JPRS ID: 9558 EAST EUROPE REPORT SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9558
19 February 1981
~
East Euro e Re ort
- p p
~ ~ SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS
- (FOUO 3/81)
FBIS F~REIGN BROADCAST INFORM/~TIOI~ SERVICE
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JPRS L/9558
19 February 1981
EAST EUROPE REPORT
$CIENTIFIC AFFAIRS
(~ouo 3j81)
CONTENTS
CZECEIOSI.~CVAKIA
Electronic Industry Production Goals, Organization i,n Seventh
- Five-Year Plan
(Vladimir Hrbek, SLABOPROUDY OBZOR, Oct 80) .......oooo~~o0 1
Self-Contained Liquid Nitrogen Cryosurgical Unit Produced, Tested
(Zdenek Malek, et al; CESKOSLOVENGKY CASOPIC
, PRO FIZIKU, Oct 80) .........o....p.~ ..............oooo~..a 7
_ $ _ [I~I - EE - 65 FOUO]
F'(1R (1FFTfT4i. i1SF nNi.Y
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY PRODUCTION GOAT~S, ORGANIZATION IN SEVENTli FIVE-YEAR PLE1N
Prague SLABOPROUDY OBZOR in Czech Oct 80 pp 459-471
[Article by Engr Vladimir Hrbek, CS~.]
[Text] There is no need to emphasize the tremendous changes which have been brought
about by electronics in recent years in communications, in technological processes,
in the automation of human activities, computations and intellectual work in general,
in tYie dissemination of information, culture, and so on. Television, retransmission,
and radiocommunication tok~ers add to the present profile of the countryside, house-
holds are being filled with electronic equipment, no progressive machinery can be
delivered without automation, the equipment used by physicians looks like the equip--
ment of electronic lab oratories of research institutes. The market of consumer
goods of advanced countries offers a broad assort~ent of excellent acoustic, broad-
~ casting, and television mechanisms, and equipment to make tiousehold chores easier.
What is the position of Czechoslovak research and production in the process of
"electronization of the national economy"?
The establishment of Iow-voltage research facilities and of a series of new
manufacturing enterprises has been ~art of the Czechoslovak ~ive-year p].ans (see for
Pxample the book by Frk, Hrbek, et al: "Thirty Years of the Czechoslovak Electro-
technical and Electronic Industry, 1948 to 197$). Czechoslovakia not only supplied
products for its own capital market and consumer market, but has also become a
significant exporter of this electronic equipment. However, the dynaraics and the
vitality of elecrronics and microelectronics on the worldwide scale have surpassed
our expectations. What we were used to achi.eving through innovations within a period
of 7 to 10 years was achieved by the most advanced states in 3 to 5 years, and in
microelectronics within even shorter period,s. These leaps forward in design and
especially in the new technologies were the results of scientific research and of
the work of the development and app'.ied research apparatus, which required large
financial outlays. One new item of technology in microelectronic~ today costs over
20 million dollars, while the technology of the previous generation cost one-tenth
of that amount. In addition, it is necessary to have available not only the scientific-
technical base, but also facilities for the manufactur~e of special materials of a
- high degree of purity and a number of. products delivered under subcontracts.
Under the circumstances which e~ist in Czechoslovakia, it is necessary to "accelerate
the pace." The 15th Congress bf the CPCZ, at which the main line of progress was
formulated, put emphasis on the need for radical acceleration of the development of
Czechoslovak electronics. The CPCZ Central Committee decided at its 14th session in
December 1979 to establish an independent branch and a new federal ministry of
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electrotechnical industry. The creation of the new ministry was announced off icially
by the Presidium o� the CSSR Government in its resolutions 306/79 and 55/80, At the _
beginning of 1980, organizational changes wereofr~herElECtrotechnical1Industry] was
222,000 workers of the FMEP [Federal Ministry
created, and the main tasks were outlined te reach the immediate goals. Conditions
are being created gradually at present to bring abouC an innovation of elecCronics
within the shortest possible time, to create a solid base for microelectronics, and
to create conditions in the area of investments, materials, trade and personnel during
the Seventh Five-Year Plan for the manufacture and procurement through external economic _
relations of such an assortment and volume of the products of the electronic industry
which are needed by an industrially advanced Czechoslovaki.a.
1. Electronic Industry Production During the Seventh Five-Year Plan.
' Priority will be gi..ven to the development of the electronic parts base,,which means
pa~sive components, semiconductor (discrete) parCs, combined microelectronic components
or, in other words, integrated circuits, structural elements for radio engineering,
products of vacuum electronics, lasers, etc. More parts will be added in the course
of time. The production of special machinery and equipment for new and unique
technologies, measurements, and testing is related ta the manufacture of parts.
~ The center of gravity of the development of parts is found in combined electronic
e'_ements. The density of these elements per chip will be increased several times
dur.~ng the Seventh Five-Year Plan, and the technical parameters will be improved by
introducing new technologies, for example the use of electronic iithography, ion
implantation, and other methods. Bipolar and unipolar microprocessor systems will be
put into praduction.
_ With regard to discrete semiconductor componer.ts, the assortment of products will be
expanded, particularly the assortment of high-output, high-voltage, and microwave
parts, elements for optica.lelectronics and laser technology, and provisions will be
made for the development of hybrid integrated circuits and surface contacta.
The technical parameters for the transmitting electronic tubes and picture tubes will
" i:~nprove. This will include a relative decrease of their input requixements. Their.
. reliability will Ue increased and the production of a modern color picture tube will ~
be introduced under license.
With regard to electronic consumer goods, a new color television set will be put on
thP market. It will involve the use of a new picture tube, integrated circuits, and
semiconductor components. The assortment of radio receivers will be enriched by the
addition of new portable and non-portable mndels, in the standard and hi-fi categories,
combination record players and casette tape recorders, car radios, both with and
witho~~t a rasette player. Amplifiers of higher quality grades wi11 also be manufac-
tured. However, it is necessary to state that the supply on the world market is so
varied in terms ~f .assortment Chat Czechoslovakia will have to supplement the given
assortment by ~mports.
Tn investment [capital] electronic production, the largest production volume is
represented by communications equipment. Automatic telephone exchanges of. the third
generation and branch electronic telephone exchanges operating under license will be
put in production during the Seventh Five-Year Plan. In broadcast engineering, new _
equipment will be delivered for radio rel~y communications and systems with pulse
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code madulation. Fadi_o ~ransmitters with outputs of up to 200 kilowatts will be
more efficient, less expensive in terms of investment and maintenance. Television
transmitters for channels four and five will be fu11y automated, Equipment wi.ll be
delivered For transmission via satellites~ also equipment for the public radio-telephone
network, and landinb radars ~aith a high degree of digital signal processing.
Modern electronic drive systems with dig,ital control electronics for metal working,
metal-forming, textile, and other machinery are of key importance to the development of
the mechanical engineering fields. The level of NC and CNC systems will be increased
substantially through domestic development and purchases of foreign licenses.
In the area of ineasuring and laboratory technology,automation of the measuring process
and rational use af ineasuring instruments will continue to be followed, The systems
to be used are modular automated measuring systems, namely rhe IMS-2 information
system and the CAMAC system for nuclear engineering, which satisfy the IEC and CEMA
recommendations. A part of the functional units of these systems will be delivered
by otlier CF.MA countries.
In laborator.y engineering the systems which have become established in Czechoslovakia
- are electronic microscopy and spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, material
spectroscopy, chromatography and polarography, and other processes. Other systems
which will. be added are, for example, installations fox electronic lithography and
some highly demanding installations For microelectronic technologies.
In computer engineering, we participate in the research, development, and production
of computers and peripheral equipment (including for example teletypes manufactured
under license) which are included in CEMA programs: JSEP, which means the unified
system of electronic computers, and Sr1EP, which means the system of small electronic
computers. 0*ie of the representative units of the JSEP system will be, for example,
the innovative EC 1026 computer, those of the SMEP will be, for example, the SM3-20,
SM4 -20 units. Yroducts which will be delivered on the market are minicomputers,
control computers, microcomputers and some peripheral equipment, particularly dis-
play systems, data transmission and collection equipment, and so on.
1n automation engineering, it will be possible to program new higher control systems
and their modular parts. Sensors and scanners, regulating equipment, servomotors,
and other means of automation will be innovated and new ones introduced in such a way
that the comPlex se~ of technical means would make it possible to create an automatic
control systern ot technol.ogical processes of differ.ent functions and scopes.
In health service electronics, X-ray equipment will be improved to achieve greater
identification capability, to decrease dosea of radiation and to facilitate the
introducti.on of high speed imaging and television technics. The fourth generation
of the electrooptical visual presentation system will be designed, skiagraphic and
skiascopic sets wi11 be automat~.:d and equipped with appropriate programs� Types
of equi.pment whi.ch are going to be i.ntrod.uced are electronic diagnostic instruments,
instruments for biochemical laboratcries and dialysis centers for the treatment of
renal i.ns~iff.ici.enr_y, apparatus of the Czechoslovak monitoring system for intensive
medical clre units used for the treatment of 6 to 12 patients, good quality listen-
~ng instriaments ~st~thoscopes~ made of domestic parts, cardiostimulators with a
long~r service liie, new instrumental equipment used to repl.ace body organs. The
developme~;t can be charactcrizeci generally by an advaneement of electronics, micro-
electronics and compucer technolagy in health service 4ngineeringo
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In research and development, work cont~nues on a nuu?ber of addit~onal themes.
Additional techn:.cal applications of science will be used during the Seventh Five- -
Year Plan.
= The development as outlined will depend on innovations of the technological base, on
the production of special materials and components, domestic innovations and great
efforts of all the members of the large collectives of this industry, on the coopera-
tion of external suppli~rs, and on the understanding of other departments. Cooperation
with the research and production organizations of CEMA countries and the utilization
of licenses purchased from top level firms of worldwide reputation wi11 be an important
role.
2. Organization of the Branch of Electrotechnical Industry after 1 Apri.l 1980
The industrial branch controlled by the Federal Ministry of Electrotechnical Industry
(address: Karlovo namesti 7, 120 07 Prague 2) includes all electronic (low-voltage)
industry, instrumental, regulatory, and automation ~ngineering, computer, health
service, laboratory, and chronometric engineering, and most of the heavy-current
industry of the CSSR. This branch jncludes seven econ~mic production units, three
departmental research institutes, and the commercial enterprise TESLA. The branch
is under the administrative control of the Minister of the CSSR Government, Prof
, Engr Milan Kubat, DrSc.
In addition to the simple integration of the VHJ TESLA, ZSE, ~AVT and Chirana
- enterprises, the enterprises which have been integrated in the branch are the chrono-
metric engineering enterprises Chronotechna in Sternberk and Elton in Nove Mesto nad
Metuji, the DIAS enterprise in Turnov, and the VUMA (Research Inst.tute for Mechaniza-
~ tion and Automation] research institute in Nove Mesto nad Vahom.
The economic production units are as follows:
TESLA--Electronic Components, concern in Roznov (almost 30,000 workers; Jaroslav Hora,
general director) with the following enterprises: TESLA Roznov, TESLA Piestany,
TESLA Lanskroun, TESLEI Hradec Kralove, TESLA Elstroj, Chronotechna Sternberk, Elton
in Nove Mesto nad Metu~i, DIAS Turnov. The VHJ includes the Research Institute of
Electrontechr.ical Ceramics in Hradec Kralove. The VHJ produces the following:
' active and passive components for electronics, ceramic materials and other components,
chronometric engineering and technological equipment for electroni~s and microelectronics.
TESLA--Investment Llectronics, concern in Prague (over 30,000 workers; Eng. Zdenek
Konsel, general director) with the following enterprises: TESLA Karlin, TESLA
Pardubice, TESLA Elektroakustika (in Bratislava), TESI.A Strasnice, TESLA, National
Enterprise (Prague 9), TESLA Liptovsky Hradok, TESLA Stropkov, TESLA Kolin, TESLA
Vrsovice. The VHJ includes TESLA--Telecommunications Research Institute (~rag~i~ 10),
TESLA--Vacuum Electronics Research. Institute (Prague 9). The VHJ manufactures
telecommunication, radiocommunica~'on, and special electronic equipment.
- TESLA--Measuring and Laboratory Instruments, concern in Brno (almost 15,000 workers;
Jiri Stetina, general director) with the following enterprises: TESLA Brno, TESLA
Liberec, TESLA Valasske Mezirici, TESLA Vrable, Metra in Blansko (not including
manufacturing establishments in Brno and Sumperk), Laboratory Instruments (Prague 6)
together with ZPA in Vinohrady. The VHJ includes TESLA--Research Institute f.or
Nuclear Engineering Instruments (in Premysleni). The VHJ manufactures the following:
measuring, scientific, and laboratory instruments.
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TESLA--Consumer Electronics, concern in Brat~.slava (over 19,000 workers: Engr
Jozef Stank general director) with the following enterprises: TESLA Bratislava,
TESLA Orava, TESLA Litovel, TESLA Prelouc, TESLA Holesovice, and Bateria in Slany.
The VHJ manufactures the following: televisior. sets, radio receivers, tape recorders,
phonograph sets,l.ighting sources, batteries and ce11s, instruments ~ind equipment
mostly in the nature of consumer goods. ,
ZAVT Manufacturing Enterprise for Automation and Comp~iter Equipment (Prague 5
Smichov; over 47,000 workers; general director: Eng. Vladimir Hojka) with the
following enterprises: Z~A_ Kosire, ZPA Jinonice, ZPA Cakovice, ZPA Novy Bor, ZPA
_ Trutnov, ~PA Dukla in Presov, Aritma (Prague 6), Computer Engineering Work~ (Banska
Bystrica), Zbrojovka Brno, ZPA Supplying Enterprise (Pr~b:~2 4), Office Machines
(Prague 1), Datasystem (Bratislava), ZPA Pragotron (Prague 9). The VHJ includes
the following institutes: Computer Re~earch Institute (Prague 1), Research Institute
for Automation Device~ (Prague 4), Computer Engineering Research Institute (Zilina),
and Institute for Application of Computer Engineering (Prague 5). The VHJ
manufactures the following: computer and automation equipment.
Heavy Current Electrotechnical Engineering Works (Prague 2, Vinohrady, almost 62,000
workers, general director: Er.gr. Miroslav Matousek~ with the following enterprises:
Bratislava Electrotechnical Wcrks, MEZ (Moravian�-Silesian Electrotechnical Works)
Vsetin, MEZ Frenstat, MEZ Mohelnice, MEZ Brno, MEZ Nachod, MEZ Brumov, Electrothermal
Equipment Worl:s (Prague 9, Jull.us Fucik Electrotechnical Works (Brno), MEZ Postrelmov,
Elektropristroj (Electric Instrument} in Praha-Modrany, Slovak Electrotechnical Works
(Krompachy), Elektro-Praga (Jablonec nad Misou), OEZ (Letohrad), Electrotechnical
Works in Teplice, Kablo in Kladno, Kablo in Bratislava, Elektrokarbon in Topolcany,
Elektroprocelan (Electroporcelain) in Louny, Electroinstallation Works in Prague,
Electroinstall.ation Works in Bratislava, Electroinstallation Works in Brno, Elektroodbyt
(Marketing of Electric Equipment) in Prague. The VHJ includes the following institutes:
Research and Development Institute for Electric Rotating Machine (Brno), Research
Institute for Cables and Insulating Material (Bratislava), Research and Development
Institute for Electrical Instruments and Distributors (Brno). The VHJ manufactures
the following: electricmotors, transformers, low voltage and high voltage instruments,
condensers, distributors, electrorhermal equipment, cables and conductors, electro-
porcelian, insulators, electrographite, and performs electrical installations.
Chirana, concern (Strara Tura, over 11,000 workers, general director: Pavel Zeman)
with the following enter.prises: Chirana Stara Tura, Chirana Piestany, Chirana Prague
~ 4-Modrany, Chirana Brno, Chirana Nove Mesto na Morave, Chirana Commerical Technical ~
Services (Prague 7 Holesovice), Foreign Trade Sector (Piestany). The VHJ inclLdes
Chirana, Research Institute for Health Service Engitieering (Brno). Ir manufactures
health service equipment.
The departmental enterprise is TESLA, Cammercial Enterprise (Prague 1, enterprise
director: Miloslav Sevcik).
The following are departmental research institutes: Mechanization and Automation
Research Institute (Nove Mesto nad Vahom, director: Engr. Frantisek Slanina,.CSc.),
TESLA--A. S. Popov Research Institute for Communications Engineering (Prague 4,
director: ~ngr. Zdenek Kanka), and Research Institute for Heavy Current Electrotechnical
Engineering (Prague 9 Bechoz~ice, director: Oldrich Hora, CSc).
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Let us close the brie� information report by express~.ng our wishes that this industrial
branch, starting with electronic components, would soon again find itself among the
main group of manufacturers in the world, so that the "electronization of the CSSR
national economy" cauld be carried out as fast as possible and that the new ministry
could overcome the obstacles on the road forwar~iwith optimism and tenacity.
COPYRIGHT: SNTL (State Publishing House for Technical Literature) ~rague, 1980
5668
CSO: 2402
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
SELF-CONTAINFD LIQUID NITROGEN CRYOSURGICAL UNIT PRODUCED, TESTED
Prague CESKOSLOVENSKY CASOPIC PRO FIZIKU in Czech No 5, Oct 80 pp 485-491
~ received 23 Apr 80
[Article by Zdenek Malek, Ladislav Zobac, Frantisek Soukup, Ivan Krysl,
Oldrich Hora, Jan Jelinek, Antonin Ryska and Stanislav Safrata [Ma.lek, Hora,
Jelinek and Ryska of Research Institute of High Voltage Electrical Enginee~-
ing, Prague; Zobac of Institute of Instrumental Engineering, CSAV [Czechoslo-
vak Academy of SciencesJ Brno; Soukup and Safrata of Institute of Ph~sics,
CSAV, Prague; Krysl of Surgical Research Base, IKEM [Institute of Clinical and
Experimental Medicine] Prague-Krc: "A Self-Contained Cryosurgical System With
a Cooling Power of 60 Watts at -195�C"]
[Text] A cryosurgical instrument cooled with liquid nitrogen
' which uses a porous heat exchanger in its freezing tip is
described. Because of its high efficiency, a volume of about
400 cm3 of liquid nitrogen located in a vacuum~insulated con-
tainer in the handle is sufficient for more than 30 minutes
net ope rating time at the lowest temperature In practice
the f ull cooling power is used only during cooling down of the
, instrument; cooling to -195�C takes less than 20 seconds at
full thermal load with a tissue contact area of 10 cm2. After
the preselected te~nperature value is reached (-195�C or some
~ other value), the cooling rate is maintained electrically at a
value equal to the heat input power from the tissue below the
~ tip. The system is provided with two needle-type thermocouples
which make it po~sible to measure the local temperature of the
tissue during cryolysis to within 1�C; this is shown by a digital'
readout. The complete system has been tested successfully in
more than 200 ope?-ations, primarily involving cryolysis of
benign and malignant tumors.
1. Introduction
The ex..perimental study of the therapeutic effects of local cooling of tissue
was be~un 129 years ago by the work of Arnott,l who tried to tre~t malignant
tumors by applying a vessel containing a cooling mixture at -24�C. The re-
' s�lts were nat convincing, and accordingly the method did not win acceptance.
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It was only the results of more recent cryobiological research, summarized for
example in references 2 3nd 3, which provided a solid basis for the application
of low temperatures in the destruction of pathological tissue. In view of the
results of other work (references G, 5, 6) it can be stated in summary that
cryolysis is sufficiently effective given extremely rapid cooling of the tissue `
to a temperature ~f -20� to -40�C (according to reference 4, the speed must be
greater than -200�C per minute), and relatively slow warming back to body
~ temperature (according to reference 7, slower than +10�C per minute). With
rapid freezing, the water outside and within the cells f reezes almost instantly,
ice crystals are produced in the cells and the conce.itration of dissolved mater-
- ials rises to toxic levels; at the same time changes occur in the pH, denaturation
of phospholipids in the cell membrane, cessation of protoplasmic movement and
other processes which degrade cell viability. During s low warming the larger
crystals within the cells recrystallize at the expense of the smaller ones,
reaching a size at which the cell membranes are mechanically ruptured. At the
same time, the duration of the destructive effects of concentrated solutions is
extended. Because even under these conditions between 10-5 and 10-4 percent of -
the malignant cells may survive,4 recently a number of authors have agreed in
recommending that the freezing cycle be repeated severa 1 times during the opera-
tion, producing an exponential decrease in the probability of survival of the
frozen cells.
Probably Che first cryosurgical system theoretically capable of approaching the
above requirements was developed in 1961 by Coopere in cooperation with the
Linde Division of Union Carbide. The operating tip was designed for neurosurgery;
cooling was effected with liquid nitrogen forced out under pressure from a
separate tank through a vacuum-insulated tube into the hand-held operating tool. _
Subsequently various modif ications of this initial version with separate tank -
were developed which are still com~ercially available; they are reviewed in
reference 9. Advantages of this system are the low weight of the operating tool
and the large supply of ~iquid nitrogen from the external tank, generally suffi-
cient for an entire day's operating work. The mobility of the tool is, however,
limited by the system of connecting tubing, whose length delays cooling of the
tool at the beginning of the operation and requires a relatively large operating
pressure (currently up to 0.8 megapascals [MPa]), wh ich if the thin-walled tool
system or the flexible tubing breaks may result in danger to the patient and the
surgeon from the violent spray of liquid nitrogen.
Another concept for cryosurgical instruments is the self-contained system, in
which the tank is part of the instrument. The short path for the liquid nitro-
gen between the container and the applicator makes it possible to assure its
movement by gravity alone provided that tt-~e container is located above the tip,
or with an overpressure on the order of 0.011`'~'a if ~he container is located be--
low the tip. This system is practically pre~sureless and accordingly is entirely
safe, while the mobility of the tool is limited only by the thin flexible wires
connecting the instrument with the control and indicator electrot~ics. A disad-
vantage is the greater weight of th~ instrument and the smaller supply of liquid
nitrogen, which generally is sufficient only for a single operation. Probably
the first device of this type was built by A. I. Shalnikov at the Institute of
Physical Problems, USSR Academy of Sciences in 1962; since that time he has
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developed a number of modifications of this basic conception.10,11 ~ese de-
vices have, however, relatively small cooling power, and accordingly are suit-
~ able for smaller incisions.
Another type of automatic cryosurgical instrument with liquid nitrogen cooling
- was put on the market a few years ago by Spembly in England, but they no longer
offer the self-contained version.
, In view of the results in reference 12, which are further analyzed in reference
13, it is clear that sufficiently rapid cooling of.the pathological parts of the
~ tissue--at least in the case of rather large incisions with a volume of several
tens of cubic centimeters--can be achieved only when the operating tool in thermal
contact with the live ~issue in question reaches the operating temperature of
, -195�C in about 20 seconds and remains at this temperature for the entire period
of the operat ion. From this follows the requirement that the cooling power of
the tool be ar_ least 50 watts throughout the temperature range down to -195�C.
Under these conditions a tissue cooling rate of about -200�C per minute can be
achieved at a distance of 10 mm from the operating taol, and at the same time the
tissue damage can be sharply circumscribed, i.e. the condition that the distance
- between the 0� and -20� isotherms (boundaries of tissue necrotization) should be
' less than 1 mm apart at the edge of the damaged area can be met.
The purpose of this article is to describe the physical conception of a device ~
which meets the above conditions.
2. The Cryogenic Operating Instrument
Joint work by the Research Tnstitute of High-Voltage Electrical Engineering in
Prague-Bechovice, the Institute of Instrumental Engineering, CSAV, in Brno, the
Institute of Physics, CSAV, in Prague, and the Institute of Clinical and Experi-
mental Medicine in Prague produced in 1977 a self-contained cryosurgical system
cooled with liquid nitrogen; the f irst report of it was published in reference 14.
The idea of designing a self-con*_ained system which would allow a wider range of
operations arose on the basis of results published in reference 15. The greater
than 90 percent ef.ficiency of cooling of the surface of an anisotropic porous
exchanger (described in reference 15) offered the hope that because of the small
coolant path a self-contained model might make it possible to achieve an extremely
rapid drop in the applicator temperature and produce a cooling effect on the order
of tens of watts throughout the operation with only a few hundred c~ibic centi-
meters of liquid nitrogen.
The ma.tn component of the system is the heat exchanger, of which one variant is
shown in Figure 1. Liquid nitrogen passes through tube 1 into a porous medium 2
consisting of round, fla.t copper screens oriented at right angles to the coolant
flow which are in thermal cont~ct with inner housing 3 around their circumf erence.
This fulfills the conditian of anisotropic thermal conductivity of the exchanger
which was examined in detail in reference 15. Nitrogen gas passes out through
passage 4 to coaxial passage S, where it cools the outer walls 6 of the applica-
tor, and passes through channel 7 to tube 8 located in vacuum cavity 9, which is
separated from the applicator system by partition 15. The temperature of the -
9
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~
exchanger is measured by thermoresistor 10. Heating coil 11 is used for warm-
ing. The heat taken up from the tissue by interchangeable operating tip 13 is
led off by thermally contacting plane 12 and screw 14 to housing 3 and then
mostly to porous exchanger 2. The two highly heat-conductive components 3 and 6
are soldered together so that the heat taken up by the surface of cylj.nder 6 is
mostly conducted to exchanger 2, with a small proportion being given up to the
- nitrogen gas in 5 and 7.
' 13 ~12
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
14-,_. ~ : ` � ~ .4
i ~
_ . ~ ~
~ 3
~ ~ -
~ b
{ -10
t
. ~ ~ " . , 2
7.~::..
- . - 5
__L=.= r11
i.-_-_ ~ 7
1
i
~ ' ---15
` 1
8 l _`q
~
Figure 1. Layout of Applicator with Screen-Type Exchanger
This type of applicator is highly effective for the types of incisions in which
the applicator is in thermal contact with the tissue not only at tip 13 but also
over cylindrical surface 6. For operations in which ~~i~~ue is to be cooled
only with top 13 and cooling by surface 6 is not desirable, a similar exchanger -
with a smaller diameter was developed which is enclosed in an insulating vacuum
_ cavity 9. In thia case, only the round front surface 12 of the applicator and
connection screw 14 are cooled.
The arrangement of the entire cryogenic instrument is 3hown schematically in
Figure 2. Operating instrument A(numbers 1-15) is interchangeable, is inserted
into handle and container B(Nos 16- 27) and is connected by a cable to the dis-
play and control unit C. Only the porous exchanger 2, the heating element 3 and
the electrical temperature sen~or 4 are shown in applicator 1 of the operating
instrument. The instrument consists in addition of the horizontal 7 and verti~
cal 8 parts of the vacuum container, evacuated by sorbent 9. To it are attached
the liquid nitrogen feed 5 and the nitrogen gas outlet 6. The exiting nitrogen ~
is heated in cavity 12 by heater 13 to room temperature and drawn off via nozzle
15 to regulating valve 25. The pressure above the surface of the liquid nitro-
gen 10 in tank 17 is regulated by bellows 19, which Controls switch 20 of the
10
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1 6 7~ 12 il
3. ~ '
~ ` A
' 4-' i 15
28 Z 5 ~
20 25
~9 - J J
.
~ ~8
~ J 22 21 14
~
26 -~`~r Y 1b 27
x
x
8 _ Xr �
r ~
r ~ -
- c ~ -
9--- - ~ ~
10 _ . ~ : ~ 14
17 - t � - 0
- - ,
~~~`I` LILti� � 'L J
~
- 9 ?3
Figure 2. Cryogenic Part (Operatin~ Tool} of Cryosurgical System
circuit for heater 23 in tank 17. The level of the liquid nitrogen is indi-
- cated by level sensors 24. The tank can t,e filled without disassembling the
device through filling neck 27. The handle 16 contains function switch 26
and 2 pressure release valves 21 and 22. The el.ectrical installstion passes
from the operating part of the inst~�ument 1 through tube 6 to connector 14.
The electrical readout and control unit C, which will be described in section 3,
carries out digital measurement of the temperature of the operating unit and
the 2 needle-type thermosensars 28 to within 1�C, as well as automatic control
of all functions and monitoring of selected operating parameters. The operat-
ing instrument A+ B is connected with part C only by a multistrand electric
cable, which does not limit the surgeon's freedom of movement. The device can _
be inclined to �6~� and its function changed whenever desired (switch 26 on
front part of handle in Figure 2) between 2 preselected temperature regulation
regimes of applicator 1, either at +37�C (preoperation and warming conditions),
or at the selected low temperature (generally close to -196�C). The low t~tape-
rature is regulated by limiting the cooling power with valve 25 in such a way
that at any variable thermal load that can realistically come into consideratlon
the preselected temperature can be maintained in section 1. The fine structure
of the heat exchanger tube necessitates reliable filtration of any solid impuri-
ties in the liquid nitrogen, which is performed by filter 11 at the entrance to
tube 5.
The entire operating instrument (cryocauter), together with the electronic
display and control units is shown in Figure 3.
' 11
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'
~
. ; ~ , ~
,
~
- - - i -
~ ~ . ~ , ~
w
M1*.. , .
~ ~ ~ . ' ' , . V : /
~ . ~ r ' ~ ' ,r ~ . .r~ ~
.t
~
~ '~i:._ -..-ll:a.,.r. ~.:`e~ y '1 .
_ I i
f
Figure 3. The Complete Self-~Contained Cryosurgical System With Inserted
Temperature Sensor (Lower Right) and Electrical Display and
Control Unit.
3. Electrical Display and Control Unit
A simple diagram of the main functional blocks is given in Figure 4.
The temperature TA of the applicator is measured by a temperature-variable
resistance 4(the numbers of the individual parts in Figure 4 correspond to
the numbers in Figure 2), whose output is converted to the correspondi^~ cel-
sius temperature and shown on the proper display (at left of upper panel in ~
- Figure 3), and also fed to the control unit, in which TA is compared with the
- present value and depending on the sign of the difference either coolant circu-
lation i~ started by means of valve 25 or the valve is closed and proportion-
ately controlled heating of the applicator in windanel3atsthegrightnunder thee
the heating function is indicated on the display p
TA display by an LED). The control unit always maintains in the applicator the
reference temperature which the surgeon selects by pressing or releasing func-
tion switch 26 on the handle. The upper temperature is fixed at +37�C, while
" the lower temperature can be selected by means of a potentiometer in the middle
of the lower panel (Figure 3) in a range between 0� and -195�C. The control
uniC may switch the function from cooling to the low temperature to heating
to +37�C if the selec.ted thermocouple 28 located in the monitoring location in
the healthy tissue, which must not be threatened wi+th lowering of the tempera~-
ture below a set level, reaches the set temperature level. Finally, the con-
trol unit switches the reference temperature value at which the exit gas heater
13 stabilizes; this temperature is measured by a thermoresistor, which is con-
nected to the heater body; in the rest condition th@ heater is preheated to
+50�C, while it is heated to +80�C during open circulation of the nitrogen.
12
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. . . . a:msa:
I~:=.~.~.C.=.w:~
~5=7~pa J~ _:_:_:~:=:=:=1~
-
I Apl{kicor 1 rOhriva~ p~rnu ,
, b ~:a:=..~:~:~; I f
~ 3 ~ C~`Zaschni~ .N_. E~i. I
~ . ~ d �,~Regu -~c-+, c~,i.u 2~,~ L .
i rTk~rlov~ ~ e I HladinomEr rOh7i~at II W
~ ~ ~
I ~t ^m elan~y i II ~ I 23 "I I Ruko~et B~ ~ g
L~._ _ II r~( i � Vent~l ~ (
� I' ~,..r ~II ~25h~ ~
~ Termost~t ;'s� :,~s~,, ~ i'-._.. _ I
~ -�._�;I� I ~n~pPepinatll
I k Prevoin~k KoreMf.m IIl meren I i ~ .~5 ~
I R U 7 tes~lovat I:I iG n I . ~ ~ l~f
I
, C~ I Indikacor D~splei ~ O~splc~ D~sple~ 3~nd~ki~ory I ~
O I ~
I topeni TA p TI fl r2 hladin I I ~
_ ~ I ~ -
. - � � - ~ I ~
_ _ � _ _ _ I ~
I Aitc�~~ A~d c~ "+.r,ta+cri Ai:eni A~:cm
� ohrc.u S refci;ntr~ch ohPevu t,l ohrevu Q'~~
I ~pl~kacors' lednotka ~c Int tasobn~ku plynu
. . . . J
Figure 4. Block Diagram of Display, Regulation and Control Part of Cryo-
surgical System
- Key:
- a. Tool a 1. Correction amplifier
b, Applicator m. Level measuring system
c. Liquid nitrogen tank n. Switch
d. Pressure regulator o. Heating indicator -
~ e. Level sensors p. Display _
f. Gas heater q. Three level indicators
~ g. Handle r. Applicator heating control
h. Valve s. Control unit
i. Tissue thermocouple t. Reference temperature setting
, Thermostat u. Tank heating control
k. Converter v. Gas heating control
w. Heater
'Tt:ern~couples 28, intended for insertion into the tissue being operated on
(lower right in Figure 3) are firmYy attached to their reference connectors
located tn a thermostat stabilized to -k52�C (plug on the upper panel in the
center of Figure 3). This unit is replaceable and the shapes and dimensions
of the therm.~l probes are selected as needed for the type of operation
planned. Cerrection amplifiers with linearizing circuits and devices tor
converting to Celsius temperature are permanently located, along with the
rexevanL- displays, on the indicator panel (center and right of the display
in Fi.gure 3) .
13
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To assure transport of liquid nitrogen ta the applicator, heater 23 is located
in the tank; its power supply is disconnected if the thermoresistor which is
iri contact with the heater is not immersed in the liquid� nitrogen; in additian,
tiie circuit also is controlled by suritch 20 of the pressure regulator in the
Cank.
The liquid nitrogen tank has 3 level sensors 24, whose positions correspond to
the locations of the LED's on the indicator panel at left under the central
display (Figure 3).
The indicator and control systems are separated into two units designated Ci and
Cr in Figure 4, and are shown in actual forni in Figure 3. Unit Cr also contains
- the necessary power supplies for all subsystems. This part of the system need
not be close to the operating table, because operations are almost always con-
ducted with the lowest selectable lawer temperature value. During the operation,
the surgeon may place the light panel Ci within his field of vision.
4. Capabilities of the Equipment and Its Evaluation
This system, designated model 1, was supplied in two complete exemplars, each
of which has one tool with an exchanger as shown in Figure 1 and one tool whose
cyl.indrical applicator surface is vacuum-insulated. The first type is used for
more extensive incisions in deep tissue structures, for example in the procto-
logical field or in operating on large tumors. The second type is suitable for
gynecological, dermatological and stomatosurgical operations, where the cooling
effect is useful only in the front surface of the applicator. Other sets of
screw-on tips are available for both instruments, making it possible to change
the shape of the applicator and thus to assure optirr3l heat transfer between the
tissue and the instrument.
An instrument with a diameLer of 12 mm with an applicator as ~n Figure 1 gives a
maximum cooling power of 60 watts at any temperature down to -195�C. In thermal
cont~ct with blood-containing tissue, it cools from 37�C to -195�C in an area of
8 cm~' in less than 20 seconds, which makes it possible to fulfill the conditions
for effective cryolysis described in section 1 to a depth of 10 mm from the tip.
The effectiveness of tt~e exchanger and the automatic regulation of the cooling
~ power make operation so economical that a filling of 400 cm3 of liquid nitro~en
is sufficient for more than 30 minutes of operating time, equivalent to powers
f-rom 3-S times to 1/10-1/15 as great. The short travel distance from the tank
to the exchanger makes it possible to work with a tank overpressure of only 0.02
MPa, whLch is very important in terms of the patient's and surgeon's safety. A
disadvantage is the greater weight of the instrument, approximately 2.1 kg when
full of liquid nitrogen, than that of the system with tubing, and the necessity
of occasional refilling of the liquid nitrogen tank in the handle of the device.
In contrast to foreign systems with a separate tank, however, there is no need
for any external connecting tubing which would limit the freedom of movement of
the operating instrument. There remain only the flexible cables connecting the
- device with the electrical indicator and control unit. ~
14
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After laboratory measurements in simulated blood-containing tissue, IKENI Prague
tested the device on live rabbits, verifying its functional capabilities and
operating reliability. Then foll.owed palliative operations on inoperable malig-
nant tumors, and after positive resultswere obtained, further neurosurgical,
proctological, gynecological, stomatosurgical and dermatological onFrations con-
ducted by experienced surgeons in more than 10 medical institutes in the Czech
Republic. As of 30 November 1979, thissystem has been used, with the techni-
cal assistance of staff inembers from WSE [Research Institute of High Voltage
Engineering] Prague-Dechovice or FZU CSAV Prague to perform a total of 206 ope-
rations, in all of which cases the equipment fulfilled the operating require~r?znts
and m:ade possible the intended cryoly~ic effects including approximately 60
incisions with vo]umes of about 1 0 cm , and approximately 10 with volumes of
more than 50 cm3, of pathological tissue,
COPYRIGHT: Academia, Nakladate C eskoslovenske Akademie Ved, Prague 1980
8480
CSO : 2402 END
15
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