JPRS ID: 9630 LATIN AMERICA REPORT

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300090052-2
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• Sequence Number: 52
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9630
25 Marc~h 1981
- Lc~tin America R+e ort
p
CFOUO 7/81)
~BIS FOREIGN BROADGA~T IIVFORMATION SERVIC~
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~ JPRS L/9630
~ 25 March 198i
. LAT I~~ AMER I CA REPORT ~
_ (FOUO 7/81)
_ CONTENTS
COUNTRY SECTTON
CL~A
N1pra Herman Comr~ents on 'U.S. Espionage Network' in ~lozambique
(Caxlos Mora Herman; PRELA, 12 Mar 81 1
Malmierca Comments on Nonaligned Movement
(AFRIQUE-ASIE, 2-15 Mar &1.; Havana Domestic Service, 9 Mar 81)... 3
~ 'AFRIQUE-A5IE' Report, by Wilfred Burchett
F~rther Statement
Problems in Health Care Field Diacuased
(Adolfo Valdivia, Yolanda Diaz Int~rvie~r; BOHII~IIA, 2 Jan 81) 6
Citizens' Complaints About Services in Havana Noted
(Jose Verdese Interview; BOHENaA, 6 Feb 81) 14
Developm~en~cs in La.s T~as Municipalities Dis~usaed
(Andres Rodriguez; FSOHENaA, 6 Feb 81) 17
MARTINIQUE
Members of Party Political Buresu Intervie~red in Cuba
(Alain Tiquant, Pat~1 Gabourg Interview; BOHEND'A, 30 Jan 8] 24
- a - [III - LA 144 FOUO]
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COUNTRY SECTION CUBA
" MORA HERMAN CO~NTS ON 'U.S. ESPIONAGE NETWORK' IN MOZAMBIQUE -
PA122030 Havana PRELA iii Spanish 1300 (~1T 12 Mar 81
[By Carlos Mora Herman]
. [Text] [No dateline given]--The crushing of a U.S. Pspionage network in Mozambique
has revealed the interference of the U.S. Gov~rnment in that Afric~n country.
On 4 March, the Mozamibque Foreign Ministry announced the expulsion of six U.S.
- agents who were operating under diplomatic cover in M~puto. _
On the previous day, the London ne~aspaper AFRICAN COMMUNIST h~d exposed CIA activ-t- -
tles in Africa, including assassinations, the rscruiting of inercenaries and support
for counterrevoluti4nary organizations. ~
_ In this effort, the CIA acts in close cooperation with other intelligence services,
particularly that of 5outh Africa.
The agents expelled from Maputo were: Frederick B. Lundahl, chief of the network,
and Louis Leon Ollivier, both second secretaries at the U.S. Embassy; their wives -
Elizabeth and Ginger, who participated in the espionage activities; an~i Arthur and
t'atr3cia Russel, a brother and sister who wer~ the communications ~fficF;:s and
secretary, respectively, of the embassq's political section. _
The network has continually changed chiefs and agents and was functioning in the
country long before Mozambique obtafned independence in June, 1975. During the past ~
_ 6 years it made a great effort to recruit Mozambique citizens.
One of those recruited traitors, who was arrested alor~g with other accomplices, is
Alcides Chivite, a former armed forces capta3n.
Cl:ivite, who was recruited in 1979, passed to his CIA contact, Louis Leon Ollivier,
military secrets and a great amount of information on the liberation organizations
of Zimbabwe and South Africa.
- The latter information was turned over by the CIA to South African intelligence
agencies, which used it against the rev~lutionary fighters.
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Early in the morning of ~0 January of this year, a South African terrorist cell
launched a surprise attack on the suburb of Matola, I6 km from downtawn Maputo,
where revolutionary leaders of the African National Congreas live.
In the action, 11 revolutionar3.es fighters were killed.
Some days before, Chivite had passed information td the CIA about those South
African leadera who lined in Matola.
The Mato].a events generated a wide wave of protests throughout Africa and other
parts of the world. A gross violation of MAZambique territory had been committed
to carry out a typical terrorist, criminal action.
Almost coinciding with the break-up of this U.S. apy network, it has been reported
that U.S. President Ronald Reagan has decided to free the CIA of the restrictions
u of the so-called "code of conduct" formulated by the Congress and now annulled by
the President.
Thus, CIA agents wi11 not have the slightest scruples about ~arrying out their
- usual crimes ir~ any part of the world.
On the other hand, the crushix~g uf the spy network in Mozam~ique once agaim confirms
the constant actions by the U.S. Government to contain or defeat the struggle for
the liberation of that continent.
This effort includes assassination, terrorism, destabilizat3on campaigns and all the
- criminal resources employed by the CIA in the world.
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= COUNTRY SECTION ~gp~
MALMIERCA COrQiF.NTS ON NONALIGNED MOVEMENT
'AFRIQUE-ASIE' ~teport
LD091057 Paris AFRIQUE-ASIE in French 2-15 Mar $1 pp 18-19
[Wilfred Burchett dispatch: "Defeat.for the Grave-diggers"]
[Excerpt] New Delhi--In an exclusive interview tih AFRIQUE-ASIE [in New Delhi dur-
- ing:the 9-13 February nonaligned conference] Cuban Foreign Minister Isidora Malmierca
eaid he is optimistic about the nonaligned movement's future despite the activities
of those who clearly only want to sabo~age or bury it. ~
"Before the sixth summit in Havana," he recalled, "the United States and its closest
alli~s mo~m~ed a broad campaign to prevent that conference even being held in Cuba.
They placed many obstacles in our way. T'he s w~rt.t was, noaetheless, held in Havana
a~d a record number of heads of state, government chiefs and m~vement leaders were
present. Later the same troublemak~rs txied to prevent Cuba from carrying out its
duties as chairman. They made every effort to divide and undermine the movemeat.
Today, at this conference, efforts have again been made to provoke a crisis.
"For instance, there have been debates on various aspects of the international sit-
uation. But questions have been raised not fos their own sake but as means of di-
viding and weakening the ueovement. However, we are confident the donference will
_ give additional proof of the movement's ability,as an independent foroe,to settile
a number of international problems. All attempts to paralyze or divide the movement
- will be doomed to failure."
How does Cuban Foreign Minister Malmierca view the movement's tasks in the immediate
future?
_ [Malmierca] Imperialist plans to bring the world back to a new cold war era must be
neutralized. The imperialists must be prevented from iaunching attacks on sowe mem-
ber states. The confeience began well by expreasing its solidarity with the Mozam-
bican people who are the victims of South Africa's barbarous aggressions.... How-
ever, for same coimtries present here, the main aim is to attack the foundations of
- the movement and build up obstacles to its development. An example o� this is the
attitude adopted by the ASEAN countries, Did they ever mention the Chinese aggres-
sion against Vietnam? There was no reaction from them against this marked act of
, aggressioa. Obviously, when you know tlxat these ASEAN co~mtries provided the bases
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from which U.S. aircraft attacked Kampuchea and Vietnam, how could it be quest~ons
of principle which prompt them *o raise the problem of relations between Vietnam
and Kampuchea?
With regard to the Iraq-Iran war, Cuban Foreign Minister Isidoro Malmierca told me
that as soon as it began he had i~nediatelq been sent t~o Baghdad and Tehran by non-
aligned president Fidel Castra to offer the ~vement's "good office" in settling the
conflict in a"political, peaeeful, fair and hoaorable" way. Since then he has alsa
= made aeveral visits to the two capitals. "Although we cannot say that we are on the
- ~oint of attaining our ob~ectives, we have confidence in the fact that the two sides
~ave gxowing understanding and awareness of the dangers posed by the war's continua-
tion. The danger concerns not only Iraq and Iran but tMe posaibilifiy of war spread-
ing to other szates. In addition it could have a negative effect on the Palestinian
people's struggle and involve the risk o�intervention by the imperialist powers.
That is why we will continue our efforts, since we think that communication has been.
established between the two countries. We are conviaced that we will be able to make
an evpn more useful future contribution to ~nding this war."
If the resulta of this conference are examined calmly it muat be admitted that--
despite pessimistic coffinent in the corridors that New Delhi achieved less than
~ Havana, and despite all the maneuvers made to try to gradually strip nonalignment
of its content and undermine the movement--those who despise progressive nonalign-
ment anc: those who are digging nonalignment's grave did not achieve their end. But
_ the difficult~.es still facing the movement cannot be disguised nor the tiecessary
vigilance underestimated.
As Isidoro Malmierca stressed: "The struggle for peace is one of the main aims for
which our movement was founded 20 years ago. Peace is still threatened today. But
the defense of peace means the defense of the gains already w~rested bq our peoples.
In these circumatances, we believe that this conference makes quite a considerable
contributic~R to our movement's struggle for peace, as it did when it was foimded in
1961."
By adhering to the principles of nonal~gnment and using skillful diplomacy did not
the Vietnamese succeed in thwarting Chinese maneuvers aimed at making people accept
_ that the main incompatibility was between the Indochinese states and the ASEAN coun-
_ tries? Did it not prove on the other hand, that if there was any incompatibility it
- was between the Indochinese states and China? That is no small achievement.
COPYRIGET: 1980 Afrique-Asie
Further Statement
F7~091603 flavana Domestic Service in Spanish 1502 (~1T 9 Mar 81
[Text] Cuba's efforts aimed at finding a political solution to the Iraqi-Iranian
- conflict were stressed by Cuban Foreign Minieter I~idoro Malmierca during an interview
published today by the daily GRANMA, The Cuban minister today is meeting in Geneva
with foreign ministers of India and Zambia and with the chief of the political depart-
ment of the Palestine Liberation Organization to examine the Iraq-Iran war topic.
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Malmierca noted the New Delhi meeting's ratification of the decision adopted by the
Six~h NonalignEd Countrieg Summit Confer~nce of leaving empty the Kampuchea sea~
[in the United Nations). The Cuban foreiga minister called blind or well-pgid Singa-
po~e's foreign minister for this attempt ~o support the return of the seat to tille
representatives of the murdering and criminal Pol Pot regime.
Referring to Afghanistan, Malffierca stated that this issue has been distorted by
the information agencies of the Western countries with respect to the New Delhi's
final proposals which included the withdrawal of troops from that country. Mal-
mierca recalled that the ouly superpower men~tioned by its name in the final de-
c-aration was the United States, which was conde~ed for supporting Israel. Sum-
marizing the New Delhi meeting, the Cuban foreiga minister accused the i~ternational
information agencies of having been used to misinform. As is known to all, those
information services are mainly in the hands of imperiallist consortia and their
' lackeqs.
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COUNTRY SECTION CUBA
PROBLEMS IN HEALTH CARE k'IELD DISCUSSED
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 2 Jan 81 pp 4-9
[Report on interview by Frank Hechavarria with Dr Adoifo Valdivia and Yolanda Diaz
_ Rodriguez, respectively secretary general and secretary of work organization and
salaries of the National Health Workers Union; date and place not given]
[Text] For a public health worker, the word "optimization" means better quality in
the care he gives the public, more perseverance and effort in his job, and a greater
awareness that his task is very necessary if we are to have a healthy people. In a
gex~eral sense, the word means a leap--a leap toward the near future.
_ Thanks to the union and the workers themselves, the optimization of inedicine, which
: was launched by the Ministry of Public Health as one more program among the many be-
ing carried out by the various authorities and directorates, has become a mainspring ~
= for achieving real successes in the quality of inedical services. And it was the sec-
retary general of the union for that sector, Dr Adolfo Valdivza, who explained how
- a word turned into a real movement: i
"For the union's purposes, optimization is not a program, nor is it one more program;
instead, it is the common denominator for all union actions, because even something
that could be regarded as having no direct connection with the quality of patient ~
care--as would be the case, for example, with the internal life of the union sections
themselves--is considered by us to have a very direct connection with that activity.
The reason is that to the extent that a union section functions better and develops
its internal l.ife more satisfactorily, it will be in a better position to help ra.~se
the quality of those services."
Feeling that the subject should be traced from its origins, we asked Dr Valdivia how
the task of carrying forward the optimization of inedicine began.
He explained, "It should be pointed out that beginning with the observations made by ~
- the leader of the revolution at the Havana Party Assem~ly and the prior process of
electing new officers, the union undertook to make a greater effort to define the
aspects of emulation, agreeing that to the same extent tha~ ws succeeded in transform-
ing emulation and relating it not to quantitative aspects but to the quaZitative
elements of work, we would be harmonizinq the aspirations pursued through the MINS.a,P ,
[Ministry of Public I~ealth) op�timization program and our own objectives of bettex
_ quality in pati~nt care, inasmuch as our aspiration was to work to find quality indi-
_ cators for the system's health care work.
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"That effort lasted more than 2 years. In its earliest phase, it began in limited
form in Havana on a trial basis. With the experienc.~ gained, it was later distrib-
uted throughout the rest of the country, and in our opinion, it is now in the con- _
- solidation phase."
The union leader explained, "We say that because this work already covers more than
60 percent of the provinces where it is consolida~ed, and in otlEr provinces it is
moving a little more slowly as regards the establishmen~ of genuine emulation that
will cover qualitative aspects of health care work." �
He added, "Very early in the process of developinq what was called 'microemulation
= for efficiency,' we could see that according to the quality indicators established
. by the microemulation program, few units in the country were performing satisfacto-
rily. As time went on, the number of units up to standard continuE3 to increase,
_ and by now we can speak of provinces that are up to standard."
We asked Dr Valdivia what factors contributed in the beginning to the fact that only
a few units were meeting the parameters established in the microemulation program,
~ and he answered:
"Well, there was the contradiction that in 1977, more than 85 percent of the public
health units had the Eeroes of MoncaBa banner and about 65,000 or 70,000 of our work- -
ers were classified as 'advanced.' But--and this was demonstrated--it was made clear
in Fidel's remarks that this did not coincide with people's opinion of the work being
- done. In other words, ther~ were complaints about the emergency rooms, about mis- -
treatment in the hospitals, and about the Cervice in the polyclinics."
i~olyclinics Versus Emergency Room~
We asked, "Doctor, something we have noted is that patients go to the emergency rooms
more frequently than to the polyclinics. Is that because of the poor work you men-
tioned?"
Valdivia said, "Of course. It is influenced by the quality of work provid~~? in the
polyclinics and the lack of confidence in them, and even by the facilities provided
for the public by the polyclinic itself, because it is necessary to wait several
hours in a polyclinic, a person frequently has to get up early to be sure of getting
_ in, and he has to go more than once. But in an emergency room the problems are solved
bette~ in a matter of hours, and in the opinion of many people, even the quality i~
better, although that is not always entire~y correct. In reality, this dist~rts the
concept of the Etnergency Care System and overburdens the emergency rooms to th.~ dP~ri-
- ment of real Pmergency cases. This battle sustains the existence of a weak spot,
which is the quality of primary care and the lack of care present in the polyclinic
as compared to what is available at the hospital."
Valdivia illust.rated his point: "The fact is that of every 100 persans presenting
themselves at an eriergency room, no more than 10 percent really require hospitaliza-
tion. Despite that, we find ourselves with a group of so-called emergencies which
are not emergencies, but which do require care that should have been provided in a
polyclinic at a given time. All of this makes it clear that there is a deficiency
in the quality of services at the primary level."
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The health union's secretary added, "This is not accidental, and the emulation indi-
cators for polyclinics made this clear: it was seen that the basic activities of the
polyclinics were not being performed. Because we based our conclusions not on sub- -
jective analyses but on quantitative and qualitative work indicators that can meas- ~
- ure how efficiently a specific unit works. Moreover, as emulation proceeded, it was _
possible to observe that tt~e units we could i:~cl.ude in the group of unit~ meeting
the standard were those where the smallest number of such problems occurred. They
were units that enjoyed prestige among the people they served. And the polyclinics
_ whi.ch were lagging farthest behind in this emulation system, which showed the great-
est weaknesses in union work and experienced administrative problems, and which were '
guilty cf viola~ions of socialist legality were those which did not comply and in
which the re were serious problems and many complaints from the public."
Problems Still Exist in Hospitals
We asked Dr Valdivia: "And was that situation also found ~n the hospitals?" -
Iie said, "The sat�e was true in the hospitals. Because optimization cannot be viewed
only in terms of the patier.t or relative whc complains. That is one part of the -
problem. Unfortunately, not everyone is yet able, when a situation of this kind oc-
curs, to demand his or her rights. Sometimes because they are afraid and sometimes
_ because they do not know how far their rights go. But even so, there are other kinds
- of examples--ether kinds of mistreatment--which are not perceived by the patient but
which become obvious precisely through the analyses of output and work effic~ency in !
the unit. This was illustrated in the remarks made on the occasion of Fidel's pro-
nouncement. That is, slides are lost, lab tests are mislaid, and so on. In general,
a high pe rcentage of those things have been overcome, but there are other kinds of
mistreatment--now the slide is no longer lost, but it is not prepared at the proper
time; the lab test is not lost, but it could have been done better and completed ac-
cording to specific technical standards. As you see, the patient is not directly
mistreate d, but he is kept at the hospital unnecessarily because a number of parame-
ters are not observed as far as making up an adequate clinical history is concerned.
Al1 of th is needs to be prevented, so that resources are not wasted in providing
care, so that there is constantly better utilization of available bed space, and so
on. There is an indicator that can measure that, and we are measuring it. These _
- are indicators of the economic type, inasmuch as this is an expensive resource which,
in the final analysis, comes out of the national economy. And the patient who re-
mains in a hospital longer than required because of defective care is a man who is
. kept away from production, and this, if you add up the millions of patients admitted,
gives us a measure of what a great negative effect we are having on the economy.
"Emulation has been uncovering all those things, and as it is perfected, it becomes
a xriore demanding mechanism, since we are aiming at higher levels, and this generates
a.ll kinds of internal activity among the workers as a body, s~nce this collective
type of inechanism constrains us to seek solutions. There exists a moral pressure to -
compare one's unit with all similar units, and there is also internal pressure from
- the workers who, from the co3lective standpoint, hope to begin living up to the
standard. Naturally, they do not want to be in the group of laggards or those not
meeting the standard." , _
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Present State cf Emulation
We reminded Dr Valdivia that at the beginning of his remarks, he mentioned provinces
that are up to standar3, but we insisted that he tell us how the checkups and ~uz.-
fi]lment by the units were coming along.
"Weil, we can say that at the moment--at the time of the latest emulation checkup-- -
67 percent 4f the emulating units in the country were fulfilling the requirements. -
We must explain that although those units are not providing the optimwr, service we ~
seek, they are centers that have gradually been improving their quality and the care
given their patients and that their out~ut, measured by the microemulation indicators,
is acceptable at present. This enables us to hope not only that the number wi11 in-
~ crease but also that the group will include units which--like some that we already ,
have now--are really an example of what patient care mu~st be."
Dental ~linics and Their Problems
Valdivia mentioned that one type of unit experiencing the most difficulties in meet-
ing the standard is the dental clinic.
He explained, "Those units have some problems which, without this emulative mechanism,
would remain under the surf~ce. In other words, a dental clinic that is kept clean,
does not mistreat its patients directly, and accomplishes certain tasks is apparently
a good clinic. But when its indicators are analyzed, they may expose a high level
_ of absenteeism and a low utilization rate as far as scheduled working hours are con-
cerned, many times for reasons which they try to include in the category of factors
- not imputable to the unit. 3ut a thorough analysis shows that those factors are in- -
deed imputable to the unit. We find, for example, that few new appointments are be- _
ing made available to the public because internal productivity is getting into a
vicious circle in which we see that the patient who is being taken care of is satis-
fied, while the one who has not been able to get into the dental care systenl finds
it very difficult to get in. Another problem, as an example, is that ? patient's
treatment is completed and he needs a dental prosthesis, either partial or total.
When that happens, the natient begins a new cycle of waiting, sometimes for a very
long time, so thai; he can get his prosthesis. The result is that if looked at super-
~ ficially, any af those units might be regarded as a magnificent unit that has no
- problems in providing care." -
Giving Awards Real Significance
We pointed out to the union leadet that the work that has been done--the use of gen- -
uine indicators spotlighting shortcomir_gs that used to be ignored--has apparently
increased the effectiveness of emulation. Dr Valdivia said emphatically:
, "Certainly the result has been that emulation's prestige has been recovered in these
past few years. In 1977 there were a little over 1,300 emulation units, and approx-
imately 85 percent of them had Heroes of Moncada banners. In 19?9, it had dropped
to far below 40 percent. In other words, it turned out that in the final rating for
1979, which was based on the results those units had achieved month after month, it
~ was shown that they were not achieving the levels they themselves had approved--that
~ they were pelow what wa~ required to fulfill their work plan. And naturally, if they -
do not fulfill it, the~ cannot keep the banner."
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He said, "we were proposing as a standard of definition that for the purposes of
- health care work: it was preferable to have a small number of 'Moncada' units but to
. be sure that where one existed, it would be a unit tnat really deserved that distinc-
ti~n, and that we should not have the situation, which exis~s in our sector and many
� others, in which the Heroes of Moncada banner has been losing its significance to the
, publzc or Lhe person using tYiat center's services because it is not representative of _
what is really happening there. And then, we found that the banner was being turned
- into a piece of decoration that does not motivate an,yone. Because of that, our work
is aimed az making sure that where that award is displayed, the people will really
- know that they can enter there with full confidence. They will know that while they
_ do not yet have a11 the refined care that we llope to have and that we are obligated
to provide, that is a place which is seriously~ striving to gradually improve the
level of care for th~ people and where adequate conditions exist for providing that
care at this time. We want the people to find that in that unit a struggle is under-
way for optimization and that its workers are permeated by the importance and neces-
sity of achieving it."
Case of the Nurses
We asked, "Doctor, how has this struggle for optimization proceeded in the specific
; case of the nursing service?"
_ The sec:retary general of the health workers said, "Unquestionably, there is obvious
progress in that direction. There has been a lot of talk about the nurses. And at '
_ times, one thing was Even made out to be the result of the other: it was said thut
mistreatment was almost the exclusive province of the nurses and that the nurse was
a worker who mistreated the public, that the nur~e was prone to absenteeism, and so
- on. And we must say that this has been unfair. The problem arises because it is
' the nurse who is always at the patient's side. In the second place, nursing--a most
noble profession--had been deprived of a whole series of specific moral incentives. _
_ Extraordinary demands were made of the nurses, but they were given very little incen- _
ti~~e or recognition, and an opinion spread which was correct in a very small number
of cases. In other words, the opinion concerning our entire personnel was based on
a very small number of bad nurses.
"Thanks to the special emulation campaign for nursing, which was carried out for tha':. ~
very purpose--to evaluate the work of the nurses, discover the good nursing collec-
tives and encourage and honor them, solve a few of their material problems in the
way of clothing and working conditions, and create adequate salary conditions for
them--all of this has now ceased to be a problem, above all absenteeism among nursing
personnel. -
_ "And now that it has ceased to be a problem, nurses who had gone into outpatient work -
are even returning to hospital work. All of this is breaking the vicious circle of '
absenteeism, which was generating mistreatment and more absenteeism. We can say that
at present our nurses are waging a battle against all that, and in the majority of
our hospital units, absenteeism among nurses is no longer a problem. But the trend
is toward another type of personnel. This has not yet resolved itself, but it must
be resolvec~ within the next few months and in the same spirit, since our nurses have
returned to the forefront of the health workers now that there is a proper and appro-
- priate assessment of their wc;rk.
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"That we still have bad nurses--that there are still those who do not give patients -
- adequate care, who do not follow instructions, who do not have the right thing to `
; say to the patient at a given moment, and so on--it is true that we still have that.
_ Bu~ this is coming to be a chance element in our work, and it is being combated. ,
Moreover, there is a clear rule that they cannot remain in health work."
Valdivia explained, "~4e found proof of this in the latest campaign to attract people
to study nursing. Our goal was exceeded by far, and the quality was much better.
- Many of the problems we had been having were due precisely to selection criteria for
personnel to study this profession--comrades who really did not have all the qualifi-
cations for pursuing it. As soon as the study of nursing was included among those
technical careers requiring that certain selection parameters be satisfied, the re-
sults began to be seen in the form of a different work climate within the hospital
units, since it has led to signs of progress as regards the treatment of patients
and their relatives--and that is the main objective of the care that must be provided
by the public health service."
More To Be Done
We asked Dr Valdivia whether the union's executive body feels ~hat an emulation mech-
anism has been achieved that will for~e an even greater increase in optimization, ~
and he answered:
"We feel that that has been one of the most important results of the union's work
during these years: it has come up with a much clearer definition of the emulation
mechanism, transformed it into an accurate means of ineasuring emulation work, and
incorporated it as a tool for solving the problems we had and still have in some of
our units--although they are becoming smaller and smaller."
He explained, "It is not that we have solved all the problems, because this is not a -
. 1-day battle, and many times it happens that in a hospital which is operating satis-
factorily, someone is guilty of an inappropriate remark, negligence, or a shortcoming,
- and it is necessary to be constantly vigilant about this and also to struggle to
solve the problem.
"But we do feel that the situation is completely different than it was 3 years ago-- _
that it does not depend solely on an incorporation oi human or material resources but
instead arises from a subjective element, new awareness, and a much clearer statement _
_ concerning the responsibility of a health worker, and also from greater motivation
~ due to more adequate and more sustained stimulation that spotlights collective and
individual efforts and results much more clearly and enables us, in addition, to have
much more canfidence in those places displaying awards such as those established in ~
th worker movement."
The union leader added, "I believe that we still have a lot to do, because all things
considered, as soon as one situation is resolved, we are immediately faced with
" another one. In other words, we already have a sizable number of worker collectives
doing outstanding work. Along with that, we have a group of problems that are prac-
tically solved or on the way to solution, and we feel that we must now begin to tackle
other problems that are more complex." .
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Salary Reform
The secretary general of the National Health Workers Union had referred earlier to -
"more adequate stimulation," and in that connection, we asked how the salary reform
has been carried out and which groups of workers are already benefiting from it. _
Valdivia e.cplained, "Well, I couJ.d talk to you about that, but I feel that comrade
Yolanda is the best person to discuss that subject."
Nothing could be more logical, since comrade Yolanda Diaz Rodriguez, the union's sec- -
retary of work organization and salaries, was also present at the interview. So we
passed the question to her. She said:
- "In July we received approval for putting the salary reform into effect on a priority
basis for doctors, dentists, and nurses. The priority status was given basically in
order to recognize and stimulate nursing work. We have always maintained that nur~es
constitute one of the most self-sacrificing groups in our sector and that they are of
major importance to the health service. But from the standpoint of salaries, there -
was an egalitarianism that was not benefiting the service, because a nurse was paid
the same salary regardle~s of the job she was doing." =
Comrade Yolanda explained, "There was no salary differentiation based on specializa-
tion or job aomplexity. As a result, there was the situation in which a nurse work-
ing in a polyclinic or consulting room received the same salary as a nurse working !
in a ward and directly caring for a patient, with all the complexity involved in such ~
a job, or in an operating room.
"The result of that situation was that since nursing is an activity engaged in mainly
by women wha generally are faced with a number of personal problems, added to which
there was no salary incentive, there was an exodus of nurses from complex jobs to po-
sitions where working conditions were more comfortable and offered greater possibili-
ties. That affected the service enormously.
"The salary reform resolved that situation, with diff.erent salaries being established
for the various jobs. The reform recognizes what we call 'direct patient care' and
'outpatient care.' This has been greeted with approval by the nurses. They are very ~
happy that the reform has gone into effect, and now we are getting what we were look-
~ ing for: the exodus of nurses from outpatient work to the hospital wards. In addi-
tion, comrades who had left their jobs because of social problems are now turning up
� at the nursing offices of the Ministry of Public Health's sectoral directorates to
' go back to work.
"Tn other words, we feel that putting the reform into effect for this category of
- work has been very positive and that it has been welcomed gladly by the workers.
"But there is a differentiation among the nurses who work within a hospital itself.
For example, between those who work in the wards and those who work in an operating
room." We asked, "Is there also a salary difference in those cases?"
Yolanda said, "Yes, there is differentiation on several levels. The salary is also
set for comrades who have taken postbasic courses in nursing and for those who have
completed ;:he course for a licentiate in nursing. Another need was for compensation
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_ based on responsibility--s~mething else that was lacking in our sector. In other
words, the nurses have now begun receiving the a@ditional pay due them when they work
- as head nurse in a ward or an area or as head nurse at the hospital level. This was
alea included because it was not easy to find a comrade willing to tal:e on the ree~porl-
sibil.ity of head nurse.
- ~ "We began putting the salary reform into effect in July--as I already told you--and
very serious work by the ministry and the union was required so that it could be,ac-
complished as rapidly as possible and so that all the personnel benefiting from it
would begin to receive proper pay according to the scale. We have now put the reform
_ i,ito effect for around 36,000 workers, including doctors, dentists, and nursing per- -
sonnel. All of them are now receiving their new salary. There was no difficulty at
all in putting this into effect; it has been completed throughout the island, and we
~ do not believe that any serious problems will arise. Of course, it is possible that
some very specific situations exist, but they are already being resolved."
We asked comrade Yolanda, "What about thP rest of the workers in this sector? When
is the salary reform supposed to go into effect for them?" �
"Well, for the rest of the workers in the sector, who have also expressed concern be-
cause the reform has gone into effect only for some and not for everyone, work is un-
= derway to present job descriptions for the rest of the technicians. That work is
quite far along. Of course, the reform had its priorities, and this has to b~ ex- _
plained to the workers from a political point of view. It involves the interest felt
by the party and government in recognizing the work of nursing personnel and that of
the doctors and dentists, of which our commander in chief has spoken on repeated oc-
casions. That is why those activities were assigned priority within the sector."
The union leader added, "We repeat that the work is quite far along, and we do not
believe we will have any difficulty in starting to apply the reform to the rest of
~ the workers beginning in Januaxy 1981. Of course, the most complex area in our sec-
tor is that of the technicians, because we have already approved service job descrip-
ti.ons, those for the manual workers, and we are now drawing them up for the techni-
cians. In our case, there must be about 200 technical jobs, since the complexity in-
volved is very different from that in other sectors." '
We asked the National Health Workers Union's secretary of work organization and sal-
aries: "And are all the steps being taken to put the reform into effect for the rest
of the workers in 1981?" -
She explained, "Well, we plan to put the reform into effect for the rest of the work-
ers then, and we have discussed this in all our recent union meetings, but whether
the workers will start receiving the benefit then will depend largely on administra-
tivs and union management in each health care unit. We say this because we will re-
ceive authorization to put it into effect beginning in January, but aatual implemen-
tation will depend on whether all the documents, forms, and economic estimates that
must be completed and submitted in each province have been taken care of. The sooner
_ that process is completed, the sooner the workers will be paid. If a particular unit,
municipality, or province is slow and, instead o� completing its work before January,
does not have it ready until February or April, that will be to the detriment of the
workers themselves, including the administrative staff, since they will begin drawing
their pay in the month in which those jobs are completed."
COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA 1981
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COUNTRY SECTION CIIBA
CITIZENS' COMPLAINTS AbOUT SERVICES IN HAVANA NOTED -
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 6~eb 81 pp 32-33
[Interview with Havana Sectoral Dirsctor of Trade Jose Verdese by Alberto Pozo,
time and place not given]
[Text] The group met right in Prado [Square]-. ~o c~eate.e..anore spox~taneous, more -
confidence-inspiring atmosphere that puts people ia a betttr frame ot mind for a =
more casual treatment of the subject, as among a group of friends united by a
common interest. The photograph must be like this. The Prado without the lion in
front is not the Prado. This is in recognition of Jose Verdese, sectoral director
of trade for the City of Havana. A born salesman, he defends himself against
the journalistic barrage like a lion!
"I used to come out to the front door of the business and put my arm around the
- customer, and he would leave with a new pair of pants on!" He recalls the days of
"La Buena Nueva," "La Popular" and "La Victoria" in Marianao.
[Question] By the way, why do so many workers complain about the linkage program?
[Answer] I'll answer with a specific example. Some workers at the "Bazar Ingles"
_ ~omplained that they could not get their 100 pesos that way. You know that now 60
pesos are guaranteed and the rest (or more) must be obtained from sales. We -
investigated, and it turned out that those who did not reach that amount had been
absent some days. and that lowers their chances. Those who worked every day
earned 180 to 200 pesos a m~nth. Twice that amount. But the linkage program still
- has room for improvement. It fs a process. We are also using bonuses on products
that do not sell well.
(We also investigated, and found this to be a sensitive and delicate issue. That
should not be forgotten.)
[Question] The supply of industrial products in the stores has increased
impressively. It is a pleasure to go shopping. How did that happen?
[Answer] First the parallel market came into the picture, with a surcharge on
products on the free market. Afterwards ready-made Clothing was added, until 1977.
_ Then ready-made clothing was deregulatedr Finally, there was a 50 percent price
reduction in that sector.
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[Question] We are impressed with how fast the free market area is growing.
[Answer] We have devoted tne "boulevard" of San Rafael to free markzt sales. But
there are exceptions in the "Fin de Siglo" and "J. Valles" department stores~ and
in three shoe stores. In addition, in each municipality there are free market
stores, and in the other areas there are zones set aside for free marker sales.
_ [Question] Will the ration book be a thing of the past soon?
[Answer] The next ration book will be redu~ed to a minimum. Shoes, for example.
A~ this time there are 909 products that are not grouped, and of them 817 are on
the free market. Only 19 articles remain in groups.
[Question] What is the physical state of the stores?
[Answer] Fifty-one percent are from average to poor. The maintenance teams of the
six regions went to the 15 municipalities. They have to maintain everything, so if
there is a school or kindergarten that needs repairs. We hav2 proposed to the
Central Planning Boa.rd (JUCEPLAN) that a rdintenance brigade be created in every
enterprise, and that the Decoration Enterprise be stren~thened; the latter will
also provide maintenance service in the case of major problems. If [his proposal
is approved, we will begin to see resul[s by the second half of the year. Let us
use the example of the "La Epoca" store, which we are converting to a self-serve
system with new socialist methods. We have already implemented this system at the
_ Galiano and San Rafael shoe stores, and at "La Quincallera de Marianao."
[Question] What about the supermarkets?
[Answer] There were six supermarkets devoted to othex uses. We rescued the one on
19th between A and B in E1 Vedado; we are working on the one in Villoldo, in
Vibora Park; this year we will also save the ones in Ayestaran and San Pedro.
[Question] How about the farmers' markets?
[Answer] We are renovating the old marketplaces. Work is already in progress in
Marianao; we are remodeling the old Mercado Unico, which will have a cafeteria and
pizzeria (with Chinese soup); we are processing the acceptance of the Regla
Market; the one on Avenida Salvador Allende will be coming along. In total, in
a very short time we will open up 20 farmers' markets in the 15 municipalities.
The majority of them will be ready by the end of January. The first is already
- operating in Lagueruela.
[Ques[ion] Are the commercial techniques seminars useful to you?
[Answer~ After the First National Seminar, enthusiasm has grown. The two yearly
events will put pressure on people to improve the quality of service. We have
already seen improvements in customer relations, although they are not yet what
they should be.
[Question) And for 1981/85?
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[Anstaer] We will build six shopping centers in the outskirts of the city. For
examplt, Bahia and Alamar. We will renovate 20 units that were closed for
rehabilitation to better serve the puhlic. We will install a self-service system
in 60 units. The participation and bonus programs will be implemented to the utcnost.
[Question] What would you like to emphasize?
[Answer] We have 58 stores ~ith uninterrupted hours, from 0900 to 1930 hours,
with the exception of the municipalities of Havana Vieja and Centro Havana. On
I~ondays and Thursdays, those stores are open until 2100 hours, because those are
the days for working women. In Centra Havana and Havana Vieja a group of stores is
. open from 1740 to 2300 hours. All this is an experiment to determine in practice _
what guidelines we should follow. Did you notice that we are opening kiosks all
_ over the place to bring the merchandise closer to the public?
(Part of the economic section team participated in the interview: Gloria Marsan,
Andres Rodriguez, Gregorio Hernandez, and Alistoy, the designer.)
COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA 1981
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CO~JNTRY SECTION . CUBA
1
- D~VELOPMENTS IN LAS TUNAS MUNICIPALITIES DISCUSSED �
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanish 6 Feb 81 pp 28-31
~ [Article by Andres Rodriguez]
[Text] It All Started Like This
In this magazine's 27 June 1980 edition, in the "Bohemia economica" section, an
- article appeared which was an attempt at r~esponding tQ the problem of the sugar
_ harvest in Las Tunas. That province is behind all the others in this important
� activity which constitutes the mainstay of the Cuban economy.
Along with a specific focus on the situation of the six sugar enterprises of Las
Tunas, as well as six more sugarcane operations, the article also presented an
overview of the six municipalities where these enterprises are located, with
particular reference to social conditions.
This dual. approach served the purpose of pointing out the incontrovertfble
influence that social.problems .have on the above-mentioned economic context. In
short, it stressed the necessary interrelation betweet~ the two aspects~.
~�iany Las Tunas residents, beginning with local leaders and officials, welcomed
this article with the enthusiasm required by the document approved at the ninth
plenary session of the Central Committee, concerning the strengthening of the
critical attitude of the mass media.
_ Now we have returned for the necessary and useful follow up to that article. Just
as before, we made another tour of the six sugar enterprises, the six sugar cane
operations and the six municipalities where they are located. And just as before,
we were welcomed warmly by all.
But unlike the other time, our sights were aimed at the situation of the
municipalities. Of course the essence is still the same, with no adjustment in
- that sense: We proceeded with the intention of emphasizing, through the analysis
of each municipality, the apparent repercussions of the social aspects on the
productive aspects. It is no coincidence, as was shown in the earlier article,
that there is a general trend for the most problem-ridden municipalities from the
socio-economic point of view, to be the same ones wh~re the. most backward
enterprises are located, in terms of their harvest results.
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We are now announcing our next follow-up visit, which will take place (assuming
all the parties involved agree) during the first qt~arter of this year, in the
middle of the hazvest. Thus, we will continue to inform you.
Tunas Water Comes from Puerto Padre
We do n~t have the objectivity necessary to make a comparative analysis and
establish the present order of the municipalities of La s Tunas in terms of their
current socio-economic sit~aation. However, we feel it is safe to say that the
municipality of Puerto Padre, in the northern part of the province, is number one.
Let us make it very clear at the outset that Puerto Pa dre does not represent a
tremendous exception in this province. Naturally, it has its problems. Even the
president of the Peoples Governmenz, Martin Silva, described those problems in
detail.
Problem number one: housing. As a result of this situation, [he number of doctors
has dropped, and specialists such as psychiatrists, otorinolaringologists and
dermatologists have left the area. Under[akers are in short supply, which makes
for social problems. Similarly, there is still not an adequate distribution of
material goods in the rural areas where a large number of agricultural workers live.
Raising his _sigh[s a bit, Martin Silva also pointed out other deficiencies, includ-
in,g th~ insufficient exploitation of the recreational possibilities. According
to him, there is inadequate use of the Puerto Padre breakwater, although nearby
we observed the construction, with local manpower, of a spacious floating cabaret.
Not enough use is made of the beaches, either.
We took a boat to the beaches of Sucucho and La Llanita. Of course, our graphic
reporter Enrique Llanos was very careful to avoid repeating his spectacular fall
into the water on his first visit. Miraculously, he surfaced without having lost
his glasses. Next, we went by land to another beach with very white sand and crys-
talline waters. The beaches here, becau~e of their natural conditions, rival the
world famous Varadero beach. We will not comment on the similarity, but there
is no doubt that that beach, completely virgin at pre sent, has the potential to
be a tourist attraction.
Now, as we said before, Puerto Padre is first among the Las Tunas municipalities.
It is the best, for example, in two important aspects: education and public health.
In sum, it is reputed to have the most stable situation in the province in terms
of socio-economic efforts.
However, in our opinion, the greatest achievement of this municipality lies in
its local pride.
It appears that the locals feel a great attachment to their native land, and are
not hesitant to express it. Thus, it is not unusual to hear statements such as
the following: '
"Here we have the best stadium in the province."
"We had the first Cultural House in Las Tunas,"
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"The water people drink in Las Tunas comes from Puerto Padre."
Local .esidents could be accused of vanity or presumptuousness for ma~ing these
s~e~titions, but it is no less true that they reveal a local pride which repre9~rits
. a powerful moving force for the mu~icipality's work. Therein lies the advgntage of
Puerto Padre.
If channeled properly so as to avoid regional chauvinistic overtones, this local -
pride should be stimulated, because it truly makes an objective contribution to
the establishment of the necessary atmosphere for progress in this municipality,
and therefore in the province where it is located.
Friend of Plato, But More of Truth
For a long time (as we reported in "Bohemia economica" c~ncerning .the problems of
the Las Tunas sugar harvest, on 27 June 1980) the municipality of Amancio
~ Rodriguez, at the southern end of the province, has had an unenviable reputation
for backward socio-economic conditions. At one time, that reputation was deserved.
But why continue to burden that mu~icipality with such a label today?
Certairnly evenings in Amancio are still dull, with poor public lighting and
insufficient recreational attractions. However, it is also true that the municipal-
ity has begun a facelift, and today it is no longer the most backward part of the
province. Other Las Tunas municipalities such as Manati, Jesus Menendez and Jobabo
are behind it now. On our next visit to the province (first quarter of. 1981) we
will probably be able to present concrete proof of that assertion.
- One evening, merely by dialing 07, we called our family in the capital from
Amancio. We did so from the modern automated telephone center whi~h was recently
installed. The reader can see an outside view of the center on these pages. Of
_ course, that same ca11 can be made from any of the 289 telephones now installed in
the municipality.
;he next day we went with the second secretary of the municipal committee of the
Party on a tour through the urban area. We were able to see the modern 82-bed
hospital that is being built, which will provide a whole gamut of services. We ~
- ~ also saw other social facilities (the Cultural House or Married Couples' House,
for example), which are helping to dispel, in a gradual process that will never
leap forward suddenly, the Macondian legend of this municipality of rich revolution-
ary traditions.
- A simple fact is enough to back up what we have ,just stated: the doctor-patient -
ratio between 1970 and 1980.
1970s One doctor fos every 6,600 inhabitants;
One nurse for every 1,666 inhabitants.
1980: One doctor for every 3,300 inhabitants;
One nurse for every 869 inhabitants.
One final remark about this point: In the municipality of Jesus Menendez, for -
example, the ratio is one doctor for every 5,000 inhabitants.
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An Intermediate Municipalily?
As we noted at the beginning of this article, we are unable to classify the
mutiioipality of Colombia, which is also in the southern part af the province. At -
present it is far from being able to emulate PueYto Padre to the north; nor do we
think it is at the level of rejuvenation of its southern neighbor Amancia -
Rodriguez. However, we do feel that it ranks above the other three Las Tunas
municipalities that we visited. Consequently, it may be considered an intermediate "
municipality.
Co'ombia lies practically at the door of the beautiful province of Camaguey. It
borders on Gusimaro, a municipality with paved streets, a modern hospital, an
impressive hotel and other features. Guaimaro directly benefited from the transfor- -
mation of Camaguey, and ttie proximity of the two municipalities must have been a -
tremendous impetus.
At this time transportation b~tween Camaguey and Colombia is better and more
reliable than that between Las Tunas and Colombia.
- Judging by the clamor of the electors at the Peoples Government evaluation
assembly, it appears that the municipality has four basic problems:
--Electrical energy. ,
--Transportation: The rural areas have none. ;
--Restaurant services: Problems with hygiene, quality of service and products.
--Highways: This situation is truly critical.. ~
The urban area has many dirt roads. The president of the Peoples Government '
confessed that of 6,000 linear meters of streets, only I,600 are paved. -
,
Hc,aever, a housing construction program has begun, extending ta other municipali-
ties in the province, and it is very encouraging. In 1979 the state built only
10 houses in Colombia; in 1980 140 were built, along with one building contai~iing
10 dwellings. In addition, three buildings, each containing 20 apartments, are
under construction. ~
Furthermore, more facilities are being built to meet the population's needs,
including a bakery to replace the existing stalls, and a dry cleaning establishment ,
that needs only a boiler and an assembly line.
Another positive development, also affecting the rest of. the municipalities, is ;
that the allotment of resources for the repair of housing has been improved visibly. '
i
One last note: The most stable and least troublesome sugar enterprise of the !
province is located an Colombia. It has exceeded its production quotas for seven ,
consecutive harvests. Although it does not consume much oil or firewood, its
industrial efficiency has declined in recen[ years.
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Jobabo: Most Critical Point
Enrique Esginosa, president of the Peoples Government in the municipality of
Jobabo,. came right to the most critical point in his locality: housing. He gave Ud
' some figures on this matter.
In the urban perimeter of Jobabo, there are 2,934 dwellings, of which approximately
750, or 2S percent of the total, are in a deplorable state, according t~ Espinosa.
Of course, as we noted earlier, construction is going on here (140 houses are
being built now), but the prospects are no[ that simple.
In addition, the difference pointed out with respect to Amancio Rodriguez is also
present in Jobabo: There is evidence of a decline in services to the population.
Fortuna[ely, says Espinosa, and as we saw with our own eyes, a recuperation phase
has begun in this respect. That is, step by step the service centers that had
disappeared for various reasons are being replaced. All previously existing hotels
have passed on, and there is a desire [o build a new one.
Llanes, the second secretary of the Party in the municipality, accompanied us on a
- visit to the 30 December Recreational Center, which was opened a while ago near
the urban area. It is an attractive and picturesque place whi:.h cries out to be _
used by its benefir.iaries. It is worth noting that Llanes put all his cards on the
table during the visit. That was our impression, and we are saying it because that
is the way we felt.
One final note on sports: None of the Basic Secondary Farm Schools (ESBEC) of the
municipality has a sports area. Another point, concerning culture: There are -
78 groups of amateur musicians (possibly among the best in the province) which are
experiencing problems obtaining resources and instructors. -
Remote Manati
In the above-mentioned "Bohemia economica" section of 27 June 1980, quite a bit of
att'ention was given to the socio-economic situation of the municipality of Manati,
on the western border with Camaguey. At- that time we observed an apparent -
coincidence: The municipality that was perhaps the most backward in the province �
was also the home of the Argelia Libre sugar enterprise, the most troublesome in
the province.
In that article we referred to the disappearance of whole "bateyes" [company
towns] as their inhabitants emigrated mainly to nearby Camaguey. In the midst of
that situation, we also remarked on the inexplicable fact that there was a sugar
cane community whose construction had been halted for years.
Let us forget that last comment. Construction was resumed on that community,
located in the Suarez Gayol District of the Argelia Libre sugar cane operation.
The reader can see graphic proof in this article.
At that time we also pointed out the critical situation of the Las Tunas-Manati
passenger rail service, the principal means of transportation for the municipality.
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_ `
Here we cannot yet reverse that comment, although it should be noted that the
� Ministry of the Sugar Industry, responsible for operating that railroad at
present, somehow managed to lend a hand--or at least a few fingers--to prever.t the
total paralyzation of the rail service. In short, there is still no definite -
solution to the problem of the Las Tunas-Manati passenger rail service. _
- Has something been done to raise hopes about progress in Manati? We asked Placido,
the vice-president of the local Peoples Government. _
_ Without letting himself be carried away by the muse of ethereal optimism, Placido
named a series of accomplishments.
According to him, the acquisition of five new buses has alleviated the situation
in the urban perimeter as ~well as the Manati-Las Tunas inter-municipal service.
Additionally, the capacity r~f the hospital has been increased by adding new beds
- and some services such as X-rays. Other social projects are taking place as well,
such as the kindergarten, the combination of commercial services and a recreational
cznter called Salon Rojo, designed specifically for youths. Although this may seem
trivial, we also saw a permanent brigade that is assigned to build sidewalks.
Of course--and this is no plati[ude--much remains to be done in Manati, which is
frankly very isolated from the other sugar municipalities. The seed of hope for
~ transformation must still be planted.
Menendez Dependency
Jesus Menendez, a great proletarian name, is a municipality that is not remote
from the others, as Manati is, but it depends in many ways on its neighbor Puerto
Padre.
- We had an open and constructive meeting with,the Peoples Government representatives
and tnose of the local mass organizations regarding socio-economic problems. To
avoid overwhelming the reader with statistics, we will simply note that after that
c.Gating we reached the conclusi.on that Menendez is virtually a virgin municipality
_ in one area of activities; hence its dependence on Puerto Padree
However, we would like to note some of the points broughC out at that meeting.
- The instability of the ~nedical community is obvious. In this respect, there are
many problems with the specialists. As a result, the population must go to Puerto
Padre.
With the exception of the movies, there is practically no place for recreation or
_ culture.
There is ~not one refrigerator repairman.
The demographic decline is evident, particularly in the rural areas where many
agricultural workers reside. ,
We mentioned the Macondian reputation of Amancio and the isolation of Manati. But
we must be careful in our evaluation of the situation in Menendez.
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Epilogue
This is as far as we got in our second tour of the sugar municipalities of Las
Tunas. Excuse its many flaws, as the Spanish one-act farces say at the end. We cgn ~
only repeat what we said in the introduction to this article: We will continue to _
- make systematic visits; expect the third installment in the first quarter of this
year.
COPYRIGHT: BOHEMIA 1981
8926
CSO: 3010 ~ -
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COUNTRY SECTION MARTINIQUE
1~~ERS OF PAR.TY POLITICAL BURr.AU INTERVIEWED IN CUBA
Havana BOHEMIA in Spanieh 30 Jan 81 pp 66-67
[Interview with Alain Tiquant and Paul Gabourg af the Martinique Progreseive
Party Political Bureau by Ilse Bulit of BOHEMIA at the gotel Triton in Havana;
date not given]
[Text] If we were to meet them on a Iiavana etreet corner we could think that
these two young men are university students on the way to tIie cinema or two
workers, who after having showered at their work center are on the way to a
- baseball game. Their Caribbean features meld perfectly with our environment,
however, when one talks to them, it is not only the French language which makes
them different but also the concerns they harbor with respect to tfie future of
their countryo
Alain Tiquant and Paul Gaboux~ are from Martinique. They came to Cuba to
participate as guests in the Second Party Congress. The former is the chief
~ of the Martinique Progress~ve Part~~ delegation and is a member of its political
bureau and its secretary for foreign relations. The latter is also a member of
the political bureau and is in charge of the rank and file cells of the party.
We spoke facing the scene of the i~aense sea offered by the Hotel Triton.
However, before taking up the reality of Martinique through the voice of its
sons, let us recall that the island is part of the Lesser Antilles and is 1,102
_ kilometers square in size. It has a tropical climate moderated by the trade
winds. Colombus discovered it on his fourth voyage; it was inhabited by fierce
Caribs. Colonized by the French, it was also held by the English, although after
the Treaty of Paris (1814), it reverted to the fo~er. On 19 Ma.rch 1946, the
_ French Government granted it the statu8 of overseas department with represent-
ation in the French National AsBembly and Senste. However....
[Queation] What is the true status of relations between Martinique and the
metropolis?
[Alain] ~rom the legal point of view, Martinique, according to the 1946 law,
ceased to be a colony and became a French department, however, economic, social
and political relat~.ons did not change basically. They continue betng relationF
between a colony and a metropolis. At an economic level, for example, ex-
- ploitation of agricultural resourcea by means�of large estate~ is in the hands of
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= the de~cendents of ~hose Frencb.settlers. They ma3ntain the single-crop system:
sugarcane, bananas or pineappleg, all destined for export to France. There has
never been an e~onomic development policy in our country that ~ill allow a real
improvement in the standard of ltving. In the politir_al aepect, we have the
same bodies that exist in France: deputies, mayors, general counselors, and
ec~nomic and social advisers. However, these individuals do not have any real
au*_hority. The prefect makes the decisions. He is a sort of governor
_ apnointed in France. The rest adopt and obey the order he issues. On the social
plane, we must acknowledge new advances with respect to the status of health,
education, maintenance and cleanlinesa of the streets and sanitation equipment.
However, up to now we do not have tfie same number of social advantages as the
, French population.
[Question] Are not those changes for the improvement of living conditions brought
about by the large landowner for his own benefit? He lives there. .
Paul: Yes, and those changes, of course, are not shared by all the population.
I~+ould like to add in the economic aspec`t that tl~e bourgeoisie owns the cane-
fields and business...they have the plant~.~tions and services also, tfie greater
part of the services.
_ [Alain] There is an interesting point. Th~ preaent tendency of the large land-
owners is to abandon agricultural exploitation and ivnest in the import-export
business. Why? There is no local production there and everything we consume ,
comes from France. We coiild saq that there is a sort of monopoly of trade which
is exactly the same as that ~hich existed when we were a colony and there ex- _
isted what we called the "colon.ial pact." It said that trade between the
metropolis and us was exclusively the prerogative of France. Today products _
and people must travel by means provided by French companies and corporations.
Sometimes, perhaps, some merchandise may travel on some ship flying another flag
but it is always done with prior approval by them. The lettuce, carrots and
citrus, we consume, for example, come from France and we could produce them.
Paul: There is a sadly laughable paradox: "The ieland imports sugar and we
produce sugarcane.
Alain: Another very important aspect is what we call "genocide by substitution." -
Since there is no incentive for a real local economy, unemployment affects more
_ than 50 percent of ~he population. The metropolis encourages migration to
Europe and this causes our young population to decline. Every year 5,000
Martinicans leave for Europe. At the eame tim~, the French and other Europeans
come to live on the island. There is an emigration in both directions which
results in the subetitution of the population. There are more and more
Europeans and fewer Martinicans. Those of us who struggle for national _
liberation over there are fighting against time. The more years that go by,
the fewer the young people and workers who wi11 remain in our island and it is
in them that the seeds of th~ possibility of liberation resides.
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_ [Question] What are the political factiona o~ich.may now be seen?
[.Alain] We can s~e th~e existence of three factions. Ohviously~ as everywhere �
else, there are those who b.e~.ray the interests of the people; the lackeys of
the economic policy followed by France. Tkiey are the ones who belong to parties
who represent support for the French rig~it. There is a second, independence-
oriented faction consisting of small organizations: Ztao groups of Trotskyite
t~ndencies and one nationalist. Tliey demand imanediate independence. The third
faction, tbe most important of the left, enfold~ the Martinique Co~unist Party,
_ of Marxist-Leninist ideology, and the Martinique Progressive Party. Both
advocate national liberation and the cons~ruction of socialism. At the same
- time, they tIiink they must go through a transition period which we call _
autonomy. This period would allaw time to prepare the people for access to
fndependence and also for the struggle for tfie construction of socialism, be-
cause French colonialism has carried out~a massive dissemination if its capita-
liat and aseimilation ideology. They are trying to make the people of
Martinique believe that they are neither Martinicana nor Caribbeans, but
Europeans. (.a sad smile appeare on the lips of ths young interviewees).
[Queation] Do these two parties work in unison?
[Unattributed answer] At one time there was a front in which they were united;
at this ttme they are not. It is well to euplain that although we exist legally
as a party, it must be recognized that the left ie suppressed, it cannot spealc.
We do not have acceas to radio, television or the press. Although the law says
that it does, the truth is another. I take advantage of this interview to make
an appeal for the solidarity of the Cuban people as we11 as the opinion of all
the Caribbean, and the opinion of the entire world to curb the criminal p~licy
of the French Government. We denounce North American imperialism, which can be
felt more noticeably, but the French is more subtle and is present a short dis~
tance from Cuba. While the French Government attempts to make people believe
that France is a land of freedom, we say to international opinion, particularly
to the Caribbean, that the French Govern.ment oppreases the people, maintains
- its domination, particularly o~er Martinique, Guyana [as published] and Tahiti
in the Pacific. At this moment there are aeven Tahitian autonomists prisoners
~n France. There are f ive Guyanan [as published, presumbaly French Guianan]
. independentists imprisoned over there for haviag attacked the "security of the
state." In our own Martinique;~ during this paet period, there have been trials
of anticolonialists. We know that a represeion is being prepared in Guadeloupe
against the nationalist movement of that ieland, because armed struggle h~e be-
gun to surface there.
(While the interview is going on, a French-language veraion of the Second Party
Congress Central Report is resting on a table. It is noted that it has already ~
been leafed through. We ask the last queation.
~Question] What is your opinion of thie report?
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Alain: The central report preaented hy Fidel Caatro hae given us a complete
idea of the Cuban situation. Thaaks to it we kaoaz preciselp in wliich fields
- the most important chazges fiave takeii place, the areae which.must be develpped
and where a greater effort must be made. Wtien we were hearing it from the ].ipg
of Fidel, we understood how difficult the construction of socialism is at the
very throat of imperialism. We shall take thie report to Martinique and we
shall study it at the party level. I rim convinced that we Martinicans have
much to leam from what was said by Co~rade Fidel Castro in the central report.
The Martinique Progr.essive Party wishes to maintain its fraternal bonds with
the Cuban people and tbe Communist Party of Cuba. We are determined to be at
the side of Cuba every time that North American imperialism tries to halt the
Cuban Revolution.
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Martinicans Paul Gabourt and Alain Tiquant
- COPYRIGHT: BOI~iIA 1981
8908
CSOs 3010 ~
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