JPRS ID: 9603 WORLDWIDE REPORT TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300090025-2
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 25
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9603
13 March 1981
.
_ : _ _ _
. . . _ : ~ ~ _ : � � � -
.
Worldwide Re ort
p
.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS POIICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT -
- ~FOUO 3/81)
i
FB~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMAI"ION SERVICE
� FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
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NOTE
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
- transmissions and braadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [ExcerptJ in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes with in the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within ~tems are as
given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views ~r at.titudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERLALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.
~
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FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
P. Bax 2604
Washinqton, D. C. 20013
2G February 1981
NUTE FROA1 THE DIRECTOR, rBIS:
Forty years ago, the U.S. Government inaugurated a new
service to monitor foreign public broadcasts. A few years later
' a similar group was establis}led to exploit the foreign press. .
- rrom the merger of these organizations evolved the present-day
FBIS. Our constant goal tl~rougnout llas been to provide our readers
wit;i rapid, accurate, and compreliensive reporting from tlie public
media world~vide.
On belialf of all of us in FBIS I wish to express appreciation
to our readers wllo l~ave guided our efforts throughout the years.
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JPRS L/9603
13 March 1981
WORLDW IDE REPORT
TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
- (FOUO 3/81)
CONTENTS
ASIA
JAPAN
Te?ecommunications Ptinistry To Permit 'Teletext'
(MAINICHI DAILY NEWS, 6 Feb 81) 1
Overall Evaluation Test Started for Submarine Photofiber Cable
(TECHNOCRAT, Dec 80)..... 2
Brief s
_ High Speed Data Communication 3
Microwave Camera Information 3
Mutual Communication Service 3
Survey on the Effects of Rain 4
EAST EUROPE
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CSSR-Built Transmitters Abroad Described
(Jindr~ch Bradach; TELEKOMUNIKACE, Nov 80)...... 5
SUB-SAAARAN AFRICA
INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS ~
Worldwide rlonopoly of News Agencies All'egedly Broken _
(Pierre Clary; AFRIQT3E-ASIE, 5 Jan 81)......................... 13
- MADAGASCAR
Brief s
Microwave Network 18
- a - [III - ~ - 140 FOUO]
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JAPAN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS MINISTRY TG PERMIT ~TELETEXT'
Toky~ 'KAINIC~II IlAILY N~,'WS in English 6 Feb 81 p S
~
~Text~
The Posls and Telecom- ~e ~~~stry is planning to The Teletext broadcasting
munications 1linistry has in- formally decide upon the licenses are to be granted to
formaily decided lo permit the~ technical standards for the non-TV stations, primarily to
c o m m e n c e m e n t o f t h e r_haracter 111P7~ telecasting by ne~~~spaper companies. By use
Japanese ~~ersion ot the theendof~iarchandamendthe of printers, "hard copies'
Teletext or characler multiplex broadcasting law for the ~ printed copies) ot e]ectronic
telecastineser~�ices in 1983. , commencement of commercial ne~i�spapers w�ill also become
~ Teletext is the name of a Teletext broadcasting in 1983. a~�ailable at home. And this
similar character ,liPX tele- ~e Radio Technical Council Possibilit~~ meets the ministry's
~ casting being operated in the policy of ~decentralizing the
recently rec~ommended a po~er of the mass media, the
L'nited I~ingdom. ~ Similar technical standard on the . ministrysaid. �
broadcasting, including testing, character ~11Pt telecasting to
is being conducled in France, ~e ~~~stry after seven ~ears But actual Teletext broad-
�est German~~. S~seden and the casting by third parties
t~nited States. . oi deliberatiQOS. The ministry is requires the use of some
to formalize the decision in late facilities oi eaisting TV
The character multiplex ~tarch. skations. If these TV stations
ct~IPX) telecasting e~ables pccording to fhe ministry refuse to offer the pertinent
broadcasting stations to air lhe p~~ ~ allocat~ 10 airwaves at facilities for third party use. the
character intormation con- ~e one is to be dedicated character MPX sen~ice ~cill
currently~ with the existing ~o lhe transmission of the become impossible.
image by taking advantage of characters for lhe hard of ' To resolve this problem, the
unused spaces m the T~' air- hearing, to enable them to enjoy Radio Regulatory Bureau of the _
w�aces. Ttie c-ie~cers, by ~n- television programs. This is at ministry intends to submit to
stal;ing an adaplor, can rPad present being done by the fhe Diet next Sear an amend-
such information as ne~cs, sto~~k public Broadcasting Sy stem ment to the broadcasting law to
market quotations, ��ea!ner ~pgS) intheLtnitedSlaEes. malce it obliaatory for TV
reports, and traffic intormation � ' stations to offer their [acilities
on the TV screen at home. The The remaining nine airwave for Telete~t broadcasting by
character 111P?C telecasting will channels of the initial allotment. third arties. . ~
also make possble -the elec- ~ �~ill be made available for P
tronic ne�lspaper - a ne~s� utilization by organiaations The association o[ broad-
paper to be read on the TV other than TV stations. The casting stations are, how~ever,
screen. public ~r�ill be able to :eceive tirml~~ opposed to such
these nine air~cave channels on legislation on the grounds that
the present blank channels of the amendment w-ill infringe
eaistingTV sets. � upon l;censed TV stations'
property rights.
COPYRIGHT: Ma.inichi Daily News, 1981
CSO : 5500
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rvn ~~rrlt,ttw uJB v1vLI
~ JAPAN
OVERALL EVALUATION TEST STARTED FOR SUBMARINE PHOTOFIBER CABLE
Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 8~ p 63
[Text] A cable with optical fibers used as the transmission medium has the
followin~ advantages over the conventional copper cable: it can be made to
have a large-capacity and it is expected to be more economical because of low
transmission losses and the necessity of fewer repeaters. Also, it is light-
weight, flexible and easy to handle. Thus, it is expected to serve for
submarine speech transmission lines which require difficult maintenance work
to be performed within a limited space in installation ships. Various circles �
are promoting studies to put the cable into practical use.
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation has already sought cable
structures sufficiently strong enough to endure the submarine environment and
external pressures during installation and has established the basic technology
for making them practical. In order to establish the technology for submarine
� photofiber cable and equipment for submarine terminal stations and to conduct
overall assessment, the corporation has recently provided coastal test stations
at Inatori and Kawazu on Izu Peninsula and has. installed a transmission line .
consisting of a submarine photofiber cable, 10.2km long and 240m (max.) deep ~
in the sea L:tween the stations.
The cable instal.Led is made from a collection of optical fibers covered with
pressure-resistant copper tubing and further covered with PE, and an alternate
double stranded sheath. The core system consists of a singlemode and 5 graded `
multimode optical fibers. These core wires were connected in folds to make a `
cable wtiich was available for transmission tests, with a cable length of 50km ~
and the cable was provided on the way with two junctions to obtain data on ~
cable properties at these points, ~
~
;
rtean optical losses after installation, with an optical wavelength of 1.3um, are
0.79dB/km for the single-mode optical fibers and 0.81dB/km for graded multimode .
optical fibers. These values are the smallest in the world for long-wavelength
band optical transmission lines installed in the sea in any previous test.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Fuji Marketi~g Research Co., Ltd.
CSO: 5500
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_ JAPAN
BRIEFS
HIGH SPF.EB DATA COMMUNICATION--Nissei Electrical Institute has developed an
"Opticfll Space Transmission Communication System" which provides high speed
data communication of 1 megabit/second by sending infrared rays of 0.9u direct
without any cable. The system adopts a GaAs (gallium arsenide) LED (light
emitting diode) as the light emitting device of the transmitter, a silicon
photodiode (APD) as the liqht receiving device of the receiver, and provides
data communication by sending 0.9U infrared rays in space over a maximum
- communication distance of 600m. The system has the following features:
(1) It is low priced at ~�1,800,000. (2) It is simple and quick to install
requiring merely ad~usting sights. (3) It is easily connected to a computer
using TTL (transister transister logic). (4) Transmitter-receiver combina-
tions can be connected in line with each other up to 4 or 20 combinations, in
order. to extend the distance. (S) Since the system is small and light, it is :
easily portable. [Text] [Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80
- P ~21 .
MICROWAVE CAMERA INFORMATION--NEC has succeeded in picturization of informa-
tion concerning the earth's surface taken by a microwave camera mounted on
Seasat (U.S. SatelZite for Oceanographical observation) using digital process-
in~ by a large capacity computer. The image data was obtained by processing
100km x 15km area of information into an image on the basis of 25m x 25m area -
information for one image element. It is said that it took them fully 20-30 , s
hours to picturize the area information of 30km square. Up to date, NASA
(U.S.A.), MDA (Canada) and RAE(U.K.) have succeeded in the digital processing
of such data. These are all national organizations specialized in space re-
search. NEC developed its own processing method three montl~s after their
~etting the Seasat observation data and succeeded in digital picturization.
(Text] [Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 62]
MU'1.'UA1, COMMiJNICATION SERVICE--NTT will start a public data communication serv- _
ir.e between their DRESS center (which stands for stock management service cen-
ter and Dfl~tOS center (which stands for sciencQ technology computation service
c.enter) around next fall. Due to this service, users can use not only the
tranamission aervice of DRESS's file to DEMOS (or DEMOS's file to DRESS) but
both DRESS and DEMOS services by one terminal equipment now in service. The
mutual communication between the centers means greatly improved and easier
access to the system for users who can only use one service (DRESS or DEMOS)
at present. Aiming at the scheduled introduction of mutual communication
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r~ux ur~r'1c:lAL u5~; uNLY
between centers, NTT is planning to expand the intercenter communication ability
between each DRESS center in order to attain file transmission ability which is
already available at DEMOS service centers. Moreover, NTT will start a kan~i
output aervice at three centers (DRESS Tokyo III, Osaka IV and DEMOS of Tokyo V
5cience Technology-E batch center) hy introducing their high speed kan~i
printer of 15,000 lines per minute. [Text] [Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in Enqlish
Vol 13 No 12, Dec 80 p 62]
SURVEY ON THE EFFECTS OF RAIN--KDD (Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd.) has
announced its experimental plan, and accordin~ to KDD's statement, they will
start communications experiments based on the site diversi*_y method, and which
will use from late 1981 the Yamaguchi Satellite Coimnunication Station and
Hamada International Relay Station. This experiment aims to ensure good trans-
mission of the 14/11GHz range (quasimillimeter) electric waves used in communi-
cations makinR use of the Intelsat V satellite. The satellite is expected to
be launched into space above the Indian Ocean in 1981. The experiments aim
to escablish countermeasures for rain, since quasi-millimeter waves are easily
affected by rain and this wave characteristic makes communications by one earth
etation difficult, especially in an area having a hea~ry rainfall such as Japan.
Since a real satellite will be used in the experiment, KDD is expecting to ob-
tain fruitful results concerning electric propagation or communication methods
in the quasi-millimeter wave ran~e. [Text) [Tokyo TECHNOCRAT in English Vol 13
No 12, Dec 80 p 62]
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CSSR-BUILT TRANSMITTERS ABROAD DESCRIBED
Prague TELEKOMUNIKACE in Czech Nov 80 pp 176-178
[Article by Eng Jindrich Bradach, cand3date of sciences: "Our Transmitters
Abroad"]
[Text] Transmitters and auxiliary equipment from Tesla Hloubetin are delivered, in=
stalled and operated not only in this country, but in other cosntries as well, fre-
quently nations quite distant f rom Czechoslovakia, and many of them with damanding
climates or with a certain exotic atmosphere, such as Mali, Guinea, Algeria, Morocco,
Egypt, Syria, Sudan, Burma, Yemen, Cuba and Colombia.
Certian activities associated ~rith radio braadcasting and television, such as plan-
ning territorial coverage by the signal, evaluating reception, planning radio and
television transmitter ~etworks, procuring and installing equipment, organizing oper-
ation and maintenance of equipment, improvement of comonunication workers' skills
and the like, are often carried on in these countries in ways which differ from
Czechoslovak practice. The transmitters and radio and television studios are not
always owned by the state. We may eacounter situations in which radio or television
transmitters are privately owned and are used for profit-making purposes. ~
Our personnel are acquiring a variety of experience in negotiating the size ar.d con-
ditions for delivery, and in installing and operating e~uipment. Let us cite some
examples. In the past Tesla Hloubetin supplied such transmitter equipment as models
SRV 30, 2X SRV 30, and SRV 150 (i.e. medium wavelength, powers of 20, 60 and 150
watts) to South and Central America. Experience has been acquired in Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Cuba. With.the exception of Cuba,
transmitter ownership is generally private. A private individual may request that
he be assigned a f requency, provided that one is still available, and given a license
to operate a transmitter. If the license is granted, the transmitter owner is given
a deadline for completing construction of the station, and provided that the equip-
ment meets the radio engineering requirements specified on the license which he has
~ been issued and that the antenna system conforms to the prescribed radiation pattern,
operation may be begun. This sounds q~uiCe unbelievably simple, but it is actually
the case. Hundreds of~privaCe transmitters with powers ranging from tens of watts
to tens of kilowatts or mo~e operate in every South American republic. The greatest
permissable power, generally in the lower part of the medium wave band, is 50 kilo-
watts (this does not apply to Cuba, where higher powers are used). Rec~ntly, direc-
tional antenna systems have been built 3n order to avoid mutual interference by
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stations operating on the same freq~iency. In most cases the power is between 1 and
5 kilowatta. We encounter such supplters ae RCA, Gates, Collins, Westinghouse, Con-
tinental, Harrie, Redifon, Marconi and Philips, but also domestic products, e.g.
in Brazil, Chile and Argentina. In Ecuador, tranemitters are produced by the Horvath
Compaay, a laboraCory in the city of Quito whose owner is of Czech descent. Some
tranam3tterE. particularly in Colombia, are owned by the Catholic Church.
Let us cite an arrangement typical in Latin America. The producers of an extremely
wide range of equipment, as well ae commercial companies, services and other organ-
izatione, reaort to commercial radio and television advertisements provided by ad-
vertising agencies, because they cannot survive in the stiff competition without
advertiaemei:te. The agenciea are connected with pro~it-making organizations which
prepare the advertisements. These advertisemente are recorded in special studios
and are supplied to radio and television studios which acquire the transmitters (radio
or television) for broadcast purposes. Technical services are performed for both
the transmitters and the studio equipment and other facilities by apecialized com-
panies which wo�k for a number of owners of tranamitter equipmeiit. The advertising
agencies ha~~= off icea whose ~ob is to evaluate the stations' reception and popularity.
An evaluation (ranking) of the stations' popularity with the listeners is conducted
every month. The entire syatem ia reminiscent of football league standings and their
changes during successive rounds of gamea. His station's rank in the standings
aff ects the rates which the transmitter owner can charge for broadcasting advertise-
mente. The competition is stiff and those who end up at the bottom of the standinge
do not last long. Other intereated parties~ scramble for their places by requesting
= licenaes s~ that companies disappear and new ones ariae in a short time. The trans-
mittere are used for profit-making purposes. Thoee who have more influence or more
resources can pay far higher-quality programs and achieve first place in the standings,
and can charge higher rates for advertisements as a result. Obviously, transmitters
and auitably selected programs are aleo used by political representatives for poli-
tical propaganda. .
Broadcasting i~~ Cuba ie arranged in a manner quite different.from the South American
practices deacribed. The central studios are in Havana, and broadcast centers have
been built in all the large cities. Czechoslovakia has also participated in the
building of broadcast centers (tranamittera with output powers of 30, 60 and 150
kilowatta). Most of the transmittera operate at powers between 1 and 10 kilowatts.
There are more than 100 transmittera in Cuba. Programs are relayed to the individual
broadcast facilitiea from the central sutdios in Havana by cable or microwave link.
The relay network hae been extended over the entire country. There are several pro-
grams, whoee ahowe cater to the widest range of listeners; for example,.one program
- broadcasta domestic and foreign newa, another music, and a third current political,
and economic featurea and the like. One of the best-known programs is Radio Rebelde,
which uses equipment supplied by Czecholsovakia. At night the highest-power trans-
mitters (over 50 kilowatts) are connected with the central studio in Havana and broad-
caet a single program intended primarily for foreign consumption (United States,
Mexico, Venezuela and the like). This program, called Radio Cuba, broadcasts
attractive mueic and informatlon on life in Cuba and its achievements in building
socialism, and is popular abroad. I had the chance to convince myself of this per-
sonally in Venezuela, which receives an extremely high-quality signal from our SRV
150 medium wavelength transmitters in Cuba, operating near Havana and in Oriente Prov-
ince.
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Also worthy of inention is shortwave broadcasting from a facility located not far
from Havana which has 250-kilowatt transmitters. This station broadcasts informa-
tion on Cuba in 28 languages around the clock. These programs too are popular abroad,
particularly in Latin America.
Broadcasting in Africa and the Mideast is arranged much differently from that in
- South America. We have gained considerable experience in this area. In recent years,
~ superhigh-powered broadcast transmitters operating in the long middle wavelengths
have been built in these countries. We find the investing organizations striving to
acquire and ins tall only the best equipment and al so to install modern directional
antenna systems. Most interest focuses on transmissions beamed abroad. For example,
Iraq is interested in beaming its transmissions to Iran and Syria, Syria to Egypt
and Jordan, and Egypt to Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arab ia~ Israel and the like. The use
of four-element directional antenna systems with transmitters in the 1-2 megawatt
range is not uncommon in these countries. Nor is it uncommon to use multielement
antenna systems for long wave broadcasting. The broadcast facilities are state-con-
~ trolled. Tesla has installed broadcast transmitters in a number of countries, for
example Algeria, Sudan, Morocco, Egypt, Syria, Yemen, Guinea and Mali. The first
of many construction projects wa~ carried out in 1958-1960 in Egypt, where 3 X SRV 15G
triplexed transmitters (output 450 kilowatts) are operating with two-element direc-
tional antenna systems. After good experience with these transmitters, we have in-
stalled a 600-kilowatt transmitter in the same location (Tesla 3 X 200 kilowatts,
three transmitters in parallel using a triplexer). The antenna system is designed
in an int~resting way. It uses four masts, of antifading height, arranged in a
, square 100 degrees on a side. In the center of the square is the distributing equip-
ment, wh ich distributes to the two antennas the high-frequency energy coming via
the feeder from the transmitter. The~other two antennas are grounded by inductive
reactance. The two active masts are driven by the same large currents, in phase.
As a result of coupling, the currents in the para s itic radiators are about 0.7 times
those in the active radiators. The reactances in the parasitic radiators are so
chasen that the phase of the current in the parasitic radiators leads that in the
active radiator s by 100�. The result is considerable radiation in one direction and
less in the opp osite direction, as was required. The antenna system,has switching
equipment which makes possible four diff erent connections:
. --the two southern masts active, the two northern ones passive, radiation beamed
toward the south;
--the reverse of the arrangement above, radiation beamed to the north;
--the two western masts active, the two easCern ones passive, radiation beamed toward
the west;
--the reverse of the preceding arrangement, radiation beamed toward the east.
This makes it possible to shift the radiat3on maxiinum to any of the four cardinal
directions.
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-
Ir
/ 1' �
-.--.i . . i . Ir..
I /
1
~
,
r
Obr. 1. Pi~iklad vyzai'ovectho diagra-
~ mn v horlsoat6ln! rovin~F ant&nniho ?
L'tyi'prvkov6ho syst~mn
Fig 1. Horixontal-plane radiation pattern of a four-element antenna system.
It is worth mentioning the way in which Egypt and Syria arranged to increase output -
from 450 kilowatts to 1000 kilowatts and from 600 kilowatts to 1200 kilowatts with-
out strengthening the existing insulation of their antenna systems. In the past,
transmitter buildings were made rather large, so that as the current trend to de-
creasing size of transmitters and auxiliary equipment de~elops, such things as the -
installation of additional transmitters and diplexers can be carried out without much
adaptation work in an existing building. The situation is not so good as regards the
antenna system, which has a base insulator and cable insulators and is correctly
dimensioned only for the existing output power. Thus an increase in output means
stronger insulation, a rather lengthy suspension of transmission, disassembly of
" the existing antenna system and reassembly after strengthening its insulation.
- In Egypt it was arranged to increase the output of a two-element antenna system -
dimensioned fr 450 kilowatts to an output of 1,000 kilowatts (carrier wave) by adding
a third mast, whose location and supply voltage and phase were so chosen that:
--the existing radiation diagram in the horizontal plane would not be disrupted;
--the third mast would take on the output difference f rom 450 to 1000 kilowatts.
~ In this arrangement only the ground network is added to. The installation of the
third mast results in only an insignificant interruption of broadcasting.
Similarly a plan is now being prepared in Syria according to which a trangmitter's
_ output will be increased from 600 to 1200 kilowatts, and the existing directional
two-element antenna system will be augmented with a third mast which will take up
the increase in power. .
In planning and constructing stations with large outputs (megawatt range), due atten-
tion must be paid to the international recammendations of CCIR, according to which
specif ic radiation limitations mustbe observed in certain cases when interference '
might arise between transmitters operating on the same frequency. These include,
for example, limitations of power at night, in certain directions or at certain angles
of elevation. Designing an antenna system intended to meet the above radiation
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li,mitation requirements requires synthesis of the system or possibly system modeling.
An example of such a radiation pattern, which meets the stringent requirements de-
scribed and which we designed for a specif ic station in Egyp~, is shown in Fig 2.
I,_ ` '
.
M~.. a
i
~ ~
~
Obr. 2. P~Iklad p~edepsanE6o tvaru
horizont~lnfho vyza~ovaciho diagre-
mu megawattovL stanice v Egypt~ �
Fig. 2. Prescribed form of radiation pattern of inegawatt station in Egypt.
KEY:
a. France
b. USSR
Fig 3 is a diagram of an interesting antenna system which we installed for a
2 X DRV 750 Tesla long-wave transmitter (1,500 kW output) in the city of Tipaza,
Algeria, about 70 km from the capital. The antenna is l~cated close to the sea.
It is 351 meters tall and uses trapezoidal modulation. The transmitter covers two-
thirds of the territory of Algeria with a high-quality signal and gives very good
~ reception in Western Europe, particularly in France, West Germany and Bngland.
According to statements by the RTA radio and television technical management in
Algiers, this transmitter is among the Algerian broadcast service's best equipment.
Let us also note as a matter of interest that the plans for construc~~.ng the network
allow for additional megawatt-level transmitters (long and medium wavelength).
These include, for example, Bechar, where a 3-element long wave directional antenna
system with an output of 1-2 megawatts and an an~enna system gain of 6~B directed
towards Spanish Sahara is required.
[Flg, 3 on following page]
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~sv
.
/ii/ / i
Obr. 3. PFfklad BIII~RY pro DV vy-
s[laL Tesla 2 X DRV 750, A13(rsko
Fig. 3. Antenna for Tesla 2 X DRV 750 long-wave transmitter, Algeria.
- As another interestirig example from the Arab world let us mention the system supplied
by Continental USA to Saudi Arabia. The antenna system consists of two Yagi-Uda an- ~
tennas. The lower half of the antenna is mirror-shaped. According to the manufac-
turer's data, the system gain within �15 [as published] of the frequency range is
_ 8 dB bett~r than that of a single classical-design radiator. The system is suitable -
for installation in extremely demanding, climatically difficult locations, particular-
ly in the Sahara. The reflector and directors are permanently connected to the ground
ne twork. They are designed as self-supporting towers without cable insulators. An
advantage of this antenna system is the low construction height (quarter wave), the
high directionality and in particular the fact that 3t is not necessary to install -
_ cable insulator~- ucid a base insulator, which means reliable operation even in areas
with extremely frequent atmospheric disr.urbances.
It is worth not3ng that Tesla Hloubetin is now offering a Yagi-Uda antenna system
(gain about 10 dB) with a 2 X SRV 750 transmitter (competitive design for sale of
medium-frequency transmitter to Iraq) . -
Le t us return to Algeria. Like Egypt, and in contrast to other African and Arab
countries, Algeria is well supplied with engineering and technical personnel in
th e broadcasting services. Current practice in these countries (it is practically
th e same in Syria) is to send broadcast and television workers abroad for a long
app renticeship or advanced study. For example, in Syria we encountered engineers
who had studied in London, Paris, Dresden, Karlsruhe, East and West Berlin, Moscowr
and Prague; some had served an apprenticeship in Japan, the United States and West -
Germany. In Algeria, a program for measuring the intensity of signals from foreign
sta tions in Algeria was campleted about two years ago. Field intensity measurements
wer e carried out during several monthly periods over practically the entire terri-
- to ry of Algeria. Use of the CCIR program, with a computer, made it possible to
evaluate the effective conductivity of the ground surface t.hroughout Algeria.
~
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, Now let us mention Syria. Our transmitters and antenna systems have gained a good _
reputation there. Currently Tesla transmitters have been operating in Syria from
more than 20 years (foz example, on SRV 30, 2 X SRV 30, and 2 X SRV 150 with a di--
= rectional antenna system). Recently a medium wavelength Tesla 2 X SRV 750 traa$ffiit-
_ ter (1500 kilowatt output) was put out into operation in Dayr al-Zawr. It is coupled
- with an antenna system designed and furnished by Czechoslovakia. The antenna system
consists of 4 antennas of antifading height located in a square. It has ~wttching
equipment for directional or all-directional operation. In directional operatiqn,
the main radiation is oriented toward Baghdad in Iraq. The smaller lobe radiates in
the reverse direction. The transmitters and the antenna system meet the demanding
requirements of the Syrian plan.
In addition, construction of a medium-wavelength transmitter with an output of 200 MW
is now being completed: the supplier is Siemens. It also has a 4-�element antenna
system operating on a principle s~milar to that of the transmitter in Dayr al--Zawr. _
The Syrian broadcasting plan for the next 5 years (in whose development we acted as
consultants on radio ~aave propagation and the selection of antenua systems, f requencies
and transmitter outputs) calls for construction of transmitters for broadcasting
additional programs. The construction will include several dozen high-power trans-
mitters (400, 600, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 kilowatts). Thanks to the good performance _
of our transmitter equipment and antenna systems, Czechoslovakia will not be without
hope in the international competition to supply this equipment to Syriao
It is clear fram the examples cited that Czechoslovakia is achieving good results
in its exports of transmitters and auxiliary equipment, pazticularly middle-wavelength
- and long-wave transmitters (not to mention the export of TV transmitters to the -
Soviet Union, where Czechoslovakia has attained the figure of several hundred trans-
mitters exported). However, it is necessary to devote major efforts to innovation
in the equipment, for competition is constantly bringing to the market new and improved
, equipment and more effectively designed antenna systems. As an example we may cite
an extract from information given by AEG-Telefunken in June 1980.
AEG-Telefunken has installed a transmitter for programs 1 and 2 at Flevoland near
Amsterdam for the Dutch Ministry of Commnunications. ?nstallation of the equipment -
took 12 months. The antenna system is directional. It is designed for two programs
at frequencies of 747 and 1008 kHz. A map of territorial coverage by the transmitter
is given in Fig. 5(not reproduced]. The transmitters have a power of 600 kilowatts
and a range of 150 km. According to manufacturer's data, the transmitters save a
million kilewatt-hours a year through good transmitter efficiency. The transmitter
is the first of the 600 kW PANTEL (Telefunken Pulse Anode Modulation System) series.
The equipment has a 10 percent hi~her efficiency than the transmitters currently
in use. The transmitter includes only two electironic tubes, both of the same power,
while the other stages are completely transistorized. Anode thermal losses are used
~ to heat the transmitter building. Considerable effort was put into the des3gn of ~
the antenna system. It was necessary to design an antenna system suitable for both ~
frequencies, of antifading design, without disruptive effects on the spatial waves.
Mathematical modeling was used in the design of the system. Measurements of the
= proposed antenna system which had been simulated on a computer, were also made on
a 1:100 scale model. The two-component antenna system comprises two masts, each
200 meters tall, which are center fed. The anchor cables are not separated with
cable insulators. The antenna (even though center fed) operates on the same princi-
ple as was described in TELEKOMUNIKACE, No 6, 1980.
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In spite of the great scope of space communications, there is still interest in con-
structing and expanding or modernizing the networks of so-called "classic~l" (long
- and medium wave) media, as we have shown through several foreign examples. Tl:e
Arab countries in particular make exacting demands regarding the parameters of
_ the equipment they require. If we wish to keep pace with worldwide competition in
transmitter F;ports, we not only need to keep abreast of what top fore3gn transmitter
producers are bringing out, but in addition must study and analyze how broadcast
~ervices are organized in the countries in question and to what use broadcast facili-
ties are put (in South America, for example). so as to adapt ehe destgn of our
export equipment to those specific requirements.
It is gratifying that the activities of the PZO KOVO import-export company, in coop-
eration with the transmitter supplier Tesla Hloubetin, are in accord with these
requirements, as attested for example by our participation in the current design
competition to furnish medium wave broadcast transmitters to Iraq, as well as by the
' recently signed contract to supply medium-wavelength Tesla SRV 750 transmitters,
including a directional antenna system, to South Yemen (Aden), and by a number
of expert analyses and consultations by our personnel in Syria, Morocco, Cuba, Mozam-
bique and other countries.
COPYRIGHT: NADAS, Nakladatelstvi Dopravy a Spoju, Prague, 1980
.7
8480
CSO: 5500
~
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INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS
WORLDWIDE MONOPOLY OF NEWS AGENCIES ALLEGEDLY BROKEN
Paris AFRIQUE-ASIE in French S Jan 81 pp 35-36
[Article by Pierre Clary: "Breaches in the News Agencies Allegedly Broken"]
[Text] The tremendous increase in national news agencies since
" 1973 is only a step prior to the restoration of balance in news
collection and dissemination.
Press information is the first field which will make us think about the new world
- order in information but, regardless of their orientation, the countries of the
Third World very quickly manifestea their desire to establish their own information
networks. Starting in 1961, at Bangkok, 14 Asian countries established the Asian
Information Agency Organization and thus pointed to the timeliness of having a
- regional agency. In 1963, at Tunis, 29 African countries established the African
~ Information Agency Union and draf ted a blueprint for an African press agPncy. The ,
countries of Latin America studied the same problem at Santiago de Chile in 1961.
Needs were manifested at that time but the political determination did not exist;
it was as a matter of fact the Algiers conference of nonalined countries in September
1973 which in a coherent fashion presented the priorities regarding th= press agen-
cies particularly under the impetus of Yugoslavia, Algeria, Mexico, Tunisia, and
India.
This date somehow was a turning point because, following a period of limited and
scattered efforts, it opened up a period of achievements that were part of an over-
all blueprint.
In just 10 years, national press agencies throughout the world daubled; some coun-
tries still do not have their own agencies, especially in Africa, but the inter-
national program for the development of communication sponsored by UNESCO should
facilitate the establishment of these new agencies. Since 1975, in parti~ular,
many agencies have been created in Af rica and the Middle East. That was true of
countries which were getting their independence, such as Angola, with the ANGOP
[ANGOLAN PRESS AGENCY], Mo2ambique with the AIM [MOZAMBIQUE INFORMATION AGENCY]; _
but that was also true of countries which did not yet have their national agencies,
in spite of several years of political inclependence, such as the agency of Burundi
(ABP (BURUNDIAN PRESS AGEI~~'Y]), dating back to 1975, the agencies of Tanzania
(SHIHATA [TANZANIA NEWS AG~NCY]), Togo (ATOP [TOGOLESE PRESS AGENCYj), and of Mauri- �
tania (AMP (MAURITANIAN PRESS AGENCY]) were alI creatad in 1976.
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In the Near East, the increa~e in funds of the petroleum companies promoted the
development af news agencies; those of Qatar (QNA [QATAR NEWS AGENCY]), of Kuwait
(KUNA), and of the United Arab Emirates (WAM) date back to th~ years 1975-1976~
The tremendous increase in national news agencies is only one step prior to the
restoration ~f balance in the collection and dissemination of news; all of these
agencies cannot in short-range terms operate in a satisfactory fashion because
they necessarily must provide themselves with the technical support facilities,
_ they must recruit professional newspapermen at home, they must create collection
networks or. the natianal level. As a matter of fact, the creation of an agency
makes iG possible to guarantee satisfactory coverage of the country and can pre-
ve~nt an imbalance between the regions and between urban and rural areas; an agency
must be an integral part of the national communications development prograin.
The western international agencies reproach these agencies on account of their
officia t status. The Anglo-Saxon agencies (1) as a matter of fact are the result
of press groupings. But, in a country of the Third World, even if it does decide
to adopt a free-enterprise system, the local media cannat establish an agency;
they have neither the money nor, in some cases, the desire. Besides, establishing
a national press agency appeared as an act of political independence which was -
too long neglected by certain countries.
In this same vein, the western agencies are hostile to direct or indirect partici-
pation of UNESCO in national or regional proj ects calling for the creation of
agencies ar cooperation among agencies; they consider that to be intervention which
goes beyond the framework of authority granted to the UNESCO. One might note that
the United States did not agree to participate in the special UNESCO program.
But, to get through the second stage, the agencies of the Third World countries
must progress tow^rd regional and international actions which alone can enable them
to guarantee i cormation exchange outside the circuits established by the big wes-
tern press agencies (2). Independently of these types of agreement, the bilateral
agreements, which can relate to the exchange of information and correspondents,
the training and translation services constitute one of the forms of cooperation
_ that is most widespread among agencies of the Third World; agreements drawn up on
a broader basis are supplementary to these bilateral agreements.
One of the ways to guarantee a balanced exchange situation can be found actually
on the regional level. The best-known example is represented by the Caribbean News
Agency (CANA),~an agency which has been operating since January 1976; this is one
of the first results of exchange within a regional f ramework but it is a good idea
to spell out here the conditions for its creation and its operating style.
In the past, the regional service was provided by Reuter; but, realizing that this
service was no longer profitable, the latter decided to stop it and that persuaded
the information agencies in the region--totaling 17, including newspapers, private
radio stations belonging to foreigners and citizens, one government radio station
and one government television station--to support the undertaking for a new agency.
Contrary to a certain political desire on the part of the governments in the region, -
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the cooperative form was adopted here; the region's information organs thus became
the owners of the agency. Reuter heavily c4ntributed. to launching the operation
~nd links between the regional agency and the international agency remain cloge;
CANA is Reuter's agent in the Caribbean and has exclusive rights to the dissemina-
tion of news from Reuter, while Reuter has exclusive rights from CANA for England. -
Overall, CANA produces about 20,000 words of regiona~ news per day and 25,000 words
of international news. It concluded information exchange agreements with numerous
national agencies, and in particular it has an exchange agreement with Prensa Latina
(Cuba's press agency). -
Regional projects exist also in Asia: the Asian Information Exchange Network (ANEN).
Latin America on every possible occasion reaffirms its desire to establish a news Y~
agency for Latin America and the Caribbean or at least a regiunal exchange organi- -
zation.
But the regional project which should turn out to be successful in short-range terms ~
is the Panafrican News Agency (PAFNA). Followi~ng the Lobito meeting last January,
the agency's guide~ines were spelled out, since the option of a supranational agency, -
with international overtones, appeared unrealistic. The agency, which has the theo-
retical support of all African countries and whose headquarters will be in Dakar,
will have the mission of collecting information coming from national press organs
- and redisseminating it all over the African continent; it will draw on five regional -
pools. The agency's central services will be used for the translation of news and
it is expected that agency journalists will cover the main events taking place on
the African continent. We must also mention here the data bank project which will
facilitate information consultation on each African country.
The establishment of the agency is often presented as being tied to the establish-
_ ment of tfie African satellite telecommunications network, called PANAFTEL. But,
even in the absence of such an outfit, one must unfortunately note that the South
African Argus Arrica News Service (3) has managed to establish a collection network
which, oddly enough, gives t'-e apartheid press outstanding continental coverage.
The Pool of the Nonalined
The pool of press agencies of the nonalined countries obviously is in the very fore-
- front of the Third World undertakings. On the initiative of the Yugoslav press
agency Tanjug, following the Algiers summit meeting, the pool was operated on an
experimental basis as of January 1975 with 12 agencies; at the beginning of the
pool's activity, the Yugoslav agency took care of centraliaed administration, trans-
lation, and redistribution under its own signature. This form of collaboration
- among agencies, which promotes exchanges between the countries on entirely new foun-
dations, was very rapidly accepted and, during the New Delhi and Colombo conferences,
in 1976, the nonalined countries gave the pool a charter.
Right now, the pool consists of more than 70 press agencies; however, 40 agencies `
participate regularly in exchanges within the pool which takes care of the dissemina-
tion of 40,000 words per day in four languages (English, French, Arabic, and Spanish).
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Some agencies in the pool have the job of redistributing information on the regional
level, for example, Tanjug, the Indian News Agency ~alled Samachar, the Iraqi News
Agency INA, Prensa Latina, NOTIMEX, the Mexican agency.
I The pool thus does z~ot appear as an international agency since each member partici-
_i pates in its operation with its own resources. On the other hand, it tries to co-
ordinate the communications networks between member countries and to reduce the
I communications rates. Questions of transmission cost precisely constitute one of
~ the essential prablems with which the new agencies are confronted; they would like
; to generalize the press bulletin service and adapt it to their needs while making
~ optimum use of existing resources---high-frequency radio broadcasts, for example-- ~
and by joining s3tellite communications projects when they do exist.
The pool collaborates with the UNESCO ~u coordina~e their respective actions; it
is also interested in training progra~s for agency journalists by getting together
, with existing institutions. ~
IPS (Inter Press Service), an agency created in 1964, upon the initiative of jour- ~
nalists, which always had the job of redefining the content and flow of information
concerning the Third World, has also joined the pool, in particular making avail-
able to it its Latin American network and participating in the redistribution of
information from the pool on an international scale. Independently of this col-
laboration, IPS since 1979 has been participating in a cooperation accord among ~
certain South American agencies, the ASIN, whose initiator is the Venezuelan news
agency VENPRESS.
The international press agencies often are present on the occasion of this world- '
wide change. This was true of Reuter in the case of CANA or the establishment of
the Tanzanian news agency. AFP [French Press Agency] is not indifferent to these
new agency esta},l~ahments perhaps because of the regional ambitions of MENA, the -
Egyptian agenc.~, in connection with the Islamic informa.tion agency project or in
conjunction with the establishment of the agency of the Gulf (4). At the Stockholm
international conference in April 1978, one of the participants was able to say:
"The more numerous the media are throughout the world, the more effective will the
work of the big agencies be since the national agencies will then play the role of
first-line gatekeeper." This thought shows the role which the big western news
agencies intend to continue to play.
The stage following this decisive decade should bring the development of the resources
of the national agencies in terms of personnel and technical equipment to strengthen
the international redistribution of pr~ss information, involving a reorganization
effort which, for the time being, nevertheless remains entirely limited on the
quantitative level, since the three first agencies with a Third World orientation,
Tanjug, IPS, and MENA, disseminate only a little more than one percent of ~he words
transmitted each day by all of the international agencies. -
FOOTNOTES
1. AFP, which has public status and which conducts most of its business with clients
in the public sector, cannot use the same arguments.
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- 2. See AFRIQUE-ASIE, No 227.
3. Agency of the Argus press group of H. Oppenheimer.
4. The regional bureau of the AFP and the Agency of the Gulf have their headquar- -
ters in the same c~ty, Handma, Bahrein.
COPYRIGHT: 198U Afrique-Asie _
5058
CSO: 5500
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. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
MADAGASCAR
BRIEFS
MICROWAVE NETWpRK--The Malagasy Democratic Republic in 1982 will have Africa's most
modern hertzian network, partlq operating with the help of solar energy. This net-
work will provide telephone and television coverage for the southeastern part of -
the island, between Fianarantsoa and Toliara (Tulear), the island's most heavily
populated coastal zone. The total order, which was obtained by Thomson-CSF, comes
to more than F100 million (or 5 billion Malagasy francs). It involves the turnkey
delivery of a network of 45 hertzian stations and the supply of the installations
for 19 television transmitters. The 45 stations will be equipped with the new
TFH 250 unit, with 960 telephone channels with low power consumption, operating
in the 6 GHz frequency band. Ta achieve a maximum reduction in the consumption of
fuel to be used in supplying the equipment with energy, 18 stations will be equip-
ped with supply systems operating on solar energy. T[ie others--which require a
larger installed power because of the need for supplying several units (transmitters,
multiplex, service equipment units) will be provided with turbines operating on
closed circuit. This particularly reliable solution requires a minimum of mainten-
ance. The television transmitters will be supplied by LGT,.an affiliate of Thomson-
- CS~, the world leader in television transmitters and retransmitters, whose capacity
goes as high as 1 kw. To make it possible to start the network by the required
deadlines (f irst half of 1982), Thomson-CSF has already sent a technical team to
the area to take care of the civil engineering work. The company will also parti-
cipate in the training of operating personnel and maintenance technicians. [Text]
[Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 23 23 Jan 81 p 205] 5058
CSO: 5500
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