JPRS ID: 9238 USSR REPORT METEORLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 122
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 10
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9527
5 February 1981
U SSR Re ort
p
CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND
AUTL~MATICN TECHNOIOGY
(FOUO 3/g 1)
FB~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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NOTE
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other characteristics retained.
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mation was summarized or extracted. -
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion marx and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
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Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
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The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or atLitudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYR.IGHT ; AWS AND REGULA.TIONS GOVERNING OW~IERSHIP OF
_ MATEP.IALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
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~ JPRS L/9527
5 February 1981
USSR REPORT
CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 3/81)
CONTENTS
HARDWARE
30-Mop Array Processor 1
Fundamentals of the Design of Computer Assembly Components...~...... 2
Fundamentals of the Design of Computer Assembly Components.......... 4
Testing Computer Components 7
Environmental Testing Categories 9
- Determining and Designing Computer Reliability 12
IC Packaging 33
SOFTWARE
; Realization of the Adaptability Properties of the Operating Systems
of Minicomputers 38
Realization of the IML Intermediate-Level Language on a Computer of
the SM-3 Type 39
Intelligent Interactive Systems..e 41
Recognition of ECG Structural Elements in an Automated Complex...... 50
Complex Statistical Evaluation of Detection of the QRS Complex...... 56
~ - a, - [III - USSR - 21C S&T FOUO]
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APPLICATIONS
SKAT Rohot Submarine 61
Computer-Aided Design of Data Display Systems for Automated Control 63
in the Chemical Industry
A Microprocessor System in the KAMAK Stanuar~_-.�..�������������~��� 78
A Hierarchical Two-Processor System for Collecting and Processing
Experimental Data 79
0 iented Measurement and�Computation Complexes, Based on SM-3
Problem- r
~ and SM-4 Computers and KAMAK Equipment, for the Automation of Scien- 84
_ tific Research
, Electronic KAMAK Modules for Precision Laser Measuring and Control
Systems............ 93
~ An Automated Complex for Processing Images 101
A Digital System for Storing and Processing Television Pictures for 108
Astrophysical Research
A Package of Programs for Calculating the Characteristics of IntFn- 113
sive Beams of Relativistic Charged Particles
PUBLICATIONS
Abstracts From the Joumal 'AUTOMETRY'.......~ 115
-b-
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FIARDWARE
30-MOP ARRAY PROCESSOR
Moscow KRASNAYA ZVEZDA in Russian 20 Nov 80 p 4
[Summary] The first Soviet array processor has been created by a group at the
Yerevan Scientific Research Institute for Mathematical Machines. The processor
will increase tY~e speed of the YeS-1046, developed at the same institute, up to
30 million operations per second.
[910-P]
CSO: 1863
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UDC 68I.3
L~'UNDAMENTALS OF Ti?y DESIGN OF COMPUTER ASSEMBLY COI~~TENTS
Moscow OSNOVY PROYEKTIROVANIYA SBOROCANYKH EDINITS EVM in Russian 1980 signed
to press 3 Dec 79 pp 3-4
[Foreword fram the book b B.O. O1'khov, Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye",
15,000 copies, 255 pages ~
[Text] Foreword
Important f actors whir.h govern the ga~e of scientific and engineering progress
in contemporary s~ciety are the refinement of ele~tronic camputers and the
extent to which they permeate scientific, planning and design institutions. It
has been repeatedly underscored in the directive documents for the development
of the USSR National Economy that to assure a signif icant growth in labor
productivity in all sectors of the nat~onal ecanomy, successfully resolve fur~da-
mental scientif ic problems and urgent engineering problems, it is necessary to
expand the production of general purpose and control computer complexes for
autamated control systems for technological processes and opti.mal control in
sectors of the national econamy. The solution of the problems posed here de- .
termines the necessity of training highly skilled design personnel and opera-
tional workers for electronic camputer equipment.
The textbook for the course Design Fundamentals for the Components and Assembly
Units of Electronic Computers, Devices and Instruments" is being published for ,
the first time for intermediate special educational institutions. This was duP
to a number of difficulties which the author had to deal with in writing
the book. On one hand, it was necessary to rather completely cover all questions
in the existing program af the relevant course, and on the other hand, illuminate
a number of urgent topics, not touched upon in the program.
The basic requirements placed on the assembly components are treated in this
book and the stages in their design are described taking into account the
standards and specifications existing during the design, as well as questions of
the testing and reliability of assembly camponents. The m~or types of con-
temporary component radio electronic elements and methods of installing them are
described. Questions of the design of assembly components (circuit boards,
modules) of the arithmetic and logic devices, the power sepply, individual
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dev3.ces and the computer as a whole are treated in detail. Integrated micro-
cir cuits and printed circuit boards are used as the primary technlcal basis for
th e design. Also treated in the book and supplementing the program are: the
de s ign of power supplies, the general layout of a cumputer, measures to protect
ag a inst mechanical overloads and methods of equipment cooling, but material
de a ling with micranodules and their ~pplication is almost completely omitted,
sin ce these elements are not used in practice in new designs. Basic design
re c ommendations are reinf orced with examples of the designs of assembl.y campo-
nen ts used in domestic and foreign computers. It was kept in mind during� the
writing of the book that the reader is familiar with the fundamentals of logic
de s ign and m icroelectronic principles, presented in related ccurses.
Chapter 9 was written in conjuntion with candiate of the engineering sciences
B. N . Ivanchuk.
Th e author is deeply grateful to reviewers L.P. Arnautova and candidate of the
eng ineering sciences Ye.I. Nikolayev for the critical remarks they made directed
towards jmproving the contents of the book. The author will receive critical
caarments and requests of readers with gratitude, which he requests be directed
to the address of the "Mashinostroyeniye" publishing house.
COP`.[tIGHT� Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1980 -
[51-8225] �
8225
CSO: 1863
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UDC 681.3
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE DESIGN OF COMPUTER ASSEMBLY COMPONENTS
Moscow OSNOVY PROYEKTIROVANIYA SBOROC~IIJYF~i EDINITS EVM in Russian 1980
signed to press 3 Dec 79 pp 254-255
[Table of contents from book by B.O. Ol'khov, Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye",
15,000 copies, 255 pages]
[Text] Table of Contents
Foreword 3
Introduction 5
Chapter 1. The Major Design Tasks and Stages 9
1. General design questions 9
2. Planning the development of a computer 11
3. The contents of the major design stages for a
computer 14
Chapter 2. Specifications and Standards Used in the Design Planning 18
- 1. General principles 18
2. Kinds of products 20
3. The kinds and composition of designer documents 21
4. Basic requirements placed on designer d ocuments 27
Chapter 3. Tests of Camputer Assembly Units 42
1. The kinds of tests 42
2. Electrical tests 46
3. Mechanical tests 49
4. Climatic tests 52
Chapter 4. General Requirements Placed on the Designs of Electronic
Computer Equipm~nt 54
l. The applications areas of electronic ccmputer
equipment 54
2. Enviro~ental factor affecting computer equipment 55
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3. Requirements placed on the structural design of camputers 59
4. The major techniral economic characteristics of computers
and their interrelationship 62
Chapter 5. Computer Reliability 66
1. General infor~ation and basic concepts 66
2. Reliability indicators 69
3. Calculating the reliability 74
4. Reliability tests 77
5. Designing a computer for a specified rel~ability 80
Chapter 6, The Constituent Electronic Camponents and Materials 85
1. Integrated circuits 85
2. Discrete electronic camponen~s 94
3. Switching elements and p lugged connectors 103
4. Cable products 111
5. Structural and protective materials 113
6. Input quality control of the purchased electronic
canponents and materiais 115
Chapter 7. Same Questions of the Production Technology of Computer
Assembly Units 116
1. General inf ormation on electrical installation operations 116
2. Printed circuit boards 122
- 3. Three-dimensional hook-up circuit boards 130
4. Autamation of the f abrication of printed circuit boards
and assembly units based on them 136
Chapter 8. The Structural Design of the Assembly Units of Arithmetic
Logic Units 139
1. The hierarchical principle of the layout of camputer
assembly units 139
2. The planning of printed circuits boards 141
3. The design of circuit modules 155
4. Microassemblies and assembly units based on them 177
S. Assembly units of the second structural design and
process leve 1 181
Chapter 9. The Structural Design of the Assembly Units of Power
~ Supplies 192
1. Power supplie s and the basic requirements placed on
the~n? 192
2. Typical block diagrams of power supplies 196 _
3. The constituent radioelectronic camponents and their
impact on the design of the assembly units of power
supplfes 201
4. The principles for breaking electrical power supplies
down into assembly units 203 -
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5. The major requirements placed on the design of power supply 208
assembly units 216
6. Questions of the l~.yout of a power supply
Chapter 10. The Overall Layout of a Computer 219
1. The layout of large computer 219
2. The layout of small computers 22~
3. Protecting computer assembly units agai~st mechanical 231
overloads 234
4. The cooling of the electronic equipment of camputers
251
Conclusion
253
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1980
[51-8225]
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UDC 681.3
TESTING COTiPUTER COMPONENTS
Moscow OSNOVY PROYEKTIROVANIYA SBOROCHNYI~i EDINITS EVM ir~ Russian 1980 signed
to press 3 Dec 79 pp 52-53
[Excerpt from book "Fundamentals of the Design of Computer Assembly Components",
by B.O. O1'khov, Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 15,000 copies, 255 pages ]
[Excerpt] The parameters c~f products which are monitored in various s~ages of
the tests are indicated in Table 9(the parameters of the electrical signals:
PES; the insulation resistance: RiZ, and the quality of the protective coatings,
KZP .
TABLE 9
Monitored Parameters
Properties Being Checked During the At the Campletion
in the Test Product Testing of the Testing
Process �
PES RiZ PES RiZ KZP
Moisture resistance + + + + +
- Cold resistance:
Minimum working temperature + - - - -
The ultimate minimal temperature - - + - +
Resistance to frost and dew + - + - +
Heat resistance:
Maximum working temperature + + - - -
Ultimate maxim~ temperature - - + + +
High altitude immunity + - + - -
Resistance to solar radiation + - + - +
Resistance to a saline fog - - - - +
Dust protection + - + - +
Spray protection + - + - +
Fungus resistance - - - - +
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Note to Table 9: A"+" means the parameter is checked; a"-" means the parameter
is not checked.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatl'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1980
[51-8225]
~ 8225
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UDC 681.3
_ ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING CATEGORIES
Moscow OSNOVY PROYEKTIROVANIYA SBORCHNYKH ~DINITS EVM in Russian 1980 signed
to press 3 Dec 79 pp 56-59
- [Excerpt from book "Fundamentals of the Design of Computer Assembly Components",
by B.0. Ol'khov, Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostro~~eniye", 15,000 copies, 255 pages]
- [Exce-rpt] The environmental factors acting on equjpment are classified
according to the degrees of severity (Table 10) in accordance with GGST 1696~-71,
"Electronic and Electrical Eng ineering Equipment Products. Mechanical and -
Climatic Effects. Testing Methods and Requiremeuts."
TABLE 10
Ct IIg 8C OY' 8ospe1leT~ypWxB ~aK'rop
~e~ree of - Degree of
3xaveaee e b 7KtGTKOtTY 3xsvexae Cre~~e~~cocrx
Value . I Severity 'Value zY
Temperature of the Air or Other Gaa During Opex'ation
Te?+nepaTypa BosAyxa xnx Apyroro rasa
~ npN 3r.cnnyarauNN, �C �C
Elevated flonawexxan
40 1 125 . IX
45 ll 155 X
50 1] I 200 X 1
55 I V 250 X 1[
60 V 3I5 XIII
70 V I 400 X 1 V
- 85 V I I 500 X V
100 VIIJ
~ RedyCed floxiuaa+xa~
I I -40 V I
-5 I 1 -45 V I (
-10 I 1 I -60 V 11 I
-25 I V -85 I X
~ -30 V
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[Table 10, continued] :
Teunepa~rype ea~AYxa xnN ApYroro ra3a
npx xpaHeHeH N TPBHCJIOPTHPOB2HMH~ �C
levated flosdwexxaA ~o~N~cu+Hpa ~ed~~~d
5p i -50 I
60 1 I -60 11
-85 11 I
edueed At~nospl~er~Le PxQ~sa~e~ Pa
OHHNC2HHOC 8 ce A~dsneH~ie, fIa
7� 1~~ 1 6,T� ~~s V~
53,5�10' � 1l 133.3 VI1
~,7. ~p~ II! 13,3 VI1l
12�10' 1V 0,13 1X
2� 10' V 1,3� ]0'~ X
E evated Presaure of the Air or Other Gas MPa
, f[oe~weHNce Aaene~+He BaiAyxa xax Apyroro rasa,'MCia
0,147 I I i 0,294 I II
0
~ ~2~TIOHdi112TIN8A BJ18KtHOC'Pb ~OTHOCM'TtAbHBA 8118?KHOC'fb~ �6/rewneparypa,
ggJ35 V 1
' 98/25 I I 100/35 V 1 I 1 _
l0U/25 1~
Acting Factor Bo3AetlcTeyautx0 ~paKrop ~
Degxee of Degree of
3naveHxe I Creneue acerrKOC're I 3xavenxe C'r~neve~~~y tl
Value
- (3) BN6pauHOi~ede H2CPy3KH (ANanasoe yarroT,
I'u/ycxopeHxe, g)
1=35/0,5 1 1=2000/5,0' XI
1=60/1,0 li 1=2000/I0,0 XII
1~60/2,0 ]I1 1=2000115.0 X111
1=80/5,0 1V 1=2000/20,0 XIV
1=100/!,0 V 1=3000/20,0 XV
1=200/5,0 VI 1=5000110,0 XVI
1=200/10,0 V1l 1=5000/20,0 XVII
1=600/5,0 VI11 1=5000/30,0 XVI11
1=600/10,0 IX 1=5000/4Q,0 XIX
- 1= t 000/ 10,0 X 100= 5000/50,0 X X
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(Table 10, continued):
~4~ YRap?ide ~iarpy3KH -
(ycKOpeuuc, g/t~Hrenbnorrb Ha+nynbca, Mc)
Mult~ple MeoroKparHwe ~
IS/2= I,i I 7512=6 III
40/2=10 I li I I50/1=30 I 1V
~ew~~}e OAMHOyHwe
4/40=- 60 1 500/ I= 2 V
20/20= 50 I I 1000/0, 2=1 V 1
75/2=6 1l1 I500/0,2=0,5 V11
150/1=3 1V 300010,2=0,5 VI11
(5) IINHe11tIWC ~lICtITP06CiKHNC~ H81'Py3KH, g
_ 1 ~50 V
25 I( 200 V 1
50 I 11 500 V l t
100 IV
[Key to Table 10]:
1. Temperatur.: of the air or other gas during storage and transportation, �C;
2. Elevated humidity (relative humidity in percent/temperature �C);
3. Vibration loads (frequency range in Hz/acceleration, g);
4. Shock loads (acceleration, g/pulse width, milliseconds);
5. Linear (centrifugal) loads, g.
The following values of the intensities of the acting factors can be cited
for electronic computer equipment. The range of working temperature of the
ambient medium is usually no more than -50 to +50 �C; in this case, the
maximtml working temperature of the electronic components can be no higher
than +50 �C, due to overheating of the equipment from the heat liberated
in it. The range of temperatures during storage and transportation is usually
no wider than -60 to +60 �C.
The maximum vibration frequency (up to 7 KHz), but with a small amplitude
(+0.025 acts on equipment operating in a caterpillar tract driven vehicle.
In this case, the equipment can be sub~ected to individual shocks with very
high accelerations. A wide frequencq range (up to 2.5 KHz) with vibration
having a considerable acceleration (up to 20 g) acts on rocket equipment.
COPYRIGHT: izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1980
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UDC 681.3
DETERMINING AND DESIGNING COI~UTER RII,IABILITY `
Moscow OSNOVY PROYEKTIROVANIYA SBOROCHNYRH EDINITS EVM in Russian 1980 signed
to press 3 Dec 79 pp 66-84
[Chapter S from book "Fundamentals of the Des ign of Computer Assembly Components",
by B.O. Ol'khov, Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 15,000 copies, 255 pages]
[Text] Chapter 5 Computer Reliability
1. General Information and Basic Concepts
Reliability is the property of a unit which allows it to execute specified
functions, while retaxning the values of the established operational indi-
cators within permissible limits with the course of time, where these limits
correspond to the adopted operational modes and conditions for utilization,
technical servicing, repairs, storage and transportation of the unit.
The high reliability requirement, as a rulP, is an absolutely necessary condi-
tion for modern computers. The operation of insufficiently reliable computers -
entails great economic expenditures, and if the failure of the computer can
have catastrophic consequences, then it is altogether impermissible.
GOST 13377-75 "Reliability in Engineering. Terms and Definitions" reveals
the content of the basic concepts used when considering questions of relia-
bility.
Reliability is a complex property, which, depending on the operational `
conditions and functions of a unit can include such properties as the failure-
free service capability, functional longevity, repair suitability and full -
- function retainability either individually or as a certain combination of
these properties.
FaiZure-free service capabilitz~, is the property of a unit of continuously
preserving its operability over a period of time or for same operating time.
A unit is characterized by the property of failure-free service capability
- both during the utilization period and during periods of storage and transport
ation.
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Funetional Zongevity,is the property of an ob~ect preserving its operability
until the onset of the ultimate state for a specif ied system of technical
servicing and repairs.
Repair suitabiZity is the property of a unit, consisting in its suitability
for warning of and detecting faults and damage, and eliminating their conse-
, quences by means of making repairs and technical servicing.
FuZl funetion retainabiZity is the property of a unit of maintaining its full
functional capability and operability following storage and (or) transportation.
The properties enumerated above f~,r an object, which characterize its relia-
bility, were defined using the following concepts.
FuZZy funet2onaZ is the condition of a unit in which it meets all of the re-
quirements established by the design documentation.
NonfunctionaZ is the condition of a unit in which it does not meet the require-
ments established by the design documentation, even if only one of the require-
ments is not met.
OperabZe is the condition of an object in which it is capable of performing
the specified functions, maintaining the values of the specified parameters
within the range established by the design documentation.
Nonoperable is the condition of a unit in which it does not meet the require-
ments established by the design documentation, even if~only for one specified
paremeter which characterizes its capability of performing the specif ied
functions.
TerminuZ status is the condition of a unit in which its iurther operation should
be terminated because of uncorrectible violations of safety requirements, or a
departure of the specified parameters beyond the established limits which cannot
be e liminated, because of an uncorrectible drop in the operational efficiency
be low the pexmissible level, or the necessity of performing intermediate
repairs or a major overhaul.
The terms cited above which define the various conditions of a unit are in need -
of same explanatian.
It should be noted that the concept "fully functional" is a wider than the
concept "operable". An operable unit, in contrast to a fully functional ane,
meets only those requirements which assure its execution of the specified
function; an operable unit can be defective, however its defec~s in this case
are not so substantiable as to disrupt normal functioning (for example, a viola-
tion of requirements applying only to external appearance).
A distinction must be drawn between two cases of the "nonoperable" status:
correctible and incorrectible. In the first case, the operability of the unit
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,
~ can be restored by means of a repair, and in the second, the restaration of _
the operability is impossible or ecanamically inexpedient.
The terms following below defyne events wl:ich lead to the breakdown in the
fully functional and operable status of a unit.
Dcmtage is an event which consists in the disruption of the fully functional
status of an object because of the impact of external actions which exceed
levels established in the design documentation for the unit.
Failure is an event which consists in the disruption of the operability of the
unit (failure criteria are usuall.y established in the design documentation).
Damage can be minor, leading only to a disruption of the fully functianal '
status while retaining operability; damage can be aignif icant, leading to a
disruption of the operability, i.e., to the failure of the unit. Some failures
of units are not related to damage to them, but can be the consequence of dis-
~ ruptions in the established operational norms and regulations; such failures
are not taken into account in estimating unit reliability.
The following also belong among the general concepts of reliability theory:
Nan-faiZure operating ttime is the duration of operation of a unit;
OperatianaZ safe Zife is the nan-failure operating ti.me of a unit fram the
start of operatian or its renewal f ollowing intermediate repairs or ma~or
overhaul until the onset of terminal status;
Service Zife is the calei~dar duration of unit operation from its start or
renewal following interemediate repairs or major overhaul uuit the onset of
the terminal status;
SheZf Zife is the calendar duration of storage and (or) transportation of a
unit under specified conditions, during and after which the values of the
specified indicators are maintained kithin the established limits.
The concept of failure is one of the fundamental ones in reliability theory
and is classified according to a n~ber of criteria, w:~ich take into account
the nature of the failure. Failures can be sudden and gr~dual, independ~nt or
related, can manif est as a dropout or an intermittent failure, and can
design, production or operational f ai'�ires.
A sudden faiZure is characterized by a jump-like change in one or several
parameters of a unit, which lead to a disruption of its operability (electrical
breakdown of insulation, a short circuit, etc.). Sudden failures are usually
caused by design deficiencies, i.e., by the violation of the rules and (or)
norms for the design (design faiZure), by hidden production defects, which
occur because of violations of the rep air or fabrication technology for a unit
(production faiZuz~), or by the violation of operational regulations and (or)
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conditions (operationaZ failure). Such failures, as a rule, occur in the initial
stage of operation of a unit.
GrdduczZ faiZure is characterized by a gradual change in one or more sgecif ied
parameters of a unit. Gradual failures develop rather slowly and depend on the _
time a unit has been functioning. If a slowly changing parameter of a unit has
not gone beyond the range of the norm, which defines the unit operability, then
explicit criteria for gradual failure are lacking and can be determinEd only
during preventive maintenance of the unit. Ti.mely preventive maintenance is
necessary to preclude a loss of unit operability becaus~ of gradual failures
during important periods of unit operation. TI:e gradual failures ascertainPd
during preventive maintenance should be eliminated bq replacing the failed
standard component, or by means of making a repair. -
The concepts independent faiZure and dependent faiZure usually apply to indi-
vidual components of a unit.
A component failure is called independent when it is not due to damage to or
_ failure of other camponents of the unit.
Component f ailure is termed dependent when it is due to damage or failure in
another component of the unit. For example, a short circuit of the leads of a
transistor usually lead to the burn-out of the pulse transformer winding inserted
in its collector circuit without a current limiting resistor.
SeZf correcting faiZure, which leads to a short term disruption of operability,
is called a dropout.
A repeatedly occurring dropout of the same nature is called an intez~nittent
faiZure. The reason for such a failure can be, for example, a poor contact.
Such a failure is eliminated by replacing or repairing that portion of the unit
in which it is detected.
2. Reliability ~ndicators
All of the properties of a unit which characterize its reliability, the failure-
free service capability, functional longevity, repair suitability and full -
function retainability, have quantitative characteristics which are estimateu
with the cor~esponding indicators. An indicator applying to one of the properties
comprising the reliabilit}� of the unit is called a singZe indicatoz~ of the
reliability.
An indicator applying to several properties comprising unit reliability is called
a ecmprehensive indicator of the reliability.
Since failures are random events, the quantitative characteristics of reliability
_ have a probabilistic nature. The theoretic3l calculation of the probability
characteristics of reliability is a camplex and iabor intensive probleffi, and at
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times the requisite initial data for its formulation are lacking. For this -
reason, the statistical values are usually determined for the quantitative
reliability characteristics obtained by mathematical processing of the results
of experimental observations. _
Included among the indicators for failure-free service capability are:
--The probability of failure-free operation;
--Mean operating time before failure;
--Failure rate (for a nonrestored unit);
--The failure flow parameter (for a restored unit);
--Operating time before failure (for a restored Lnit).
We shal.l consider the failure-~ree service capability indicators enumerated
above.
The probabiZitr~ of faiZure-free operat2an P(t), is the probability that within
the range of a specified operating time, i.e., a specified time interval, a
failure unit will not occur.
The quantity P(t) is determined by the expression:
� m
~
No- ~nj
P (1) = lim
A'-~0 a
N~-?m
where Np is the number of units at the start of the testing or operation; m
is the number of time interals; ni is the number of units which fail during
operation in the i-th time interval; t is the testing time; ~t is the duration
of a time interval.
The parameters m, t and ~t are related by the expression
m = t/ot.
The statistically approximate value of P(t) can be determined from the
expression:
m
Na-~n~
P (l) No=' .
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The larger N~, the closer the statistical value of P(t) is to the theoretical
value.
Along with the probability of failure-free operation, P(t), one can uae the
failure pnobabiZity indicator Q(t), defined by the expression:
. m
~ nl
_ Q(~) = 1- P( t) ~ N'~ .
The mean operating time before failure or the average time of failure-free
operation, T~p is the anticipated operating ti.me of the unit prior to the
first failure and is statisticallq defined as the ratio of the sum of the
operating time before failure of the units being tested to the number of
observed units, if they all failed during the tests:
N~
Fj ~cpl
i=1
T~v N , _
0
where t~p i is the operating time prior to the failure of the i-th unit. �
_ This indicator is frequently utilized as the failure-free service capability
characteristic of nonrestored units, since the first failure for them is
also the last.
The faiZure rate, ~(t), is expressed as the ratio of the number of units,
n(t), which f ailed during the time interval under consideration, ~t, to the
product of the number of units, N(t), which were operable at the start of this .
time interval, times its duration: _
~ ~ ~ n (t)
t ~s N ~t~ et .
The quantity a(t) shows what part of the elements with respect to the overall
number of operating elements in good working order fail on the averge per
unit time (usually on a per hour basis).
The statistical experimental estimate of the reliability of units leads to a
conclusion concerning the ti.mewise change in the failure rate. Typical curves -
for the failure rates of a product as a function of time are shown in Figure 8.
Three sections are clearly distinguished in them.
The first section corresponds to the running-in period, t~; it is character- -
- ized by relatively high values of the failure rate, which are the result of
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hidden defects due to violations of the manufacturing technology. For important
units, it is necessary at the manufacturing plants to electrically break-in units
for a period of time exceeding the durati~n of the running-in period, for the
purpose of ascertaining and eliminating hidden defects. For modern semiconductor
devices (discrete diodes and transistors, integrated circuits), the burn-in
period is usually figured in several hundreds of hours.
The second section corresponds to the normal operating period (tgp).of the unit
with a sufficiently low constant failure rate. During this period, the failure
rate and the average time of failure-free service are found as a function of:
~
P
and are related to the probability of failure-free operation by the expression:
r
P(t)=e^ T~~~ P(t)=e-~,
where e is the base of natural logarithms.
The latter equation expresses the probability of failure-free operation as an
exponential function of time (Figure 9).
The third section (t~) is characterized by an increase in the failure rate of
the units, sanething which is a consequence of their aging or wear, which has
an impact on the operability of the units.
The operational safe life of the unit should not exceed the normal operational
period, i.e., should not continue into the period where aging and wear of the
unit are manifest. For modern discrete and integrated circuit wide application
semiconductor devices, the period of normal operation amounts to tens of
thousands of hours; a period of increased failure rate following long term
operation has not been observed for them in practice, and as of today, no kind
of inechanisms have been established in their operation which could lead, in
an observable period, to a regular degradatior~ in the reliability of devices
fabricateci in strict accordance with production technology. :
The faiZure flow parameter, S2(t), is the average number of failures of a
restored unit per unit time.
The operating ttime bej
ore faiZure, To, is the average value of the failure-
free operating time of a restored unit between failures. If the failure-free
operating time is expressed in time units, one can use the term "average time
of failure-free operation":
n
~ l~
!al
T~ _ � ,
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where n is the number of failures per testing time; ti is the time of
proper operation of the unit between the (i - 1) and the i-th f ailurea.
When performing tests on aeveral samples
~ of a unit, one can determine the value of
, Tp from the expression:
~ ~ ~ T~ -
Z 7, r=i
--rr ~ � /?q �
I I
t~ I tNp t~ I
~ ~ where Tpi is the operating time until the
failure of the i-th sample; M is the nimmber
e ~ of samples being tested.
Figure 8. Typical curves for Amang the rather numerous indicators of func-
the failure rates of tional longevity we shall also mention such
a pr aiuct as a func- indicators as the gamma percentage safe life
tion of time: and the gamma percentage service life.
Key: 1. In the nominal
operational mode; ~ g~a percentage safe Zife is the
2. Under eased condi- failure free operating time during which
tions. there is a specified probability of Y
- percent that the units will not reach the
terminal status.
Pr
f The garrnna percentage service life is the
calendar duration of operation, during which
the unit has a specified probability of
y percent of not attaining the terminal
status.
~ t The repair suitability of a unit is charac-
terized by the average restoratian time,
TB, which takes the form of the average
Figure 9. The failure-free oper- forced downtime not covered by regulations,
ational probability which is expended for detecting and finding
as an exponential the causes of a failure and eliminating the
function of time. consequences of a failure.
The full-function retainability of a unit is F
characterized by the gcmana pereentage cnxd average fuZZ funetian retention
Zives, which are def ined respectively as the full function retention life
which the unit has a specified probability of Y percent.of attaining, and as
the anticipated full function retention life. These indicators can be incorp-
orated in the design documentation for the unit.
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A number of important aspects of the reliability of units is taken into account
- with comprehensive reliability indicators.
~ The in-corrnntission factor, K~, is the probability that a unit will prcve to be
operable at any point in time with the exce~ption of planned periods during which
no provision is made for the utilization of the unit for its function; Kr- is
statistically def ined as the ratio of the total time the observed units are in an
operable conditian to the product of the number of these units times the duration
of operation (with the exception of planned downtimes for planned repairs and
technical servicing):
N
Fj~l
t-1
Kr = N~.
vd
where ~i is the total time the i-th unit is in an operable condition; T~6 is
the duration of operation, including the operational and restoration times.
For the servicing procedure which provides for the immediate staxt of the
restoration of a failed unit, the followi.ng relationship is justified:
To
K~ To -I' Ts ~
The incanm i~sion factor characterizes the readiness of a unit for oper ation.
The equipment utilization coefficient, K~N, is the ratio of the overall time of
proper ope~_ation of a unit, t~~, to the total operational time, taking into
account forced downtimes for technical servicing, to~~, and repair, tPp~, during
the same aperational period:
~~r~
KTH ~Cy/11 ~ lPtM ~ ~pGC '
The equipment utilization coefficient shows what percentage of the overall oper-
ating and downtimes the unit is in good operating condition, ready for practical
application.
Among the numerous comprehensive reliability indicators, we shall mention the
average overall cost of technical servicing and the average total cost of
repairs. The indicators respectively express the anticipated total expenditures
for the performance of technical maintenance of a unit and for all kinds of
repairs of a unit over a specified operational period, and as a total, comprise
the anticipated cost of operating a uniC C3.
Increased reliability of units, and correspondingly, low operational costs, are
achieved through increasing the expenditures for the developmental work Cp and
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fabrication CH of a unit. Obviously, at same definite reliability, the overall
cost of a unit Co will be minimal, where this cost is composed of the development
cost, referenced per single unit of M units, as well as the manufacturing and
operating costs:
CO` M ~Cn~C~
The reliability at which the minimum total cost of a unit is assured, Co.min~
be teroned the minimal cost reliability and is characterized by a certain
probability of failure-free operation, P~T.
c ~
~
. co ~
~ Figure 10. The costs of a unit as a function
_ ~ of the failure-free operation
c~ ~ probability.
~
~0. min
' C~
y !,0
~ Ponm P(~)
Curves f or the costs of a unit Cp/M + CH, C~ and Co are shown as a function of
the probability of failure-free operation of a unit P(t), and the value PonT is
noted.
3. Calcu lating the Reliability
The reliability design calculations are performed during the developmental stage
of a un it to determine its conf ormity to the requirements formulated in the
design tasking. The quantitative characteristics of the reliability of the
units should be determined as a result of the calculations. The calculations
are perf ormed using the known data on the rate of failure of the components
comprising the unit under cansideration; in particular, the reliability of any
assembly unit of a computer is g rn~erned by the values of the failure rate of
the electronic components and the structural elements comprising the assembly
unit.
There are extensive reference data at the present t3me on the failure rates of
electron ic camponents. These data are given for noz~al temperature conditions
and for a definite electrical operating mode of the electronic components.
The electrical utilization mode of an electronic component is characterized by
the load coefficient:
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L Nop~Nnaan'
where Nop is the load on the element in the operating mode; Nno~ is the
naminal or permissible load according to the technical specifications.
In this case, the load should characterize that electrical quantity rahich
exerts the decisive influence on the operability of the electronic component.
Such a quantity for resistors is the power, for capacitors it is the working
voltage, and for integrated circuits, it is the value of the Ioad at the output.
In principle, the quantity KL is less than unity, since the use of electronic
components in operating modes which exceed the naminal permissible ones in
accordance with the technical specif ications is forbidden.
The failure rate, ae, of electronic components under actual operating conditions
is related to the failure rate, aL, of electronic components in the nominal _
electrical operating mode by a certain coefficient Ra, which depends on the
load coefficient KL and can, in the general case, have a nonlinear nature. In
individual cases, during the preliminary design calculations of the reliability
of a unit, one can assume that K~ = RL, and then ~e = KLaL, to take into account
the influence of the electrical operating mode of the electronic components.
Reducing the load on an electronic camponent assures an increase in itis opera-
tional reliability, i.e., a reduction in the value of ae. Increasing the
working temperature leads to a degradation of electronic component reliability,
and consequently, to an increase in the value of ae.
It is necessary to have data on the operational reliability of an electronic
component (the values of ae) as a function of the load, temperature and other
factors for the most precise calculation of a unit when operates under actual
operating conditions. The reliability of such data can be assured only with a
large volume of experimental observations. This volume cannot usually be
obtained under laboratory conditions during the testing and developmental stages
of the component or unit; it can be obtained only during long term operation of
the unit.
A typical curve for the relative failure rate of an IC (the value of a at any
temperature referenced to the value of a at +20 �C) is shown in Figure 11 as a
function of temperature, from it follows that the reliability is substantially
degraded with an increase in temperature. Limiting the working temperature at a
level of about +SO �C will boost the reliability of IC's by approximately an
order of magnitude as campared to the variant where they are used at a temperature _
close to the m~ximum (+125 �C) .
Easing the operating conditions of electrc~nic components changes the nature of
the curve of the f ailure rate of the components as a function of time: the
burn-in stage is somecahat lengthened, the failure rate in the normal operational
stage is reduced and the wear stage has a later onset (Figure g),
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~/~�ZO'c
Figure 11. The typical relative failure intensity
rate of integrated circuits as a func~ion
, 10 of temperature .
I
S
1
2S JO IS Aa0 T,'C
Data on the failure rates of all of the electronic components used are needed
to compute the reliability of a unit, where this data applies to actual oper-
~ ational conditions, i. e. , taking into account the operating tenperature and
load on the electronic components during their service in the unit.
Before moving directly on to the calculation of the reliability of a unit, it
i is necessary to deal with such concepts as primary (series), back-up (parallel)
and mixed connection configurations of components.
- A connection of the camponents in a unit is called series when the failure of
only one element leads to the failure of the entire unit. It should be noted
that a series connection in the sense indicated above does not coincide with
the physical series connection of components in an electrical circuit, since in
an electrical circuit of a unit, the elements can be connected both in series
' and parallel.
Parallel is the term for that connection configuration of camponents in a
unit in which the failure of the unit occurs only after the failure of any
primary and all back-up components for it.
A mixed configuration is the term for the combination of series and back-up
connections.
In the present analysis, we .will limit ourselves to calculating the reliability
of a unit with a series conf iguration of the components. The calculation is
perfoYmed for the normal operational period, when the failure rate ai of each
type of component is a constant quantity.
The failure rate of a unit, A~, is the sum of the failure rates of all of the
components incorporated in a unit; the probability of failure-free service of
a unit, Pp, with a series configuration of the components is the probability
that all components incorporated in the unit will operate without fail:
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where ai is the failure rate of the i-th type and operating mode camponents; -
Ni is the number of components with a failure rate of ai; k is the number of .
kinds of camponents according to types and utilization modes,
~'xampZe. We shall compute the reliability of a camputer module (the probability
of failure-free operation for 1,000 hours is Pp (1,000)), which contains 50
series 133 integrated circuits, 10 KM-5 capacitors for filtering out the high
frequency component in the power supply circuitry for the microcircuits, as
multilayer printed circuit board having 250 interlayer connections with a type
GRPM-1 plug connector mounted on the circuit board where the connector has
90 contacts. The working temperature at the microcircuit packages under
actual operating conditions should ~e assured within li.mits of +50 �C, something
which is in line with an increase in the reliability of the integrated .:ircuits
by approximately an order of magnitude as canpared to their reliability at
+ 125 �C.
TABLE 12
DesigAation ~~;,T~~~- I
~
~Ii~11M1�MOBaHHt H pTN OtlL K~~ Kt -~~`K K X N~ ~(9N; X'
Tun 9neweuTa x -~H H T X 10- w-
~td ~ e o~ x io-�~-~ hr
Cont etteat x ~ o-~ 4-~ hr ~
Cz~ hlnxpocxeMa 1 0,01 2 0,020
133 JIA 1
-To x:c 0,8 0,008 4 0,032
y ~9e 0,4 0,004 14 0,056
MHKpOCxCMa O~ I O,8 O, I O,OOS 4 0,032
C3) TP~ .
7'0 ~+ce ~he g~le 0,4 0,004 16 0,064
AIHKpocxet~~a 0,8 0,008 2 0,016
(4~ 133 JIA6
To ~ce~e S 0,6 0,006 8 0,048
5 Kor+uencarop ~5 0,01 0,2 - 0,002 10 0,020
~6~ Pasbe~+ CPTIM-I O,l - - - 1 0,100
Mc~ccnoi+Hde coe� 0,001 - - - 250 0,250
~ ~7~ AHH2HNA B I~~IIR
~8~ flai+hH eaeonoo 0,0001 - - - t4X50 = 0,070
~iH~:pocxeM = 700
~9~ (l~i+ttH ewuonoe 0,0001 - - - 2X 10 = 20 0,002
xoH,~eucaTOpoo
~ To = A= 1,4� 10' v; A~ = El~lyN j= 0,713� 10-'v-~;
�
PQ~1~~_~-0,713�10-~�1000 7 10-~ ~.0,9993;
ICT - ~oi~~xyxeer yvera Ter~nepaTypxoro pa+ci+we
Key: 1. Failure rate, aiL ' 10-6 hr-1;
2. 133 LA1 microcircuit;
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[Key to Table 12, continued]:
3. 133 TR1 microcircuit;
4. 133 LA6 microcircuit;
5. KM-5 capacitor;
6. GRPM-1 connector;
7. Interlayer connections in a multiplayer printed circuit board;
8. Solder connections of microcircuit leads;
9. Solder connections of capacitor leads;
I~ is a coefficient which takes into account the temperature conditions.
~ ~
The results of the reliability calculation are conveniently represented in
the form of Table 12.
4. Reliability Tests -
Two basic kinds of reliability tests are differentiated: control and diagnostic.
Control tests are performed for the purpose of establishing the conformity of
- the reliability level of products to the requirements of the technical speci-
fications for them. Reliability requirements, stipulated in the technical
specifications for a product, as a rule do not reflect the values of the
true operational reliability of the products; this is particularly character-
istic of contemporary integrated circuits and assembly components based on
them. The fact is that the operational reliability of these products is so
great that to confirm it would require very large overall operating times to
failure of the products, which are altogether unacceptable in an organizational
, and econamic sense. For this reason, a certain conditional reliability level
is established in the technical specif ications for a product, the control
- testing of which both with respect to the testing time and the number of
tested products proves to be acceptable. The purpose of control tests for
reliability consist in checking the quality of the technological process of
product fabrication, and for the absence of gross violations in it which can
lead to a sharp drop in product reliability.
One or two levels of reliability are specified in the technical specifications
for control testing of the reliability.
When testing for one level of reliability, the minimimm (rejection) value of
the probability of failure free operation P2 in a time tg is specified within
the specified operational conditians for a customer risk of S.
The customer risk S is the probability that with selective quality control,
a batch of products can be received having a reliability level equal to the
minimum (re~ection) value of the probability of failure-free, service.
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Cn lt~e case oC ~ontrnl testing for two reliability levels, in addition to the
parameters specified for control testing for one reliability level, an accept-
ance value of the probability of failure-free service P1 in a time tg under the
specified operational conditions is also specified for a manufacturer's risk a.
The manuf acture's risk a is the probability that during the quality control,
a batch of products can be rejected having a level of reliability equal to the
acceptance value of the probability of failure-free service.
Tests are usually planned for a custmner risk of S= 0.1 and a manufacture's
risk a equal to 0. 1, 0,2 or 0.3; in the case of a large production volume one
can use cc = 0.0,5. For extensive and expensive tests with a small production
volume f or the products, it is permissible to plan the tests for a custamer ~
of 0.2 or 0.3 with an agreement between the manufacturer and the custamer for
the product.
The right of selecting quality control with respect to one or two levels of
reliability is made available to the developer--rmanufacturer of the product.
TABLE 13
n ape P.
~ C 0,999 0,99 I 0.95 I 0,9 I 0,8 I 0,7
I
p 2301 229 45 22 ]0 7
0,1 I 3888 388 76 37 18 II
2 532p 532 105 52 25 16
p 1608 160 31 15 7 5
- 0,2 I 2993 299 59 29 14 9
2 4278 427 85 42 20 13
- 0 1203 120 23 Il 6
" 0,3 1 2438 243 48 24 ~2 8
2 3615 360 71 35 19 11
~:`iecking for conf ormity of the reliability level of the product to the require-
m;~nts of the technical specif ications is made during periodic tests in the
ncocess of trial and series production.
":�;e rules for the acceptance and rejection of products based on the results of
r~~liability tests are established in the technical specifications for the
az~,~ucts .
alanning of the control tests for one reliability level is accomplished in
~i~E i~ollowing manner.
The ~:~ceptance number of failures C is established: the greatest number of
fai.? .~d products in a sample, in which the results of the tests are considered
posir_~!ve; to curtail the volimie and cost of tests, it is recommended that the
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value C be chosen equal to 0, 1 or 2. Then, the size of the sample n is
determined from Table 13 as a function of the specified values of P2, R and
the chosen value of C.
At the expiration of the testing time, ttest = tg, the results of the rests are
estimated: if the quantity of failed products d< C, then the results bf the
tests are considered positive and if d> C, they are negative.
When planning tiests for two levels of reliability, the quality control plan is
computed in the following manner.
The ratio A=~~ Ps~ +P'~ is first calculated. Then the acceptance ntnnber
(I -P~) -f-P,)
of failures is determined from Table 14 as a function of the values of A, a
and S.
TABLE 14
~
A npn a
y C
O,Ob I 0.1 I 0.2 0,3
_ 0 44,71 21,82 10,33 6,46
I 10,94 7,31 4,72 3,54
0,1 2 6,51 4,83 3,41 2,78 -
- 0 31,25 15,26 ?,22 4,51
- I 8,42 5,63 3,63 2,73
0,2 2 5,23 3,89 2,79 2,24
0 23,37 11,41 5,40 3,38
I G,86 4,58 2,96 2,22 -
0,3 2 4,42 3,28 2,36 1,89
If the calculated value of A does not match the tabular value, the closest
tabular value is to be taken for the given risks a and S; in this case, if
the greater tabular value of A is chosen, then a greater reliability level
Pi than the specified P1 will correspond to the specified risk a, and vice
versa. Then, using Table 13, the size of the sample n is dete~ined as a
function of the values P2, S and C.
The results of the tests are evaluated just as in the case of test planning for
one reliability level.
D iagnostic tests are formed f or the purpose of obtaining reference data on the
true values of the indicators (quantitative characteristics) of the reliability
of products and on their dependence on ti.me, operational conditions and electri- -
cal modes (including at the naminal temperature and in the naminal operating
mode, such has been established) for the further utilization of this data in
calculating the operational reliability of the equipment.
27 .
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Where the testing time is tt~et, the number of ob~ects being tested is n
and the number of registered failures is d, the average failure rate is
def ined as :
a = d/nttest ~hr-1];
and the probability of failure-free service as:
P=1-d/n.
It is apparent that to establish the true values of the reliability indicators
of such highly reliable modern products as integrated circuits and assanbly -
units of camputers based on th~, enormous non-failure operating times are
required (nttest) , which can practically not be obtained during the design
and developmental stages of the products. For this reason, diagnostic tests
for reliability are frequently not carried out as an independent kind of test-
ing, while the determination of the true operational reliability indicators
of such products is accomplished by means of processing the observations made
during normal operation of the actual equipment.
5. Designing a Camputer for a Specified Reliability
The level of reliability of a computer is established during its design.
It is nr~ctical.ty imnossi~?~ f~~~ ly compensate aftPr~ards f~r amissions
made as regards providing for a specified reliability during the debign ~tage
of a computer.
The specified reliability is assured during the design of the compu~er by
means of taking into account all of the major factors which have an i.mpact
on the reliability and choosing the appropriate design solutions.
Computer reliability is primarily determined by the following factors:
--The reliability of the component base;
--An efficient configuration of the functional layout;
--The reliability of the structural design solutions which are adopted;
--A correct choice and realization of the fabrication technology and quality
control of the components, assembly units and the computer as a whole;
--The operational conditions;
--The system adopted for servicing the computer.
- The camponent base reliability determines computer reliability to a sig-
nificant extent.
In second generation computers, the reliability of the primary active
electronic components - the transistor - was characterized by a value of
aT = 10-7 hr-1 in the best case. If the reliability of all of the other
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electronic camponents and structural elements were not even taken into account,
then the reliab ility of the average sized second generation camputer, which
contained 10,000 transistors would be characterized by a value of acomputer �
' a 10-~ hr-I � 104 = 10-3 hr-i, and correapondingly, a mean time between
failures of Tavg computer ~ 103 hours.
The transition to the utilization of integrated circuits in third generation
camputers lead to a qualitative change in the reliability characteristics.
Integrated circuits, the reliability of which under moderately difficult oper-
ational conditions is characterized by a value of ai~ = 10-7 hr'1, are equiva-
lent in terms of camplexity to circuits using discrete electronic components
containing tens and hundreds of transistors. For this reason, the application
of IC's provides for an increase in the equipment reliability as compared to
the c:ase of the use of discrete components by a factor of 10 to 100 times and
more for devices similar in terms of functions or makes it possible with the
previous reliability indicators to increase the functional camplexity of the
equipment by several orders of ~agnitude. ,
The high reliability of the component electronic elements can be provide under
conditions of automated mass production while observing the production process
modes with all-embracing output quality control of the electronic camponents
based on the major electrical parameters. Such modern production which also
requires large initial capital investments can be efficient only in the case
where the production unit is a mass applications product, the marketing of which
will make it possible to recover the initial expenditures. In this regard,
digital integrated circuits are the ideal production unit, since the demand for .
them is quite high. The means directed towards fundamental research in the field
of reiining IC technology are providing for a continuous rise in their reliabi-
lity. By 1985, a reduction in the failure rate of IC's down to 10-10 _ 1p-11
hr-1 is forecast. ~
The inf luence of the functional configuration of the equipment which is chosen
on its reliability should be treated in the plan for assuring the minimum volume
of the equipment, needed to realize the specified equipment functions, since the
reliability of the product is found to be in a direct relationship with the
number of electronic c anponents and structural elements which are used. -
The adopted structural design solutions in many respects determine the reliability ~
of the products. In this case, one strives for maximum possible simplicity in '
the structural designs. In working out the structural design of a computer,
, primarily questions of electronic component layout are resolved: in assemblies,
individual assemblies (assembly units) and the hook-up between them, to form
the devices. Devices with complex kinematics belong, as a rule, to the computer
_ peripherals: the data storage devices using magnetic tapes, disks, drums,
_ digital printers and input-output converters.
The reliability of the manufacturing production process for a product character-
- izes the property of the production process of assuring the fabrication of the
: product with strict observance of the tolerances for all of its parameters which
are monitored.
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If some portion of the overall number N of fabricated products has deviations
from the specified parameters, then the quality of the production process will
be characterized by the ratio:
n, -F- n, n, n:
N -N+N'
where nl is the number of products re~ected during quality control; n2 is
' the number of products having a hidden defect whtch is not ascertained during
the quality control.
' Production process reliability can be characterized by the ratio:
n~
pTex = fy _ nl .
The smaller this ratio, the more reliable the production proc~ss.
Usually, the overall technological fabrication process for a product takes
the form of a sequence of elementary production operations, which alternate
with quality control operations. Autamated fabrication and quality control
operaCions on p?-oducts have the greatest reliability, where these assure high
precision in ohserving the parameters of the fabrication and quality control
~ processes. Nonautamated stages of product fabrication, in which the decisive
- f actors are the actions of operators, are the sources of the ma~ority of
defects in the finished product. It is especiallq important to automate and
assure precision in the observance of the parameters of such operations, the
results of which cannot be ascertained directly following their performance;
f ailure to observe the parameters can in turn lead to the appearance of a
hidden defect in the products. An example of an operation, the result of which
is difficult to check directly, is the creation of contact connections at all
- levels of camputer construction (soldering electronic components on circuit
= boards, soldering or wrapping hook-up wires on installation panels).
Output quality control for each product of is of particular importance, which
should assure with a high probability the correctness in checking for conform-
ity of product parameters to the established requirements. Directly related
to this question is the problem of the reliability that the designated check
(the products list and volume of parameters being checked) in the case of
positive results will assure that the product can perform the functions
asigned to it when incorporated in a more complicated product.
Operational conditions exert a direct influence on product reliability. The
closer the r~ange of working temperatures, humidity and pressures to normal
conditions, the smaller the mechanical loads on a product and the higher its
operational reliability. For this reason, products are designed and con-
structed taking into account the requirement of providing for easier condit~tons
for the application of the camponent electronic aad structural elements.
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The correct organization of servicing plays no small part in achieving a high
operational reliability for a computer. Many failures which occur during
computer operation are the consequence of failure to observe the operational
conditions and service instructions. A reason for this is the poor training
or inadequate discipline of the servicing personnel; with the correct organ~
ization of the work, these factors can be reduced to a minimum. In particular,
all of the requisite measures to protect against static electricity, which
can have a negative impact on the operability of digital and integrated circuit
saniconductor camponents should be taken.
The timely performance of the requisite preventive maintenance plays an
important part in the proper technical servicing. The primary function of this
work is to ascertain and replace individual components or assembly units in a
_ time specially set aside for this, where the parameters of these units approach
~ the permissible limiting values for th~. A widespread method of preventive
maintenance is the so-called "swinging" of the supply voltages in a def inite
range close to the naminal values, for e~aple, by +10 percent. Components or
assembly units which do not cause disruptions of camputer oper�ation at nominal
supply voltage values, in the case of short term permissible supply voltage
deviations from the nominal values during preventive maintenance can prove to
be nonoperable. This makes it possible to ascertain canponents of assemblies
which have deteriorated and which should be replaced with good ones from the
set of spare parts and accessories which go along with the computer.
However, there are cases where the reliability of computers inserted in the
control loop of automated control s~stems for important industrial or defense
facilities be so high that neither the selection of the most reliable con-
temporary component base nor~the strictest observance of technology, etc. is
capable of assuring this reliability. In this case, back-up operation is
employed: a method of boosting reliability through the transfer of the transfer
of the functions of a failed unit to a back-up. Back-up operation assures
higher reliability for a product as a whole than the reliability of the assembly
units and camponents comprising it,
Several methods of providing for a back-up are well known.
In the case of permanent back-up, the same function is performed by two devices
in parallel. In the case of the failure of any of theffi, proper operation of
the equipment as a whole will be assured by that device which has remained in
~ good working order. A drawback to the method consists in the simultaneous
consumption of the service life of both of the devices which back each other
up.
In the case of SLl17StZtZItZOYI back-up, one of the devices participates in the
normal operation of the equipment. It should be equipped with components which
control its operation and which generate a fault signal when the device fails.
Based on this signal, the back-up unit is turned on, samething which assures
the further functioning of the equipment. -
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In the case of substitute back-up t~ith restoration, the entire equipment
circuit is designed so as to provide the capability of detecting and
eliminating defects in the failed unit while the stand-by operates. Such
an organizational configuration can assure uninterrupted operation of the
equipment for a long time, since the probability of the simultaneous failure `
of the back-up devices is extremely low.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1980
[51-8225]
8225
CSO: 1863
32 =
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UDC 681. 3
IC PACKAGING
Moscow OSNOVY PROYEKTIROVANIYA SBOROC~Il3YKH IDINITS EVM in Russian 1980
signed to press 3 Dec 79 pp 87-91
[Excerpt from book "Fundamentals of the Design of Computer Assembly Components",
by B.O. O1'khov, Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 15,000 copies, 255 pages]
[Excerpt] The structuraZ packaging of integrated circuits. Integrated circuits
' can be broken dawn into two groups according to the structural design: packaged
and unpackaged.
Unpackaged IC's take the form of a chip with flexible or rigid (bead or s*_ub)
leads. They are used in the production of hybrid microassemblies for equipment
with minimum overall dimensions and weight. In this case, the functions of
- protecting the IC's against environmental effects are assumed by the body of the
- support structure of the assembly unit with the unp ackaged IC's.
Packages serve for protection against external climatic and mechanical effects,
to standardize the major initial structural design components in terms of the
overall and installation dimensions, as well as to simplify the processes of
fabricating assembly units with IC's at instrument making enterprises.
IC packages are subdivided as follows in accordance with the structural design
and production process criterion:
--Metal-glass (the base is of glass or metal, connected to a metal cap by welding;
the leads are insulated with glass); used at the present t~ne primarily for
hybrid IC's; ,
--Metal-polymer (the substrate with the elements and leads is placed in a metallic
cover, and hermetically sealed with a compound); limited use, primarily, for
hybrid IC's;
--Metal-ceramic (base made of ceramic, joined to the metal cover by welding or
soldering); used for monolithic IC's, resistant to a broad range of external
climatic and mechanical factors; .
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TABLE 16
Pack- Shape The Spac-
age of the The Arrangement of The Arrangement of ing of
Type Package the Leads in the the Leads and Their the Lay-
Body in plane of the Base Cross-section out of the
a Plan Leads
V iew
1 Rectang- Within the bounds of Pin, circular 2�S mm
ular the pro~ection of
the body of the
package
2 Rectang- Outside the bounds Pin, Circular or 2�5 mm
ular of the projection rectangular
of the package
body
3 Circular Within the bounds of Pin, circular 30, 36
the projection of and 45�
the package body
4 Rectang- Outside the bounds Planar, rectangular 1.25 mm
ular of the pro3ection
of the package
body
--Ceramic (base and cover made of ceramic material, 3oined by solder ing);
applications are similar to metal-ceramic packages;
--Plastic (base and cover made of plastic, joined by pressing); used for
monolithic IC's, having a limited range of exposure to external climatic
and mechanical factors.
GOST 17467-72 establishes four types of IC packages (Table 16) and the standard
dimensions within each type, the overall and connection dimensions of the
packages, the number and spacing of the leads, as well as the system of desig-
nations for the packages according to standard dimensions and number of leads.
IC leads can lie in the plane of the package base (planar leads) or be perpen-
dicular to it (pin leads) .
Type 1 packages have three variants:
K101-K142 (Figure 13a) - with a lengthened shape 13 mm and 18.5 mm high with a
linear multiple row arrangement of the leads, where the leads number from
12 ot 105;
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K150-K-162 axe flat with a height of 4.0 mm or 6.5 mm with the leads arranged
along the long sides of the package base (Figure 13b), around the perimetPr
of the package base (Figure 13c) , or with a linear multiple row a~rangement
_ Figure 13d) , where the n~ber of leads runs fram 6 to 345.
0000000 0000000
0000000 0000000 0 0 0 000000
0000000 ~ o 0 0000000
0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000
a) (a) 61(b)
2~ d)
Figure 13. Type 1 packages.
,
Figure 15. Type 3 package.
6~ (b~ (c) Type 2 packages have three variants:
K201-K237 (Figure 14a) have the leades
Figure 14,. Type 2 packages. along the long sides of the package base
with identical geometry for the lead bends;
the leads number �rrnn 14 to 46;
K2G0-K245 (Figure 14b) have the leads along the long sides of the base with
the b ends made in checkerboard order, where the leads number fram 14 to 24;
K260-K274 (FigurE 14c) have the leads about the perimeter of the base with
ident ical bends, and the leads number from 28 to 76.
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. ~
~
. ~
~
~ ~
a~ ~a) 61 (b) B)
Figure 16. Type 4 packages.
- - -y
--O --1~ ,O f
o-----
h
~ O
M ~
M ~
~ q ti
~ h
~
~a~Q, ~~fb)
---a)fl1Z
Figure 17. Packages for monolithic IC's:
Key: a. 401.14-1; ~
b. 402.16-1;
c. 405.24-1;
d. 244.48-1.
Type 3 packages (Figure 15) are circular in shape and have three base variants,
which in the number of leads (8, 10 or 12, which are arranged at spacings of
45, 36 and 30� respectively); the leads are arranged about a circle 5.0 mm in
diameter. In each variant of the base, the height of the package can be either
4.0 or 6.5 mm.
Type 4 packages have three variants:
K401-K428 (~'igure 16a) have the leads along the long sides of the package base
and have from 14 to 82 leads;
K440-K441 (Figure 16b) have 14 leads with widths of the package body of 3.5 and
6.0 mm;
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K460-K469 (Figure 16c) have the leads about the perimeter of the base with from
60 to 188 leads.
The designation of the IC i.s applied to the surface of the package, as well as
the data of manufacture and the trade mark of the manufacturing enterprise.
The leads of IC's are not numbered on the surface of the package. The well
known rules for counting the leads for each of IC are used to determine the -
nu*.nber of a lead. Their is a"key" on the package in the form of a cutout of
a special shape or a marker which designates the n~m?ber 1 lead. The counting
off the remaining leads for IC's which have two or four sides of a rectangular
package base, and for IC's in circular packages is accomplished frrnn the first -
lead going counter clockwise if one looks at the IC from the cap side (or
clockwise if one looks from the base side) .
One standard package diuiension can have several variants which are determined
by certain structural design and production process differences. For example,
the difference can be a special massive base with parts for fa~tening to an
external heat sink; su~h a variant is used for IC's with increased heat dis-
sipation.
A few kinds of packages which find wide applications as monolithir IC's, which
differ in the number of leads and the heat sinking properties, are shown in
Figure 17. The height of the packages with planar leads is 2 to 3 mm. The
maxim~ power for which IC's iYi flat packages are designed varies from about
200 mW for the 401.14 package up to 1,000 mW for the 'L44.48 package.
Prior to the implementation of GOST 17467-72 in industaial practice, some _
standard package dimensions for IC's which do not conform to the classification
of the indicated standard found application. The plastic 301PL14-1 (Figurs 18) ,
which corresponds to the so-called DIP* pactcage o~ foreign IC's found and
continues to find especially wide applications for IC's with a lim3ted range of.
exposure to mechanical and climatic effects. _
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1980
[51-8225]
, 8225 ,
CSO: 1863
~
Fram the English "dual-in-line" package: a two row arrangement of the leads. ~
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SOFTWARE
UDC 681.3.066
REALIZATION OF THE ADAPTABILITY PROPERTIES OF THE OPERATING SYSTEMS OF MINI-
COMPUTERS
Novosibirsk AVTOMETRIYA in Russian ~?0 3, May-Jun 80 manuscript received 13 Jul 79
pp 113 , 115
/Excerpt from article by L.D. Zabrodin, V.N. Korobov and V.F. Overchenko, Moscow/
/Excerpt/ The approach that has been described was tested during the development
of the M-6000 computer's real-time OS /operating system/, which works on-line with
a mockup_of the linear accelerator section of a meson production facility.
- The VM /virtual machine/ developed for this computer contains 20 primitives and is -
- a two-level, hierarchical (Khoar) monitor. Access to the VM's external primitives
is possible both in the M-6000 computer's mnemonic code and in FORTRAN.
The M-6000 computer's VM was used as the basis for the construction of two real-
time OS variants ~punched tape and disk versions) that have the same structure
(Figure 2) and are distinguished from each other by the loader and the designers of
the nonresident (to an insignificant degree) and resident processes. In accordance
with the requirements for the organization of the computer's on-line operation with
the accelerator, the basic design algorithm in the OS is a cyclic dispatching algo-
rithm with a cycle that is equal to or a multiple of the accelerator's injection
period (10 ms). The privileged processes in the OS are the dispatcher and the de-
signer of resident processes, while at the level of the nonprivileged systems pro-
casses are the loader, the operator directive language interpreter, the designer of
nonresident processes and the processes for com~unication with operators. Figure 2
depicts the basic parts of the OS.
The realization of two real-time OS variants on a single base and the development
on that same base of an OS for several other systems that differ from the accelera-
tor corfirm the possibility of creating minicomputer OS's that are adaptable to the
requirements of a broad circle of uses and prove the competence of the proposed ap-
proach .
COPYRIGHT: I2d.atel'stvo "Nauka", "Avtometriya", 1980
[55-11746]
11746
CSO: 1863
38
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UDC 681.3.06
REALIZATION OF THE IML INTERMEDIATE-LEVEI. LANGUAGE ON A COMPUTER OF THE SM-3 TYPE
Novosibirsk AVTOMETRIYA in Russian No 3, May-Jun 80 manuscript received 14 Jun 79
pp 116, 117
/Excerpts from article by N.A. Kazakova and Ye.V. Pankrats, Moscow/
/Excerpts/ Introduction. In connection with the beginning of the series produc-
tion of computers of the SM-3 (and SM-4) type that are equipped with KAMAK equip-
ment and kreyt-controllers /translation unknown/ (IVK /measurement and computation
complex/), the primary problems are those related to including the KAMAK equipment
control facilities in the standard oper~ting systems (OS) of the SM-type computers
and standardizing the software for controlling the KAMAIi equipment. An important
stage in the solution of this problem is the creation of standardized intermediate-
level software, as the basis for the construction of which the IML language, as
standardized by the ESONE Committee / 17, was selected.
Brief Description of the IML Language. The IML language corresponds to the lowest
hierarchical level of the software standardized by the ESONE Committee and provides
the maximum possible detail for the assignment of control and description opera-
tions for the elements of the KAMAK equipment that is used. The language contains
only operators for the control of KAMAK equipment and is intended for. use together
with some already existing basic language (in this case, the SM computer's Macru-
assembler) and a basis OS.
At the present time there is the possibility of adjusting the organizing subsystem
(and, consequently, the entire set of software) for operation as part of the follow-
ing basic OS's: disk operating system, multiprograffining real-time disk operating
_ system, real-time paper tape operating system and FOBOS /expansion unknown/. There
is also the possibility of adjusting the organizing subsystem for autonomous opera-
tion (without a basic OS), which makes it. possible to use the language facilities
that have been created to construct systems on the basis of an "Elektronika-60"
microcomputer and KAMAK equipment. In this case the experiment control program is
prepared on an SM-3 computer that has a disk OS and is introduced into the
experiment-controlling microcomputer on punched tape.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. "The Definition of IML, a Language for Use in CAMAC Systems," ESONE/IML/O1, 1974.
2. Pankrats, Ye.V., and Lozyuk, V.S., "Facilities for Controlling KAMAK Equipment
in the Multiprogramming Real-Time Disk Operating System of an SM-3 Computer," in
"Tezisy dokladov XII Vsesoyuz. shkoly po avtomatizatsii nauchnykh issledovaniy
(Bakuriani)" /Summaries of Reports Given at the 12th All-Union School on the
Automation of Scientific Research (Bakuriani)/, Tbilisi, Izdatel'stvo Metsniye-
reba, 1978.
COPYRIGHT: Zzdatel'stvo "Nauka�', "AvCometriya", 1980
/55-11746/
11746
CSO: 1863
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unc 68i.3.o15:6si.3.o6
INTELLIGENT INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS
Moscow IZMERENIYA, KONTROL'~ AVTOMATIZATSIYA in Russian No S-6, 1980 pp 45-55
~Article by Candidate of Technical Sciences Y. F. Khoroshevskiy~ -
[Excerpts] Since natural-language interactive systems are a practica,l realization
of our concepts of a communication language and some mechanisms of our thinking,
they appear as a tool of resea.rch in th~ area of artificial intelligence.
At the present time a large number of na.tural-language systems (mainly experimental)
have been developed and are flinctioning. Among the best known one can point out
such American natural-language systems as BASEBALL (Green)~ DERCON (Craig)~ ELIZA
Weisenba,um), STUDENT (BobraW), SIR (Rafael)~ PROTOSYNTI~IC III (Simons)~ CONSTRliCT
~5mith), RENDEZYOUS (Codd). SHI~DLU (Winogra,d), HWIM (Woods) and SRISU (Pa.xton)~ the
English system PARRY (Colby) and also the Soviet systems ~fOSTa{ AND ZAPSIB (Narin'-
yani)~ DISPUT (Milulich), POFyT (Popov)~ DILOS (Bryabrin), MIVO5~ etc (the principal _
developers of the natural-language systems are indicated in parentheses) [1-12].
At the same time~ information about natural-language systems (the ideas built into
a given system, the structure~ possibilities, etc) is disconnected~ sometimes con-
- tradictory and almost alWays difficult of access. _
The purpose of the present work is to make an analytical survey of Soviet and
foreign investiga,tions in the area of the interaction with computers of final users
in languages close to the natural.
Since it is tiardly possible to consider all aspects of natural-language interaction
with electronic computers in a single article~ Ke will not examine systems of com-
puter translation f~om na,tural languages or systems whose ma.in purpose is the devel-
opment of ra.ther powerflil theories of natural langua~es. These questions have been
: discussed in references [13-15~. Interactive systems directed tmrard a user unpre-
pared but close to an electronic computer are practically unconsidered in the pre-
sent survey. A survey [16] has been devoted to this theme.
As an example of a system with a more complex semantic processing of inessages we
will examine the DISPUT system~ develuped in the Institute of Control Problems and
oriented toWard xork with the fina,l user in transport ~unction control apparatus
[9]~ Natural-language interaction in that system is assured by a special lingui.stic
processor wY~ich ~rithin the fratnework of the entire intelligent system is an input
processor (output is accomplished by interface module subroutines).
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Inquiries for the system are formulated in a limited natural language. Examples of
- inquiries can be phrases of the type~ "liha,t number of import containers at the
terminal are sub~ect to unpacking, including by numbers and consigners?"~ "How many
export containers to be shipped by sea [including by consigners~ numbers and type-
sizes(including by consignees)~ are stored for a time at the container teriainal?"~
etc.
From the point of view of the user of the DISPUT system it is convenient to dis-
tin~uish four types of inquiries~ about the number of ob3ects. the time. the object
itself and the list of objects xith given characteristics.
The principal declarative and procedural parts of the linguistic processor of the
DISPUT system are a dictionary~ coder, editox~ grammatical analyzer and dictionary
expander.
A specific feature of the organizati~n of the dictionary in the DISPUT system is
use of data structures of the type of trees. Thus the coder can make spelling cor-
rections. In addition, such organization permits reducing the storage volume needed
for storage of a specific set of key xords. The time of access to the syntactic-
semantic word code increases in that case, but for the 200 Word forms used in the
system's dictionary that increase is insignificant.
The source text is pre-processed in the DISPUT system by "coder" and "editor". As
a result of the work of those tWO units~ in the request remain only those word codes
necessary for unequivocal "understanding" of the text Kithin the framework of the
given problem area. "Understanding" is assured by ir~teraction of the "editor" with
the semantic network. _
A pre-processed request is analyzed by the grammatical unit~ consisting of a con-
trol (main) unit and subroutines for the analysis of separate se~santic groups. The
~ main unit works in that case on the basis of keywords which fix the start of the
corresponding groups~ and properly speaking the group is analyzed by a separate
module. Thus. on the whole~ the grammatical analyzer of the DISPUT system is real-
ized procedurally~ and in the transitio~ to another communica.tion langua.ge must be
reprogrammed or read~usted.
As a result of work of th~~ linguistic processor the initial request is translated
into an internal cocnept which is perceived by a pragmatic processor. The la`cter
is intended for translation of the results of analysis in the task of the da.ta
planner.
The planner's task is forraulate;? as a combination of the factual pa.rameters deter-
mining the required f~uictional data base module and the necessary arrays and sub-
arrays, lists of basic~ additional requestable charact~ristics~ and also the moment
of time indicator.
Because of the simplicity of the linguistic constructiions of input mes es the
linguistic processor of the DI5PUT system requires a small memory volume~the entire
_ processor contains about 1000 FORTRAN-IV operators)~ works fairly rapidly (the
analysis rate is about 0.01-0.05 s~word) and has a high degree of mobility in the
- transition to other electronic computers~ since there are program-compa.tible (with
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the exception of distinctive input-output features) realizations of the FORTRAN
lan~;uage in practica,lly al~ computers. Shortcomings of the DISPUT system (in all .
tabular na.tural-language systems) are the communication language limited to certain
linguistic constructions and rather complex empirical al~orithms for the addition
of separate rrord forms (morphological analysis is absent in such systems, as a rule)
of syntactic-semantic information.
The semantic approach to understanding the communication language also has been used
in the family of natural-language systems of ZAPSIB [ZAPros k Spravochnoy Informa- .
tsionnoy Baze--Request for Reference Informa.tion Base~ being developed in Novo- _
sibirsk [9~. '
Characteristic features of the latest model of the family, ZAPSIB-10, are semanti-
cally oriented analysis of input information, the use of ascending ana.lytica,l equip-
ment, and also relative simplicity of algorithms realized in the system (attainable,
true~ through constriction of the communication language).
The principa,l ZAPSIB-10 macromodules are the processor and the dictionary. The pro-
cessor includes a lexical a,nalysis module xhich converts the input request into a
series of components equipped, rrhere possible~ with markers of the type of compon-
ents a word-con?bina.tion conversion modulus which �orms single components correspond-
ing to stable word-comb~na.tioas; a basic analysis unit in xhich~ in essence~ an
interpretation is ma.de of the description of the communication language represented
in ZAPSIB systems in the farm of a set of groups of semantic and syntactic rules
(xithin a group the procedure in rule application is not fixed). Formation of rule _
description assumes the presence in each of them of conditiona of applicability and
of an operator and is~ in our view~ a certain modification of the model "thought-
text," oriented toxard predominance of the sema~ntic component. The last unit of the
processor is an analysis and generation unit, in xhich possible ambiguities are
eliminated by means of the rules of semaxltic matching and a request is generated for _
a formal lan~uage understood by some file system.
The macromodule "dictiona.ry" represents. in essence~ an independent system which
assures the storage of dictiona.ry informa,tion Hith a capacity of thousands and tens
of thousands of dictionary articles and access to it. The macromodule includes _
simple means of completion, proofreading and checking o~ dictionary articles. An
experimental version of ZAPSIB-10 has been reali~ed in the po~erful theoretica,l-set
languag~e SETL and a production model is being realized in the PL~1 language.
I'he possibilities of the ZAPSIB-10 in maintaining interaction are approximately the
sa.me as those of the DISPUT system and the DILOS system examined earlier. Hoxever,
the presence of rather flexible linguistic analysis permits assuming the possibility
of considerably expa.nding the communication language in subsequent systems of the
family.
, The above-considered natura.l-language systems realize the conception of an input-
_ output preprocessor for information or logical systems.
The conception of an intelligent monitor is realized in the DILOS system [Dialogo-
vaya Informatsionno-LOgicheskaya. Sistema--Interactive Informa,tion-Logical System~~
which is being developed in the USSR Academy of Sciences Computer Center [11]. That
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system is intended for use as an intelligent intermediary between the final users
and traditional camputers in solving practical problems. The main flinction of the
DILOS system consist in the accumulation and retrieval of information in the base
of knorrledge of a s stem reflecting a certain sub3ect area~ the activation (trans-
lation and counting~ of practical problems~ logical analysis of models of a prob'em
medium, and also the solution of some other problems.
Knowled~e of the system of the "s~orld" is expressed by description of the aggregate
= of objects from a model data ba.se. The main role among those objects is played by
structural descriptions (frames) depicting events~ actions~ classes of physical ob-
jects~ etc. Besides the model data base~ the system contai.ns a main data base in _
which sets of data in various formats are concentrated~ and also translatars and
practical pror~rams in various progra~mming languages.
All procedures of the DILOS system are grouped in several units called processors
(Figure 7). A linguistic processor converts the input pharases f~om a natural lan-
~ ~uage to the langua.ge of a formal interface (~-language). The semantic interpreta-
tion of ~-expressions obta.ined as a result of the Kork of the linguistic processor
is done by the semantic processor. In that ca.se~ certain tYa.mes are activated and
examples of them are formed xhich depict specific ob~ects~ events and actions~ and
~-expressions also are generated xhich arrive at the inputs of the system's actuat- -
ing processor: lo~ical~ informa.tion retrieval and com~utational.
The linguistic processor of the DILOS system consists of three principal pa.rtss a
monitor~ a dictionary and an ATN-mechanism (ATN = Augmented Transition Network).
The monitor. is a resident of the linguistic processor and controls its remaining
units. In them the ba,sic processor mechanisms are realized (for example, such as
ATN activation~ next xord selection, analysis of its meaning~ transmission of inean-
in~; to a given point of processing of the starting message~ etc), depending on the
formalism of description of the communication language. The monitor of a linguistic
processor is~ in essence, the nucleus of the interpreter of the description of com-
munica.tion languages.
The main loa.d in "understanding" phrases of a communication Iangua.ge in a DILOS
system linguistic processor is borne by the dictionary. This is connected with
semantic orientation of the process of analysis and~ as a consequence, with an at-
tempt to attach fairly complex informa.tion to dictionary lexemes. The correlation
of elements of natural languages and ~-expressions is reflected precisely in the
dictionary. In the latter version of the DII,OS system linguistic processor there
- are four kinds of dictionary articles~ correspondin~ to concepts~ indicators of
properties, lexical f~nctions and auxiliary words.
The ~eneration of ~-expressions is structurally controlled by the ATN unit~ which
is a set of states of the type ("type" ~ LISP-program Each such type describes
the transition from one state into another, and the connection between types of ATN-
states and types of lexemes is accomplished by the dictiona,ry. Thus. motion along
the initial phase causes calculation of a certain series af LISP-functions and leads
to generation of the resulting ~-expression.
An interesting feature of the DIIAS system linguistic processor is the formation
and accompaniment of a dialog context. In that case~ side by side with the main
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dictionary, for the current work session the following dictionaries are formeds
USRVOC (for storaqe of nex xords introduced by the user)~ XVOC (for unknown words
and rrords not defined by the user) and also SEMVOC (the semantic base for definition
- of new ?rords) and some other auxiliary structures. As a result the user can, in the
proc.oda of dialog (interaction)~ define new words and their semantics~ and at the
end of the session expand the main dictionaries.
On the whole~ hoxever~ the syntactic component starts to p]ay some sort of natice-
able role in the linguistic processor only of the last version of the DILOS system,
which nox is in the stage of active development ~21~.
The POET system (Pr ramma Obrabotki IIsonomicheskikh Tekstov--Economic Texts Pro-
cessing Program) [23~ is similar to the above-considered "LUNAR" and 5RISU in the
_ sense that it is a natural-language input-output processor for a certain data base
control system. In the creation of the system an attempt ~?as roa.de to embrace as a
communica.tion language a fairly representative subset of the Russian language. The
POET system perceived interrogative and informative proposals r+ith practically irn-
material limitations on the alloxable syntactic constructions and punctuation [23~,
for exaanple, "How much anthracite xas transported. by rail in 1979?"~ "What is the
mean rate of maritime container shipments?", etc.
The process of understanding input informa.tion is accomplished in the POET system in
accordance with a complete scheme: morpholo~ical analysis~ syntactic ana.lysis,
semantic analysis and semantic interpretation. The last three stages are accom-
plished, generally~ not sequentially but in paYallel, as a result of which correc-~
tion of false paths of ana.lysis is achieved and~ in the final account~ reduction of
the response time.
All knowledge of the com~nunication language in the POET system is divided into lin-
guistic and problem types. The former is stored mainly in various zones of the
system's dictionary (the morphologica,l zone~ the syatactic and semaxitic zone, etc)~
and the latter in the seroantic netxoric. An abstract and a specific netxork are _
distinguished in the system.
Synthetic analysis of input messa.ges in the system is based on the method of filters.
To accelerate analysis and curta il the number of alternative paths in the POET sys-
tem, global filters are xidely used (by means of this, rrords between which there
cannot be syntactic connections are screened out~ their application is pra.eticed -
directly at the moment the connection is establishe3, and the sorting of variants of
analysis is accomplished on the ba,sis of control models. In addition~ the semantic
zone of the dictionary is actively used in the construction of syntactic structures.
In the sta.ge of semantic analysis the syntactic structure of the input message is
transformed into a semantic graph consisting of a set of concept-apices intercon-
nected by event-apices and cha.racte rlstics. Each apex of a semantic graph is deter-
mined by a canonica.l representation and the ares express a definite semantics. All
the numerical and parametric information is taken from the graph into a.dditiona.l
tables when the time relations betxeen events alsa are�~irtdica.ted.
The POET system is the only Soviet na.tural-language system xith the genera.tion of
responses in the communication la.nguage. Natural-language responses are formed in -
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the folloKing way. According to the semantic response graph a dependence tree is
constructed~ and then the morphological information of each of the apices is record-
ed and the word order is determined. At this point the syntactic synthesis is con-
cluded and is folloxed by the morphological synthesis, xhich includes generation of
t he surface structur of the phrase to the table of endings and morphologic;al infor-
ma.tion. In the POET system a complete response is generated~ and this permits the
final user to check whether his request Was understood correctly.
The POET system has been realized on older models of the YeS EVM system. The total
volume of softWare recorded in the high-level language PL~1 (at the present time
the main programs are being translated. into the Assembler language) is over 160
Kbytes.
Metasystems are based on the idea of natural-lan~uage system generation. A similar
approach to na.tural-l~nguage system generation can be observed in 8]. Definite
rerequisites for that approa.ch are contained in the reports [?,20~, which use the
P
idea of compiling a description of the communication language. Work ha.s been begun
in that direction also within the frameKOrk of the DISPUT system. Hoxever~ an
attempt at systema.tic practical implementation of that approach ha.s been ma.de only
in the MIVOS system [12~.
T he MIVOS system [a corresponding plan was accomplished at the Department of Cyber-
netics of MIFI (Moscow Order of the Red Banner of Labor Institute of Engineering
P hysics) in 19?6-1978~ consists of a complex of softxare (the operationa.l component)
oriented torrard the processing and ma.intenance of kno~wled.ge expressed in special
systems of representation (the information component).
In the general scheme of organization of the MIVOS system (Fig 9~ three levels are
distin~uisheds the model (description of the problem medium and the communication
lan~ua~e), the logical (representation of those descriptions) and the physica.l
(realization of the~representations used). In essence, the physical level repre-
sents the opera.tional component, including linguistic and semantic-pragmatic pro-
cessors. The information component of the MIVOS system consists of linguistiC and
problem knowledge expressed in representation systems of the ATN-language and PROZA
(problem knowledge).
Realization of the representations obviously presupposes the use of some algorithmic
languar;e. In the DILOS system LISP is such a language~ and in the POET system~ PL~1
and Assembler. In the MIVOS system a modified la.nguage of expanded networks of ATNL
transitions serves as the realization language.
T he ATNL-MIVOS belongs ta the class of the high-level sentential type and has uni- -
versa.lity in the class of solvable problems~ powerflll descriptive properties for
description of a broad class of language models and all possible strategies and al-
~;orithms of ana.lysis, the possibility of use of recu~sions of arbitrary depth and
complexity~ a high degree of structure of programs, mechanisms for comparison with
a sample~ automatic return and developed means of adjustment.
PROZA--a problem task representation system--is rea.lized in MIVOS as a modular
libxary system maintaining program formalism, the main components of which are a
semantic netxork and scenarios. T he semantic network serves for fixation of the
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current state of the subject region and on the Whole is organized just as in the
POET system. The scenarios~ respresenting a semantic-pragmatic moclel of classes of
situations or event s occurring in the sub~ect region,are realized in the MIVOS sys-
tem as macrodefinitions describing the proces~ of depiction of structures obtained
- as a result of analysis of natural-laxiguage p:~rases in pragmatically determined
actions expressing the reaction of the system to given messages.
In the realized version of MIYOS the system of representation of problem tasks ha.s
not been worked out as Well as the system of representation of linguistic knowledge,
which involves a need for manual programming of the scej rios needed in a specific
natural-language system (true~ in a high-level language .
By the moment of completion of the plan of the MIVOS system on an experimental com-
puter (the BESM-6)~ experimental linguistic processors Were realized for interaction
with the data base of a documentary data-retrieval system and communication with an
ad.aptive robot. In the former case the output structures were determined by the
forma,l inquiry language~ and in the latter by RX-codes and syntagmatic chains.
Characteristic examples of input messages of those processors are pharases of the
type: "Was the resolution on measures to improve the use of motor transport pub-
lished?", "When xas the resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers on the trans-
portation of mail by truck published?" or "Instructions a powerfl.il internal combus-
tion engine and a new body A and B are set on a large red chassis; that motor ve-
hicle is good because it is stable and poxerful for hauling and towing; the follow-
ing tools are needed for the assemblys key 17 or 19, a reliable poWer crane and
apparatus for control~" etc. The analysis time c~ the presented phrases is 0.12-
0 . 28 s~word .
Prospects of the Development and U se of Natural-Lax~uage Systems
Since the creation of developed communication systems is a rather complex and
laborious matter and change of the problem region and~or the circle of users re-
quires~ as a rule~ modification of the communication software~ one of the promisin~
trends in the area. of natural-langua.ge systems in the very neax fl~ture will be a
transition to systems of construction of linguistic processors for intelligent
interactive systems.
_ The development of such systems must be based.~ on the one hand~ on ideas and methods
from the theory of syntactically oriented translators [25], and on the other, on the
methods and technology of cross-system construction [2~i~.
An example of the realization of those ideas and methods is the complex for the
generation o� communica,tion systems software [koa~pleks generatsii Programmnogo
Obespecheniya Sistem Obshcheniya s arKhivami programm i bazami dannykh (POSOKh)~
- ;_27~, being developed by the USSR Aca.demy of Sciences Computer Center. The plan
:='or the creation of the POSA{h complex is a natural development of the ideas of the
MIVOS plan [12~].
in essence, the P03CJKh complex is a system for computer-aided planning of a natural-
la,nguage interface. The following principles ~aere made the ba.sis of the complex:
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--active use of systems of knoxledge representation as special meta-algorithmic
lar?guages;
--realization of the complex as a developed cross-system;
--application of the technology of syntactically controlled translation on the level
of realization of the complex.
T his assures obtaining during the planning an instrumental system for the creation
of special softxare effective from the point of viex of the realization by means of
communication and mobile during change of the electronic computer.
The principal components of the POSOKh complex, the general structure of which is
shoxn on Fi~ure 10 (not reproduced) are systems of ~CnoKledge representation (lin-
guistic, problem~ etc) assured on the program level by sets of corresponding trans-
lators. optimal xith respect to various criteria (storage and translation time~ the
effectiveness of object pro~rams, etc); the development of the system for adjustmen
of programs for linguistic and pro~lem information wh;.ch permit xork in meaningful
terms= systems for the testing and investigation of developed software. The enumer-
a~ted components axe maintained on the inforniation level by a rather powerfl.il data
bank with a corresponding data base control system which~ in turn~ is c?osely con-
nected rrith subrautines for the accumulation, change, accompaniment and documenta-
tion of the created software.
Each system of data. representa.tion in a POSCttH system is realized on one of thre~e
schemes (interpretation~ conversion and compilation). In tha.t case, for inter-
preters~ obviously~ very great simplicity of realization and change of la.n~uages of ~
data representation is characteristic~ but a minimum f~nctioning rate. During com-
pilation the rate is determined in the basic level of the compiler output language
- and the depth of conducted optimiza.tion~ but all input langua.ges cha.nges are ~;reatly
~omplicated. During conversion~ rrhich occupies an intermediate position, the rate
will depend on the quality of realization of the converter output lan~uage and the
simplicity of changes of the input language is determined by the degree of the
changes. Thus in the PO5Q{h system various requirements for the rea.lization of data
representation systems are satisfied.
It also is important that in such a scheme the interpretation libraries or units for
generation of the created translators are readily varied. This~ in turn~ permits
separa.ting the instrumental and working computers (now the BESM-6 is both an instru-
mental and a working computer, but the SM-4 mini-computer and a special processor of
symbolic transformations~ realizing an equipment language of a high level~ will be
used as a working mac'nine in the very near fliture).
Realized completely, the POSOKh complex will be able to substantially increase the
effectiveness of development of software of communica.tion systems~ and in the long
range create individually oriented systems for communication with the computers
of fina.l users.
At the present time, besides a special mor.itor for the control o� vaxious Working
regimes of the complex, in the POSC~ICh a system has been realized for the representa-
tion of linguistic knowledge abaut co~emunication languages on the basis of ATNL
expansion [24~ and corresponding systems for ad3ustment~ testing and investigation
- of created linguistic processors. A system of p~oblem informa.tion presenta.tion is
being developed on the basis of the conception of frames [28].
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As analysis shrnrs~ natural-langua.ge systems are emerging from the stage of experi-
mental developments and at the present time are sta.rting to be used in practice. Of
course, this does not mean tha,t investiga,tions in the area of the theory of commun-
ica.tion languages and methods of desi~ning natural-language systems have entered the
concluding stage~ and only technical problems remain. A ctually~ there still is no
~;eneral and generally accepted theory of natural languages, a.nd.methods of na.tural-
language realization are just being created. Hoxever~ xork in that area is being
done on a broad front all over the xorld and evidently in the near flzture we will see
the active introduction of natural-langua.ge systems in practica.lly all spheres of
communication with the electronic computers of final users.
COPYRIGHT: Tsentral'nyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut informatsii i tekhniko-
ekonomicheskikh issledovaniy priborostroyeniya, sredstv avtomatiza,tsii
- i sistem upravleniya (TsNIITEIpriborostroyeniya)~ 1980
[42A- 2174~
2i74
cso: 1863
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unc 51:62
RECOGNITION OF EOG STRUGTURAL ELEI~N'PS IN AN AUTOM~iTED COI~LEX
Kiev KIBERNEPIKA I YYCHISLITEL'NAYA TI~CI~(IKA in Russian No 45~ 1979 pp 76-80
[Article by E. M. Maslova and T. A. Volkhonskaya. of the Institute of Cybernatics~
Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences. Kiev]
[Text~] An important component of algoritt3ms for sedical diagnosis is the separation
from EOG curves of structural eleaents already xell Irnrnm not ~ust to physicians~
the QRS complex and P and T iraves. Such a procedure is fairly coaplex~ not only
because of the great variety of fora~s of the EOG but also because of the consider-
able noise of the signal. Incorrect description of the curvea leads to errors in
setting up the diagnosis and the percentage of such errors in existing automated
systems is fairly large ~2]. Therefore the requirea~ent for quality of the electro-
ca,rdiosignals (ECS) sub3ect to automated processing is cansiderably higher than
that presented by a pt~ys~.cian analyzin8 an E~ .
There is no agreement on the ap~proe~ch to the task of recognizing EOG structural ~
elements in automated systems. All the approaches arose as a result of thorough
investigation of the task and have an earpiric:al character. Autona.t$d EOG analysis
always simulates to some degree the procedure of ordinary EOG..~analYsis by a phy-
sician. As a rule~ identification of EOG structural elements during m~altichannel
synchronaus registration starts xith constrnctian of a certain scalar function caf
a vector argument
F ~t) _ ~ ~U (t}), wheTe U (1) _ ~U~ ~t)� Ut (t), . . . ~ Un ~t)):
N is the number of leads.
Pipberger et al determine for those purposes the first deri~?ative from the
spatial value of the cardiac fectar F! fl=(U, D! U~ ~t~'1 ' and show that it =
is close to zero on the section of the isoelectric line and devist~s consid.erably
from zero on sections of the qRS complex and the P and T waves. aSd all the more so
the greater the rate of signal change. On the basis of the sa,me flxnction the
authors deterraine the limits of E~ structural elements. Logical analysis~ as a
rule~ starts xith determination of the base point in relation to which all the
fl.iture operations are performed [3~5.6~9]� In the analysis of single-ch~annel re-
cordings the first ECS derivative often is used [6~9] and the steepness of the _
slope of that curve is analyzed. The lads of protection against pulsed noises and _
the presence of false signals often leads to errars~ as the base point is determined
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from the condition of the minimu~a (maximum) of the first d6r;vative--a precise
estimate rrhich does not take into consicieration the behavior of the curve at ad-
3acent points. Some authors [2~ prefer visual separation of sections of the QRS
complex and P and T Waves on the ECG curve~ and their subaequent coding. After ECS
codes have been fed into a digital co~puter the curve is analyzed and a system of
medical para~neters is separateci--semi-automated E(~ analysis. A special placp is
~ occ~,?pied by the structural or linguistic alrproach Khich has appeared recently ~1~.
_ It is ba.sed on the assumption that objects of any class~ �or e~eample a Q~tS complex,
- have an 3nternal organiza.tion of elem~nts or structure characteristic of all repre-
sentatives of the given class.
We Kill present below an algorithm for automated recognition of ECS structural ele-
ments in rrhich xe stro>>e~ using accumulated experience in xork xith ECS~ to take
into account both the good aspects and the shortcomings of existing algorithms [2,3,
5-9~. The algorithm must have high noise immunity and f"le~cibility (tuning to a
coherent EOG). The program realizing it must be optimal with respect to EOG pro-
cessing time and to the volutne of the engaged memory. The algorithm has an empiri-
ca,l character and can be divided provisionally into three partss
a) tuning on a single cha,nnel through an analog~-digital converter--the signal~ as
a rule. of the first orthogonal lead is fed to a computer in real time. The R kave
" is identified by estima,tion, which xill be discussed belox~ and RR is calculated,
- and also the right values of the lengths of the phases of caxdiac activity of in-
te.~est to us, according to Karpman [4~;
b) identification of the ECG section corresponding to the Q~tS complex on three syn-
chronously registered leads, and filtrationi
" c) determination of the initial and final points of ECG structural elements of in-
terest ~~o us for each lead separately.
� Before the start of ~+ork of pro~raias providing points b and c, 3 x N readings (the
initial array) xith respect to N for each realization xere recorded in the machine
stora.ge. The number N is determined by the discretization frequency and the regis-
tration time. On the three synchronously regis~ered signals the scalar fluiction
3 ~
F(f) = J X; is constructed, Where Fi is the reading of ttie formed auxiliary curve
;o~
- (i = 1, 2, With sliding by ur~e step in sections corresporriing to the proper
length of the QRS complex (.~~S) the partial sums are calculatedi
1+1QRS
A~ _ ,6~ ' ~ Fl~ , - p~ j = 0, 1, . . . , N - IQRS� ~ I )
~ Let us determine max A~, xhere ;j gives a maximum to the partial sum and is the
J
as~u-~ed start of the QRS complex. If it is taken into consideration that the P
wave is sou ht through the QRS complex rrithin the interval [0.4 of the length of
~ RR -.2 and the T xave afber the QRS complex xithin the interval [0.6 of the
~ qRS
- ',.angth of (R& -,~~S)]~ xe seler,t the fragnent of the initial array We need. Fcr
� f~zrthe~ anal,ysis we need a smoot~zed signal free of netKOrk noise. Attempts to
- ~7 imir~te noise by analog filtration usually do not provide the required smoothing
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even rrY:en total filters ha.ve been created [5~. Signals often are smoothed ' y
digital methods~ as they are readily accomplished and better monitored. A very
simple filtration method is xeighted summation ~5~. In [6~ it is pointed out that
- better smoothing can be obtained if parabolic approxiaiation has been used.
A separate program to Khich we turn r+ith an already separated fragment of reali~.~.-
tion smooths the E(7~, usiag the nethod of least squares and approximating the dia-
cretized data xith a second-order polynomial. The number of point3 n on which the
second-order pol oraial is constructed and the sliding step n2 ~n > n) depend on
the frequency ofythe analog-digital conversion and the naturaI frequen~y of the
signal. The values at n2 central points of the smoothing interval are taken as the
reading values.
The program rPSponsible for determination of the initial and final points of the
QR5 complex and the P and T Kaves Korks with a filtered fragment of separate lead
realiza.tion. As the true start of stom~ch depolarization Ke take min {N Q~Si}~
r~here i is the lead number; N QRS is the reading number and mix {K iQ~tSi} is the end.
The procedure is similar for the P and T rraves.
Pipberger et al ~7~ point out that xhen three synchronously registered signals are
used for analysis the total length of some ~OG structural elements proves to be
_ greater than x~en each lea.d is used separately. fJe think this can be caused both
by asynchronism of registratian of the three orthogonal leads and by the use of the
firat derivative as a result of the property of asymmetry,~xhich introduces phase
shift in relation to th~ sta.rting discretized data. Therefore xe also analyzed
each lead sepa.rately.
In our algorithm the isoline is used indirectly to determine the initial and final
points of the QR5 complex and the P and T xaves. The necessary information is ex-
tracted mainly from correlations betxeen the given and adjacent points. However~
the isoline is needed to simplify the logic of ana.lysis of the curve, and also to
loxer the threshold of the "technologically satisfactory" lead. T he least-squares
- method is used to determine the coefficients in the isoline equation. The isoline
section is determined from the condition of the minimum estimate (l~~ where the
auxiliary sca.lar function is replaced by readings of the realization fragment.
The algorithm for recognition of the QRS complex and the P and T waves consists of
the following operations.
1. Deter~ine the isoline equation and elimina.te noise axising on account of float-
ing of the isoline.
2. Detertnine the maximum noise level
- max x(i-~- 1) - z(e~~}, where i= NXlS 5, NX/S 15,
In the interval corresponding to the proper length of the QRS complex (NT, NT +
3�
~ .~~5 ) :
a) mirror reflect the curve relating to the isoline
X(i) = I 1{ (~)I, xhere i- NT. NT lQns;
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b) form an arra.y of readings~ including points at xhich the first ECS deriva-
tive ohanges its sign from plus to minus~
KK (i~, xhere i= 1, 2, lQRS;
- c) find the rea.ding ma.ximum in amplitude:
max {X NR=
4. For differently directed analysis of the curve from the base point NR make a
reversion of the series of readings of the left section (NT~ NR) of the interval of
proper length of the complex
QRS (NT, NT lQRSI:
X (NT) = X (NR - 1); X (NT I ) = X (NR - 2) ~ etm.
�5. Determine the initial point af the QRS complex on the left section (NT~ NR). The
structural diagram of the algorithm for determinatian if the initial and final
points of the QRS coniplex are given on the diagraa~.
1=NT .
/1a
KK I~ 0 NS-1~~> I'I
Hem QQ ~Q
x ~ -s~o ~x(I~TJ- I)!-d~o
Hem r No Hem QQ = Y83
HQRS-I (I+2 X~IJ~-d'~
Hem ~ flerrr
~ I-I t> NQRS~1
.7 - NS aa � NJ'~ O Hem NQRS
,r(.i)-~ >o ~a ~x(.i+t)-x(3~?-a> 'Qa .i-.i+f
Hem Hem ~a
NQRS-J ~X .7~2 -X~JJ~-d) ~
HPm
J~ Jt 1 NQRT~J
Structnral diagrs~ ef � algol'ithm f or -
determinatie~ of` the initi~l aud final
points of the QRS co~rplex.
6. Determine the final point of the coaplex on the right section (NR, NY +~~S)
(see figure~ where I= NR + 1).
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7. As the level of reading of the amplitude on the QRS complex section take the
rea.ding preceding the initial point of the complex. This also applies to P and T
Waves.
8. To find the P and T waves seaxch for the maxima xithin the limits of thR given
fixed intervals of time before the initial and after the final point of the QRS
c omplex .
9. Proceed to points 4-7. The block diagram for ~etermination of the initial and
final points of P and T`raves is a simplified variant of the program cited in point
5. with the addition of some additional tests.
In checking the algorithm on monitoring saaples of unrecognized and incorrectly
re cognized QRS complexes~ P and T waves did not occur.
T he program of identification of the complexes was realized in the FORTRAN-II lan-
gua.ge and a mnemonic code and is used in an automated complex based on an M-6000
electronic computeT�for automated processing of an orthogonal ECG. The n~ain memory
volume ocaupied by the program is 3.5 kbytes. The time tak~=n to identify ECG struc-
tural ele.v~-ents in a single lesd is approximately 3 seconds.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Gukasov~ V. G., Pinsker. I. 5h.~ T sukerman~ B. M.~ and Malinovskiy~ L. G.
Algorithms for medical description of ~GG. In the books Opoznaniye i opisaniye
liniy (Line Reco~ition and Description). Moscoir~ Nauka, 1972~ pp 78-85~ _
2. Valuzhis~ K. K., Losinskene~ L. V.~ Rashimas. A. P.~ and Torrau~ I. I. Struc-
tura.l analysis of electrocardiosignals. In the book: Matematicheskaya obrabot-
ka mediko-biologicheskoy informatsii (Ma~thematical Pracessing of Medical and
Biological Information). Moscow~ Nauka, 1976, pp 182-192.
3. r,ukasov~ V. G.~ Pinsker. I. Sh.~ and T sukerman, B. M. ECG description in an
automated complex. In the book: Modeliravaniye i avtomaticheskiy analiz elek-
trocardiogramm (Simulation and Autieatic Analysis of ECG). MoscoK~ Nauke~ 1973.
pp 1~3-150 .
4. Kurshakov~ N. A.~ and Pressman~ L. P. Kravoobrashcheniye v norme i patologii
(Blood Circulation in the Normal and Pathology). Moscox, Meditsina, 19b9~ 20
pa.ge s .
5. Pipberger~ Kh. Y. Computer analysis of EOG. ~n the book: Vychislitel'nyye
ustroystva v biologii i meditsine (Computers in Bioiogy and Medicine). Moscox~
Mi r, 1967, pP 197-235~
6. Caceres~ C. A. Computer extraction of electrocardiographic parameters.
CIRCULATION, 1962. Vol 25, No 2~ pp 356-362�
7. Pipberger~ H. V.~ Stallman, F. W.. Jano~ K.~ and Draper~ H. W. Digital computer
ana.lysis of the normal and abnormal electrocaxdiogram. PROGRESS IN CARDIOVAS-
CULAR DI3EASE5~ 1963. Vol 5~ No 1, pp 378-392�
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, 8. Stallman. F. W. A computer program for automatic analysis of electrocardio-
grams. AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL~ 1964~ Vol 67~ No 1~ pp 136-137.
9. Wartak~ J.~ Milliken~ J. A.~ and Karchmar~ J. Computer program for pattern
recognition of electrocardiograms. COMPUT. AND BIOI~IED. RES., 19'j0, Vol 3,
No PP 3~-374�
COPYRIG}fPi Izdat9l'stvo "Naukova dumka"~ 1979
[8144/161-:?174]
2174
CSOs 814~+~161
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UDC 51; 62
COMPLEX STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF DETECTION OF THE QRS COMPLEX
Kiev KIBERNETIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TIICHNIKA in Russian No 45, 1979 PP 5~-5?
~Article by S. M. Makeyev~ Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sci-
ences, Kiev, and A. G. Taranenko, Kiev Institute of Civil Aviation Engineers]
[Text' One of the tasks being solved in theocitYims~forf
E(JGtparametriza,tion systems
for EGG processing is the development of alg r
determination of the quantita,tive characteristics of ECS (electrocaxdiosignal)
structural units.
A common feature of algorithms for E(JG para.metrization is that they work on arrays
representing readings of instantaneous EC5 values fed to a computer through an
analog-digita,l converter with a given discretization frequency.
The application of arrays of readings of a fictitious curve obtained by mathema.ti-
ca,l conversions of starting ECS readin s synchrrnously registered in several leads
ha.s been pointed out in various works ~4] .
Almost all algorithms for ECG parametriza.tion axe heuristic and based on the use of
medical information on the topology of ECG curves for different leads and on the
temporary position and orientation of its structural. elements.
In an overwhelming ma.jority of algorithms the recognition of the parameters of
medical description starts with determination of a"reference" point in the region
of the array of readings corresponding to the Q~tS complex [1-7]. It is noted in
those works tha.t two criteria are used mos+ often to distinguish the "reference"
point.
The first criterion is that the value of the derivative at the given point is
within pre-set limits C2~3~6+?]�
In that case some authors use t~e maximum positive value of the first derivative
(the leadin~ front of the R wave) [3~; others use the point for which the first
derivative ha.s a ma,ximum negative value (the proposed rear front of the R wave)
[2~; still others use both those criteria [1].
The second criterion is the retrieval of rea.dings with toaximum amplitude of the
ECS, which are considered to belong to the R wave ~1~4~5~.
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We have established that the use of algorithms realizing the given principles for
determination of the "reference" point proves to be ineffective in ca,ses where the
ta,sk of parametriza.tion of EGG's dama.ged by the action of artifacts of various
kinds and noises with a pulsed character. There is a possibility of erroneous
situations in which a point corresponding to a blip of pulsed noise is used as the
"r.eference" point. It i:~ reasonable to assume tha,t the authors who use thoae
principle~ to determine the approximate position of the region of readings corre-
sponding to the QRS complex also use additional criteria ~l]. In addition, the
image of the ECG curve in the region of the Q~t5 complex is very variable as a flzn~-
tion of the type of lead in whi.ch the given curve is registered~ and other factors.
It is obvious tha,t~ to increase the noise immunity and effectiveness of algorithms
for ECG paramterization, it is necessary to decide rega.rding the detection of the
QRS complex according to an estima,te which depends on the aggregate of values of
all the readings belonging to the QRS complex.
In the present article a method. is proposed for determining the region of readings
of the Q~tS complex ba.sed on the use of such an estima,te.
- Method of detecting the QRS complex. In the general ca.se an ECG represents an
array of ECS rea.dings:
X = Xl~ X~. . . . ~ Xk, . , Xq.
ECG readings are taken with the discretiza.tion interval 'C (figure~. The length of
recording of. an ECG is tl ='Ln.
X~
: .
. ~
.
.
. .
.
. � . .
:
~ � .
~ � � ~i f� . ' r' i
. . ' II
~e~~~ ~ � ~~N~14~~i
~M i~ ~~ti I � � i ~ ~
: ~ ~ '
~ I
I � � �
� ~ I � ' '
I II I I .
I~ I~ IJ~~ ~i Ik ~
'o t r ~ t, t
Array of discrete electrocardiosigna,l readings. Shown are three
positions of the "movable" window with a length of :2 rea.dings.
The size of the interval T is determined from It readings on the ba.sis of the con-
- dition that at least one Q~S complex occur in it (the interval length is assumed
to be 1.2 s). Then:
k _ 1,2
T '
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The "movable window" is determined with a length of .2 readings, corresponding to
the mean length of a Q~tS complex, assumed to be 0.15 s:
~ _ U,15 . -
T
During successive shifting of the "movable window" within the limits of the inter-
val T for each of its positions a ca.lculation is ma.de of the estimate -
V ~ _ ~ xl+~ - x; j ~ where ~ = 1, 2, . . . , k -1.
c
In the j-th position of ths "movable window," determined by the values of the ini-
tial and fina.l readings j and j~ ~r-.~ respectively and embracing readings belonging
to the Q~tS complex, the value of the estimate Vi will be maxima.l.
The values of j and j+.2 are stored. La.ter a new interval T is given~ one deter-
mined by the initial j+,2 and fina.l j+.2 + k readings, and the entire procedure
for detection of the Q~S complex is repeated.
At known values of the initial and final readings of regions embracing the QRS com-
plex, f~rther determina.tion of the pa~ ameters of the P, Q~ R, S and T waves presents
no difficulties.
The R wave is identified as ma.ximal in relation to the isoline of readings in the
region of the given Q~S complex.
The isoline is calcula~ed as the ma.thema,tical expectation of the array of ECG
readings in a section of the given size, being:
a) for P and R waves in the region of the mid3le of the section corresponding to -
the distance between the given and preceding R waves;
b~ for the T wave between the given and subsequent R waves. The value of the iso-
line is ~
~ _
m '
where x is the discrete values of the ECG array; m is the size of the section for
calcula~ion of the isoline value.
The search for P, T and Q~ S wave peaks is accomplished. by finding the ma.xima. and
minima. on the left and right respectively of the given R wave~ produced on sections
of the given size.
T he search for PR and RT intervals after the P, R and T wa,ves have been found pre-
sents no difficulties. If np~ nR and n,r are rea,dings corresponding to the peaks
of the P, R and T waves~ the PR and RT intervals are
7'Prr = (nR - n r) s,
Trtr = (nr - n~ t�
where'G is the discretization interval.
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The lengths of the P, R and T waves are determined from the points of their inter-
section with the isolines, that is~ if kl is a reading corresponding to the first _
point, lying below the intersection of the wave with the isoline to the left of
its peak ~ and ,21-- to the righ~, then the wave len~th is
~ U~ k~) t.
After determination of the informationa.l parameters of the Q,RS complex~ namely:
the amplitudes of the P, Q, R, S and T waves in relation to the isoline~ the PR and
RT intervals, the lengths of the P, R and T waves~ and the formation in the computer
store of arrays of values of those parameters is accomplished by the statistica,l
processing of those arrays~ a result of which is determina,tion of the values of the
ma.thematical expectations and dispersions of those parameters.
The given method was realized in developing an algorithm for the classifica,tion of
EQG's for the M-6000 co~uter.
Experiment and results. We experimenta,lly checked the work of a program realizing
the proposed algorithm for the re~cognition of the Q~tS complex on the ba,sis of an
estima,te dependent on the totality of its readings in order to determine the quan-
titative cha.racteristics of reliability of recognition di the QRS complex and the
R wave.
. Results of experiment to determin-~ the quantitative values of proba-
bilities of false alarm and R wave passa.ge
A ~
KonNVecreo perecrDNPye?wx '10t~ �P~' C y~~� D~P�""'aTM E~V�Arax'm
xNrepeanoe R- H ~1YV3tNMtlX vro~N~.~ nponyaa ~aoxu~oil epesovo.
nybuos R sy6uor R sybw R Y. x
~ AO H2fpy3HH Y3 O4O 3I I Q,J34 0~0043
j7oc.nc Hefp)'3NH 23040 34 3 � 0~147 O,Ol3
I5 MNH f10C11C H2-
3 rpy3KN 23 090 32 I 0,139 0~~3
� ~ HTOro 69120 97 5 0,14 0,0072
I~I p N M t 9 8 H M G. B fp3~G .Nroro. n npeMOCacnner q OOLMJ01lY C7OIMSR~x oDxseAexd cpewue sea~eax~
j~BNNdx BlJUf4NN
Keys A-- Number of registered R-~? intervals 1-- Before loading
B-- Number of passed R waves 2-- After loading
C-- Number of false alarms 3-- 10 minutes after loa.ding
D-- Proba.bility of R wave passage, ~ 4-- Tota.l
E-- Proba.bility of false alarm, ~
Notes The mean values are givEn in the next-to-last and last
columns of the "Tota.l" line.
T he test group consisted of 16 health3r male persons aged 20 to 26 years. For each
tested person 480 R-R intervals were registered in each of three standaxd leads.
The ECG was registered three times: before and after dosed loa.d and after 15
minutes. A series-prod.uced portable "Salyut" electroca.rdiograph was used for EGG
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registra~ion and commutation of the leads; no special measures were applied to _
eliminate inductions of 50 Hz frequency. The results of the experiments are pre- ~
sented in the table.
Conclusion. As follows from the results of the experimental check, the probabili-
ties of R wave passage and of false a.larm expressed in identifica,tion as the R wave
of a different kind of artifact amou.nt to 0.14 and 0.0072 percent respectively,
which gives us a ba.sis for recommending the described method for use in the con-
- struction of automated systems for thp clinica.l processing of EGG.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Bezzubchikov~ V. A., Vasil'yev~ A. I., Grigorov~ S. S., and Taripol'skiy, V. A.
Automatic recognition of gastric complexes by intraband ECG. In the book:
~ 'I'eoriya i praktika avtoma.tizatsii elektrokardiologicheskikh issledovaniy (The-
= ory and Practice vf the Automation of Electrocardiologica.l Investigations).
- Mosco~.r, ?daul.a, 1976, p 47.
2. Vychislitel'nyye sistemy i avtomaticheskaya dia~ostika zabolevaniy serdt~a,
(Computer .`3ystems and Automatic Diagnosis of Cardiac Diseases~. C. Caceres
and L. Dreyfuss~ editors. Moscow~ Mir, 1977, 543 Pages.
3. G olubev~ V. I.~ Pakhomov, V. I.~ 5irotkina.~ N. N.~ and Malinovskiy, D. G.
Complex for semiautomatic EG'~ coding. In the book: Fiziologichesko e nauch-
noye priborostroyeniye (Physiologica.l Scientific Instrument Buildin~~. Mos-
cow, Meditsina~ 1971, pp 89--92�
4. c'~ukasov~ V. G. ~ Pinsker~ I. Sh. ~ and Tsukercnan~ V, M. ECG description in an
autc~ma.ted complex. In the book: Modelirovaniye i avtomatfcheskiy ana.liz
elelttrokardiogramm (Simulation and Automatic Ana.lysis of Electrocardiograms).
Mosoow~ Nauka~ 19'J3~ pp 143r1jU.
5. Kubaneyshvili, E. S.~ Kartvelishvili~ I. P.~ and Magradze, K. V. Algorithms _
for r.ecognition of EC~'. parameters. In the book: Theory and Practice of the
Automa.tion of Electrocardiological Investigations~ Moscow, Meditsina, 1.976, -
PP ~-45.
6. Finber~er, Kh. V. Computer EOG ana.lysis. In the book: Vychislitel'nyye
ustroystva v biolo~ii i meditsine (Computers in Biology and Medicine). Mos-
cow, Mir, 1967, pp 197-235�
7. Chireykin, L. V., Pury~in, D. Ya.~ and Labutin~ V. K. Avtoma,ticheskiy analiz
elektrokardio~rramm (Automa.tic EOG Analysis~. Leningrad~ Meditsina.~ 1977, 238
.
pa~es.
CGPYRI~,H'~': Irdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka.", 1979
~8144/161-2174]
2174
CSOs 8144/161
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APPLICATIONS
SKAT ROBOT SUBMARINE
Moscow SPUTNIK in English Dec 80 pp 138-139
[Text] "Manta-150d' isthe name reserchers at the Institute of Oceanology of the
USSR Academy of Sciences gave to a new submersible craft which can go down as deep
as 1,500 meters to flashback information about the structure of the seabed.
In a sky-blue cove of the Black Sea a ship's winch takes up "Manta", a small craft
resembling two steel cigars (Fig 1) and gently lowers her into the water. The
feeder cable rope trailing behind is responsible for the power supply to all the
mechanisms and the control and reception of information from television cameras.
Operators watch the remote-controlled robot with the aid of a television scanner
' and floodlights.
"Manta" has "legs" looking like water skis to move on the seabed up and down, back
and forth and to turn around within a range of 30 meters from the mother ship.
"The craft is as easy to handle as if I were inside her," said the operator Victor
Voikov, "and through a monitoring screen you can see much better than ~hrough a
~ porthole.
_ "Manta" also has a mechanical arm to scoop up samples from the seabed and put them
in special containers.
- Researchers are currently busy working on "Skat;" a second generation robot (Fig 2).
This midget submarine will not be so tied to her mother ship. The battery-powered
craft will be able to submerge to take samples from the seabed, *_o photographs or
to look for sunken objects.
The Institute of Oceanology is also makin$ another "Manta", and this one will be
capable of probing the craters of underwater volcanoes.
;
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- 62
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uDC [658.012.011.56:002];661
CO;~'UTER-AIDID DE5IGN OF DATA llISPLAY SYSTEMS FOR AU?'OMATED CONTROL IN THE CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY
Moscox IZMERENIYA~ KONTROL', AVTOMATIZATSIYA in Russian No 5-6~ 1980, pp 56-62
[Article by I. M. Bernshteyn, engineer~
[Text] The wide applica,tion of ASUTP (automated systems for the control of
technological processes) to various sectors of industry has brought about a need
to improve the process of system design. This multifaceted problem is solved. by
various methods. one of which is the standar.dization and automation of various
sta~es in ASU development [1~. For example, in reference [2~ it is asserted that
in planning about 80 percent of the time is expended on the solution of routine
tasks which can and must be automated. The number of Korks on the automation of the
plannin~ of control systems is constantly increasing~ but the methodical principles
have not yet been formed in that area, although there is no doubt that they are
, urgently needed.
A rathe r labor-intensive stage in the creation of A5UTP--the planning of da.ta dis-
play systems--up to now has been a completely heuristic procedure. At the same
time~ data display systems~ which determine the connection of operating personnel
with the object of monitoring and contx'~ol in real time, are an inseparable part of
the control system of any level of complexity, regardless of the algorithmic and
technica,l base of the ASUTP. Instructional or methodical materials on planned mean-
ingflil synthesis of data display systems and ASUTP are lacking.
The present article presents a brief survey of the principal sources of scientific
methodical questions about data display system analysis and synthesis and an algor-
ithm for the automated planning of such systems is described.
In general form the series of stages in data display system planning can be repre-
sented as an iteration process (Figure 1). In each stage of planning, the sta.rting
positions (feedback from the preceding state) are corrected and the requirements
for the following stage are advanced. Using the general scheme presented as Figure
l~ we will attempt to examine the ba.sic work in the area of data display system
synthesis for ASUTP.
,
5cientific principles of data, display system synthesis
An approa.ch to data.display system synthesis from positions of psychological engin-
eering analysis of the interaction of the operator with the object of control xas
63
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Jpdova npoeRmupoAaNUA CON
i ~aprnuDoQaNUe oQiuua
mpeJodaNUU ~ RoNmpo�
na u ynpcSneMUa
- Figure 1. Series of steps in da.ta display
system planning
.ANOnu~ ~apawinr~mrr
,.oNmponA, ynpaene,vuA A-- Task of data display system planning
u 3wcnnyainauuu
oOetRma
1-- Forma.tion of general requirements for
J OnprdenGVUt vewu~ monitoring and contral
mptdadoi+uu ~ o~~vQ~ 2-- Analysis of characteristics of monitor-
mopo~ dna daNNazo iIl COI1tZ'ol and oper'dtioII of aIl ob jeCt
. o0a~wma ~ ~
3-- Determination of general requirements
~ for aperators of a given object
~cu~~MCm~~ou~p v 4-- S stematization and selection of forms
d6rQop ~op~+ /~Pedtmas- Y
,KMv. ~~~�owu~ of data representa.tion
5-- Synthesis of the da.ta display system.
functional structure
S CUNTCJ mS/NX!(UOMQ/~D' 6 Synthesis of the da.ta display system
- Hau cmpy~mypei
caN technical structure
~ ,
6 CuNmt~ muNU~ecxod
cmpyRmypei CON
described in reference The idea of the ~pproach consists in revealing a con-
ceptual model of the activity of operators, xhich is subjective in particular cases,
but for a group of operators of a single production it has general objective charac-
acteristics. Taken as the methodica.l basis of system synthesis i~ the construction
of a number of mutua.lly stipulated graphic models of operator activity, sequentially
revealing the meaning of the operations ~f control--from an algorithmic (formal) to
a cause-and-effect model of the activity. The la.tter is represented by a monitoring
and control graph which is constructed on tne basis of analysis of the sequence of
events before reco.~;nition of impora.tnt event~ in the ob3ect known a priori. The
~raph depicts a series of operations conducted by ~evels of increase of communality
and correspondingly increase of the detailedness of analysis of events. Review of
all the important events through the monitoring and control graph leads in the fina.l
account to a particular volume of functions of display of ingoramtion about a given
event. Review of a number of important events in an object leads further to suf-
ficient data display system volume~ and in tha.t case the synthesis is concludod.
An advantage of the given approach is multifaceted analysis of psychological engin-
eerin~; procedures for optimal linkage of the operator and object. The xide appli-
cation of such an approa.ch is 'ma.de difficult by the scale of the work ~ the absolute
necessity of experimental investigation or simulation of sach specific object~ which
require considerable expenditures.
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In [4~ is a description of a tra.ining test stand for investigation of the work of
- operators in conditions of monitoring and control. The laws of operator-object
interaction formulated by the author are implemented on th.~.t staxld for the formation
of data display systems of various objects of control.
Stages II, III and IV ha.ve been investigated in detail (see Figure 1) and the con- '
clusive sta.~es of planning in less detail; therefore the practical recommendations
for data display system plannin~; are not carried out, but this is not the purpose
of the work. On the whole for the given work the following can be concluded:
--on the basis of the proposed methods it is advisab?e to synthesize da,ta display
systems for relatively complex and costly objects~ as the proposed procedure of
- synthesis, even if effective, is very labor-intensive;
- --data display system planners working according to the proposed procedure must have
a broad mental outlook and be highly qualified;
--the principal object of synthesis is the graphic "ima.ge" of the object (mnemonic
dia~ram), and other forms of image representation were considered in the data dis-
- play system in a smaller volume.
In reference ~5~ ~:he task of data display system synthesis is posed and examples are
presented of its solution on the basis of an approach ca11Ed the "lin~uistic system."
The essence of the appruach consists in the wide embrace of problems of operator-
computer linkage~ with inclusion in data display system synthesis of program tasks~
- on the one hand~ and me~hods of ana.lyzing operator decision making, on the other.
~rr.e basis of the proposed data display system technical structure is the computer
video terminals~ which also determine the final result--construction of the dynamic
siructure of the representation system~ efficiently controlled by programming~
depending on the state of the object and the questions of the operator.
- A structure of data display system sta.ges~ worked out in detail, in presented~ one
~ ba.sed on successive transition from qualitative-survey not completely forma,lized
(and not always formaliza.ble) stages of descripti.on of operator actions for fl.tnc-
tionally-oriented data display system synthesis. Therefore it is proposed to make
the primary analysis of data display system requirements by hierarchic questionnaire.
The questionnaire results are used in the stage of programmed synthesis of data dis-
play systems. An original language has been developed for the operator's communica-
t.lon with the computer in an interactive mode, which addit~ona.lly includes in the '
~ functions th~ data display system and representation of the operator-object inter-
= action. rr:e author substantiates the applicability of the obtained results for a
system of professional. training of operators on special stands, together Kith prac-
tica.l use in specific ASU.
The first three stages of da.ta display system planning were examined i.n ~reat detail
in CS~. "Phe results presented in tha.t book can be efficiently used by a large sci-
entific research institute. but their application in "series" planning of da.ta dis-
play systems is hindered by a shortage of specialists.
fteference [6~ is devoted to the const:-~uction of data display systems for experimental
installations, but most of the problems posed in it are also urgent for ASUTP infor-
_ mation subsystems. ?'he authors examine the characteristics of the information flows
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betHeen the object and the operator on the basis of inethods of information theory.
Concepts of algorithmic complexity and indicators of informativeness are being intro-
duced to obtain the possibility of compa.ring variants of the technical realization ~
of data display systems. The technical means of constructing representation systems
have been examined in fairly great detail and attempts ha.ve been made to classify
them. '['he evolution of technical structures of da,ta display systems is examined and
their comparative characteristics are prPSented. The idea of comparison is based on
controll~.bility of the information flox: for pa.nel systems the flow is uncontrollable~
for systeias of centralized monitoring the information flow is controlled by the oper- _
ator, and for computer-ba.sed information systems, automatically. In the practical
realization of data display systems it is recommended tha.t a graph of joint states of
the data display syst ~n and the operator be constructed. That graph is determined by
specific planned st~tite~ ui the object, which methodically is analogous to graphs of
monitoring and control described in [4~~ and just as effectively but labor-intensive- ;
ly for application in the ca.se of a new effect or the absence of experimental data.
- Reference is devoted to questions of the ergonomic desi~n of data display systems.
Discussed in it are psychophysiological problems of operator activity during inter-
action with information models of objects in solving control problems. The presented
positions are reinforced by extensive experimental mdterials. As industrial objects '
on which investigations have been conducted or the results of work have been intro-
duced~ in [7~ objects with a continuous technology (energy units, ammonia production)
and objects of a discrete type (urban transport) are examined~ and that makes it pos-
sible to determine the genaral laws of the actions of operators in working conditions.
It is interesting to n.ote that all the conclusions in this work are ba.sed on study of
the interaction of operators with mnemonic circuits. The latter thus are taken as
the main source of ope rative information. The author shows that the prima.ry element
of a da.ta display systems in the study of complex events in the lo~;ica.l structural
= imatqe of the object. In the chapter devoted to artistic design~ preliminary setting-
up of a model of the data display system of complex objects is recommended, the con-
struction of data display syst~ms is analyzed for various objects and a general ap-
proach to the meanin~;ful design of data. display systems is proposed. However~ ref-
rence [7~ does not contain practiea.l materials on data display system syn~hesis, and
this once more confirms the heuristic character of traditional practice of data dis-
play system plannin~.
In references ~4-7 ~ the scientific principles of da.ta display system synthesis are
presented. ~he published results can logica.lly be arranged successively, assuring
in that ma.nner the methodica.l base of a series of scientific-research and design
work, in the final account leading to the creation of a contemporary data display
system. However~ in the everyday ma.ss plasuiing of ~onitoring systems such a working
procedure is usually impossible due to limitedness of the planning periods~ inade-
quacy of resources allocated for them and absence of the necessary scientific person-
nel. Therefore narroKer practica.l questions of "current" data display system plan-
nin~ will be discussed below [8~.
The task of data display system planning
~,enerally, data display system synthesis must be connected with the development of
- monitoring and control algorithms ~4-7~. However, in a considerable portion of the
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1 2 ' .1~ f/ /~1/ ~ O ONYt
~TO/JOMYC ~ ~yn flMflY[f~~
~nI Cn~~unoCms NQ nsp~ve~~ muNUVee~er
cuCnrena npei.n~upo~ [utn~twu nnpuNUnpqs +oJcnur emOVl/IJ~I(!M
ue R~~vmpe~~ iG eutmer~i
- .In~oGim dte� ~
//pa~uwuu RpmimapaS aa
O~~aM panta~pu/ ~aw
m/an~
,lman d 5~ 3ananNeMUt
5 N! vt~u[ mo/nuu~~ onnro�
~~o na~~nem/oJ 16 .
.onm unu ri,.mpawr
- ~ Cu~ma.rue
a.l~ua nn~wa� _ _
- _ _ _ _ _ - tiv~ u pu u.
6 n uwunut pturuu ~ 17 18 ~~`9 1(~
~cpaG.umtn.~u~ 9uv~eneHUe ' 7
3mon ~ l.ra~unou.ru ne Ar~upi/~~r u Map.upod6~ ~ K~ppeRyua
, pCM!/~NIII dA Nf/C dA
_ ~ OU/M/ a ,fROCN~SOU-
4 - np[ll.~ewut ~
pOM/f!/QO`ON ~(VPO OHMO/l ~NR-
/Ipamn~iu ~~ruda Na M Yuu omNpawrna4
- on~~m rpynii
3monlY 7 Canarma~nt~ur
BMDOP f0/~M d~~ 'rnl GLl.
nprJuenw neruo
(IN~OPNO!(U1/ ~'~PV~KUUw, A'opPtrK~iq:
. /~iJop nuwqww A~Osr N
ycn0/uu
- - - - - -
/lpu+uunuuin..aa JnJnuqa Tadnuya nputsaaun
C~rnU bMmp,fCavM/u MPCMtnnNw IOM~pII
9 Ronnrpanw ynopwdovr..~r.~~ NN,~ �yNrquu omo
neptrn+N~i~ OpCwCNUA
lmon Y '
BuGap ~
mt~nu~er,i,i CeCmuCnewur
[m~p.myt~., u do~y.vr,.mu4uu
- rpNrruQ,u.mpa. mernuvcauto ~7tvame /7evam~
n0at~ m0
Figure 2. Block diagram of stages in data display system planning
a-- heuristic procedure b-- planning algorithm
1-- Cost of system 16 Syntax of language of description
2-- Assi~nment for planning and ranking
- Type of system 17 Ranking
4-- Past experience 18 Calculation and normalizing dn
5-- Study of object of control 19 Correction
6-- Decision making on comparative 20 Distribution of ranking of array
importance of variables into M groups
Selection of forms of information 21 Table of cla.ssified tra.nsfor~aation
presentation functions
_ 8-- Control circuit diagram 22 Comparison of xm
9-- Selection of technical structure 23 Correction. Se ection of initial
and means of control conditions
10 Compilation of machine plan 24 Correction. Selection of M
documentation 25 Table of syntactic ordered
11 Sta.rtin~ list of control paremeters variables
12 Technical task 26 Table of attribution of variable
l~ Assi~nment of technical structure specific transformation f~.uictions
of system 27 Printer
14 Alphabet of descriptors of control
parameters
_ 15 Completion of table of control
parameters description
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cases of ractical ASU planning~ forma.lizations of control are bein~ developed (cr
are knorm~ on the level of automatic control systems~ and control of subsequent
hierarchic levelsis proposed as non-formalized activity of.personnel by means of
realized data display systems and a subsystem of direct effect on an object. tJe
will proceed from this objective situation and will heaceforth consider that the
- da.ta display system is.being planned xith unknoWn control algorithms.
- Presented on Fi~ure 2 is a heuristic (tra.di~ional) sequence of data display system
synthesis by the planning method. Starting data for da.ta display system plannin~ is
contained is contained in the technical task issued by the production engineers who
develop the object of control. In the task a list is presented of the controllable
variables and, at times~ the form of information representation. 'Phe experience of
production engineers and laws of the process are not discussed in the task; but are
present in concentrated form as requirements for monitoring. The planners of auto-
mation accomplish the tasks in the form of a f~.inctional scheme of control. In tha.t
ca.se the planners cannot revise the task because of their inadequa.te knowledge of
the subject~ but the form of information representation is reflected by the planners
in the fina.l account.
~ A poorly coordinated process of synthesis is obtained: the production engineers know
the process and tasks of control of a specific object but are less competent in
questions of automa.tion; data displ~.y system planners are not sufficiently competent
in ~he t~chnology and tasks of control of an object but know the technology and
methods of automation; knowledge of automation methods assure the possibility of
planning "by analogy~" on the basis of accumulated experience~ but the re are no
forma.l procedures or simple criteria for national d,3ta display system construction.
It is natural that with the described heuristic planning procedure the "quality" of
the data display system worsens~ and this leads to economic losses at the object.
Therefore the following task is ur~;ent: that of formalizing the exchan~e of know-
ledge between production engineers and data, display system planners and the sta.ge-
wise synthesis of a data display system flxnctional program. In the case of positive
solution of that problem the possibilities of automation of data display system
planning are opened up. Automation permits obtaining "mean" planning solutions sub-
stantially more rapidly than with the ordina.ry procedure. Tha.t alone~ without con- -
sidering possible improvement of quality of the plan~ promises a sa.ving from the _
automa.tion of planning.
The starting positions and limitations for solution of the posed problem are reduced
to the followings
--the task is solved with regard to the d.ata display system synthesis for continuous
chemical engineering processes;
--the construction of data display systens for ASUTP of a loKer level of control is
examined;
--sources of signals regarding the state of the object are assumed to be given in
advance;
--the selection of specific hardxare for realization of a data display system flznc-
tional diagram is not included in the pl.anning procedure being developed;
--the component and ergonomic cha.racteristics of data display systems are disre-
garded.
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The following hypothesis was set as the basis of formalization of the stage of
"intersection" of the knowledge of production engineers and planners. T he operator
of a technological process and the production engineer-developer of a task estimate
specific variables of a pi�ocess not formally~ according to certain metrics~ but in
accordance with an a~gre~ate of ineaningful~ qua.litative signs, which we will call
the "technolo~ical significance." That characteristic is selective and cannot be
strictly for:~alized~ but the different variables and objects can be compared with
one another and ranked according to the given characteristic~ for. example~ by expert
estimates.
The monitoring system planner forms an analogous cha.racteristic for himself and in
accordance with it determines a group of forms of informa.tion representation. We
- will call that group the "representation power." The representation power can be
described~ for example, by the number of types of industrial instruments used for
monitoring and representation of each of the compared variables.
Therefore to solve the set task of planning formaliza.tion it is necessa.ry to develop:
--methods allowed to planning organizations for ranking automatically monitored
variables according to ma.gnitude;
--classification of industrial forms of information representation, from which it is
possible to simply distinguish various groups of forms of representation~ unequi-
vocally ranked by representation power.
On the basis of such developments it is possible in plannin~ also to compile ranked
"technological importance-representa.tion power" ratios, at least for groups of vari-
ables of a specific technologica,l process of close importance. To solve that task
an algorithm has been developed~ one consisting of successive procedures for obtain-
in~ formalized starting data from the production engineers and data display system _
plasuiers in a regime of planner-computer interaction.
Black diagram of the data display system planr.ing algorithm
Presented as Figure 2b is a block dia.gram of the data display system algorithm. As
in the heuristic procedure (see Figure 2a.~, in this algorithm,five ma.irl stages of
plannin~ can be distinguished.
Stage I--compilation of starting data for the plan--is practically identica.l for both
plannin~; procedures.
Stage II--study of the object of monitoring-=with the traditional method is done "by
analo~y~" and in the proposed algorithm by obtaining f~om the production engineers
information about the variables of the processor in descriptor form close to a natur-
al language. The object of development is ~n alpha.bet of descriptors (signs) and
special forms to be filled in by an experienced production engineer.
In Sta~;e III the process variables are ranked in importance. A logical scheme ha,s
been developed for the programmed rankir?g of variables on the basis of descriptor
description with use of the syntax of the ranking language (on Figure 2b~ di,l is the
symbol of the descriptor of the n-th variable). The information logica.l language
for description of the process variables and their ranking by importance is discussed
ir~ detail in the following section.
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Sta.~e IV corresponds to the fit~al meaningf~xl procedure of distribution of elements
of the initial set of forms of informati~n representa.tion on industrial means for
process variables. In ihe developed algorithm a table was compiled for that pur-
pose~ one classifying the representation forms; a correlation is given~ accorcling
to which the total array of ranked variables is divided into groups of variables
with an identica.l combination of forms of representation X~ where m is the ordinal
number of the complex of forms of representation; also compiled according to pro-
a~ram are the ratios dn - Xm. The content of stage IV is described below.
StaF,e V--the +,echnical execution of documentation on the fl.inctional diagram of
monitorin~ in the proposed algorithm--includes compilation of tables of the provis-
ion of each variable with specific forms of representation and tables with decipher-
ment of technological importance. The latter are necessary for monitoring the
results of work of the pro~ram by an expert production engineer~ at times the
tables of importance of the variables are used to correct the entire arra.y of start-
ing variables of the given process. With that the automated planning process is
concluded. The concluding procedures--selection of specific hardware and compila-
tion of documentation of the technical plan--are accomplished by a traditional
method.
Information lo~ical langua.ge of description and ranking of technologic~,l process
variables
Ceneral positions. The expert ranking [9~10~ of some objects~ particularly of
technolo~ica,l process vaxiables~ is a laborious procedure tha,t requires consider-
able time. It is not effective enough for the evalua.tion of small-scale plans of
new ob~ects~ and also in the absence of the necessary of expert specialists. The
heuristic procedure of decision making by experts has not been discussed in the
literature.
We will attempt to formulate an information logica.l language for expert ranking of
the variables of a technological process. The purpose of the given information
lo~ical lan~ua~e is to ~ive a description of the flow of signals from a specific
object understandable to a wide range of specialists of various branches of know-
ledge and suitable for pro~ramming on a computer for the purpose of further use in
lo~ical relations of comparison and ranking.
The task of ca.lculating subjective values (significances) has no fienerally accepted
procedure for solution. One of the successful attempts to solve it has been
described in [11 xhere the obtaining of a~uantitative estima,tion of si~nificance
is ba.sed on a system of initial logical.conditions and the .following significant
procedures: the scale of naming (methodically explains the difference of separate
subjective values)~ the scale of order (permits successively arranging values so
tha.t they sa.tisfy the inequalities "more or less"), the scale of intervals (permits
numerica.lly determininF the difference between values), etc.
'I'he proposed formalization of the procedure for the description and rankin~ of the
variables of a technical process in the initial stage a~;rees with tha.t approa.ch.
~Che informa.tion lo~;ical langua~;e described belox at times uses a methodology of con-
struction of an information retrieval lan~ua~e in part of the formulation of ex-
pressions~ but in the logical part differs from the informa.tion retrieval lan~,uage
in the method of application of the obtained expression~. -
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'I'he basis of the languave is an alphabet of simple concepts--or descriptors, from
which a description (determination~ can be made of any variable for a cla~s of tech-
nolo~ica.l processes. 't'he ~eneral requirement for the alphabet is distin~uishability
of adopted decisions in a general technical sense. In accorda.nce with the princi-
ples of thesaurus construction in data processing systems [12~ the concepts can be
united by sex, ~pecies~ etc. The tota.l information logica.l langua~e al habet con-
sists of three genera (groups), separated inside into species (concepts~. The de-
termination--the component descriptor--consists of three heterogeneous concepts,
- of one type of each sort (group) .
The condition of.compilation of definitions is the rule of information logica,l lan-
~ua~e syntax. On the ba.sis of logica.l relations the conditions o~ comparison and
ranking are given, and of course of the variables themselves--these are the follow-
ing rules of information logica.l language syntax.
An alphabet for formal description of variables. To formalize the ranking proced-
ure~ even if narroxly~ it is natural to assume that the expert production engineers
�ha,ve a certain meta-language of an abstract level. The elements (words~ of that
lan~ua.~e must be applica.t~le for the description and caaparison of objects (concepts)
of different nature. The compilation of an alphabet for universa.l description of
' instrumentally obtained variables of technological processes is based on these con-
siderations.
De~criptors ha.ve been used which ha,ve a very broa,d semantic content~ which permits
usin~ them to describe physi~ally different variables of technol qgica.l processes.
For example~ the temperature or pressure in any chemical engineering process can be
represented by such a component descripti rn as "quality of the main process."
'Che number of primary descriptors must not be too large~ as otherwise difficulties
connected with remembering and ranking them arise. When the number of descriptors
is too small the possibilities of determining heterogeneous elements are reduced.
A compromise solution is assured by the application of component descriptors (com-
plete definitions)~ consisting nf several simple descriptors (in the ca.se of the
described information retrieval langua~;e~ of three).
In 'Cable 1 are 14 simple descriptors of the information retriev~,l language, divided
into three groups. The tota.l number of possible determina.tions is 4 x 5 x 5= 100,
and each group contains not more thaxi five kinds of descriptorsi this is completely
acceptable for compilation of the alphabet and its use.
Generic concepts in the informa.tion logica.l langua~e are the structure of the tech-
nology~ the semantic content of the information in the measurement channel and the
method of control of the given specific variable. The division of any technological
proceRs into aeneral-purpose parts is fairly evident; objective conversions occur in "
the main technolo_~;y~ associated technology often accompanies the main technology
(for. example~ utilization of excessive reaction heat)~ auxiliary technology creates
the conditions for realization of the ma.in technology, etc. Process control signals
ca.rryin~ technica.l messa~es can be regarded as channels of semantic communication:
dan~er~ quality, etc; this assures their universality for vari~us processes. The
method (form) of control of a specific variable is regarded as the connection be-
tween the si~nal of control of the specific variable and the actuator which controls
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Table 1. r^orm for assignment of descriptors from the alphabet of an information
lo~ical langua~;e* to variables of a technological process
(l~iuuuacruo B fpywi~ A � C~PYmu 8 D fpynno C
� ~ CrpyKrypuaw 4~Cfb H CYdCAOE~N %~P~KTlPNCTHN~ ~apM~ ynpae~enee
Tl'XNOA01'NN NM~OQY~4MN ~NInP
E F ^I I A2 I A7 I A~1 BI I B2 I B3 I !3~ ~ DS C1 I C.' I C3 I (;a I CS nepeMeueafl
N, flnnuoc
u/u u~u~ieuonruNC ~ , o '
u u
Ill'~ll'?I~IIIIU~ a C w ~ O ~ ~ ~ C m
w a at S U O i~ d Q' d S C 6 O
I m ~ 5 L S C� u G x C n 5 I m 4 Td .
0 oa a 7 ~ ~ .",u a_ u
o c' m~ n n�a Y s ~a oi T3E c ~�c m =s
I I I I I ~ I I I I I I
I I I I
A- Production I- Form of control B3 , load .
B- Group A J- Variable number B4 - mode
C- Group B A1 - main B5 - security
D- Group C A2 - associated C1 - throu~h mode
E- No A3 - auxiliary C2 - direct
F- Complete name of variable A4 - secondary C3 - indirect
G- Structural pa.rt of technology B1 - safety C4 - in a group
H- Semantic characteristic of B2 - quality CS - uncontrolled
information
*For each variable of a technologica.l process~ in ea.ch group (A, B, C)
the presence of one of the chara.cteristics is noted with a cross (each
initial variable obtains a total of three marks).
that variable. That connection can be accomplished through the technological ob-
ject (control throu~rh the "mode") or by simple converters (direct control): if the
variable ca.n be controlled by various actuators, it is indirect control~ but if~
on the contrary, a single actuator controls several variables~ each of them is con-
trolled "in a group."
- A logica.l scheme for the ranking of component descriptors. The second p~ t of the
~ information lo~ical lan;uage syntax must provide compa.rison and ranking according
to the value of the component descriptors dn.
'de will adopt the followin~; symbol designations:
Nin the initial disordered array (planning list) of variables for a specific
technological process;
N the number of variables;
N the ordered (through the ranking algorithm) array of variables~ in which
al~; case Nin - Nalg~
D the total a~gre~ate of simple descriptors (alphabet);
d the symbol of a simple descriptor d~ D;
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di the descriptor of the i-th uniform set;
a~ b, c-- the ordinal numbers of the descriptors Within the uniform sets.
Then the specific concepts are designaged dla, d2b~ d3~, a= 1.4, b= 1.5~ c= 1.5.
The ordinal numbers a, b and c correspond to the values of the descriptors within
the i-th set. They are ~iven a priori, on the basis of the semantic meaning of the
concepts (see Table 1)~ which is not difficult to do xhen their quantity is sma,ll.
In general it is useflil to make such an a priori ranking in compiling an alphabet
on the basis of expert estimates.
The component descriptor is determined Kith the formula ~
dn =~d,a n d:e n d~~)�
For comparison of the various values of d it is necessa.ry to know the ratio of the
values not only between elements of a uni~orm set (dil > di2 > di3...), but also
between elements of heterogeneous sets. In the simplest case it is possible to
~ive "overwhelming" advanta.ge of elements of the i-th set over elements of the
(i+l)-th set, and then dla > d2b > d3~ for all values of a~ b and c.
For "softer" (and more real) variants of syntax of the ranking language it is pos-
sible to set also the ratios of groups A~ B and C(see Table 1) of values at which
descriptors from various ~;roups alternate in value (for exa.mple~ it happens that
the "safety of auxiliary technology" is mo~e significant tha.n the "qua.lity of the
main technology."
The mutual significance of groups A~ B and C is set by the planner in the process
of interaction with the computer (Figure 2b, sta.ge III~ the "correction" u:iit)~
starting from an intermediate estima.te of the ranking results.
Systematization of the information representation.fluict~ons
By "representation fl.inction"�is understood the accepted form of ~epresentation in
xhich messa~es about changes in the object are transmitted through the given mon-
itoring channel to personnel by means of industrial hardware. We will formulate
the criterion for systematization of representa.tion flinctions. Data. display
system hardware is created for the interaction of perso~uiel with an object in real
time. It also is known [13~ tha,t the personnel in an operative monitorin~ mode
- often works under conditions of rigid time limita.tions. By virtue of the above, in
the couplin~ of a data display system xith man the ma.in indica.tors of effectiveness
are the degree of development of the complex of representation flinctions and time
expenditures on the recognition and rea.dout of information ~14~. We will assume
as a classifica.tion criterion complexity of the representation flinction and we will
use the indica.tor of "readout time" as an awciliary.
It is assumed that the form of representation also determines the possible symbolic
decoding of the information cintent. Phis assumption is expressed in reference
[,15~~ where three forms of information representation are distinguished:
--numeration (point), corresponding to signalling;
--unidimensiona.l (scalar)~ corresponding to indica.tion;
--two-dimensional (time-scalar), corresponding to graphic registration.
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Such a classification~ which is completely ~roper for local hardWare~ is hard to
use in digital displays. The same classification can be given a slightly differ-
ent interpreta,tion:
si~ma,lling � x(deviation from the norm);
indication x (instantaneous value);
reqistration x' (tendency to change~.
~raphic re~istration of the value x(t in implicit form also contains the represen-
tation fLnctiar? of inean values of the type ~ t
X~T~ C1S.
T
0
Within these main forms of informa.tion representation there is an entire series
of modifications which are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Classifica.tion of information representation fl.inctions
Type of Deviation from Quantitative Tendency to Integration .
hardware the norm~ � x value of x var~faXion ~rrent report
' - S T
~ f x (c)dt ~ f x.(Tids ~
c , T ,
Panel system 4i (13) ~14 _ :
( ~ ) ~13) 16
i (lo) (13) ~i6 -
~4~ 5 _ - -
~6~ _ - -
Centralized checking
system (i (13) ~15) _
~2 ~6 _ - -
(4 (6 - - ~ -
Computer terminals (3 (8 (12) (21 18
system (1) (9) ~19~ ~20
(3) (9) (12) 17 20
(3) (9 (12 21 20
(3 (9 (12~ - .
(3 ~9 - - '
Key: 1-- autonomous signalling on 11 sca.lar autonomous indica.tions
mnemonic circuits (on a registering instrument)
2-- Eomplex signa.lling on 12 ~endency to chaxige (indication
mnemonic circuits on display
3-- symbolic signallin~ on display 13 tendency to change (on graphic
4 passive signalling (on display
indicating instrument) 14 autonomous graphic registra.tion
5-- autonomous scalar indica.tions 15 call graphic re~istration
6-- sca.lar call indications 16 multipoint graphic registration
7-- scalar group 17 ca.ll printing
8-- line indications on display 18 report printing
~ 9-- digital indications on display 19 periodic printing
10 sca.lar cyclical indications 20 report punched tape
(on multipoint instrument) 21 mea.~ integral on display
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'Phe mc~difications of functions in each column of the table are arranged in the
order of increased expenditures of the time of personnel on obtaining the value of
the si~nal. For example, it is natural that the time e~cpenditures on estimating
a deviation automa.tically emerging on a mnemonic circuit are smaller than the time
expenditures on ca.lling a mnemonic circuit fragment rrhere the given signal panel is
located [ 13,14~ .
Most present-day ASU'I'P's are planned for not a single type but for combinations of
ha.rdware [14~. T his is taken into consideration in the algorithm under considera-
tion for automatin~ the planning of data display systems in the compilation of a
Working variant of a representation power table. Severa.l alterna.tive tables ha,ve
been compiles which correspond to the adopted combined hardware structures; in that
case the same four forms of representation are preserved for each variant as in
Table 2, but duplication in the combinations of representa.tion fl.inetions is reduced.
In the proposed tables the representation f~nctions have been composed into lines
at the rate of M lines for each type of system. The tota,l of the functions in a
single line corresponds to the above-introduced ~oncept of "power of representa-
tion" (X ) o� information on specific signals from the object. During use of the
planningmalgorithm (see Fi~ure 2b) one lir.e in the table is set in correspondence
by ranked variables or groups of variables ~dn}m~ that is, all the representation
fluictions indicated for the given line axe
dn~m ~ m�
The decrease in representa tion power proceeds from top to bottom through alternate
replacer~ent and exclusion of fluictions from right to left. Such a condition o.f
chan~e of functions corresponds to the above-adopted criterion of minimization of
time ~xpenditures on obtaining information~ that is~ at first even the more complex
(more informative) are excluded~ but then, less effective representation flxnetions.
Conclusion
On the basis of the described algorithm for automated planning of data displa.y
systems for ASUTP a program has been compiled for computers and me'thodical mater-
- ials on organiza.tion of the planning process. The starting method.ica,l document
is "Instructions for the expert" for descriptor description (without making a de-
cision on the comparison of variables in value) and variables of a technologica.l
process (completion of Table 1). In contrast with traditional expert estima,tes~
only one expert can work in the given case. The process of data. displa,y system
planning is ca.rried out rizrther according to "Instructions for the planner" ac-
cordin~ to a program.
Automa,ted ra.nkin~ was done for various technological processes and the results of
ranking were approved by the leading production engineers. A compaxison also was
made of the results of ranking variables of monitoring according to the ~iven
algorithm and accord.in to the method of expert estimates for one and the sa.me
technologica.l process ~10~. The correlation ecefficient of the two ranked series
is more than 0.8.
The complete procedure for da.ta. display system planning is also rea.lized for several
objects and at present is undergoing comparison with heuristic planning solutions~
and also is used in planning documentation. Together xith direct purpose~ the
developed automated planning al~orithm can be used fo~ qua,lity control of data
display system plans prepa.red traditionally [16~.
~ 75
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BI~LIOGRAPHY
1. ZYapeznikov~ V. A. Avtomatizatsi a proyektirovaniya system upravleniya (Auto-
ma,tion of Control System Planning~. Collection. Moscow~ Statistika, 1978~
pp 3-5.
2, Miller~ Yrojektierungsprosess fuer automatisierte anfagen (The planning
process for automa.ted installations) .'~iUSSEN-STERERN-RDC;ELN, 1.975, No 6,
pp 208-210.
3. Epshteyn, V. L. Problems of automa.tion of control systems planning. In the
collection: Autoroa.tizatsiya proyektirovaniya sistem upravleniya. Moscow,
Statistika, 1978~ Pp 6-38.
4. ~;alaktionov, A. I. Osnovy inzhenerno-psikhologichiskogo proyektirovanii ASTUP _
(Principles of ASTUP Engineering Psychological Planning). Moscow~ Energiya~
1978, 207 pages.
- 5. Chachko, A. C. Proizvodstvo-yazyk-chelovek (Production-Lan~,uage-Ma.n). Moscow,
Energiya~ 1977~ 109 pa,ges.
6. Polyakova~ L. V., and Leyn~ V. M. Otobrazheniye izmeritel'noy informatsii
(Representation of Measurement Information). Lenin~rad, Energiya, 1978~
7.40 pa~;es.
7. Venda~ V. F. Inzhenernaya psikhologiya i sintez sistem otobrazheniya infor-
ma.tsii (En~;ineerin~ Psychology and Synthesis of Informa,tion Representa.tion
Systems). Moscow~ Mashinostroyeniye~ 1975~ 380 pages.
8. Bernshteyn~ I. M., and Ryzhneva, T. Yu. Automa,tion of the planning of a sys-
tem of information representation in AS1TrP. In the collection: Tezisy Vse-
soyuznoy konferentsii (Abstracts of Reports Presented at the All-Unirn Confer-
ence~. Moscow, TsNI Il{A (State Al1~Jnion Central Order of the Red Banner of
Labor Scientific Rzsearch Institute of Complex Automa.tion~, 1977~ pp 61-62.
9. Bruk, B. N., and Brukov~ B. N. Methods of expert estimates in tasks of putting
objects in order. IZVESTIYA AN 5S5R. SERIYA TIICHNICHE5KAYA K IBERNETIKA~ 1972,
No 2~ pp 111-119.
10. 1+Iayzel'~ Yu. A.~ and Charkina~ T. A. Estimation of the information value of
technologica.l parameters in ammophos production. Moscow, 1977 (~S~NIITII{hIM~
- No 11)~ pp 117-120.
11. K holl~ A. D. Gpyt metodologii dlya sistemotekhniki (Methodological Experience
for Systems Engineering). Moscow~ Sovetskoye radio~ 1975~ PP 235-260.
12. Shemakin~ Yu. I. Tezaurus v avtomatizirovannykh sistema3ch upravleniya i
obrabotki informatsii (Thesa.urus in Automated Systems for Control and Data
Processin~). Moscow~ Voyenizdat. 1974, pp 3~-50.
76
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13. c;olubev~ V. S.~ Zhivov, N. P.~ and Ryzikov~ M. L. Pnevmoelektronnye sistemy
upravleniya (razrabotka ergonomichesko~o obespecheniya) [Pneumoelectronic
Control Systems (Ergonomic Means)]. Moscow. Khimiya~ 1977, pn 212-224.
14. Ageykin~ D. I. Information representation on operator panels. PRIBORY I
SISTEMI UPRAVI~TIYA ~ 1974~ No 1, pp 17-19.
15. `Pemnikov, F. Ye., Afonki~ V. A.~ and Dmitriyev, V. I. Teoreticheskiye osnovy
informa.tsionnoy tekhniki (Theoretica.l Principles of Information Technology).
Moscow~ Energiya, 1971~ pp 11-13.
16. Bernshteyn~ I. M.~ et al. Avtomatizatsiya upravleniya. sernokislotnym proiz-
vodstvom (Autoroation of Sulfuric Acid Production Control). Moscaw, Khimiya~
1.975~ PP 55-60.
COPYRI~ HC: Tsentral'nyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut informa.tsii i tekhniko-
ekonomicheskikh issledovaniy priborostroyeniya, sredstv avtomatizatsii
i sistem upravleniya (TsNIITEIpriborostroyeniya.)~ 1980
[ 4~2A -2174~
21?4
cso: i863
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UDC 681.325
A MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM IN THE KAMAK STANDARD
Novosibirsk AVTOMETRIYA in Russian No 3, May-Jun 80 manuscript received 5 Oct 79 pp
4, 6, 11
/Excerpts from article by Yu.N. Zolotukhin, Yu.M. Krendel', V.S. Yakushev and A.P.
1an, Novosibirsk/
/Excerpts/ Progress in the cievelopment of microelectronics technology h as led not
only to the expansion of the area of application of computer technology, but also ~
to the po:~sibility of const-^ucting automation systems that are not expensive, con-
sume an _nsignificant amount of power and are small in size, which when the pos-
silibity of providing them with sufficiently developed programmin~ facilities is
taken into cons ideration makes it possible to achieve the m~ximum approximation
of such a system to automation projects.
In this article we describe a complex of microprocessor devices that were developed
at the Institute of Automation and Electrometry of the USSR Academy of Sciences'
Siberian Department. This complex is intended to be used for the creation of inde-
- pendent systems for the automation of scientific and technical experiments in the
KAMAK s tandard .
The complex contains the following units: a microcomputer, a main memory with a
' capacity of 16 Kbyte, an operator's console and i kreyt-controller /translation un-
" known/. These units are connected to each other by means of plug-and-socket units
and a main communication line.
- The basic system is based on a general-purpose 8-bit microcomputer, for the con-
struction of which a microprocessor set from the 6800 family (Motorola 6800, AMI
6800, Hitachi HMCS 6800, Iskra 6800) is used.
When the power is disconnected accidentally, a special POWER FAIL signal is gener-
ated, in which case the main memory module changes over to an internal regeneration
mode.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Avtometriya", 1980
/55-11746/
11746
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UDC 681.327.3
- A HIERARCHICAL TWO-PROCESSOR SYSTEM FOR ~OLLECTING AND PROCESSING EXPERIMENTAL DaTA
Novosibirsk AVTOMETRIYA in Russian No 3, May-Jun 80 manuscript received 18 Jun 79 pp
11-13, 16
/Excerpts trom article by S.P. Vikulov, A.N. Vystavkin, V.V. Romanovtsev and O.Ye.
Shushpanov/
/Excerpts/ Introduction. The development of automation systems realized in the
_ KAMAK standard is proceeding along the path of the creation of an "intellectual"
- terminal; in connection w ith this, an individuaY KAMAK kreyt /translation unknown/
~ or branch is controlled by a microprocessor that is insralled in the kreyt and per-
forms part of the central computex's functious. There exist several possibilities
= for linking a computer wi th such an "intellectual" system:
The coinpute r is connected to the kreyt with the help of a KAMAK interface module.
In this case the computer can be situated at a great distance from the KAMAK sysCem.
HowPVer, the operating speed of such a system is not very fast.
_ The compute r is connected ~o the main link and the microprocessor memory's control
lines through a special interface. The aperating speed of such a system is very
:.ast because of the possibility of direct access to the microprocessor's memory, but
the length of such a communication link does not exceed several meters.
- The computer is co::nected to the microprocessor through standard interfaces with the
halp of standard communication links, in which simple amplifiers can be included.
In this article we discuss a laboratory experiment automation system in which a
WANG--2200VP minicomputer is connected to a microcomputer in the form of a KAMAK mod-
- ule by a standard couununication,line, through parallel interfaces (third variant).
In connection with thi.s, the r.ate of data transmission over this line turns out to
- be greater than the rate on a series channel by a factor of several hundred. At the
. same time, when simple amplifiers and receivers are used, the length of this paral-
lel communication link can reach several hundred meters .
Structure oi the System. Figure 1 is the overall block diagram of the system. It
has a hierarchical structure. On the buttom level of the hierarchy there is a
microcomputer with a KAMAK kreyt, which is connected to the minicomputer on the up-
per level througii a parallel data exchanp;e channel. Thanks to the separation of the
- � experimental da~a collection and processing operations, such an organization: a)
increases the system's operating speed substantially; b) makes the system easy to
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I - - Mu.~~ - 3 8 N ~ 1 ) _ _ _ - - - - - i
` ~Jucnneu
~ ~p~Op~~oc.'r.F~um,enc c Rnosuomypou
I ~ ~
~ ~
~ u n Y ,~uc~6 ) ~
~ ~leuome~ WANG -?200~ 5~ I
I � ~ I ,
~ c~onne~a~0 ~
I uNmep~euC ~ 7 ~
L----- -
~
~
~ ~ ~apannewwt7 /locnedaeo- '
� ~ /7oM.omo uNmc menoHniL . .
- ( i uNmel.mevc 9 ) I '
. Mn ~
~!~TE B 0 o2ucmpanb uuKpon o ecco 0
�I ~10~ MuKpo-36M~ ~11~ I
_ li_.._._.�-�- r.r~ �
KpeOm- ~ 1 ~ ~ .
, ~roNmpo~aep 13 ~ I
~J Moaucmpanb Kveumo
_ , ~ ~
I ~ c
' M,odv.oe M�c~ynn M~dyno .tlodynb MoDyAe Modyno 4I Qa~
u oQY
L. 1~. 1~, 15.L. 5L.
oz
,Qucnneu ~ ~ F
KC l! B Q UM PHq7 (17) CKAOBU 1V- pV
~ pov
Figure 1. Block diagram of data collection and processing system.
Key:
1. Minicomputer 10. INTEL-8080 microprocessor
2. Graph plotter 11. Microprocessor main line
3. Display with keyboard 12. Microcomputer
4. Printout 13. Kreyt-kontroller
5. WANG-2200 digital printer 14. Kreyt main line
- 6. Disk 15. Module
7. Parallel interface 16. Kreyt
8. Memory I7. Experiment
- 9. Series interface 18. L3nit operator monitor
enlarge and modify; c) makes it possible to connect several lower-level computers to
a single upper-level one.
The KSC-3880 low-level microcomputer is based on an INTEL-8080 microprocessor, has a
main memory with a 4-Kbyte capacity (that can be enlarged to 32 Kbyte) and a pro-
- grammable permanent memory with a 4-Kbyte capacity (that can be enlarged to 32
Kbyte). An alphanumeric console display, which is used to start the system initial-
ly and to control the experimental installation in the dialog mode, and a KAMAK
kreyt-kontroller are connected to the microcomputer. In the system, the micro-
computer performs the following functions: setting the priorities of the individual
modules; processing interrupti~ns on the bottom level and the modules' LAM-inquiries
in accordance witt~ t?:eir priurities; generating the commands needed to control the
KAMAK modules; prel~minaxy processing and packing of the experimental information
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Table 1.
Command Purpose
Group of commands for working with texts in the working and buffer arrays
DELETE ~ Eliminate indicated part(or all) of the Assembler program
END Report on available free positions (in bytes) in the array ;
INSAFTER Rearrange indicated parts inside a single Assembler program or sev- `
eral Assembler programs
RECALL Request indicate d liue of Assembler program or last directive for
editing; the minicomputer's editing program is used for symbol-
by-symbol editing
RENAI~ Change or retrieve name of a variable (in the operating code)
RENUMBER Renumber lines of indic~ted part of the Assembler program
SNUMBER Shift numbering of indicated part of the Assembler program (the old
numbers are in creased by the given value of the shift)
Group of co~ands for work~ ng with peripheral gear
LIST Printout of Assembler program texts, translated program, reports on
. errors, mnemonics and bas ic codes of the Assembler instructions,
_ indicators of the catalog of data disks
LOAD Erasure in indic ated array of part of the lines and loading, in
their place, of part of the indicated file on a data disk
SELECT Assignment of printing unit address for the printing of programs
and trans lation protocols of the original modules
WRITE Enter original programmed module on a data disk
Group of commands for translating original programmed modules and loading
process modules in the microprocessor
- ASSEMBLE Translation of Assembler program and entry of result onto a disk
under indicate d name
I.OMIC Load indicated translated file into the microprocessor
Table 2. into units of fixed length for subsequent
Command Purpose forwarding to the upper-level computer, _
maintaining communications with the upper-
OSA Single op~ration level computer; maintaining the dialog be-
RSA Single read command tween the experimenter and the system.
WSA Single entry co~nand
UBC Command for entering or reading On the second level of the hierarchy there
RMAN Command for reading with scan- is a WANG-2200VP microcomputer that in-
ning for N cludes a processor, a storage unit utiliz-
RMAA Command for reading with scan- ing small magnetic disks, a printing unit,
ning for A a graph-plotting unit and a display unit.
RMAD Command for reading with scan- The computer is used to write, edit, trans-
ning for NA late and load programs for the micro-
QIF Check state of bus Q processor; maintain comsnunications with the
LIF IConvert to servicing of I.AM- mi crocomputer; enter and store experimental �
~ request information on the magnetic carrier; pro-
cess incoming information in real time;
perform secondary processing on and graphic representation of experimental informa-
tion that has been entered.
81
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080010-9

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084410-9
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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