcrCormancc,
photosensitive systems pn Ue produced for
electrcinic copying machines and optical sensors.
Amorphous-silicon powder is made by the
- conventional method of dissolving gaseous
silane in a glow discharge. \%ariationsin manu-
facturing conditions, such as pressurc, flow
rate, and temperature of the gas and thc power
of Uic hieh-freql~ency current applied enables
hydrogen{loped powder with a particle dia-
- meter of about O.l�m (th~it can Ue increased
up to 10--20�m by coagulation) to be obtained
for a specific acsistance betHCen 104-1014S2cm.
- By mixino this powder with high�molecular
organic materials, large-azca f7exible photo-
_ . receptors can bc manufactured.
One possible application is as a phote-
sensitive plate for electronic copying machines.
The new photoreceptor cxin reproduce half
toncs that are nut availahlc with selcnium
photc~sensitive plates. By combining a suitablc
toncr, rcproduction similar to photography is
possible.
, The powdercd amorplious silicon has a
~ specual sensitivity ncar that of the human eye.
Tlicrefore, it could be used ;i~ an optical sensor
in place. of the human cy~c and thus, is ex-
- pected to find several application in reception
element~, illumination photomcters, and light
= mctcrs for camcras.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., ~td.
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOTAGY '
, -
DIGTTAL DEW-POINT METER DEVELOPED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 76
[Text]
Yokogawa Electric Works, Ltd. has devel- _
oped a digital dew-point meter which uses a
quartz oscillator as the detection element and
provides the high accuracy of �0.3�C and high _
resolving power of 0.1�C.
+ The meter is designed to allow a gas under
measurement to come in con4ict with a quartz
oscillator, cools it with an incorporated eleo- -
tronic cooler and measures the temperature of r
the gas or the dew point at the time when the
sudaces of thc quartz oscillator has condensa-
y tion This is effected by using a high-accuracy
platinum temperature measurinB resistor.
While it has a maximum temperature -
measurement range of -50�C to +40�C, the =
' dew- point meter has the following features: 1)
Because of being a cooled type, it does not _
requue any reference gas to calibration. 2) _
While indicating the correct dew-point when
condensation e~ses off into equilibrium, it
- automatically detects and displays this equr
librium. 3) Dew-points and frost-points are
automatically discriminated and frost-points are
converted into dew-points for display, and 4) as
� a standazd system, it is equipped with an analog
output unit to permit lonF-period continuous
recording in operation in rombination with a -
recorder. Tlie meter is priced at ~ l.3 million.
_ CUPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- LITHIUM CELL TOTALLY SOLIDIFIED
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 71
[Text]
Hitachi Gtd. and Nitachi :ti/aYe! huve suc-
ceeded in synthesizing ~t l~igh�lithium ioii con-
.iuct(ve solid rlecrrolyre jor rora[ly so(id ceNs.
Ti~rs perntlts manuJacture of ultra-thi~f l/ess
than U.ImmJ high�perfor�tunce cell.s rhat have
_ i+igh energy ttensiry ~nd long ~heli !i(e withour
~ any elecrrolyte leakage.
The solid electrofyte is u compound oj a
lithium, nitnde-lithium, iodide-lirhium, hydr-
oxide sysrem (Li3N�Li!�LiOH~. The cunent
oufpur characrerisrics oJ' rhe rota!!y sofid ce!!
ezceed rhose o/' so(id elecrrolyres made oJ i
~ lithium iodide�~lumina svstem .Li3!�.41.03/
hi~ a factor oj 1 UD.
- To prove rhe jeasibility of a~orall,v sv(id,
u(tra-thin cef! using the riew material. the
= Hirachi Cenrral LaGornrorti~ fnd Hiraeh! Maxe!
manujaca~red u prototype using a thin lithium
nitride-li[hium iodide�lithiu,n hydroxide JTIm
- encaseJ in un ultrv-thrn c~ll 0.7m�e thick and
1Urnm in diameter. The cefl ourput a maxime~m
currr.�f oj S~nA and rxiubired perjormance
~haructeristics I i)0 rimes liigher than ~ on�
vennonu! rolid lithiinn cells. ~Vhen the ce1( is
used wuh a cort.rtanrcurrentof 1.�;i, which cnn
drrve ~ liquid�crystal displu~.' rt~pe watch, the
- ce!! :vi11 output u stable vo(tu;e jnr rnvrc thari
I.OUr7 h ~urs.
CharJC�re~isrics oj rhe ~Vew Efectrolrre
' I/ C'r;�rta! Stn~crtae: stntple c�ub~c lattice
,im il~r to CY �AK !
J) Iron Conducrro~ty: l.i c!U"~ S~Sirmens//
m = / .e !U'~f2'~l~nhol'c�m /at '?~C/
1/ Di.rsolution ~'ofta,qe: ~pprox. 2V
4~ F.lertronic Trunsr'erence.Vum6er: 4eL~w !q'S
- COPYRIGHT : 1981 Fuj i Marketing Research Co Ltd .
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -
, ~d
MAGNETIC-FIELD MICROWAVE PLASMA ETCHING SYSTEM
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vo1 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 71
[ Text ]
The Cenrra( Luboraron~ nj Hiraci~i l.td.lias N.,,,.~,o�~ -
Jevefoped a rnugner~c�jield rrurrnwuve plasma
oH~~..a. c '
erchiny rystem ~or ultra-LS! ~rvducnvn. The ~~o. ~ ~K~~o~~~~
system uses a mdgnetic�fiefd nt~crnwove plusma l~~,/\ /
generutor that not only enab(es high-accurocy E��~~o ~ P�~�^~�^~^'^'"��
~
microscopic/0.5�m1 proces~inq but dlso ar~u6les j i ,
W--i~~a..~,.
- ~~sists for efecrron beams cuinerabfe ro hear ro j~
CJ = ~
be used because ur the lotver amount vj heur il Ro~~~Ytlilk i J~ -
inom aaa. j ~ j "
,enerated during the process. N �m.,,~� I/
Tlie newly ~ieveloped st~stem makes atoms '"�0"�' -
ioni:e quicke~ by applying a resonan~�e front a Fig. l. ~licro-Plasma Etchin� Syslem
rrricrowave electrica! field caused by u mug-
netron and circu/ar movement oj electrons
caused by a magnet to plasma generanon. This
- permitsstable generarion oj ions oj rhe reqtrired
densiry under a gas pressure l00-lOUO rimes
frss than that oJ' converttivna! drehing systems. I ~
~
_ Ti~us, dte new system achieves high~accuracy ~ ; 3.~J.J1~1 I
- processing hy reducing neutm! and hiqhly , ~ t,~,~, ~9 J` I _
reaerive atoms and molecule radreals thut i I , I ~ 9 p,,,,,.,
adversefy uifecteichiny. ~
O 50 ~r~~Ctn~IV 1D~IInr IIC~~~~~ �
The system etci:es fines ~l.5um widr rmin. ; �~~n,a~ ;
e.owoa ed,~v~"J~ i
U� luml ~nd has u processir.~ nme nJ'.i0 minures ~ ~ Ti ~,,,,n�~ _ .~v..~ '
mo...~~,.
for 9�sh~et harch processirag (ir~ multicn~smf ' I :?;;.,,,9,,; ~ _
0 Vlier 1 i ' yl~ctiv~tVl O~~~m~
silicon processing wirh 9�-~ i~t ~,vujersl wiUi a ' I ,,..m.:"~~~o~-~
VMV ~~Itl~ ~Jn ~lam~9~

- tolerunce oj ~c The r~stem can etch a ' ,o ~ :o+ ,o ~ +o~= ~o~ ~o�~
variet~~ ~~j marericLS bc vurving rhr lere! oj c.~o�.n~..,~o..~
vacuirp ~.td rhe rnren,nry .~j rhe .mayneric jreld. Fig. Z. Dry Etchine Systems Compared
also ha.r an etching anJ rnnnitor rhut an�
notrncr.r the rnd njetching.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
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~ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NEW FILTER TECHNOLOGY FOR REMOVAL OF SUPER-FINE DUST
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 p 71
_ [Text]
Japan .dir�Tec Co. has devrlnprd new jilre~ techno(ogy jor removing
super�jine dust Ilounng ~n rhe air ��vrtl~ a pardcly diumeres oj U.lum.
This develupmrnt adoprs srutic ~ilrer principies. Oniy a single cycle oj
_ processiny in riie arntosphrre is ab(e to remove ,iupe~�rne dust by more
rhan 99. 9 7'"0. ~ ~
The terhnology newly Jr+~e(oped ean be chwocte~i:ed bv thr use of
JR N6PA rilrer which has li~:qh�prrjo~mance ri(trr funcrions made 8y .
Jlolding �1 paper�/ike glass jibr~ )'rlter as ~n inducrion jilte~ in un ac�
cordion jush~on. !rs principles, though nor ye* ~ullv rxpfained. may be
rhis. The use oj rhe HEPA frlter, consisting oj a wide�aren inducdve
materra[ jo(ded rn an accordion manner increaszs the possibrtify oj dust
coming inro contacr wirh rhe inducrrve mareriai, causing dust, though
cnnsrsting oj very jine parncfes and i~avinq sma(! churge, to be readii,v
drawn�in eleciricalfy.. ~
~ ~ Electrode lin corona dischargel ,
~
> I ~ ~
~ I I
0
o i ~ ~
o j . ,
~ ~ S
L ~ ~ a
~
~ h71f ~~OW V .
~
y ' ~
Q g.lOW9f
t
~
- ~ i
. Charged dust I HEPA tilter
Fig. 1. Super-i~ ine Dust Rernoval .
COPYRTGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd. -
CS~: 4120
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
J
VLSI'S HEADING FOR MASS PRODUCTION
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 pp 44-45
_ [Text]
Large scale production of 64k RAM's, called the VISI
element of the first generation, is being eagerly promoted in
Japan. A 64kRAM h~'s 4 times higher integration than conven-
tional 16kRAM's and consequently requires greatly different
- manufacturing processes than previously, and in turn,� putting
conventional manufacturing systems out of use. It is recognized
- that it takes an investment of around ~`10 billion to construct
a single production line and thus, at present, the semiconductor
_ industry is becoming completely an equipment industry.
Under thec~; circumstances, 6 lapanese makers and 3 foreign-
financed makers are cumpeting in constructing plants for
- production.
Table 1. 64kRAM Production Plants in Japan
Company Oevelopment plant Masf production plant
Nippon Electric Co. Sagamihara esteblish� Nippon Eleetric,
ment Kyushu
- (Sagamihara, (Kumemoto,
Kanagawa pref.) Kumemoto pref.)
- Hitachi Ltd. Muushi plant
_ ~ (Kodaira, Tokyo)
Fujitsu Ltd. Kawasaki plant Aizu plant
~ (Kawasaki, I (Aizuwakametsu,
Kanagawe pref.) Fukushima pref.)
Toshiba Corp. Transiztor plant Oita plant
(Kawaseki, ~ (Oita, Oita pref.)
Kanagaws pref,)
Mitsubishi Electric Nita-Itami works I Kumamoto plant No.2
(Itami, Hyogo pref,) (Nishiyo~hi,
I Kumamoto pref.)
Oki Electric Hachioji plant I Oki Electric,
(Hachioji, Tokyo) ~ (Kiyotake,
_ Miyazaki praf.)
Japen Texas Instruments Hatogaya plant I Miura plant
(Hatogaya, (Niiure,
Saitama pref.) i Iberagi pref,)
_ Japan IBM ~ Yasu plant
~ (Yasu, Shiga pret.)
Motorola Semi- Aizu Toko
conductors Japan (Shiokawa,
Fukushima pref.)
SZ
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Starting ahead of utliers for 64kRAM pro~luction, Fujitsu
is investing totally ~27 billion in equipment for sen?iconductor
production by adding ~5 billion in ttie lacter half of 1980.
This increment is a first step to buIld un its Iwate Plant
(Kanagasaki, lwate Pret~.) for large scale production of
VLSI elements, such as 64k RAM's, following similar efforts
- at its Aizu Plant.
NEC is aiming at mass pro~iuction ot 6~1kRAM's at a rate
of 100,000 units per n;onth from next sprin;. T'he building
- of the diffusion line No.6 of its Kyusliu Plant, in whicli' the
- company has invested totally 10 billiun in 1979 and I'980,
l~as recently been cumpleted and at present equipment is
being brought in. A test run is scheduled at the end of 1980.
Technicatly confident for some time of 64k Rr1M's, Hitachi
transf'erred the bipular IC procluctiun line uf its Musashi -
Plane tu iIs Takasaki Plant in tl?e summer of 1980 and then
equippeu the Musashi Plant wit~~ a 64kRAM mass production
line consisting uf the latest systems. _
Tostliha lias recenily started constructiun of Clean Ruom
Nu.4 at its Oita Plant. The rumpany has ~eci~ed to make an
_ addihonal investment ut abuut billion iii this plant in 1980,
:ind a further largc investment in 1981. Clean Roum Nu.4 ~
is scheduled to start operation in the latter I~alf of 1981 for
pretreatment processes Cor 64kRAM's. -
Aiming to join the top ~r~,up for 64kRAM production, -
Mitsubishi Electric C~~. is at present startu~g production of -
64kRAM's at a rate uf 30,000 wiits per month at its Kita-
_ Itami Wurks. The company inten~ls to cumplete a 100,000
unit per month produc:tion system by putting Ward C of its -
Kumamoto Plant No.~ into operation in tlie spring of 1981. �
- It also u~tends to u~vest `~5 billio~i in tlie Kumamuto Plant
No,2 in 1980.
- Oki Electric Industry Co. is making a total commit-
ment to uftra-LSI proJuctio~i and is building a new plant vi r
its 13,OOOm2 premises in Kiyotake, Miyazaki Pref. The com-
pany intends to cumplete the builcling in January 1981 and -
start operation in the su?nmer ul~ 1981. It will invest totally
~`3 billiun in this plant in 1980 and in 1981.
Not unly Japanesc iTiahcrs but aisu foreign-finance~ makers
are disdosu~g tlieir E~lans fur constructuig 64kRAM mass
productiun ~lants. Tc~as Instr~~ments, tlte world's largest
" semicunductor malcer, is ce~nstructing a plant in Miura,
Ibaray Pref'., intendin, to complete it this December. The
plani is scheduled to start 64kRAM production in the first
- quarter of 1981.
lapan IE3M I~as alrca~ly annuunce~l its 3-year plan for LS(
= productiun ~t its Yasu Plant in Shiga f'reF, and is starting to
bring equiprnent in M~>turula, the second largest semiconductor
maker, who I~ave ac;quirecl 50`% of Auu-Toko stocks, it seems. _
will start G4kRAM rT~ass prociuction at Aizu�Tuko in twu years
tirne.
_ A 64hRAM Itas a minimum circuit Iine width of 3� 111(~ -
thus reyuires more difficult techniques for microscopic
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prucessing than LSI witli a line widtli of S�. This necessitates
ex2~ensive equipment in all processes, including drafting
s~~stems using electron beams instead of light in mask produc-
ti~~n, exposure systems of projection or reduction scale
prujection types instead of contact types in circuit transcription,
~ry photograpliy etchin~ systems using gases instead of liquid i
cl~emicals and ion injection systems instead of diffusion
furnaces, each unit of such eyuipment costino several hundred
- million yen.
Despite this, domestic and foreian malcers are competing
ii~ investing in equipment for 64kRAM. This is just because
- 64k RAM is expected to create such huge markets, amounting
ro$1.8 billion (or ~�360 billion) world-wide in 5 years to ;
come.
Another important point is that a line width of 3� to be
made available for LSI's instead of the ~resent S� will
possibly enable LSI production to be doubled by using the
same materials and processes as used at present.
- A simple calculation shows that more than 300 Smm
= square LSI elements can be made on a 4-in (or 10.16cm)
diameter silicon wafer. Tliis number of 300 can be increased
to nearly 900 if the ISI element is 3mm square instead
- of Smm square. By completely mastering technology for
64kRAM mass production, a company has the possibility
of monopolizing the market by reducing the prices of all
- ISI products to a third, ahead of other companies. It is here
- that the secret of companies beinp so devoted to 64kRAM
- mass production lies.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Fuji Marketing Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 4120
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~
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
VAD OPTICAL FIBER MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE
Tokyo TECflNOCRAT in English Vol 14, No 1, Jan 81 pp 50-52 _
- [Text] -
In the near future it is planned to adopt the use of optical -
~ber communications, by which ~ommunications are made by
passing optical signals through hair-like ~ne glass filaments. The
system is to be applied to public telecommunications in Japan,
- and NTT (Nippon Telephone and Telegraph) has announced
that it has developed optical fibers of a super-high-purity -
quartz. _
Manufacture of optical fibers begins with making round ~
glass bars as basic stock. Ttiis basic stock has a cross section
similar to that of' optical fibers and which consists of a clad in -
the peripliery and a core in t)le center, which has a slightly
- higher refractive index than the clad. Drawing out a filament -
= from the basic stock which is heated over 2000�C produces an
- optical fiber about 125um in outer diameter (core: SO�m). [n -
the wrn ld, a number of inethods for manufacturing basic stock _
havc heen invented or proposed. Among them, VAG (vapor-
p}iase axial deposition) is a unique method developed hy NTT.
The ~~AD method uses liquid silicon tetrachloride as the
_ ~rincipal raw material. Germanium tetrachloride is added to
this in sm~ill yuantities tc~ provide the rcfractive index to the
cc>re about I'% higher ttian the clad. The liquid raw materi~l is _
e~~ap~~rated and delivered intc~ an oxygen-hydrogen burner. This
- ~.~usrs U~c raw material tu he svnthesired in the flamc intc> fine -
;~iciss Frains (U.O~--O.I~m in diameter). These grains are blown
_ c>nt~, the tip uf a mc~tlier quartz bar where they deposit and
- ~rc~w to he a har abuui S-7cm in diameter, of porous basic _
tit~~~:k lookinglike "chalk".
The norous hase stu~:k is heated, while growing, to a ltigh ' -
i~mperature by an electric furnace placed about it to form
.i iransparenl rc~und bat. the base stuch for drawing op[ical -
~ ihers. From a har of the hase slock manufactured by this �
~~~ethod, an optical fibcr as lung as 10-SOkm can bc drawn.
As ~ies~ribed above, thc VAU method is a mass�production -
:~~ethc~il fvr manufacturinc optiral fibers. In the beginning of
:~s devel~~pment, it was doubted if this method would be
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_
' z'
- . ~ ,
� 2 i:,;
: ~ '
~ ~i,r: '
; ~3 t~ i.
_ F~_~� ~ '~Y' `
V~. j ~
_ f 1~ + ~ ` ~i~
_ ~
,
_ ~s~:.. ~ ~ . .
~
-oq ,
~;I
�f.
_ i
~�4 1
- Photo 1. Test Manufacturing of Base Stock for
Optical Fibers by VAD Method
= Porous base stock which is allowed to grow in the
flask�like white container seen in the center is gradually
drawn up. Then, it is heated in the cylindrical electric
- furnace located above the first container to make the
- transparent glass bar base stock, which is continuously
drawn out from the top of the electric furnace.
~t'fective for producing low-loss optical fibers. As the VAD
e icthud synthesizes glass in an oxygen-hydr~gen burner flap7e,
_ ~ii~ inevitably causes waier to remain in the base stuck in the
~;~rm of hydroxyl ions.
If OH ions are contained in optical fibers, they cause strong
optical absorption at thc following wavelengths: 0.95, 1?4.
1.3~) ancl ?.7�m. At the wavelength of 1.39�m in particular, a
content of OH ions of only 0.3ppm will allow light to pess by
only 1`7o per km, causing large attenuation (a loss of 20dB/km;~
- by absorbing the remaining 99%.
Afier a ~eries of tests, NTT has developed a technique of
almust completely remc~ving the U11 ions from base stuck. It
_ consists of blowing a small quantity of a vaporized de-hydroxyl
agent into the electric furnace during the process when making
the transparent glass stuck from the white porous base stock.
Recentlv. this method has enahled thr OH ions contenl to be
_ reduced cunsiderably. C