JPRS ID: 9304 USSR REPORT METEORLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9602
13 March 1981 -
~ West Euro e Re ort ~
p p
- CFOUO 1~5/81) :
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAS~ INFORMATION SERVICE
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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Cvn v. '
JPRS L/9602
13 March 1981
' WEST EUROPE REPORT
; ~
(FOUO 15/81)
CON1'ENTS ~
~
i COUNTRY SECTION -
i
i DENMARK
~ -
; Faeroes' Finance Minister Steps Ibwn, Warns of Proble~
~ (Ulf G. Eriksson; VEQCANS AFFARER, 29 Jan 81) . . . . o . . . o . . . 1
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
FDP Coalition P~licy in Different Laender
(CAPITAL, Feb 81) ....................o...............o....o.... 3
~
~ FRAN CE '
i
i ' Super Gendarmes' of ' GI(~d' To Fi.ght Terrorism
(Elisabeth Schemla; LE NOUVEL OBSERVATEUR, 2 Feb 81)...0.0..... 6 ~
Preselection Tests, Procedures for Astronauts Viewed
(J. Bremond, et al.; MEDECINE ET ARMEES, Jan 81)..........o.... 9
ITALY ~
; Interview With Repentant Terrorist Sandalo
(Marcella Andreoli; L'EUROPEA, 19 Jan 81).........ooo.........~ 29 '
' PC~-L~bor Union Tensions Reported -
� (~L MONDO, 23 Jan 81).....o ..................o.o.............o. 38
Communist Offensive in Unions, by Alessandro Caprettini
- Scheda Interviewed, Rinaldo S~.:heda Interview
SWE DEN '
Saab, Ericsson and Volvo Cooperate To ContesC U.S. Space Lead
(.~lnika Halldin; VE(~f1NS AFFARER, 29 Jan 81) . . . . 42
~ Bohman's Economi.c Program Not Adequate To Stem Decline
j (Johan Myhrman; VE(KANS AFFARER, 29 Jan 81) 49
I
- a - [III - WE - 150 FOUO]
~
~I F41Tt (1FFf!"i A T. i f.SF. (1NT ,Y
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COUNTRY SECTION DENMARK ~
FAEROCS' FINANCE h1INISTER STEPS DOWN, WARNS OF PROBLEMS
I Stockholm VECKANS AFFARER in Swedish 29 Jan 8Z p 29
~ j [Report by Ulf G. Eriksson based on interview with Demmus Henze] -
i
; [Text] A Nordic tax paradise on the way to breaking loose from
i Denmark, one might call the little Faeroes island group far out
in the Atlantic. Dividends are taxed at only 12 percent, bank
j interest at only 0.5 percent. The population is growing, but
; . the future i_s not without problems; fishing accounts for 95 per-
~ cent of exports and is thus entirely dependent on world market
; prices. "We must transform our fisheries," says Demmus ~tenze,
I outgoing finance minister. f
~
Torshavn (VECKANS AFFARER)--"Do away with real estate assessments and taxes on
real property, minimize the taxes on stock dividends and savings." Demmus Henze,
outgoing minister of finance of the Faeroes and leader of the conservative People's
Party, ivould like to give that advice to his Swedish colleague Gosta Bohman. _
' "That way the Faeroese do not speculate in stocks, real estate, or money transac-
tions," says Demmus Henze. �'Here we earn money by honest work."
_ The Faeroes with their independent position within the Kingdom of Denmark appear
today as something of a tax paradise for their tax-ridden Nordic neighbors.
_ Stock dividends are taxed at 12.5 percent, wzthheld by the company in question.
The same is true of savings, where 0.5 percent is paid directly to the treasury.
I Interest and dividends are thus not counted in with the remaining income.
i
~ Real estate taxes and real estate assessments are completely unknown concepts on
' the ~aeroes--a thing that must be felt as sweet music by the many Swedish land-
owners who are agonizing over what the recent real estate assessments will have
in the way of economic consequences.
"Certainly the tax climate }iere in the Faeroes is considerably more favorable
than in the other Nordic countries," Demmus Henze concedes. "But calling our
country a tax ~aradise is wrong. Quite recently we were forced to raise the in-
come taxes quite considerably, and they are nearly as high now as those of other
� . Nordic countries."
But i~ must be borne in mind that the Faeroese earns at least as much as an in-
come-receiver in the rest of the Kingdom of Denmark. In many cases more.
1
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A general optimism prevails on the Faeroes. The population growth is good: in
1970 the population increased to nearly 39,000 inhabitants, and now nearly 44,000
people live in the strange little island kingdom way out in the Atlantic.
Not in the EC
"Our big problem is the transformation of our fisheries," says Demmus Fienze.
"Since the Lagting Riksdag) resolved that the Faeroes shall be outside the EC
while Greenland, e.g., is in, the possibilities of fishing a long way out have
decreased very significantly. In addition, the quotas in the Atlantic and in the
North Sea f.or more and more species of fish have decreased very significantly in
recent years.
"There are two ways out of this dilemma: first, a considerable restructuring of
- the fishing fleet is needed from larger vessels for distant fishing to smaller ones
for home fishing, and second, the larger vessels must go to distant seas and con-
tinents."
.
In spite of the 200 nautical mile economic zone around the Faeroes tl~at was pro- -
claimed several years ago, the big fishing trawlers now go a long way from home
to make their living. It is especially the floating shrimp canneries that now -
fish, e.g., in the waters off Guiana on the north coast of South America and along
the west coast of Africa.
"Certainly it is a hard conversion that is taking place," Demmus Henze cencedes,
but he is optimistic. "We have chances of increasing employment quite consider-
ably in this work by further proc~essing the fish we catch. Today about 12 per-
cent of the catch is processed; we hope to be able to double that figure within
a.few years. In addition we are investing state money in other industries to get
them started." -
Last sprinb the Nordic Council again discussed the question of the Faeroes' repre-
sentation; the goal is for the island group to have a quite independent status in
most of the Nordic cooperation.
Demmus f{enze regards a break with Denmark as inevitable some time in the first
decade of the 2000's. "Denmark and the Faeroes are such different societies that
the union must gradually end."
- COPYRIGHT: Ahlen F, Akerlunds tryckerier, Stockholm, 1981
8815
CSO: 3109
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COUNTRY SECTION FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
FDP COALITION POLICY IN DIFFERENT LAENDER
I, Hamburg CAPITAL in German Feb 81 pp 16-17
~ [Article: "Into the Coalition Bed"]
i Text Not lon a o the FDP in Rhineland-Palatinate e
[ ] g g, xpressed its ambivalent re-
j lationship to the governing Christian Democrats ;.n Mainz by presenting CDU Minister
President Bernhard Vogel with a hot-water bottle as a morning gift. Vogel, who is
~ governing with a ma.ndate of 51 out of 100 Landtag seats, would prefer to share the
I power with the FDP. While addressing the party, he had become offensive. Ha had -
~ no intention, the confiYmed bachelor said--it just slipped out--"tn keep his
i bedcover open c~nstantly in expectation that the FDP will ~ump into the coalition
bed."
The Free Democrats responded to Vogel's graphic turn-of-phrase and continued the
~ metaphor: They sent the head of government a hot-water bottle to assure that at
least his feet would not get cold while he was constantly holding his bedcover
op er. .
~ Vogel's dilemma: Following a rap3d dwindling of voters during the most rece~t
Bundestag election, the CDU in Rhineland-Palatinate will have to fear the loss
of its absolute majority during the Landtao elections in 1983. To be able to ~
work better with the liberals, if that time should come, he would like to have ~
; them in the cabinet right now. The FDP, however--true to its motto: "No
coalition with parties that have an absolute ma~ority"--firml.y rejected the ide~a.
; The CDU, on the other hand, will have to make sure right now that its Bundesrat
' majority will not be endangered by three important Landtag elections--preceding the
elections in 1983 in Rhineland-Palatinate and Schleswig-Holstein, the Lower Saxons
will elect a new.parliament next year. The prospects are certainly not ros.y.
To be sure, Bernhard Vogel is mos.t likely to get the support of the liberals. The ~
voluntary opposition by the FDP in Mainz which has .existed for almost 10 years is
bordering on insanity anyway,
Among all the Land associations, the FDP on the Rhine and Mosel has the most
bourgeois structure. The assumption that the overwhelming majority of its voters
intentionally voted for the FDP as a liberal antidote at the side of the CDU was
confirmed by the re~ults to a survey which was conducted, of all things, by
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Vogel's state chancellory to find out how CDU voters feel about a CDU-FDP coalition: ~
A majority of union voters were against it; among FDP voters, however, two-thirds -
were in favor of a coaliti.on with the CDU. -
Against this background, there seems to be no logic whatsoever to the self-
restriction of wanting to control a party, which has a majority by mandate, from
the opposition instead of fram within the government as a partner. Hans-Di.etrich
Gensc:her, federal chairman of the FDP, recognized this a long time ago and gave -
his party-friends in Mainz the green light for a rapprochement with the Union.
His colleagues in Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, Ernst Albrecht and Gerhard
Staltenberg, would like to be able to look into the future similarly unconcerned.
In Hannover, a CI1U govenunent is governing by itself owing to the fact that during
the most recent Landtag elections the FDP fell below the 5-percent limit; the
relative ma~ority of votes for the CDU thus became an absolute mandated majority.
The ~hock led to a change in the FDP Land leadership. To be sure, the current Land
chairman, the farmer Heinrich Juergens, tried to keep the party open for a while.
Following the spectacular election result for the liberals during the Bundestag
election, however, Juergens changed his opinion: The CDU had lost 5.9 percent
of its votes; the FDP, on the other hand, had come up with its best election result
since 1961, ge~tting 11.3 percent of the votes. As a consequence, according to
Juergens, the party will not be able to circumvent the coalition issue.
The Social Democrats surrounding Karl Ravens in Hannover are quite sure: "They
will approach us again." Even CDU Chairman Wilfried Hasselmann admitted before
his most recent Land party rally that there was an assumption, although "certainly
understood," that in 1982 the FDP would probably again decide in favor of the SPD. -
Even President Albrecht himself, who at one time had won over the SPD under its
then cha.irman Roetger Gross, following 2-year "soul massage," is now doing
everything to gain the favor of the liberals. At the same time, however, he is
preparing an election campaign--beginning with the test run of the communal elec- ,
. tions in Lo`aer Saxony in the fall of this year- which will be geared entirely
_ toward his person and the recapture of the absolute ma~ority.
Gerhard Stoltenberg in Kiel urill also have to fight for it. During the last pro- -
vincial-diet elections, the CDU sti11 got the absolute mandated majority with 48.3
percent. At the time, the FDP which was still to the left of the SPD got 5.7 per-
cent. During the Bundestag elections last fall, however, the liberals captured
12.7 percent of the votF,,s in this area.
Stoltenberg can therefore hardly depend on the permanent quarrels of the SPD sur- �
- rounding Klaus Matthiesen, leading candidate and two-time loser. Even if the SPD
continues to hover near the 40-pe~cent mark, the liberals need to add only 2 to 3
percent during the provincial-diet elections to relegate the CDU to the minority--
and with it probably to the opposition. If Stoltenberg's wooing remains without
success, a coalition cabinet led by the SPD will govern at the Kiel Bay.
4
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13evertheless, if Albrecht and Stoltenberg were to go, the Union ma~ority in the
Bundesrat would be over; Helmut Schmidt would find himself in. exactly the same
role as Adenauer: a chancellor who can depend on the support of ma~orities in both
houses.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 GRUNER + JAHR AG & C0.
8991 ~
CSO: 3103
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COUNTRY SECTION FRANCE
' 'SUPER GENDARMES' OF 'GIGN' TO FIGHT TERRORISM
; Paris LE NOWEL OBSERVATEUR in French 2 Feb 81 pp 44-45
[Article by Elisabeth Schemla: "The Elite Tough Guys"J
; [Text] To counter terrorists, neutralize "fanatics" and answer
~ the call of "friendly nations," Giscard now has his deterrent
force: the supergendarmes of the G.I.G.N. [Intervention Group
of the National Gendarmerie] _
i Captain Christian Prouteau, thirty-six years old, head of the Intervention Group of
the National Gendarmerie, is fit as a fiddle. A fanatic holed up in his house in
Pauillac (Gironde) last 30 October sprayed him with 53 shots, making his head and
' neck a regular sieve, but left only harml.ess scars. Not a shadow of any psychologi-
i cal aftereffects. Spirits intact. Proteau ought to have worn his bulletproof hel-
~ met, according to the rules. "But a leader, especially in action, ought to show his
~ gallantry," said one of his deputies, "and do a bit more than his team. That's the
~ GIGN. In his hospital room in Bordeaux, Prauteau did not want to show his wife his
scarred face. But day after day his men, who had come from Paris, took turns at
his bedside. "We did not leave him for one moment alone with himself. That�s the
GIGN...."
i
i They tried in vain not to be an elite corps, hating the nickname "our French James
i Bond," but these 56 policemen are not a little ~roud of belonging to the assault
group Saudi Arabia preferred over Che Americans a year ago to help it quell the
~ Mecca insurrection. They would not give up their place evento assume command of a
~ police squad. In 6 years only one of them has "deserted," heart-broken. "Either
~ your GIGN or me," his wife had warned. And rightly so: these soldiers have an ex-
; clusive passion for their mission.
"It all was decided in September 1972 after the slaughter in Munich at the Olympic
games," Captain Prouteau recalled. At that time the elite West German sharpshooters,
after having carefully prepared their operation, showed their inability to save the
hostages held by the terrorists. The final carnage made one wonder: and if the same
" thing happened in France? The answer was clear: we would do no better than our
neighbors. "The GIGN was started from that," Prouteau continued. "Similar to the
"anti-gang" of commissioner Robert Broussard, the gendarmerie was entrusted with the
task of forming a peace-keeping force able to respond effectively to modern forms of
terrorism: hostages, airplane hijackers." The group is empowered to act on French
territory, obviously, but also in other countries--French-speaking or not--linked
with France by a technical assistance treaty and who request it.
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Muscular Bodies and Solemn Look
Operational in 1974, the GIGN has since become well-known and its super-gendarmes
have acquired an international reputation. They were the ones who in Djibouti in
1976 rescued 30 French children talcen in a coach by Somali Coast Liberation F'rbnt
guerillas. They were also the ones in "operation Cla~rvaux" in 1978, involving two
armed mutinous prisoners locked up with two guards in a prison watch tower and
threatening them with guns. And they were the ones wl-io intervened in Mecca at the -
end of 1979. And it was still they, who without gunfi,.e, arrested Corsican national-
ists at the beginning of 1980 who had barricaded themselves in Ajaccio's hotel
Fesch. The operations were more or less prestigious but always effective.
"The results are there," Prouteau continues. "Since the GIGN's creation we have
carried out 84 missions, or an average of 14 per year. We have freed 212 hostages,
rendered 49 fanatics harmless, and carried out 63 arrests." Joint GIGN efforts
with other Western bloc groups of the same kind have moreover put a stop to hostage-
_ taking, up to a few years ago a favorite method of international terrorism. "For
France alone the deterrent effect is unquestionable. In 1973-1974 you could count
18 to 20 hostage takings per year. Today the figure has dropped to three or four,
for a variety of reasons."
Within the protective framework of old fortifications at the Parisian suburb of
Maisons-Alfort, Prouteau and his men are feverishly preparing for their future
missions.
Four off icers, 50 non-commissioned officers. Blue tracksuits, muscular bodies,
solemn look. Each day at eight o'clock in the morning, regardless of the weather,
they jog eight to ten kilometers. They are almost as good as cross country cham-
pions. Then they go to the gym where they take up the martial arts--karate, self-
def ense, hand-to-hand combat, fighting with knives, all reviewed and adapted in the
light of experience acquired in actual operations. They are brown belt or black belt.
At noon, home with tYa family or at the mess, they have lunch. Three thousand
calories per day, very little wine, almost no tobacco. At 2 pm they practice shoot-
ing. The grande finale: place a bullet in the shoulder of a make believe hostage-
taker wno is holding his prey against himself; hit the bull's eye, at 150 meters'
distance, on a small bottle of gas placed on the ground, and many other exploits
. as well. Taken together, they shoot a total of 500,000 bullets per year, at 8.5
francs per bullet.
The "sense of responsibilities".
But they can also be seen doing many different things. Go from one building to
another, 50 meters above the ground, without any protection, hanging on to a rope.
To let themselves slid down a rope along the fourteenth floor, or conversely, climb
from one balcony to the next up to the roof using only their hands and feet. They
swim regularly, for a long time and very quickly, in their pool. They do skin diving
of course. And, on outings, water skiling on the Marne, as good as the best. As :
parachutists, diving has no mysteries for them. They are also excellent skiers. -
And furthermore: they have fun playing gandarmes (of the GIGN) and terrorists,
shooting in the air with real bullets. In another drill, whose aim is "to gain
pprfect control of oneself and a sense of responsibilities," one of them, protected
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by a mere bulletproof vest, lets himself be aimed at, at point blank range (seven,
eight meters) by one of his comrades...and says "At first your throat is a little
dry, but you gain confidence quickly..." There are a~ways four or five GIGN men
out of action due to more or less serious training in3uries. Their quarters bears
the name of one of them who was killed in a dangerous drill.
In fact they know how to do everything and can do it. "Each intervention poses a -
precise problem and requires a special strategy. We must be able to respond to all
situations. Thus, at Djibouti we had to stay motionless under a blazing sun, with
our finger on the trigger, for ten hours. All that is not improvised. It is not
enough to be a sharpshooter."
The average age of the GIGN is 29 years. No one is less than 25 years or more than
40. Mature and balanced men are needed. There is only one bachelor among the 56
gendarmes: to enter the group, which is exclusively voluntary, marriage is a sine
! qua non. It happens that Prouteau rejects a non-commissioned officer because he has
' three or four children: too many orphans in case of death. The GIGN does not only
require physical qualzties, far from it. Coming from different backgrounds--children
' and grandchildren of gendarmes come into close contact with teachers' children--they
; all have good knowledge of law, of psychology and...politics. Electronics, mechanics,
and ballistics are all part of their field of study. "When I recruit," Prouteau
~ says, "I test everything." A deep military secret prevails over those tests.
: The equipment, carefully itemized and arranged in underground premises, includes
i traditional arms and homemade gadgets. This is the domain of Captain Paul Barril,
~ 34 years old, Prouteau's deputy, looking like a very virile Tony Curtis, quite a
~ genius in odd jobs. His inventions are wrapped up in big black attache cases re-
! minding one of those in 007. Material he has had "second thoughts" aY,out is piled
I on shelves. Glasses to see at night like in the daytime, grenades ir. polystyrene--
not to wound--or to blind someone to throw them off balance--improvei, endoscopes
; permitting one to see what is going on in a room without being seen, stethoscopes to
~ locate a ma.n's position through a wall... The list could be endless. "All our ef-
~ forts," Barril explains, "are directed toward a single objective: avoid killing.
It is childish to fire into the crowd in no matter wha*_ situation. Tha~ is the easy
! way out. We are meticul~us with our equipment because we wish to obtain the maximum
' of information without shedding blood. For us that is an absolute rule."
~
Of course blood is shed nevertheless, but only when there is no other solution. In
' that, the GIGN unquestionably differs from the antigang brigade, and even more so
from the increasingly quick-triggered police. True, the State pays for that excel-
lence. ~aenty million francs is about the GIGN budget, with the salaries--7,000
francs per month for the two chiefs and 5,000 for their men--coming from the super-
~ising ministry.
"It is a huge budget," Prouteau concedes, "which might seem disproportionate when
you think of the investments needed to train gendarmes and update their outmoded
equipment." These are gendarmes who are called on to intervene in our daily lives
infini.tely more often than the GIGN. But the State, in that domain as ;n others,
does not place a price on deterrence.
� COPYRIGHT: 1980 "Le Nouvel Observateur"
9772
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COUNTRY SECTION FRANCE
~
PRESELECTION TESTS, PROCEDURES FOR ASTRONAUTS VIEWED
Paris MEDECINE ET ARMEES in French Jan 81 pp 9-19
[Article by J. Bremond, R. Carre, R. Auffret, and H. Vieillefond*: "Medical
Selection of the Cosmonauts"]
[Text] Within the framework of the French-Soviet collaboration, it was decided
_ that a French cosmonaut would participate in 1982 in a live-in m3ssion on board a
Saliout Soviet orbital station. This individual would be in charge of carrying
out a program of scientific projects taking advantage of the very sp ecial candi-
tions of the space flight.
The national center of space studies (CNES) has asked ~the Department of Health of
the Armies to handle the selection of the French cosmonaut candidates on the
medical level.
I. - INTRODUCTION
1) Selection on files
One hundred ninety three candidatures were expressed by the forwarding of a file
between November and December 1979. Out of these 193, 26 were presented by women.
Two work groups were entrusted with examining the files:
- the medical selection was done by the practitioners of the CPEMPN of Paris
- (principal flying personnel medical evaluation center); this first step led to the
picking out of 176 files;
* J. Bremond, physician in chief, head of research in experimental psychology
R. Carre, physician in chief, /agrege/ prcfessor of aerospace medicine _
R. Auffret, physician in chief, head of research of the department of health of
the armies, head, physician of thE in-flight and aerospace medicine laboratory
tests V. Vieillefond, physician in chief, /agrege/ professor of aerospace
medicine.
Reprints: R. Auffret, laboratory of aerospace medicine, in-flight test center, _
91220 Bretigny Air.
Key Words: Astronautics Aeronautic and Space Medicine Medical Selection.
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- on the other hand, a group of engineers, scientific staff, and administrative
personnel working within the CNES examined and classified the files on the basis of
criteria including:
_ technical competency, familiarity with the scientific equipment and operational
tasks requiring instantaneous decisions, linguistic capabilities, and participation
in sports.
This second step in the selection process narrowed the field down to 72 candidates
for the series of physical aptitude tests.
2) Medical Selec tion
The first step in this process (December 1979 - January 1980) consisted of a
preliminary examination at a flying personnel evaluation center (CEMPN), fflllowed
; by a test to determine sensitivity to disorientation of the equilibration system
(vestibular system) conducted in the aerospace medicine laboratory (Ioamas) of the `
flight test center. This test, conceived by the Soviet specialists, is designed
to measure the resistance to the discomfort or nausea caused by a prolonged expo-
sure to weightlessness conditions. T'nis examination was the most eliminatory of
all the tests undergone by the candidates. The results of this f irst group of
tests led to the selection of 32 candidates (including 8 women).
The second stage (December 1979 - January 1980) included:
- in-depth medical tests carried out by the doctors at the CPEMPN, the department
of aeronautic medicine and the teaching hospital Dominique Larrey, and other
; hospital services at military hospitals;
' - psychological tests by CERPAIR and psychiatric tests by CMPCAA (medical center of
~ clinical psychology of the air force);
i
I - special physiological tests by the LAMAS of the CEV (Flight Test Center).
i
, Upon concluding these tests, only seven candidates were found to be physically
~ qualified.
; 3) Occu~ational Selection (January - February 1980)
Three series of interviews with the series of candidates who underwent special
~ physiological tests (19) were organized in order to evaluate the general capaci.ty
to fulfill the requirements of the mission, the scientific competency, and the
linguistic aptitude.
The first series of interviews took place before a group of experts, mostly from
outside the CNES and representative of the scientific space community. The pur-
pose of these interviews was not to judge the level of knowledge acquired by the
~ interest in science and the capacity to bec~me rapidly familiarized with new sub-
j ects .
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The second series took place before a group within the CNES including engineers,
scientific personnel, as well as specialists in international relations, public
relations, and administrative matters. The purpose of these interviews was to
evaluate the motivation and in particular to assess the capability of the candi- -
dates in the function of representation.
, The third series was organized with linguistic teaching specialists in order to -
test the competencies acquired by the candidates who had agreed to make a sub-
stantial personal effo rt to familiarize themselves with the Russian language and,
in particular, to test the aptitude for acquiring new foreign languages. :
4) Results and Conclusions '
At the end of a particularly severe selection process, as far as the level of the
physical aptitude tests are concerned, six candidates were pronounced fit according
to the medical criteria set forth by the Soviet specialists. It should be pointed
out that the French and Soviet medical teams met several times, especially during
the se~lection preparation stage, during which the French physicians were received
_ by the Soviet specialists at ~raining centers. Five were selected at the end of
February to begin the training in France, essentially dedicated: to learning the
Russian language, to familiarization with space techniques and with the program
of scientific experiments to be conducred during the mission, and to an initiation
to parachuting and free fall. :
After a meeting with the Soviet medical commission in May, four of the candidates _
- were j udged to be capable of confronting the stresses of training and space flight
both for their physical as well as their psychological qualities.
The two candidates selected in the end were chosen by the selection committee of
the CNES on the basis of the entire range of physical, psychological, professional,
and human qualities required for the mission. The candidates in question were two
- air f orce pilots.
Some statistics:
- - the proportion of women has remained almost constant throughout the selection
process; from 13% at the time when the files were sent in, it shif ted to 17% at
the time of the f inal tests;
_ - the median age at the beginning of the selection process rose slightly to 35.4
by the final tests, especially under the inf,luence of the vestibular tests with
the youngest candidates being the most sensitive;
- the proportion of military subjects increased from 34% to 43% and the proportiot:
of pilots increased fram SO% to 100%, with a regular increase at each stage.
,
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Table I. Participation by categories according to the selection phases.
Selection Preliminary First In-depth Special Qualified
prase medical vestibular medical tests ca~didates
Statistics examination test exam.
Women 18% 15% 25% 26~ 17%
Av. age 33.2 yrs 33.~ yrs 34 yrs ~4 yrs 35.4 yrs
Military 349' 39Y 37% 37% 43~
Personnel
Pilots 69% 74% 69% 73% 100%
' II. - THE CLINICAL SELECTION
~ Each candidate was suppesed to fill out a questionnaire of inedical nature dealing ~
~ with his history and to schedule a visit with his family doctor. ~
I
~ The analysis of the 193 questionnaires made it possible to eliminate Ib
subjects. After a study of the technical files, 67 were scheduled for an aptitude
; visit with the flight personnel at the evaluation centers of Bordeaux, Ma.rseilles,
i and Strasbourg. Sixteen were eliminated by this preselection visit. Thirty-two
% candidates chosen by the national center of space studies were summoned to the
~ CPEMPN of Paris for the clinical stage. This had to conform to the protocol de-
fined by the Soviets for their cosmonauts.
~ During one week, the examination took place at the Paris CPII~N, but certain tests
~ were conducted either at the department of aeronautic medicine of the military
hospital Dominique Larrey (pulmonary function exploration, continuous 24-hour
~ recording of the electrocardiogram, maximum effort test), or at the Begin military
i hospital (gynecologic examination for the women, panoramic radiologic examination
of the dental arches) or, for certain chemical analyses, at the Percey military
i hospital.
~ The clinical examination ascertains the organic and functional integrity of all
~
i the systems, of the internal organs, and of the osteo-articular apparatus. It
includes a biometric study with measurement of the weight, height, head-buttocks
height, and segmentary measurements of the arms and legs.
1) The general medicine examinations _
These included for each system a clinical exatni.nation coupled with specialized
tests.
~ a) Examination of the cardiovascular system. Thi~s includes:
- a clinical examination with determination of the blood pressure lying down and
taking of the peripheral pulses;
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- electrocardiogram at rest with twelve leads;
- x-rays of the heart (face, left anterior oblique, right anterior oblique);
- phonocardiography with four bands of frequencies 35 hz, 70 hz, 140 hz, 280 hz,
with carotidogram (morphologic and chronologic study: semi-ascension time,
ejection time) and chronocardiographic study of the systolic times;
- continuous recording of. the electrocardiogram over 24 hr and analysis by com-
puter;
- maximum effort test
The test cons9.sts of making an effoxt of increasing intensity in order to reach the
thea~etical maximum heart rate (220 - age of the sub~ect). The effort is performed
on an ergometric bicycle equipped with an electromagnetic brake. A 40 watt brake
is displayed at the beginning and is increased by 20 watts every 2 min until the
theoretical maximum heart rate is obtained. Simultaneous recording is performed on
peripheral or precordial leads.
The electrocardiogram is recorded: before effort, in recumbent and sitting
position; during effort; during the 10 min that follow, the subject remaining
seated on the b:tcycle.
During the same period of time, the bluod pressure is measured every min. -
b) Examination of the respiratory system
In addition to a clinical and x-ray examination, this includes a classical
spirographic study of the ventilatory function.
~
The parameters measured are: vital capaci�ty, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory
reserve volume, residual volume (using helium), total pulmonary capacity, maximum -
second expiratory volume, Tiffeneau and Cournand values, plus acetylcholine
provocation test.
c) Neurologic examination with study of the motility, reflectivity, coordination, -
sensitivity, and state of the sympathetic system.
d) Electroencephalogram with SLI and hyperventilation test
e) Clinical examination in order to ensure that there are no anomalies of the
lymphatic system or thyroid, plus examinations and palpation of the abdomen and
genital organs with rectal examination.
- 2) The radiologic tests,
These consist of:
- x-ray of the entire spinal column;
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- radiographic examination of the skull;
- x-rays of the sinuses of the face;
- panoramic x-ray examination of the dental arches making it possible to diagnose
- foci of dental infection as well as anomalies of dental development (orthopantomog- -
raphy);
1 - intravenous urography with study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder;
- examination of the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract.
3) Laboratory tesrs
i
- hematologic: RBC, WBC, and platelet count, hemoglobin in grams, electrophoresis
~ of the hemoglobin in order to eliminate a hemoglobin disease, globular value,
hematocrit, and sedimentation rate of the erythrocytes.
; - Serologic examination of treponemas with VDRL reaction, passive hemagglutination
i reaction of the treponemas, hemolysis reaction with cardiolipid antigen and with
~ Reiter's treponomic antigen, flocculation reaction (Kline).
i - Urinalysis with examination: urinary protain, urinary glucose, urinary pH,
density, bilirubin, blood chemxs~~y studies, acetone, urinary sediment.
- Parasitologic examination of the stools under direct examination and after con-
centration, blood chemistry studies.
- Provoked hyperglycemia
- Blood chemistry constants: serum creatinine, serum urine, serum glucose, serum
i cholesterol, serum lipids, serum uric acid, serum tr:iglycerides; total and conju-
- gatpd serum bilirubin, blood electrolytogram (serum chlorine, serum sodium,
potassium, calcium, and phosphorus).
-i - Enzyme activities: ~GOT transaminases, SGPT transaminases, gamma glutamyl- _
transferase; areatinine phosphokinase, lacticodehydrogenase.
i - Determination of the serum alcohol
I - Australia antigen study
~
4) Ophthalmologic examination
The ophthalmologic examination c~nsists o~ three stages: a clinical and functional
stage, a more precise functional stage, and an electrophysiologic stage.
a) The clinical stage permits:
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- study of the visual acuity from close-up and a distance with and without correc-
tion;
- study of the refraction; -
- measurements of the heterophorias from c.lose-up and a distance using a stick and -
a Maddox rod; -
- measurement of the punctum proximum of convergence and accommodation with the
proximeter; -
- measurement of the morphoscopic threshold with stereograms and the TNO test; '
- measurement of the morphoscopic threshold with Beyne's scotoptometer;
- study of the chromatic sense wirh the Ishihara tables;
- clinical examination of the eyegrounds, of the anterior segments; -
- study of the extcinsic and intrinsic motility;;
- measurement of the ocular tone with the Goldmann aplanoptomer.
b) The functional stage is designed to evaluate the central photopic function in
one eye with:
- study of the sen~itivity conducted with the Friedman equipment;
- study of the chromatic sense performed with the Hue de Farnsworth 100 Cest taking
into consideration a possible axis of anomaly and the total score of the errors,
and wlth the Nagel anomaloscope for the calculation of the Rayl~igh quotient;
- study of the recovery of visual acuity after dazzling and of the adaptation to
lateral dazzling with the Comberg r~cording nyctometer.
The photoscopic visual field is explored with the Goldmann perimeter, studying
three isopters (peripheral, middle, and central) and the area of the blind spot.
When it is found to be necessary an orthoptic evaluation or a study of the night
vision is performed with the Goldmann Weekers adaptometer.
c) the electrophysiologic stage consists of the recording of an electroretinogram
in white and red according to the dynamic metrod of Jayle.
5) ORL examination
- Clinical: with study of the nasopharyngotubar functi,oni.ng, exa,u~i.nation o~ the

_ eyes, larynx, and nose.
- Impedance mPasurement test in order to evaluate the tympano-oss~.cular system and
the tubar permeability.
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- Cochlear: perfect language intelligibility, the tonal audiometric determination
musC be strict, and it is necessary that the subjects display a curve that does
not indicate a deficiency greater than or equal to 20 dB over more than one fre-
quency, even the shrill frequencies.
~ - Vestibular tunction: clinical examination is completed by the following tests:
electronystagmographic study of a latent spontaneous nystagmus, eyes open, eyes
closed, in liglit, and ir. darkness, labyrinthine stimulation (rotating pendulum test, -
hot and cold temperature tests)
Finally the vestibulrr function will be tested in the chapter on special tests con-
ducted at the Bretigny flight test center. :
6) Results
Out of 32 candidates, 14 were eliminated by this medical visit, with varying .
causes of elimination: -
a) ophthalmologically unfit: 6
- insufficient acuity + astigmatism o� two diopters + biolo~ical diabetes +
thickening of the wall of the left maxillary sinus;
; - degenerative chorioretinal lesions;
i
~ - Adie's syndrome + right renal ptosis;
i
~ - insufficient acuity + poor night vision
i - benign neoformation of the posterior layer of the right iris, relative
! amblyopia of the O.D.
I
; - right eye uveitis + poor effort test
I b) Radiologically unfit: 4
i - CSC6 congenital vertebral block both anterior and posterior; -
- asymmetrical cervical block with static disturbances accompanied by unilateral
alterations of anterior vertebral foramen + biological diabetes with hypertri-
glyceridemia;
- LS spondyloslysis with spondylolisthesis (slipping more than 1 cm). Accentuated
pinching of the LSS1 disc;
_ - ptosis of the left kidney with pyelo-ureteral junction syndrome enhanced by the
ptosis;
- rather accentuated ptosis of the left kidney with mild excretory reverberation.
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c) Otorhinolaryngologically unfit: one
-osteoma of the right frontal sinus + several EEG anomalies (several theta bursts
well localized in the left temporal region) _
d) unfit with respect to medical findings: one
- respiratory function e~loration: asthma + L4L5 disc pinch.
3) Electroencephalographically unfit: 2
- presence of discrete anomalies of slow delta and theta waves in the left
temporal region -
- bitemporal intermittent theta bursts reaching a maximtmn on the right, very keen
response to SLT + slight right renal ptosis _
f) unfit from the laboratory standpoint: 2 ~
- biological diabetes, but these two sub~ects had another reason for being eliminat-
ed
III. - THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SELECTION
Outside of the indications furnished by the Soviet specialists for evaluating the
= various personality aspects, we were given the broadest latitude for choosing the
psychological tests to be administered to the men and women candidates.
, -
This choice was dictated by the need to track down among the candidates those that
appear to be the most qualified obviously to assure the success of the mission but
also to undergo a training of close to two years and to adapt to the particular
environment of this training program (disorientation in a strange country, plus
culture and language problems).
The experience acquired in 1977 for the selection of the Space Lab live load
a~tronauts was certainly useful to us, but there was an important difference be-
tween these two selections. Although in 1977 it was only a question of a scientific
task to be performed on board on Spacelab, the cosmonaut who will fly 3n the
USSR in 1982 in addition to his important scientif ic mission will also have to
participate in the piloting of Soyouz. This has resulted in the adding of a cer-
tain number of tasks used in France by CERPAIR for the selection of military or
civil pilots.
This psycholo~ical selection lasts about three days, two days of which are in the
week preceding the medical selection, which has made ~.t possible to compile re-
sults for 32 candidates.
It includes four successive phases reflecting different methods: performance
tests, personality tests, group tests plus clinical and psychiatric interviews. -
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1) The perfoYmance tests
These include eight written tests and two ~sychomotor tests.
Certain of the written tests correspond to the hypothesis formulated by Guilford
of the existence of a general adaptation capacity represented by four factors
called: numerical, spatial, verbal, and social adaptation. The first three
factors were evaluated by the following tests:
- numerical factor and nonverbal logical reasoning: Domino 70;
- spatial factor: four sub-tests to determine visualization in space and n~ental
manipulation of different geometric images;
- verbal factor: ~tests BV 12 and BV 16 of Bonnardel evaluating similar relation- -
ships pertaining to the word and linguistic capacities pertaining to the phrase. r
_ The social adaptation factor was partly evaluated by the group tests described
below.
' These written tests were supplemented by two tests to evaluate the immediate
~ memory of numbers and shapes and two tests used for the selection of pilots:
; interpretation of instruments on board; reading of dials and numerical tables.
~ Finally, two psychomotor tests, also used for the selection of pilots, were ad-
i ministered during the week following the special tests: a reaction time test with
~ 3iscernment, a test (polyreactograph) evaluating the concentrated attention,
diffused (or divided) attention, and the mastery of attention.
i
~ There is not enough space here to present the details of the results obtained. We
' would simply like to point out that in relation to the reference populations
(university level for the general tests, flight personnel candidates for the other
~ tests) our candidates fell in the middle above the median of the reference popu-
I lations wi,th a smaller distribution, i.e., a greater homogeneity except for the
~ spatial tests for which we did not find any difference.
;
_ 2) The personality tests
Numbering seven, for six of them they were recommended by the Soviet experts for
their renown and worldwide utilization, the ob~ective being to pin down as much as
possib_le the "normal" persanality and to detect possible psychopathologic tenden-
cies. These studies included three pro~ective tests: Murray theme apperception
test (composing of stories suggested by deliberately imprecise images), the -
Rorschach test (ink spots~, and the Rosenzweig test (tolerance to frustration). -
The normal personality was described by the Cattell 16 f'F determination, which
permits a 16-point profile to be established (whence its name) and to be compared
' to a reference profile by calculating a coefficient of similarity. In the absence
- of a more adequate reference, we chose the profile of the American airplane pilots
such as it was worked out by Cattell.
The psychopathologic tendencies were explored by means of two questionnaires: the
Eysenck personality inventory, which makes it possible to determine the place of
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the subjects on two scales, the ene an extraversion-intraversion scale (expansive-
ness, social contacts) and the other a neuroticism scale (emotional liability and
neurotic disturbances under the effect of stress); and a questionnaire for the
detection of psychopathologic tendencies developed by CERPAIR, I.P. 9.73, which
makes it possible to determine where a subject lies on nine scales (eight psycho-
pathologic scales and one validity scale). The latter questionnaire makes use of
the French pilot selection tests.
3) The group behavior tests -
~ These tests, conducted since 1975 on airline pilot candidates, were designed to
place the candidates in a situation of interacting in the midst of a group so as
to determine the subject's usual mode of reaction. Four criteria--decisiveness,
capacity to make judgments, strictness ~f logic, and attitude toward obstacles
- plus social insertion, cooperation, tolerance, and intellectual honesty were
judged in two different situations: group discussi.ons on two subjects chosen by
the whole group from a list of general sub~ects plus problem solving. These tests
are conducted in teams of six candidates with behavior observation by three
psychologists.
The results of these group behavior tests have proved to be very interesting in
their richness and have been found to be very useful by the final selection com- -
mittee of the CNES.
4) In-depth clinical and psychiatric interview
Conducted by psychi.a.trists at the medical center of clinical psychology of the
air force (CNII'CAA), this individual interview lasts 30 to 40 minutes. It is a -
free interview dealing with tfie biography of the subjects and focusing on a search
for anomalies and undesirable personality traits. Having a knowledge of the
results of the group and personality tests, the interviewer is able to summarize
all the available information and to consequently direct the course of the inter-
view.
S) Final synthesis
At the end of these four phases corresponding to different approaches, an overall
opinion is fornrulated comprising four categories:
- - very favorable: subject in whom particularly ou+tstanding performances are ob-
served along with characteristics showing a great deal o� promise;
- favorable: sub~ect in whom no anomaly or pejorative peculiarity is noted but in
whom the performance level of the preceding category is not reached;
- favorable with reservation: subject in whom the evaluation has shown weak points
or somewhat pejorative peculiariti,es despite the high level of the qualifications
otherwise;
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= unfavorable: subject in whom at least one peculiarity seems to be incompatible
with the success of the training program or of the mission.
IV. - SPECIAL SELECTION TESTS
The aerospace medicine laboratory of the in-flight testing center is the only
laboratory in France with means of simulation permitting this selection (centrifuge,
reduced pressure chamUer, rzvolving armchair, ergometer, plus means of functional
exploration and measur~ement). It also has medical teams and techniques specializing
in the compilation and interpretation of physiologic parameters designed to deter- ~
mine the influence of aeronautic and space stress on man.
- Our purpose is to present the special tests and to succintly describe the results
of this selection.
The 19 candidates presenteil (14 men and 5 women) underwent the following tests:
: accel.eration tests in centrifuge, vestibular tests on revolving armchair,
orthostatism tests on rocking table (tilt test) and in low pressure chamber (low
~ body negative pressure), hypoxia test at heights, and muscle exercise tests on
' ergometer.
; . During these tests, the following physiologic parameters were recorded:
~ - cardiovascular (heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, change in volume
' of circulating blood, and cardiac output by electric plethysmography);
- respiratory parameters (rate, tidal volume, alveolar ventilation, oxygen con- ~
, sumption and exhaling of carbon dioxide, plus hemoglobin oxygen saturation);
- vestibular (electronystagmographic, psychometric scale of sympathetic dystonia) ;
These parameters recorded cont~nuously on magnetic tapes and v~sualized graphically
in time are analyzed on the camputer.
20
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:a~..~ -
-~.~a t=.. ,
~
.r~ ~
;Ft.;:.:..:.:;..:._ :
w _
4
' ~ JV'
: :w
; ~
~ ~~4i
-
~AY.
Fig. 1. - General view of the c~entrifuge nacelle. A candidate gets ready to iander= _
go a transverse acceleration + Gzc. The equipment for monitoring and
measuring the physiologic parameters wi11 be noted (C1. CNES).
. . - ~eet~wraa .
h. .
1N '
Mi .
_ , - T
1 ,
N
. q/q ACCltltATf~! . A~T~. 2~~ i~~ t
Fig. 2. - A~ soon as acceleration begins the heart rate accelerates and returns to
the rest values a short ti~ate after stopping the centrifuge. -
Fram top to bottom: longitudiaal acceleration + 5 Gz, transverse acceler-
ation + 10 Gx and + 8 Gx. It will be noted that the accelerations + Gz
- have a greater cardiovascular effect. -
Repos = rest; arret ~ stop; ma = mia
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1) Acceleration tests in centrifuge
These are designed to explore the cardiovascular and respiratory adaptation of the _
, candidates ~.to; ~ accelerations undergone upon departure of the roclcet and upon reentry
into the atmosphere of the space ship at the er.d of the mission.
The accelerations are produced ~by the centrifuge consisting of a vertical rotation
shaft to the end of which is fastened a nacelle that is free to tilt. The estab-
lishment of the acceleration is ob tained by launching with compressed air catapiilt,
relieved by a.n electric motor. The combination of these two conveniently adjusted
drive systems makes it possible to obtain an acceleration establishment of 1 g/~ec.
Each candidate undergoes on the one hand accelerations perpendicular to the large
axis of the body in extended position (transverse accelerations) of + 8 Gx.for
60 sec and of + 10 Gx for 20 sec and on the other hand accelerations parallel to -
; the axis of the body in sitting position (longitudinal acceleration) of + 5 Gz for
~ 30 sec.
We are dealing here with large accelerations and this test has proved to be very _
i discriminatory.
' Four candidates out of 17 were eliminated at the + Gx accelerations and 4 can-
! didates out of 12 were eliminated at the z accelerations.
~
! The cardiovascular anomalies having led to elimination essentially consisted of a
' ma.rked hypotension possibly extending to the point of loss of consciousness,
j reduction of the visual field, or disturbances of intracardiac conduction. In
' contrast, a good tolerance to acceleration is represented by an elevation of the
~ heart rate, a maintaining of the B lood pressure without constriction of the
~ differential, and cardiac and peripheral outputs permitting a good cerebral and -
~ retinal irrigation.
~
i 2) Vestibular tests
I
These are tests to determine tolerance to the accumulation of compos~.te Coriolis
~ accelerations sti.mulating the semicircular ducts of the vestibule.
These tests were conducted on an armchair rotating at a constant speed of
180�/sec.
During an initial two-~minute test, the sub~ect alternately bows his head at the
frequency imposed on his right shoulder and then his left.shoulder. This test i.s s
designed to detect candidates who are sensitive to motion sickness and therefore
unable to tolerate space sickness.
This test eliminated for discomfort 44% of the subjects presented. A second
rotating test of 8 minutes' length perfo~rmed a few days later made i.t possible to
detail the tolerance to Coriolis accelerations and to pronounce ~udgment as to -
the adaptability of the subject to space sickness.
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During this test, the subject bends his head every sixteen seconds along an
antero-posterior axis.
~he intensity of the vestibulo-sympathetic reactions were evaluated by the IQiilov
scheme. The degree of severity of the motion sickness upon stopping the test and
fifteen minutes later was determined quantitatively according to the Graybiel
and Miller scale. -
Hypotensive tendencies, significant changes in heart rate, as well as the length and ~
extent of sensorial illusions w~r.e also taken into consideration.
The night before the tests, the subj ects were asked to abstain from taking any
alcoholic beverages or any medication having an anti-seasickness effect. A check
of the principal anti-seasickaess drugs was done on the urine sample at the end
of the tests.
Out of 19 subjects tested, five were eliminated.
S~ r~~eE .
, f~.~,~�~
. , o
0
�'o .
3
Q
1 II
1
I 1 :
Fig. 4. - The study of the heart rate and a� i,ts variabi.lity pxovides in~ormation
on the vestihular tolerance. One of the candidates (lalack curves) shows
a stable heart rate (curve 1); the variab~ility is almost nil (curve 2%.
He is toleraat to motion sickness. Another subject (gra,y curves) shows
a significant heart rate variabilitp represented by a tachpcardia. This
candidate presented seasickaess during the same stimulation.
- variabilite = variability; frequence/ 10 s= rate/ 10 sec.
23.
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, , . ~ ZExf OIf 0'ORTIIOSTATaME . , _
err~ ' '
~ .
~ ~
~ . , . -
_ ,
i ~ .
I
~ or~r.
I ~
i . 31 ~7 N .~7 ~
~!!0= TpT ~ErCf
Fig. 5, - The variation of the leg volume expressed in ml per 100 ml of tissue
increases as a function of the negative pressure exerted on the lower '
half of the body,
- Above, tracing of an intolerant candidate. There is a very significzzt
venous stasis.
The central curve represents the mean values obtained in the 17 candi-
dates.
Below, tracing of a candidate particularly tolerant to the test.
Test dit d'orthostatisme = orthostatism test; p.cent = per hundred; repos - rest.
3) Orthostatism test
i -
~ One of th e major physiopathologic effects of weightlessness is a new distribution
of tE~e ci rculating blood volumes producing an increase in th e central blood volume
to the detriment ot the infracardiac peripheral zones.
Two tests making it possible to evaluate the normality of the adaptative cardio-
_ vascular reactions have by now been well-codified and their results acknowledged
by the corps of specialists. The first, called "L.B.N.P (low body negative
pressure), consists of applying a negative pressure progressing in stages to 7 kPa -
to the lower part of the body. TEie test Iasts 15 minutes.
The second imposes postural changes on the subject (standing position, lying
" horizontally, lying head down at 15 and_ then 30�).
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The normality of the cardiovascular responses is essentially evaluared by
measurement of the blood volumes contained in the veins of the legs and on the
basis of their mobilization. Out of the 17 candidates that appeared for the
test, 4 were eliminated for ma~or hypotensive disorders or for functional
disturbances of the venous circulation.
4) Hypoxia test at he3ghts
The tolerance to abrupt variations in barometric pressure and the normality of
the barofunction of the sinuses and of the middle ear were tested during a series ~
of climbs to 5000 m followed by rapid descents (45 m/sec). ,
During a stay of 30 minutes at 5500 m. the cardiovascular and respiratory ~
tolerance to hypoxia wa.s evaluated.
One candidate out of 17 was declared to be imfit during this test following the
occurrence of an illness of hypoxic origin.
5) Muscle exercise test -
This test was conducted on an ergometric bicycle in order to determine the adapta-
tions of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems t~ muscle exercise. It makes ~
it possible to select the individuals most qualified to do phqsical work with the
muscles in space since it is known that working under weightless conditions re-
quires an extremely hfgh metabolism level.
The exercise level is fixed at 80% of the maximum theoretical heart rate.
The exercise begins with a pow~r of 100 W for men and 80 W for women. It is then
progressively increased by S~minute W steps until the desired heart rate ~s ob-
tained.
.25.
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_ . � ALTITUOE
il~ F.C.
~ ~
12~ . -
~
.
t~
~ �
N . . ~ �
~ ~ E~ ~ '
I �
j � :
_i ~
~ i!
~
I 1~
~
I
a ~ u r n ~c~.
Fig. 7. - Above: during stay at 55~0 m, the heart rate increases up to the
fifth minute and then stabilizes. The central curve represents the
middle values and the otfier two the extreme values found.
Below: during stap at heights, there are no significant changes in
blood pressure. The upper curve represents the transitory and
emotional course of the sqstolic blood pressure.
F.C. = h.eart rate; P.A. = blood pressure; t.mn = time in tainutes.
~
i
I ~
I
I
26.
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. ~ :.Fr~Y'j.:7{ktlA~'i~R.�
~~~Ai ~ ,
b ~j~dlrNS � - ^'r;~ t+~. ,J;,
!Y-, ~
� ~ K
. ~ . t ~ fy'
1
M ~ .t i(.X{t : 1~~ 9~' ~{ti
, ~ ' .i:T;�.r`.,Fn::wr,`'Y,.'.:..,.: �
x ~ .":ti~. ~'.:;tt.,~~+...?d `Y;::
~ .
.
W
~rnw
N-~w
_ M-aw
~/Ot � t~wl
1� 2~ i~ N
F~.g. 9. - During muscle exercise, the oxygen couswaption (black cuxve) increases
in proportion to the value of the mechanical power developed. The heart
rate (gray curne} foll.ows a parallel course in conformity with the
findings of Astrand.
Exercise musculaire ~ muscle exercise; repos = rest; t(mn) = tia~e (minutes).
CONCLUSTON
Out of the 19 candidates that appeared for the special tests, 5 we~e recognized as
being medically fit to conduct tfie mission, 2 were selected, a.nd 12 were permanently
eliatinated.
The latter figure may appear to be excessively high in relation to the selection
done in 1977 for the SpacelaB pro~ect or ia relatioa to the number of candidatures.
It is explained by the severity of tfie criteria deaianded both on the cardiovascular
as well as ttxe vestibular level. These are in effect the tw+o tests that were the
most discriminatory. ~
Out of 50 candidates that appeared for the vestibular tests 22 were eliminated by ,
the 2-tainute preliminary test aad out of the 19 candidates who underwent the
second 8~minute t~st another 5 were el~minated.
~27.
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As far as the accelerations axe concexned, out o~ the 17 candidates that appeared
8 were eliminated.
The stresses of life during a space flight and of living in weightlessness impoae
rigor as far as the cardiovascular and vestibular functions are concerned.
_ It should be pointed out that among the five candidates chosen at the end of this
selection, all were pilots with various degrees of qualification and specialty.
Moreover during the selection process, the percentage of pilots chosen only showed
an increase between the preliminary tPSts and the final aptitude tests for the
hiring of cosmonauts (45Y pilots upon examination of the files, 69% after pre-
liminary medical examination, and 100y at the end of the selection process). It
. appears logical that the pilots would have cleared all the selection steps taking
into account their professional pagt and their better adaptation to aeronautic
stress (accelerations, hypoxia, sensorial illusions). These data coincide per-
fectly with the results published both after `the selections made in the United ~
States as well as in the Soviet Union where the ma~ority of astronauts are former
military pilots, particularly test pilots.
Finally, the proportion of women remained almost constant throughout the selection
process and it is also those women who had aeronautic exper~.ence who tnade it past
the first stages.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 ADDIM
8359
~ CSO: 3100
2 8. .
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; COUNTRY SECTION ITALY
~ INTERVIEW WITFi REPENTANT TERRORIST SANDALO
j Milan L'EUROPEO in Italian 19 Jan 81 pp 84-89
I
~ [Artica~ by Marcella Andreoli: "This Is How To Defeat the Red Brigades"]
[Text] This is an interview with Roberto Sandalo, the Prima linea [Front Line]
militant arrested on 29 April in Turin. Whea he was jailed, he followed the
example of Patrizio Peci and Carllo Fioroni and coll~borated with the police. The
interview was conducted in 3ai1.
I
Roberto Sandalo is the second "repentant terrorist" who has agreed to talk with a
newspaperman. The first was Marco Barbone, one of the murderers of newspaperman
Walter Tobagi (L'EUROPEO No 44). The result of this interview was a first-hand
description of the reasons that led h3m, like other arrested terrorists, to turn
his back on armed militancy and to make a contribution to the destruction of sub-
version. Sandalo's worda are also an answer, from a distance, to the memorandum
written by Marco Donat Cattin in France before he was arrested.
But the interest in this document goes much further than the human drama of a
~ terrorist who stopped believing in the "fight against the heart of the state."
From the interview--free of the smoke of propaganda, not sub3ected to the microscopic
scrutiny of the sociologist, but experienced personally--come the true reasons for
terrorism: From the distant murder of Luigi Calabresi, concerning which Sandalo
tells a story that is much different from the one for many years accepted as fact,
to the present day demonstrations of armed struggle. It is a long and tortuous
itinerary which must be undertaken if we want to understand the roots of a phenomenon
! that has altered the development of Italian society in the last 10 years and if
I we finally want to defeat terrorism.
I' [Question] Listen, Sandalo, why did you decide to talk?
[Answer] At the time of my arrest 8 months ago, political and personal conditions
had developed that obliged me to question a political plan that no longer had any-
thing to do with the network of the proletarian organization within the class. For
months and months, Front Line was totally estranged from debate on the work of the
~ masses and on its retraining, a debate that should have given primacy to politics.
Front Line continued an abstruse "criticism of arms," and episodes like Via
Ventimiglia at Turin (ed. note: The attack on the Fiat Plant school) were the
obvious examples of this coarse subjectivism.
~ .29:
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[Question] You are the third repentant after Fioroni and Peci. Did you follow
their example or did you make your choice for other reasons?
[AneWer] Aside from the fact that you newspaper people have invented the word
"tepentant," I hope these events are not m~asured on a scale. In any case, I
don~t even know who Peci is. I only lmew a"Mauro" who in February 1980 spoke to
me about the Red Brigades, and I only learned from the newspapers later that he was
Patrizio Peci. Let us say, then, that I lanew him "politically" and that, since our
experiences were different, I have no reason to emulate him by confessing. However,
at the time of my arrest, I was no longer a militant in any organization and to find
myself mired in a colossal investigation against an armed group, far from the tensions
of the workers, made me reflect considerably on my past.
[QuestionJ A Turin judge said some time ago that there is a"race to repentance."
Why so many repentants?
[Answer] So many young people confessed because they could hold out no longer; they
_ no longer felt that the guerrilla fight which lasted for so many years was real
and that, despite this, they had not succeeded in mobilizing the working forces on
- the basis of a plan of insurrection. T'hat means that many had exchanged rightful
class demands for their immediate availability to combat. Yes, there were really
- many militants who had decided to confess. But unfortunately, the "turnover" is
ending and the government has not given, and so far has not wanted to give, a
political reply by passing legislation to open an "escape route" fram these networks.
[QuestionJ The confession of Michele Viscardi marks the end of Front Line. Do you
agree?
[Answer] There j.s no dou~t that Front Line, as an organization, is losing the
national logistical sector almost totally. It lost the structure that permitted
_ it to reproduce operational and political capabilities despite reverses. Instead
of attributing this presumed end of Front Line to Viscardi, I would attribute it to
the persons responsible for the national organization. It is incredible that a
person on an intermediate level like Viscardi would know about an endless number
of places, of bases, of persons in the organization and thus could later have pointed
them out and reported them to the police.
_ The fact is that in Front Line there was an absolute lack of compartmentalization,
so everyone knew everything. This was an eminently political shortcoming deriving
from the absence of political support and development on the command level of
FYont Line. So much so that that level did not begin a process of reconversion in
the obj ectives and plans and instead continued on the same old road.
[Question] But is Front Line rea.lly finished?
[Answer] Probably it is hanging on the ropes. The few fugitives remaining will not
be able to do anything but hope for contact with the Red Brigades if the latter
accept them to "help" those who went off course. At this point, government aid
to help the so many youths who would like to end a clandestine existence would be .
decisive. It would be necessary tc those who have already abandoned the armed
struggle as well as to those who would be willing tv quit but fear long imprisonment.
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However, we should be careful to avoid claiming victory and confusing the
dissolution of Front Line with the end of the armed struggle because there are
still tao many unsolved problems in the social reality of our country. This cannot
but feed creeping conflict and guerrilla warfare. The possible results would be
increasingly more tragic. Unfortunately the government has a tendency to delay
things, perhaps seeking a showdown that would only be harmful to those who are in
the hands of another "~ustice," and I refer to Judge D'Urso. Legislation is
necessary: Only thus can there be a political reply by the government.
[Question] How is life as a repentant? Are you afraid?
[Answer] I think thatthe problem of security exists and that as far as I`m concerned
the future will exist if I can start life over. It would be a mistake if the armed
organizations were to waste ti.m.e in an absurd "manhunt."
[Question] And how do you expect to start a new life? -
[Answer] Certainly I will leave this country...I love the mountains and I hope to
be able to retire to some valley to meditate.
[Question] What caused you to join the armed party?
[Answer] Af ter years of militancy in Lotta continua [Continuing Struggle] in 1976
and 1977, the intensification of social tensions led me and other comrades to
believe that a phase was opening that could lead to the outbreak of long-term
civil war, especially because of the economic crisis. We had emerged from a long
debate on the "problem of power" that caused a large split in Continuing Struggle
and especially those of us in command positions in that organization believed this
process of war to be real.
[Question] Why did you join Front Line and not, for example, the Red Brigades?
[Answer] The choice of Front Line was tied to the need for a bipolar plan: To
remain present within the movement and at the same time to build within it what we
' called the "institutions of class power," that is the fighting clandestine network.
For us, former members of Continuing Struggle, this was the most credible and
practicable hypothesis.
[Question] What is your educational background?
[Answer] I received my degree in science in 1976 and now I am an auditor in law.
I also served in the army as an officer in the Alpine Troops in the Tyrol. I went
to military school for 6 months.
There Is no Single Summit of Terror
[question] What was your f irst approach to politics?
[Answer] In high school, above all in terms of antifascism and alternative con~
cessions at school, such as Monte-ore, the open meetings. Consider that in 1971 I
was a member of the PSIUP [Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity].
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[Question] But what is the difference between Front Line, Red Brigades, and
Independence?
CAtlewer] I will try to be as brief as possible. Front L'ine was developed by making
a single organization out of the proletarian sectors and those of some social
categories typical of the hidden economy and of underground work, the youth in the
poor quarters, the unemployed. This, for example, led to the birth of the -
experience of the proletarian "Rond" at 2~rin. Organizationally, this meant
postponing until a"civil war" the problems of the party, and development of the
independent class organization and its institutions. Centralization existed only -
in defining a national leadership cadre that would function as the fulcrum con-
cerning every political and military undertaking. The attempts to build a national _
logistical sector, commissions, units that would control expenditures, remained
only in the planning stage. The result was the lack of any compartmentalization as
a result of which, as I said, everyone knew everything.
The Red Brigades, instead, have a"distant" origin with no reference to the PCI. :
Their terms of analysis and prediction concerning the establistmnent of a"civil
war" go back at least to 1969 and even then I believe that the BR [Red Brigades]
were acute enough to define a clandestine cadre that would have the ability to
rebuild headquarters and columns each time militants and bases were discovered.
This was�possible because the BR had always given priority to the requirement of
building the party and had studied economic analysis and the structure of the state
which we in Front Line had not even ski~ned. Thus their militants had a precise
picture of the political phases that had developed in the country in recent years.
On the other hand, the BR never believed in the hypotheses of insurrection that
were dear to Independence and in part to Front Line. This was decisive because they
remained outside those levels of "movement" tha.t made it possible for the police
to pick up certain political trails and to unmask entire networks.
IndependEnce was (aside from the political and organizatianal points of reference
such as the ma~azine ROSSO [Red] or the Via dei Volsci group or the Veneto political
groups) a true collection of groups, etc., which, instead of making "worker cen- -
trality" the center of attention as the BR did, saw in the emergence and enhancement
of a"new" social level the beginning of tensions and movements which, under their
own power and under the pressure of the economic crisis, would develop creeping :
forms of insurrection. The "night of the fires" in the Veneto in 1979 are an
example. But those who speak of Independence as a single organization are mistaken
both in method and in their study of social movements in Italy.
[Question] Do you agree with the thesis which says that the BR, Front Line and
Independence can answer to a single summit?
[Answer] Not only do I disagree, but I consider that thesis unlikely. It is a
theory that leads straight to foreign plots. "A single thread that links sub-
version;" This is what the newspapers have been saying for years.
When Judge Nicolo Amato deposited the indictment on the investigations of the Moro
case, it was shown not only that all the members of the Via Fani command were
Italians, but also that they were all well-known. Precisely because the organi-
zational paths and theories were different, each group (BR, Front Line, Fighting
Communist Formations) had its own command and executive structure. Only in the
period from April to May 1978 was there a process of unification, which was unsuc-
cessful, between the FCF and Front Line."
. ~ 32 -
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[Question] Why do you think red terrorism was born in Italy? And why did it explode
following the end of the strategy of tension?
~Atiswer] Excuse me, but did you believe that after so many years of bad government,
of emigration, of boss domination of the factories, there would not arise a force
or an organization that would put aside democratic methods, believing perhaps that -
it represented the tensions of the ma~ority of workers? Or did "someone" perhaps
believe that precisely as a result of the strategy of tension, there would be an
end to any hope of renewal in Italy? Do you remember how many attempts to over-
throw the government there have been? It was precisely on the basis of these fears
that as early as 1972 there was a coagulation of forces which, within the left,
decided that their first priority was the problem of a new resistance. If, then,
there were enormous errors, that is another matter. -
I Told the Truth about the Donat Cattin Case
[Question] When did you know Marco Donat Cattin? And when did you lazow his father?
[Answer] I got to lmow Marco very well when in 19i5 he went to work in my high
school as a librarian. I met his father on the morning of 25 April 1980 when his
wif e invited me to her house to ask for exact information on where Marco was at
' that time.
~ [Question] How do you feel about Marco Donat Cattin? And what do you think of his
father?
~ [Answer] I have always respected Marco and we were really friends, but when I
~ understood that he hid his reason for leaving Front Line behind the alibi of
~ building a nonexistent "organization for communism" in order to go abroad, I was _
really very disappointed. By acting thus he involved persons who did not have the
means to go abroad while he had plenty.
i
; What can I say about his father? I am not about to pass judgment on his role as a
i Christian Democrat. Perhaps he is arrogant; perhaps he knows he "counts" in Italian -
; political life. However, I want to emphasize one fact: I consider him an honest
person and surely a stranger to the "good" life of bribes and scandals. At least
, these were my impressions. If I nevertheless accused his, together with Cossiga,
of aiding in Marco's escape abroad, it was only because I adopted a correct
- attitude. I told the truth. But I know: At times the truth hurts.
[Question] Now that Marco Donat Cattin has been arrested, what is your opinion of
the memorandum he published in tl~e daily LIBERATION?
[Answer] Undoubtedly Marco chose the road of personal political defense considering
that it does not seem to me that he has an organizational rear guard to protect
him. By denying my statements about his father and Cossiga, he hopes to be able ~
to cast doubt on the rest of my confession. But that is a vain attempt above all '
because my statements are backed up by dozens of objective checks and even by con-
fessions of other comrades, not only from T~rin. For example, Marco Barbone and
. Michele Viscardi. Marco Donat Cattin says he is a member of the class that was a
_ protagonist of social subversion in recent years, but, unlike others, he allows _
himself to be arrested in a place that is the least political of all: A Paris
restaurant in the company of a young lady.
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The Prisons Will Be the Center of the Conflict
[Question] Is it possible the fathers may have influenced their children's choices?
[Answer] I believe that if they had any influence at all, this would be decisive
during aa3olescence when one begins to comment on and assess what is around him. _
If certain principles are instilled, rather than indulging in a don't-give-a-damn
attitude, or singing praises of a motorcycle or a beachhouse, a young man grows
up confidently attentive to social tensions and is more concerned with renewal,
rather he can become a protagonist of these things for better or for worse. Look
at thc case of the antifascist or ex-Partisan parents: Do you believe that they
have taught their own children to stand bq and watch when what they built ran the
risk of being destroyed? I don't believe in the parents who have merely instilled
"culture" in their children, perhaps passing themselves off as intellectuals. �
[Question] And what about your father?
[Answer]I admire him because of the enormous sacrifices he made for me and my mother.
I esteem him because of his past as a Partisan commander and for having taught me a
profound sense of family and of work. Dignity first of all: "It is better to eat
only bread and onions, but to be free!" My relations with h3m have become stronger
than ever and are directed toward regaiming my freedom, even though this may take a _
long time. We have always been united and aware that the little we have was the
fruit of the work of all three. My father worked at the Fiat pl~nt for 24 years.
My mother and I worked at cleaning offices for 10 years at six in the morning with
our heads held high.
[Question] Why have so many children of the bourgeoisie become terrorists?
[Answer] Ask Marco Donat Cattin.
[Question] There is talk of bad teachers like Toni Negri. Glhat influence did he
have on you or on other militants in the armed struggle?
[Answer] Perhaps by having contributed to supplying us with the instruments to
analyze the economy, the government, class composition in the industrial centers.
All this, naturally, while "coverin~ himself" behind the professorships or "the
beautiful world" of proletarian antagonism and perhaps hoping for recognition, at
the right moment, of the armed organizations.
[Question] What inf luence did Renato Curcio have?
[Answer] He overturned the concept of the role of the state as the only holder of
the power of decree. This encouraged many militants of the old extraparliamentary
groups, who were disappointed by years of a philosophy of holding meetings, to
convince themselves that a counterpower could be developed.
[Question] What influence does the historical group of the BR, whose members have
been in prison for years, have on the armed struggle? �
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[Answer] An influence from the point of view of political analysis and the develop- .
ment of theory for persons who function outside the prisons. The fact is that the
prison has become the biggest center for the circulation of those theories.
~'ogether with the factories, it will be the center of the clash in coming months.
It is up to the government to take consistent initiatives to avoid this trend
toward an "intemal war" by supplying political answers. Or c~uld there be someone
who would like to spark an "internal war?"
[Question] Where and how did you learn to use weapons? Are there military instructors
for neophytes of terrorism?
_ [Answer] At the beginning, we went to a grotto in a Piedmont valley with a few
7.65's. The instructors, as you call them, were comrades who at best had done
, military service.
; [Question] Do you know anything about the paramilitary camps in Italy or abroad?
I [Answer] The only camps I have ever been in were those of my battalion of Alpine
troops in Alto Adige.
i
~ [Question] Were there contacts between Italian terrorists and those of other countries,
~ and what were they?
~
( [Answer] There may have been informal contacts of a political nature. The French
~ NAPAP were the closest to Italian reality, they were tied to the moveaaent or what
~
i remains of it. _
I
~ [Question] Why have so many Front Line militants taken refuge in France? Is it
i because it was a good operational base?
I
i [Answer] What operational base! At times castles are built where there is not
j even roo~n forc a hut.
i
j [Question] Roberto Rosso, who was recently arrested af ter the confession of Michele
i Viscardi, is considered the adeologist of FYOnt Line. Is this true?
i
' [Answer] I c~n say that Rosso is a comrade who has years and years of political work
' behind him from the time of his militancy in Continuing Struggle. For those who
, know him, to say that he is a person of great intelligence is, I believe, the most :
objective opinion. I should like to note that it is time to stop creating -
"fetishes" or to build myths around this or that person, confusing his function
with his intellectual and political status and vice versa.
[Question] What can you tell about the murder of Commissioner Calabresi, ~hich
- today seems to have been the f irst one carried out by the extraparliamentary left?
[Answer] It is time that those who for years have hidden behind false slogans, or
cheap opportunism, step forward and assume all their own responsibilities. It has
been too easy to throw rocks and then hide one's hand after so many had picked up
_ . the rock.
[Question] What can you say about Feltrinelli's death?
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[Answer] There is no denying the "positive nature" of this man who, despite his
social and personal conditions, paid personally for an error of assessment of an
entire generation.
[Question] You are the f irst terrorist who has accused politicians. Were you
aware that your confessions concerning the escape of Marco Donat Cattin could have
caused the resignation of Prime Minister Cossiga?
[Answer] I have never indulged in political calculation.
[Question] Do you think that if the government had been more vigilant it could have
subdued terorrism in time? Marco Barbone, one of the murderers of Walter Tobagi,
was surprised at the boldness of the government's intervention in repressing the ,
phenomenon.
[Answer] But haw could the government have been more vigilant when not only was it
not able to solve its own contradictions, but it has not even arrived at verification
of the truth on episodes long ago such as the assassinations in Piazza Fontana? I
fear, rather, that now they are once again underestimating the terrorism problem:
My appeals to peogle to convince themselves that the "truce" will end soon have
had no response fram politicians. Will there b e an effort or not to provide a way
out for those who quit, or are they waiting for everyone to be "recompacted?"
[Question] Front Line has admitted one of the most "incomprehensible" political
crimes, the murder of Judge Emilio Alessandrini. Why do you think a leftist ter-
rorist group killed a judge who had made a decisive contribution to unmasking
subversion on the right and its ties with the secret services?
[AnswerJ Front Line killed Alessandrini because he was an intelligent judge who
' had understood certain threads that were useful in unmasking our organization. And
furthermore, because he was a democratic ~udge, perhaps more com~itted than others
against terrorism, even to the point of contributing to the establishment of a staff
of magistrates who specialized in ttiat f ield. By killing him, the intention was to
strike a hard t~low at those magistrates, who, however, were not "disarmed" even
after tYie murder of Judge Guido Galli. -
[Question] What effect did Alessandrini's murder have on the mov~ent? Is it true
that many had second thoughts about armed struggle and its validity beginning with
that murder?
[Answer] Certainly, what remained of the "movement" understood nothing more than
the event in itself. I would put the crisis you talk about in the context of the
autumn-winter of 1979-1980--also because I lived it myself--when there was the -
~ Frorit Line attack on the factory administration school of Turin and the Red
Brigade campaign against the forces of order. In our.view the shooting was directed
at labels, at uniforms, at functions.
The Moro Case Opened the Road to Confession
[Question] What effect did the Moro case have on the movement?
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[Answer] It forced dozens and dozens of comrades to take positions for or against
armed struggle at an absolutely premature moment for such an operation. The result
was progressive detachment of the fighting communist organizations from the
ptl~i.tical terrain and from real situations, ap to the definitive destruction of the
margin of solidarity between ourselves and the beginning of the confessions.
[Question] After months of truce, red terrorism has emerged again. Do you think it
will still have a long life or is this a backlash? -
[Answer] Do you believe that terrorism is a transitory phenomenon and that it will
pass after a few years like a fashion? Or perhaps it is no longer reasonable to
believe that this phenomenon is an expression of present and latent tensions of
this society, of its contradictions?
[Question] Is there a grand old man of terrorism? ;
[Answer] I don't know what you are talking about. _
[Question] Let's talk about prison. Can we speak from now on about a"prison danger?"
[Answer] There is a prison reality with more than 3,000 political prisoners. You
draw your own conclusions.
[Question] What measures should the government take to smooth the way to
' repentance, to help those who repent and to help restore them to society?
' [Answer] Make legislation operational that would restore freedom quickly to those
who really have detached themselves from terrorism, as after all was guaranteed us
at one time by some parties. In particular, there should be no punishment for
those who for some ti.me now have distanced themselves from any armed group, and are
! in prison because of the confessions of some ex-fellow-travelers. Furthermore,
there should be an amnesty for minor crimes related to terrorism.
~ COPYRIGHT: 1981 Rizzoli Editore
6034
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~
COUNTRY SECTION ITALY
PCI-LABOR UNION TENSIONS REPORTED
:,ommunist Offensive in Unions
Milan IL MONDO in Italian 23 Jan 81 pr ..'_4-25
[Article by Alessandro Caprettini, "The Transmission Shift"J
[Text] In the factory offensive, the PCI speaks out against the
wor'~ers' discontent and nudges the CGIL to follow 3uit. Rap-
ports among the confederations emerge lacerated.
"The PCI has been on the offensive since last July, when the party mobilized the
base to oppose the solidarity fund, and signs [of opposition to it] are increasing
in an alarming crescendo," they say at CISL. Examples: CISL and UIL union chiefs
cite the disputes at the gates of F3at, the acrimonious quarrels over FLM's adhe-
. sion to the International Metalworkers' Federation (FISM), closely allied to world
CISL, and the current demand to postpone EUR-bis and the debate on economic democ- -
racy. These episodes all indicate the same thing: union circles and the ma~or -
~ Italian labor party are in a tense state of agitation.
- "There is no doubt," says Nino Pagani, CISL confederal secretary, "that we are fac-
. ing a broad communist offensive, aiming to preponderate in an area where the search
~ for autonomy was beginning to yield r~sults. The motives? "With the idea of nation-
al unity behind us, the PCI cannot permit itself to remain split between the b.ad hu-
mored base and the union, with its increasingly institutional role," explains Enzo
Mattina, UIL secretary for the metalworkers.
In union circles, wracked by more and more embittered disagreements, some observers
~ believe that the communist offensive is not only reopenina the party's rifts with
Che CISL and UIL but also threatening a new one, for the first time with the CGIL.
There is no lack of signals, from the party press' official reprimands of the Pi.I
directorate to the letters the confederation rece~ves daily from communist members
concerning the decisions it has taken. Pio Galli, FIOM leader, recently received
one from Ansaldo workers in Genoa, roundly excoriating him for his organization`s
divisive adhesion to FISM, and threatening to cast FIOM to the same faCe met by
the Polish official unions after the founding of Solidarity. There have also been
instances of open conf lict in Milan, for one, the frontal clash betcleen Alfa Romeo's
Ho Chi Minh cell and the provincial, union on the problem of liquidation.
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Such dissension does not occur only outside the walls of CGIL headquarters; within
them, it is pitting those directors who ar.e "sensitive to the call of the forest,"
as Pagani describes them, "against those who, with more dignity, try to bring
coherency into the welter of words sacrificed on the altar of autonomy."
Aside from the breaks it might well cause both within the CGIL and in CGIL's rap-
ports with the other two confederations, where can the PCI's new strategy lead?
What will be its immediate and its long-range consequences? ~
"Useless to hide the fact Chat the PCI's tactical maneuvers are destroying union
autonomy, and making it much more difficult to take decisions and initiatives,"
is the diagnosis of Eraldo Crea, CISL's confederal secretary. And Domenico Buttinelli,
social democrat and UIL secretary, adds, "The real problem at this point is whether
or not the CGIL leaders can hold out against party pressures. It seems to me that -
Lama is resisting, but apart from him, already you can detect various gradations
of autonomy. And all of them are giving in little by little."
_ Particularly on the intermediate and base levels, the contrasts appear to be deepen-
ing. "In Rome you can always march together somehow," declares a leader of UIL's
, building construction workers, "but elsewhere it's a disaster. In Palermo the same
' as in Florence, in Venice ~ust as in Turin." "It's something of a nightmare that
~ in none of three long-standing disputes like the one in the Maccarese, another
_ in the universities and the confrontation with the region have the factions been
! able to come to any agreement with the CGIL,",laments Luca Borgomeo, CISL secretary
' in Rome.
' AmQng those who deplore the PCI's mounting pressures, some are advancing suggestions
' for attenuating it. "There is only one way to do it," says Elio Giovannini, CGIL
~ secretary and PDUP member. "Start a real revolution and wipe everything out, begin-
; ning with the directorate. It makes no sense to talk about good communist union mem-
bers and evil communist politicians. The truth is something else: the PCI has
appropriated a void that the unions have ignored for too long. I mean the rising
discontent in the factories. In this context, it is absurd to limit themselves,
as they are doing, to digging trenches and hoisting their various confederal banners.
! What they need is self-criticism. They should go back to the factories to find out
~ where they went wrong and how they can begin all over again." For Valeriano Giorgi,
CGIL socialist, "Now the CGIL must confront uncomfortable questions and scrap the
demands of those who want to revive old concepts."
Aside from the thorny problem of the 0.50 percent tax ("It is odd," observes Girogio
- Benvenuto, secretary general of UIL, "that the PCI, MSI, Confindustria and banking
circles should agree on this point"), many questions concerning the degree of cohe-
sion among the confederations still remain to be resolved, among them the value of =
the contingency point, absenteeism, mobility, old age indemnity and a reduction of
working hours.
"The outcome of the political debate within the PCI will exert a strong influence,"
Mattina maintains. "Giorgio Napoletano's program for greater democracy could spur
- the call for autonomy by Lama and his colleagues." Others, however, fear that
~ grea~er autonomy in the party might make matters worse in the factories. "You
can just imagine what will happen," says Benvenuto, "when the PCI assembles the rank
- and file in the factories to tell them that this is the worst of all possible gov-
ernments, overlooking the concessions the unions make to Giulio Andreotti`s regime
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~on the issue of liquidations and holidays. They said nothing then, not even about
the 175 lire increase in the cost of gasoline."
A definitive clarification of the impact the PCI's new switch will make on the CGIL
and its rapports with the CISL and UIL will not be long in coming. Soon, in fact,
the lines for the contractual platforms will be traced. "If the most general bases
for compatibility are kept in mind, such as the economic situation and the 3-year
plan, then there must be an agreement," says Bruno Bugli, UIL secretary. "Other-
wise the situation could turn really ugly."
Scheda Interviewed
Milan IL MONDO in Italian 23 Jan 81 p 25
[Interview with Rinaldo Scheda: "Scheda--But the Base Is With the PCI"J
[TextJ Worried ("Yes, there is too much dramatizing"), anxious
_ about the impasse in which the unions find themselves ("There
is a mass of problems we mu~st clear up"), and argumentative with
those who try to maneuver ("Let us first see what the workers
want"), Rinaldo Scheda, CGIL confederal secretary, firmly re- -
jects charges of PCI interference and CGIL submission to the will
of the communists.
Question: ...And yet many people see what has happened with the 0.50 percent tax
issue I meanthe postponement of the debate as a sign of a return to home base.
Answer: Nonsense. They don't seem to realize that the famous 0.50 percent tax idea
was totally improvised one night last July, without any discussion whatever on
the unitarian level. What do they want now? Suddenly the basis of a whole unitar-
ian strategy?
Question: The fact remains that after the PCI said no, the CGIL backed out.
Answer: By no means. For one thing, the communist party has different ideas from
ours on the subject (Franco Rodano, for example, is not contrary). For another, from -
the beginning we have raised reasonable doubts and not by mere chance about
one of the three different proposals that should have been brought up in Milan. More- -
over, let me say that in many assemblies there has been an avalanche of protests
against setting up such a fund.
Question: Yes, but they say that ~he assemblies had a predominantly communist
attendance.
Answer: I was present at many of the meetings, and I can assure you that the major-
tiy of CISL and UIL workers rejected the tax because the purpose of it is not al-
together clear.
Question: Then why do the CISL and UIL repeatedly denounce the CGIL for its submis-
siveness to the PCI?
Answer: I am very preoccupied by the way those two confederations are dramatizing
the issue. We have only asked for another review of the problem. Do you think it is
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possible that a new strategy, which calls for a union to administer investments,
can be decided on the spur of the moment? And in the very year the conventions
are ta be held?
Question: Apart from the fund, a lot of people see massive PCI interference in
union affairs, and they're complaining about it.
Amswer: The PCI is a reality; doesn't that count? We have mediated with Francesco
_ Cossiga, with Arnaldo Forlani and Cesare Romiti; shouldn't we talk with a tremen-
dously popular force like the PCI, too? What do they want, a union referendum
against the PCI?
Question: In other words, their protests are un3ustified, is that it?
Answer: Not at all. If you want justified protests, go to hear the workers' com-
plaints. In the factories they're fed up with the endless "stings" they have to con-
~ tend with. There are people in the opposition, it's useless to pretend not to see
' that. And here it is that you have the workers meeting with the PCI, which is con-
' testing the goverxun~nt. But while the unions should also get a move on, what are
_ they doing? At this point I am convinced that Giorgio Benvenuto and others would
be far more combative if the stings came not fram Forlani but from a government of
the left.
Questiou: There were stings, too, during the period of national uniCy...
Answer: And our relationship with the workers went into crisis. That's why, as I ~
see it, the unions must bestir themselves. They msut recover their proper role;
that's why I am eager to see the assemblies of the rank and file stand on their own
; feet. The 0.50 percent fund could have been and could still be one of the
i subjects of discussion. But there are others, too, extremely important ones, from
the government's fiscal policy up to the opening of the contractual phase. Let us
~alk about these things,~ but let us avoid fal~e maneuvering. I am sure that then
the search for unity could make real forward strides.
COPYRIGHT: IL MONDO 1981
9653
CSO: 3104
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f -
COUNTRY SECTION SWEDEN
' ~
'
~ SAAB, ERICSSON AND VOLVO COOPERATE TO CONTEST U.S. SPACE LEAD
i.
' Stockholm VECKANS AFFARER in Swedish 29 Jan 81 pp 30-33
i~
~ [Article by Annika Halldin]
;
[Excerpts] Several thousand satellites--including a hundred
or so commercial ones--are in orbits around the earth today.
And the satellite industry is becoming a more and more inter-
esting branch for the high-technology firms. European indus-
try is now forming consortia to break the American dominance.
From Sweden it is chierly Saab-Scania, L.M. Ericsson, and
Volvo that are taking part in the international snace war.
T'oday there are ca. 100 commercial communications satellites out in space. (Count-
ing all satellites, i.e. military and other non-commercial satellites, the figure
comes to several thousand.) According to a forecast made by the consultin~ firm
Future Systems, Inc., in 19ashington in 1977, the demand for comQnunications satel-
lites by the year 2000 will be another 179. But today that estimate is considered
- to be rather cautious, and the figure that is mentioned instead is 200. A com-
munications satellite costs an average of ca. 400 million kronor in its orbit-- -
i.e., including the launching, which accounts for riot c{uite half of the total
cost. Thus it is not a gigant,ic market that the satellite manufacturers are -
figliting for as things stand today, and "space" in general is not a big thing for
the firms that are active in the field.
'Satellites Only the Tip of the Iceberg'
~ "But then the satellites themselves are only the tip of the iceberg," says Fredrik
_ Engstrom, managin~ director of Svenska Rymdactiebolaget [Swedish Space Corporation].
~ "The really interesting thing is the development of various services on the ground
when the satellites have begun to be used as they should be. He who is sitting
on the space system has the key to the ground services in his hand."
, It is the knowledge of this, of course, that has led so many high technology-ori-
ented firms to invest in costly space technology. 5a many that there is actually
an overcapacity in the space industry. Fredrik Engstrom says: "Today nine firms
in Europe have enough capacity to be the chief supplier of satellites. In 10
years there will surely be only 5 or 6 left. Every project is so big--and calls
~ for such big investments--that the smaller firms have no possibility of coping
with it . "
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Another difficulty for the European space industry is meeting the hard competi-
tion from the Americans. For one thing, the United States has r!iany years' start
in the matter of commercial applications of space research, rocket launchings,
etc. For another, the extensive military space program in the United States
involves volumes that give the American industry technological and economic ad-
vantages.
But in the last 10 years Europe has put a great deal into making itself more in-
dependent of American space technology:
-~EuroFean space cooperation, which was formerly confined to research, has been ex-
panded to embrace a number of satellite application programs. This applies to
everything from telecommunications (ECS, European Communications Satellites)
to aeronautics (Aerosat), navigation (Marecs), and weather (Meteosat).
- Within the ESA (European Space ,4gency) the member countries have jointly
planned and built the rockets Ariane (which will get its real baptism of fire in
_ the spring in connection with the launching of the second satellite in the series
Intelsat V[International Telecommunications Satellite]) and the space module
- Spacelab (which is expected to make its d'ebut in space during 1983).
- A number of European firms have combined into consortia to create e�fective
alternatives in the fight for buyers' orders. The Swedish space firms Saab-Scania
and L.M. Ericsson are working partly through these consortia--Saab in Mesh, LM
[Ericsson] in Star, and the LM subsidiary Svenska Radio AB (SRA) in Cosmos. -
But this development has caused a certain number of squeaking sounds in the works,
too. As long as it was a.matter of pure research work the international coopera-
tion ran smoothly. But with commercialization of applications of space technol-
ogy the climate became harsher. "Space research has outgrown its swaddling ,
clothes," says Fredrik Engstrom. "The Swedish space industry is now sitting and
watclting the elephants dance in the china shop--and trying to avoid getting cut
by the fragments."
Sweden Looking On While the Elephants Dance
One example of this elephant dance is the production of the German-French Euro-
satellite. A few years ago the member coun~ries of ESA were working together to
produce a heavy satellite, called H-sat, for the European TV market. But after a
hard fight Germany and France withdrew, saying that they were the only ones that
had a market of their own at the time. The West German firms P.lesserschmidt-
Boelkow-Blohm and AEG-Telefunken and the French firms Aerospatiale and Thomson-CSF
formed the consortium Eurosatellite and began a project of their own--TV-Sat--
which will begin transmitting over the two countries in 1984. ,
1VHat was left �rom the crash.of bhe H-sat project came together in L-Sat. But
since this British-Italian development agency had no obvious market, the project
wound up more or less in a backwater.
flaving a market is thus really a central consideration in the space industry. And
here the Swedish space industry has good chances--in spite o� the fact that the
controversial Nordsat has been shelved for an indefinite period. Since the
Riksdag approved the proposals in the space bill in 1979 for a greatly increased
investment in Swedish space activity, t;ie government has given the green li~ht for
two Swedish projects.
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One of these is Viking, a scientific satellite that was built by Saab-Scania and
the American firm of Boeing. Viking is expected to be sent up together with the
French-Swedish remote-analysis satellite Spot in the spring of 1984. It will be
transported by the European carrier rocket Ariane, while Saab is responsible for
the on-board computer and Volvo Flygmotor for the combustion chambers for the
- rocket engines.
The other is Tele-X, a satellite originally conceived for experiments with vari-
ous telecommunications and data services (telephony, image transmission, data
services, direct TV, mobile communication). At the Space Corporation they are
counting 100 percent on Tele-X's also becoming a commercially practicable product.
"tiVe are sure that Tele-X is financially sound, that we shall get a business
started that is profitable in itself, not jttst in the form of spin-off effects,"
, says Fredrik Engstrom. "And that there will be customers; we have already got an
agreement with the Telecommunications Board that it will take Tele-X over at mar-
ket value when the satellite is in orbit. After 1990 Tele-X, with a total of
three satellites, will be showing a profit."
The systems responsibility f.or Tele-X rests on Saab-Scania and LM. They are also
counting on getting other industrial firms in the Nordic countries into the
- project--e.g., Elektrisk Bureau and Kongbergs Vapenfabrik [the Kongsberg Arms
Pactory] in Norway, Christian Rossing in Denr~ark, and Nokia in Finland. But a
great deal of purchasing is being done outside of the Nordic area--primarily from
the French-German manufacturers in the Eurosatellite censortium. In return,
Sweden is demanding that LM and Saab-Scania be allowed to txade on the French- ,
German market and that Saab and LM work third cour.tries jointiy with the firms in
- Eurosatellite.
The market for new types of telecommunications services that Tele-X is looking
into have alread}~ begun to be exploited--in the United States. Several f.irms,
including Satellite Business Systems, have already been formed for transmission
of office services of various kinds, teleprinting of periodicals, electronic mail,
etc. American studies suggest that SO percent of all data and video traffic will
go via satellite by the year 2000. And.it is estimated that nearly 10 percent of
- all business travel can be eliminated by conference TV within the next 12 to
15 years.
- One of the World's Fastest-Growing Industries
"But Tele-X has certain characteristics that differentiate it from the existing
communications system in the United States," says Henry Schefte, who is responsi-
ble for coordination of the space activity within L.Dt. Ericsson. "The transmit-
ting effect will be of greater dimension in Sweden, and tha� means that it is
possible to have simpler and cheaper earth stations here. For us at LM, earth
stations are an important piece of the space puzzle, and we have already sold a
number of smaller stations for transmission experir~ents and data communication
in Sweden, Austria, Switzerland, etc."
Some 15 to 20 countries are already employing telecommunications satellites for
national use, and this represents a big potential, not least of all in the under-
� developed countries. The growth rate is about 25 percent per annum, making the
telecommunications industry one of the world's fastest-growing industries.
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Since the space sector is also str.ategically important--and not without a certain
prestige, one might perhaps add--the politicians are playing an important part in
the development of the industry:
It is the political game that makes structural rationalization difficult in the
FRG, where the space industry is thriving around r4unich (headquarters town of MBB
[Messerschmitt-Bolkow-BlohmJ while 1,500 men are out of work in Bremen (Chancellor
Schmidt's home town) now that the Spacelab project has been closed out there.
It is political decisions that are behind the big investment in the Ariane rocket
--an investment that was made so that Europe would not �ind itself totally depend-
ent on the United States. "But it was an investment that was necessary for eco-
� nomic reasons as well," Fredrik Engstrom points out. "Price-setting on rocket
launchings has hitherto been entirely dependent on the decision of the American
Senate. The advent of Ariane has lowered the price pressure on space transports."
In Sweden, too, as is well known, politics plays a decisive part in the develop-
ment of the space industry. In this year's budget the r4inistry of Industry allots
170 million kronor to the space activity, in line with the 1979 budget bill, which
stipulated a trebling of the allotment compared to previous years. Aggressive
state investments like, e.g., Tele-X also create a catalyst for the Swedish elec-
tronics industry, in which not only LM and Saab but also Luxor, Philips, and others
can join and furnish computer terminals, subscriber equipment, etc.
Philips Head: "Fight to the Finish Over Nordsat"
"Tele-X makes it impossible for us to break out in any way from the fight to the
finish that raged around Nordsat," says Olle Franzen, head of Philips, who is
counting on it that the increased possibilities of transmitting data fast and
cheaply will lead to nearly all offices' availing themselves of teletex systems,
word processing by computer, etc., in the future.
But so far it is thus primarily Saab-Scania and LM Ericsson (including the sub-
sidiary SRA), and to a somewhat smaller extent Volvo Flygmotor, that have gotten
revenue from the Swedish and European space investments:
~ Saab-Scania took the big step out into space in 1967, when the Mesh consortium
got an order for a scientific satellite, TD-1. The total cost fell in the order
of magnitude of 200 million kronor, of which 35 million kronor wound up with
Saab, where it was one of the biggest export orders of that year.
Saab-Scania: Some 10 Satellites on Order
The next milestone came in 1973, when Mesh got the order to manufacture a test
satellite, OTS-1, in hard competition with Star. "That order laid the foundation
for ~ur continued advance--today we have contracts for some 10 satellites. And
every satellite means 5 to 10 million kronor for Saab-Scania, which is responsi-
ble for the data processing on board," says Gert Larsson, who is commercially re-
sponsible for the space activity within Saab-Scania. _
But Saab-Scania also operates on its own--both in the Swedish Viking and Tele-X
projects and in Ariane, where the Swedish firm is responsible for the on-board
computer. In addition to the initial program for the rocket, Saab-Scania has con-
tracts for 10 to 20 computers, each of which costs around a million [kronor].
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"The space activity accounts today for about 25 percent of the R sector (robot and
electronics sector), which in turn makes up 25 percent of the flight division,"
- says Gert Larsson. "In terms of turnover we are approaching 100 million kronor,
and that is not much, of course, in a concern with a turnover of about 15 billion. ~
But it is important to bear in mind that the space activity involves an inter-
nationalization, and that we are making successive breakthroughs and finding new
applications for our technology all the time."
LM's participation in the Star consortium has involved only scientific satellites
thus far. The first was GEOS, which was sent up ~n 1977. Today there are three
research satellites with LM antennas out in space and another three are under
- development or ready to launch. The price per antenna outfitting varies between
- 5 million and 20 million kronor.
Outside the framework of the consortium, LM has also gotten orders in connection
with the international purchasing organization INMARSAT's order for ESA's so-called
biarecs (navigation satellites). [INMARSAT = International hlaritime Satellite Or-
' ganization.] -
' LM will be responsible for signal generation. in the satellites, and development and
' production fall in the order of magnitude of 20 to 30 million kronor. In addition,
; . LM together with Saab is the chief contractor in the Tele-X project.
, "The space program is thus a very small part of Lr4's total business, but it is
interesting from the telecommunications standpoint, and we see it as a natural ex-
tension of our operations. iVe hope our investment in space will give us an extra
~ foothold on the ground," says Henry Schefte.
So far Volvo Flygmotor has only participated in the manufacture of the carrier
rocket Ariane.
Last year the turnover rose to 15 million kronor and the stock of orders to 38.4
million kronor for the current rocket version.
; "For Ariane 3, which will be partly reusable, we have designed a new kind of com-
bustion chamber in two parts, and the prototype is already in the process of
manufacture," says Ulf Olsson, who is responsible for the space activity within _
Volvo Flygmotor.
Series production of these products is thus gradually getting under way as well.
For Ariane 4 there are same plans to make the jet noazle of fiber-reinforced
plastic. And when we get to the fifth generation of European rockets, Volvo
will offer a new type of jet nozzle.
"On the satellite side wc should like to be in on manufacturing the fuel tanks
for the motors that lift the satellite into its orbit for the French-Cerman
Tele-Sat," says Ulf Olsson. "But since the West German firm Erno also makes such
products, we probably have not got much chance."
46
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~U : ~980:~n.,.i
~4
5~ NASDA (National Space Development Agency) is
19~1; t=199~;,, ,
~ ~ ~ ,Yg8 Japan s space agency. ~
~ X e�~ ~
O ~ ~d n aa~
~ The State Delegation for Space Activity and -
Y 45~,< ~ ; "'~`r the Swedish Space Corporation also belong
~ f~:
s~ ~r~'~` y ,s .
y N' f. w!~ in this group [with NASA, ESA, CNES, DFVLR,
~ ~ + > 6 . r t . �1'~*-
o~a~~ =~.r ~ Y, ~;;~,~ti~ and NASDA] . The Space Corporat ion' s func-
~ ~~m..~~ tion consists (in part) of implementing the
~ 1-~,~.~; Swedish s ace anal sis and remote anal sis
~ ,~"~~,Y~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ . � r. P Y Y
` s r Yr,y r� program, developing satellites for communi-
~ ~
~ r. ~
Y~
f~'`, ~ r~ r~~;~~,~~~ cat ion, earth observat ion , etc and operat-
~ �4.:~ ing the rocket launching field Esrange in
~5O 'S f ~4 ~M E'.~;
. � ~ Kiruna.
r.;s y'.
~ y ~ ' ~ ~ir ~j,
~ i { 1 y~,,l ' ~
y c=,~x,`~F~ I ~i i
~ ~ ,I
~V ~ Suppliers Combine in Consortia
3~0 a~ , , ~ i ~ ~ ' ~
`t ~`F ~ � The_ bi develo ment or anizations' coo era-
g P g P
~ tion with hi h-technolo firms in their
g gY
r,i s~ _ for member countries has led to an extensive
250~~ riF ~~f ~ ~ ' space industry. In Curope the suppliers
have joined together in consortia in which
~ the cooperating partners can get together
~4
in groups :
~'~g'~";'~~ ~,:u.~,. MESH stands for the French hiatra, t}ie ~Vest
"4 ;f.~+K ?r'~:P,a~~
r:f ~.~,-.'t; German Erno, Saab-Scania, the Briti.sh
~~~~~~�"~`r~' Aerospace (Hawker-Siddley Divisioii), the
� 'f;~~~"~~~;;u~~ Dutch Fokker, the Italian Aeritalia, and
~ ~ " ~
~ w X'~k'~v~~~ the Spanish Inta. The consortium also llas
l~ i - ,1'~' , . . ; , - , yr
~ ,~-~r joint work with TRW in the United States.
i.} ~ ~ V 3~.t ~4 i . .
1OO :Y \ w,;.
_ .t ~ r rC.;: Star consists of Dornier (FRG), Thomson-CSF
, ~ ;
_ . , r,,,,~_ k ` (France) , LM Ericsson (with the Italian
De~ s~ensi~a Subsidiary Fiar), British Aerospace (Bristol
Y . : Y ~~rVkk ~ ~ ~ ~ :
50 ~ , ,rymdver~S8111I18te118: Division) , SEP (France) , Contraves (Switzer-
~ land) , Laben (Italy) , and Sener (Spain) .
ekonomiska omfattni,ng:
' ; ~ p,~ ~
_z;r
~4 . Cosmos stands for a combination of ETC~ (Bel -
~ t,~ d~
1970 75,. ~.$~',%.'90 gium), hlesserschmidt-Boelkow-Blohm (FRG),
" ~ ~ - SNIAS (France) , Marcon Space and Defense
- Systems (England), and SAT (France). The
The economic scope of Swedish Swedish I~41 subsidiary Svenska Radio AB is
- space activity.--The curve of an added member.
Swedish space activity is rising
almost as steeply as the rockets
that are launched. For the 1970-1983 period the figures are based on the docu-
r~ents presented in s!i~nort of ap~ropriation bills for the State Delegation for
Space Research ana its predecessors. The forecast for the 1983-199~ period (which
is expressed in 1980 kronor) assumes that the Tele-X project will be carried out.
47
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The commercial exploitation af satellites got under way in 1965 when the tele-
communications satellite Early Bird was put into operation. Early Bird was the
first of a long line of satellites within the so-called Intelsat [International
T~lecommunications Satellite] system. Today there are 12 Intelsat satellites in
operation. In Europe space research got under way later, and it was not until
the beginning of the 1960's that the countries began to cooperate to make them-
selves independent of the big powers. Two organizations were created: ELDO
(European Launcher Development Organization) for the manufacture of rockets and
ESRO (European Space Research Organization) for joint research in the field of ~
space.
ELDO got into difficulties in 1973 after some unsuccessful launching attempts in
which the rockets exploded. Within ESRO there was a gradual shift of direction
' from research toward various space technology applications. As a result of this
; it was agreed early in the 1970's that the cooperation, in addition to the
' scientific program, would include a number of optional application programs for
; utilitarian satellites (weather, air traffic, telecommunications, etc.), and a
~ laboratory module (Spacelab) that will be launched with the American Space
Shuttle in 1983. Sweden takes part in all of this except for Spacel~~b. Since
~ the agreement involves ESRO's stopping its probe activity, Sweden and its Swedish
~ Space Corporation, formed in 1972, could take over the rocket launching field
I Esrange in Kiruna. At the same time it was decided that ESRO would be replaced
by a new organization--ESA (European Space Agency), which today ha.s 11 members.

~j COPYRIGHT: Ahlen F, Akerlunds tryckerier, Stockholm, 1981
~ 8815
CSO: 3109
I
I
I
~
~
;
;
i
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COUNTRY SECTION SWEDEN
BOE~IAN'S ECONOMIC PROGRAM NOT ADEQUATE TO STEM DECLINE
Stockholm VECKANS AFFARER in Swedish 29 Jan 31 p 19
[Article by Johan Dlyhrman, acting professor of economics at the Commercial Uni-
versity, Stockholm, and member of the council on business cycles of SNS (Research
Association for Industry aszd Society)J
[Text] The budget estimates were recently presented to the Riksdag by Gosta
Bohman, hlinister of Economy. About a month earlier the council on business cycles
of SNS. published its analysis of the situation. It concluded with a discussion of
various p olicy ~ alternatives for coping with some of our critical economic con-
ditions. Gosta Bohman evidently took this as an implied criticism, and this led
him to express himself in various connections very.condescendingly concerning our
suggestions. In SvD [SVENSKA DAGBLADET], 11 January 1981, for example, he says:
"Therefore I am strongly negative, I repeat once more, toward ttie argument being -
advanced by cer~ain economists and certain people in industry that by some sort
of sudden action we could straighten out our problems all at once." In a business
council with many participants it is not certain that all are in agreement on
every detail, but Bohman's characterization of our suggestions does not agree at
all with our analysis.
I shall explain my own view of the problem here.
Sweden's economy has serious and deep-rooted balance problems. tiVe also had them
in the 1920's and 1930's. At that time they had to do chiefly with widespread
unemployment. From the social point of view that is a more serious problem than
the economic difficulties of today, when for the time being we have no widespread
unemployment. The problems we are facing now, however, are paradoxically even
harder to solve, because they are due to more deep-rooted and long-term economic
~ and political malfunctions. The question~now is how we are to bring about such a
balance in our economy that future generations shall not have to suffer because
we chose to pursue a policy that leaves them a heritage of an impossible burden
of debt.
Our deep-rooted balance shortcomings consist of an unreasonably iow solidity and
profitability in the economy, of a balance of payments deficit that is approxi-
mately 4 percent of the GNP, and of a budget deficit that is close to 12 percent
of the GNP. The high cost situation makes it hard for our industry to compete
successfully on the world market. If Sweden is to continue to rely on market
economy for production ~f goods and services, this must be straightened out.
49
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It will not work to rely on t}ie market mechanism as an economic system and at the
same time exclude some of its most vital functions. If profitability and solid-
ity are taken away, most of the dynamics of the economy disappears, and with it
the motive power in the economy that is represented by agressive investments.
Private investments in Sweden are also very low.
The enormous budget deficit simply continues t o grow. Certainly somewhat dif-
- ferent opinions exist as to how this is to be measured, but discussions of these
threaten to draw attention away from what is t o be done about it. No other coun-
try has been able to have a budget deficit of the order of magnitude of 10 percent
, of the GNP year after year without getting int o serious difficulties. In other
countries they begin to talk about a crisis program for the country's economy when
' the budget deficit approaches 5 percent of the GNP. In Sweden there is talk on
' the part of the government about an economy program that will have as its objec-
; tive coming down in the course of 5 years to a deficit of 5 percent of the GNP!
j Have we a national lack of crisis consciousness?
i
_ The budget deficit at full utilization of capacity becomes in practice the same as
~ if we borrowed abroad to avoid giving up all th e private and public consumption we
� indulge ourselves in with the production we manage to achieve. We could avoid
~ borrowing abroad if we cut down on our private consumption--but is there anybody
~ that believes that the Swedish people would go along with that to any great ex-
tent? In that c ase it is the public consumption that is to blame.
~
I We shall continue borrowing abroad at the rate we are doing and more for a good
~ while to come with the budget deficit that the government is planning. This bor-
~ rowing requires ever greater interest payments besides amortization. That way we
i shall have to tiohten our belts to a quite uncomfortable extent throughout the
( 1980's. That would be a very good thing to avoid, but the government's economic -
policy with a lack of strenuous efforts to speed up Swedsn's economy is leading
to a decade of stagnation.
~ That directs the searchlight on the nature of t he problem. In an economy with
the infirmities of old age on the production side we shall have a very painftxl
- and lengthy period of illness and convalescence if a Keynesian and/or monetaristic
_ demand policy is the only medicine against general overconsumption. Measures also
j need to be taken here to vitalize the production side. We need a supply policy.
i
i What I mean by t his is that if Sweden's economy grows by only about 2 percent a
; year, as the government is assuming, a v~ry severe adjustment process is needed,
I and one that will be socially difficult to carry out, during the reduction of our
overconsumption that must begin immediately. If, on the other hand, Sweden's
- economy could be speeded up so that the growth rate increased to 3 percent a year
- instead, or perhaps even 3.5 percent, the adust ment could take place with much -
less ~n ashing of teeth. -
In addition to the cost adjustment that must be brought about as quickly as pos-
sible, a powerful supply policy is required for this. It would consist of several
measures, with reduction of the income tax graduations, a substantial reduction in
, the budget deficit, and elimination of supports to inefficient enterprises as im-
- portant' component s. I do not imagine for a moment that these measures would save
Sweden's economy overnight; there has never been any question of any such Quick
50
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- solutions, Mr Minister. On the other hand it is quite clear that if Bohman and _
- the government continue with the e~onomic policy that has been pursued thus far,
i.e. patching at the situation with small marginal measures, the road to adjust-
ment will become still harder to tread. In my view cost adjustment and a supply
policy of clearly discernible magnitude are needed, and as soon as possible. We
already have the labor of Sisyphus ahead of us.
COPYRIGHT: Ahlen ~ Akerlunds tryckerier, Stockholm, 1981
8815
CSO: 3109 END
51
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