JPRS ID: 9480 USSR REPORT POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS

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JPRS L/9480
12 January 1981
USSR Report
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 1 ia 1 )
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JPRS L/9480
12 January 1981
USSR REPORT
POLITICAL AND $OCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
(FOVO 1/sl)
CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL
Teaching of History in Shah's Iran Criticized
(Kh.S. Avzalov; I'LVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK TADZH'KSKOY SSR. ~
OTDII.ENIYE OBSHCAESTVENNYKH NAUK, Jul-Sep 84) ~
NATIONAL
Shcherbitskiy on Science, Technology, Control of Social Pzocesses
(V.V. Shcherbitskiy; VdPROSY FILOSOFII, No 10, 1980)......... 5
REGIONAL
Uzbek, USSR Academies on Siberian River Reversal Plan
(VESTTIIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 11, 1980) 24
Language Policy Changes in Ukrainian School Systetn Aescribed
(Roman Sol'chanyk; SUCAASNIST', Nov 84)...................... 37
- a f TTI - USSR - 35 FOUO1
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INTERNATIONAL
TEACHING OF HISTORY IN SHAH'5 IRAAT CRITICIZEll
Dushanbe IZVESTIYA AICAMII HAUK TADZHIKSKOY SSR. OTDPLENIYF OBSHCHEST-
VffiNNYI(H NAUK in Russian No 3. .Jul-Sep 80 pp 82-85
Article by Khs S. Av$alov: "The Teaching of H3story in Iran's 3chools
during the 1960's anfl 1970's"J
[ftcerptsJ In connection Kith the gzoxth of political, economic, and cul-
tural authority of the countriea of the socialist communityr the n,ational-
- liberation movesent oi various peoples of the xorldp the fall of Qonarchiat
regises in certain countries oY the East, and an increase in the political
actirity of young people in the developing countries, during the 1960's and
1970's there oGCUrred a restructuring of the contents of instruction in
hlstory, including that in Irau. DurinB the 1960's and 1970'8, in order to
strengthea the ideological training of the youtho new curricula and teat-
books xere introduced. The nei+ fox'n of teaching hiatory Kas directed at
bringing children up in the spirit of Pan-Iranlsmj pietYe chauvinism, love
for the ahah aad fid.elity to hi.a= it alao faciLitated the spzead of the ide-
ology of the ruling classes and the Moslem religiona
Histtrry is atud3ed in the folloxing sequences "Iran in Ancient Times and the
Universal History of the Ancient World," "Iran in the Middle Ages and the
Univeraal History of the Middle Ages," "Iran in the modern Period and the
Universal History of the mod@rn period, " "Ixan in most recent t3mes and the
Universal History of the moat recent times."
A large aaount of space is occupied by topics relating to the history of
Iran, its shahs, as we11 as to the Arab invasian.
The course on the history of Iran and the wn9.versal history of mociern times
encoapasses the geriod from the reign of Shah Abbaa (1588--1628) to the fall
of the Qajar Dynasty and the accession to povrer of the Pahlavi Dyngsty
(19z5). _
= A great deal of space in the progxm is devoted to the hi:stoxy of t.he Se-
fevid rule, I. e., to the period of the emexgence of the national Iranian
state, the adoption -by Iran of Shi'ism as the state religion. Particular
attention is paid ta a study of the peri:ad of Shah A.bbas's reign, .
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and hie xass of conquest.* Mention is aade in pasBing of the reigns of
Iran's other dynasties--the Afshars, Zends and G1ajars. In or3er to
inculcate the pupils with nationalistic feeling, the major emphasis
is placed on those moaerits of Iranian history xhich 3ustify the missions
of conquest under#aken by the Iranian shahs.
Chauvinisa in Iran is manifested in relation to the national minorities.
The concepts of "consolidating the nation" aud the "struggle of paoples
for their rights axe alien to bourgeois nstionaliat,B. Therefore,# very
little in general is xritten in textbooks about the national liberation
movement of the peoples of the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghatiistan
against the Iranian conquerors.
Yitla regard to the country's internal situatiOn at this tine, the histo-
rians pass over in silence the dissatisfaction of the masses with the
policy of the shahs. For exaaple, no zention is made of the Babi lioveeeiat,
directed against feudal despotisa and (to a certain !egree) colonialism.
The textbaok authors xrite nothing about the participation by the $asses
in the Iranian Revolution of 1905--1911., about f.he constitutional aove-
nent, or the+ national liberation moveaent within the country at the begin-
ning of the 1924's, about the revolutionary events in Gilan in 1920--1921,
and others. They link the arousal of the sasaes, for the most part, with
the names of liberal figures, xhile they proclaim the national liberation
movesent to be a rebellion aad a violation of the social order.
The national liberation aoveaent of the Iranian people for the independence
of their homeland during the period prior to ilorld ilar I 18 not sufficiently
illuuinated.
The prograns on the sodern history of Lurope encospawed the period fi^oo
the fa11 of Bysantim (1453) to the beginning of the grea,t French Revo-
lution (1789)� Thi8 P~iod in tomian textbooks is called the "Nex Age"
or �Europe in the Nex Age. The pupils are acqua3uted with the period of
theRenaissancel the discovary of Aaerica, the refoas of the Christian
religion, and they also study the history of P'rance, Britain, Auatria,
Spain, Prussia, and Russia. A great deal of attention is paid to those
historical eventa xhich are linked with Iran. Tt~ie text'book authors pass
over in silence the colonialist policy of the governmentas oi the countries
being studied as xell as their rrars of conquest. The grincipal attention
is paid to the systm of governsent in these states and to their rulera.
A positive characteristic of the program on this period is the fact that
it includes materials on literature, acienceg aud industry, xhich acquaint
the gupils with the activities of such outatandi.ng scholars as Bacon, Des-
cartest Spinozag Locke. Kepler. Newton, as well as with the creative xork
*"Tarikh 2, doure-ye rakhnaaa-ye takhsilip" Tehrant 1975t PP 9$-134�
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of great writers--Shakespeare, 'ioltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and others.
In the senior grades they becose acquainted with the history of Iran and
the universal history of the sost recent ti.nes.
They begin the study of the hiatory of Iran during this period with the
accession to poMer of the Pahlavi Dynasty. The hi,Qhest flrn+ering of Iran's
socidl, economic, and cultural davelopment is linked with the rule of the
nex aynasty (1925--1979)� For example, the period of the nilitary-dicta-
torial regime of the rule of Resa Shah Pahlavi is called a"new stage in
Iran's develoFment" and the "age of its might aad greatness," xithout
taking into consideration herein the obiective factors of the society's
development, xhile tt,s bourgeois refoms carried out by Resa Shah are deemed
to be mcst democratic.
Of course, the textbooks do not give any infoxAation about Reza Shah's
cruelty with regard to the maeses, his dictatorial daaestic policy, and
so forth. Nor is aay infoadation provided about the anti-imperialist arLd
deaocratic movment of the Iranian people aga3.nst ttie doaestic reactionaries.
Moreover, the mass national libe.ration novenent Khich xas unlea.shed in the
early 1920's, a.s well as after World Yar T.I in Gilan, Tehran, and other
Iranian cities, is called "treason,"''"di8urders," and "the insubordination
of certa.in persons to the central authnri'ty." The repreasions with regard
to the progressive deaocratic forces in ?'rbm in recent tixes are paased over
in silence.
The pupils acquire more infonnation about the history of Iran during the
period of the reign of the recently overthroxn Shah Mohamaed Reza Pahlavi
(1949--1979). The sacio-econoaic and cultural changes in Iran during the
1960's arid the 1970's are linked with the name of thie monarch. A great
dea.l of space in the ts.-tbooks is devoted to a study of the "White Revolu-
tlon" (the so-called "Revolution of Shah and People").
During the 1960's and 1970's in the textbooks on history, in the pagea of
the press, over the radio and television the principles of the "iihite
Revolution" xere propagandised and idealized in a11 aanner of xays. Hoxever,
little infoimation ras given concerning the profound crisis in the socialg
economic, political and cultural life Khich engulfed the country during
the ea.rly 1960's.
Universal modern history (or conteaporary history, as it is often called
in the textbooks) includes the Frnnch Bourgeois Revolution of 1789 and all
the evcjnts of the folloWing years. Pupils becone acquainted with such
Etiropean countries ae France, Britain, Rusaiao Gezmany, and Italy; they
study the history of the United Stateg, Japant tcnd others.
Z'he course on the history of tha postxar years (since 1945) has still not
been fully developed for Iranian schoolsg and, therefore, this period is
stwiied very superficially.
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All the xars of conquest during this period are treated by Iranian bourr
geois historl~ans as a struggle for gold.
The textbooks utterly avoid the question of the Korldxide importance of the
Great October Socialist Revolution, ignoring herein the Soviet-Iranian
treaty libexa.ting Iran fron its shackling debts and obligations Kith re-
gard to Tsarist Russia (1921), as xell as the aid xhich was rendered to
Iran by the Soviet Union.
In studying the hiatory of Yorld War II there has been an undervaluation
of the role played by the SoviAt people in the victory over Fascism and the
national lireration movenent of the peoples of Europe. The defeat of Fas-
cist Gezmany is explained by the severe Russian Kinter, the strength of the
Allies, and so farth. More is rrritten about the Tehran Conference and tlne
meeting of the nox-deposed shah of Iran xith the leaders of the three
great powers.
Thus, the teaching of history in the +schools of Iran during the 1960's and
1970's pursued the goal of intensifying the propaganda of monarchism, na-
tiona~ism, and religion. It was constantly instilled in the children that
their life, like the lives of their forefathers, was alxays and xill alKays
be inextricabl;/ linked with the life of the shah, xhose poxer was sent down
from above. The piratical rrars of the Iranian shahs xere presented as the
best pages of Iran's history and xere explicated in great detail.
The history of Iran during the 1964's and 1970's was reduced, to a consi-
derable degree, to a history of kings and generals; this is the way in
xhich the objective processes of the society's historical development was
reflected. In conveying the ideology of the ruling classes, the textbook
authors have concealed the irreconcilable class conflicts betKeen the ex-
ploiters and the exploited; they are preaching a class-type xorld.
The bourgeois-idealistic approach to the elucidation of past events hin-
ders the ob3ective study of a society's history and the laKS of ita devel-
apnent; hence, the upils of the Iranian schools during the reign of M. R.
Pahlavi (1941--1979~ had no idea about genuine historial scholarship,
based on the only correct analysis of historical facta--that of the Marx-
ist-Leninist approach.
- COPYRIGHT: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoy SSR, 1980
- 238J+
CSO: 1807
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NATIONAL
SHCHERBITSKIY ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, CONTROL OF SOCIAL PROCESSES
Moscow VOPROSY FILOSOFII in Russian No 10, 1980 pp 3-21
[Article by V. V. Shcherbitskiy, CPSU Central Committee Politburo member and First
Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party Central Committee: "The Scientific and
Technical Revolution and Managing Social Processes"]
[Text] The most important task in the modern development of cur society, the stage
of mature socialism, is to unite the achievements of the scientific and technical re-
volution with the advantages of the new social order. As the degree of society's ma-
turity increases, resolving this historic task depends increasingly on impxovement
in the socialist control of social processes, the scientific bases for which were de-
veloped by the founders of scientific communism. V. I. Lenin stressed that "social-
ism can evolve and become secured only when the working class learns to manage."1
The problems of managing society which have occupied a central place in CPSU activity
since the victory of Great October are being developed especially intensively under
modern conditions. They have become an inseparable part of research in the fields
of gt-iilosophy, political economy, scientific comunism, jurisprudence and other sci-
ences, which is understandable since, as is known, it is the task of science, includ-
ing the social sciences, not only to explain the world, but also to transform it.
And that requires that theoretical research be brought down to the level of practi-
cal recommendations which can be used in making and implementing management decisions.
In our day, as was graphically stated by L. I. Brezhnev, CPSU Central Committee Gen-
eral Secretary and USSR Supreme Sovie.t Presidium Chairman, "the science of victory
is essentially the science of control.112 T'he fundamental principles of socialist
managPment have found practical embodiment in the multifaceted activity of the CPSU
and the Soviet state. The famous CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Minis-
ters decrees on further improving planning and the entire economic mechanism are con-
' vincing new testimony to their creative application under modern conditions.
Management in Socialist Society, A Mighty Accelerator of Social Progress. Growth in
the Leadership Role of the CPSU in Controlling Social Processes.
For millenia, human life has been determined primarily by random forces outside the
control of people. With the victory of the proletariat revolution, a society which

1. V. I. Lenin, "Poln. sobr. soch." [Complete Collected Works], Vol 37, p 139.
2. L. I. Brezhnev, "Leninskim kursom. Rechi i stat`i" [On Lenin's Course. Speeches
and Articles], Vol 3, Moscow, 1973, p 43.
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rvn vrrlclew uoc vnL.
is scientifically created and scientifically managed has arisen and become estab-
lished. The foresight of K. Marx and F. Engels is realized in developed socialism:
assoziated producers systematically and intelZigently regulate "their own exchange
of things with nature and place it under their comman control, instead of letting it
govern them like a blind force; they accomplish it with the least expenditure of ef-
fort and under conditions most worthy of their human nature and adequate to it"1;
"objective outside forces which had heretofore governed history come under the con-
- trol of people themselves."2
Qur party is the party of scientific communism, having united revolutianary theory
with the worker movement, and was the first party to have led the masses to a victor-
_ ious revolution, to the conscious building of socialism and communism. As a result
of socialist transformations, a new type of social control has evolved which is ef-
fected by an all-encompassing poli-tical system responding to the nature of the new
order. The new USSR Constitution provides an essential description of it as the sub-
ject of socialist managQment. In particular, Article 6 notes: "The Comnunist Party
of the Soviet Union is the leading and guiding force of Soviet society, tfie nucleus
of its political system and of its state and public urganizations. The CPSU exists
- for the peogle and serves the people."
"Armed with Marxist-Leninist teachings, the Communist Party determines the general
perspective for the development of society, the USSR domestic and foreign policy
line, leads the great creative activity of the Soviet people, and imparts a systema-
'ic, substantiated character to its struggle for the victory of communism."
The most important feature of scientific management under socialism is the political,
that is, the class, party-oriented, statewide approach to problems of social life.
The importance of such an approach at all levels of leadership and management is con-
stantly growing, which results from the fact that the tasks being resolved by society
and the political system are becoming increasingly complex. The dependence of the
state of affairs in society as a whole on the work of each collective is intensify-
ing, it is becoming necessary to use the new apportuaities being created by the sci-
entific and technical revolution more fully, and the role of the international fac-
tor is growing, both at the level of tile struggle against the aggressive forces of
imperialism and at the level of strengthening socialist cooperation. The role of
revolutionary theory and of social science as a guide to practical acl:ion and the
role of its ideological, political and educational funetions are growj.ng.
Taking a scientific, political approach to the activity of party and public organi-
zations, of state and economic organs, in the process of socioeconomic management
means:
ensuring that the goals outlined and resolutions adopted conform to the laws
of social development, that the demands of the future conform to the resolution of
today's tasks;
organically combining public interests, making nationwide interests superior
to collective and personal ones, and prevent:ing bureaucratism, localism and national
limitedness;

1. K. Marx and F. Engels, "Soch." [Works], Vol 25, p 387.
2. K. Marx and F. Engels, "Soch.," Vol 20, 1> 295.
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subordinating th e creation and introductiun of new equipment and technology,
the organization of production, labor, personal services, leisure and all processes
of social life to the goal of the comprehensive and harmonious development of the
personality of each Soviet perbon;
r, developing socialist democracy, involving all aorkers in managing public sf-
fairs, creating every condition necessary to display their initiacive and personal
- interest in the successful development of society;
raising the level and improving the style of work of party organizations and
party committees as organs of political leadership, and of all state, economic and
public organs.
One feature of utanagement activity is its integral character. In practical party
leadership, stri_ctly speaking, it is hard to delineate its "purely" economic, or-
- ganizational and ideological aspects. The interrelationships amoag them are inse-
parable, constant and living. The party worker is required to be able to combi:ne
these aspects and to delimit them. Otherwise, those features of party leadersnip
';political character, conducting the party line, ideological-educational wor.k with
people, and so forth) which distinguish it and make it a vital faundation for atid
goal-oriented organizer of the management of the country's unified social life axe
rPduced to naught.
The content of party committee management activity often requires thorough profes-
sional skil.ls of committee workers. However, they musL not take the place of admin-
istrators. When party committees do nct direct soviet, economic and public organs,
but are substituted for them, attention to political organiza*_ion and ideological
education inescapably decreases, party control is weakened relative to opposing lu-
calistic and bureaucratic tendencies, shcrtcomings are veiled and, as a resu:lt, man-
agement eftectiveness decreases. Substitution and duplication create on].y an illus-
ion of flexibility and efficiency.
One characteristic feature of the scientific and technical revulutian is its all-
encompassing character: there is no field of human activity it has not couched to
a greater or lesser degree. Production automation and the introduction oi revalu-
tionary new technologies, man's leaving the Earth, the opening up of new energy
so:irr_as, obtaining artificially manufactured materials with predetermined quali-
cies, the technical use of biological phenomena, and in particular the development
- of bionics and microbiology industry these and other directians of the scientific
and te.chnical revolution are transf orming the material and techuical base or society,
generating new forms of social activity by people, and changing the role and fuYic-
ions -)f man in the production process.
There exists between management and the scientific and technical revolutiari a close
interaction: on the one hand, management is one of the factors which intensi~ies
the unfolding of the scientific and technical revolution, and ott the other,
precisely the latest achievements of science and engineering which ar.e the cechno-
_ logical base for improving developments and making management decisions. As tte
scientific and technical revolution unfolas, the organic bond and interaction be-
tween production, the social structure of society, science, iifestyle and the con-
tent and level of the culture of the people are strengthened. On the whole, the
complexity of social processes, the abject of social management, is growing.
This is manif ested first of all in the economy, the decisive sphere of human acti-
yity. The social division of labor is deepening and bxoadening as a result of the
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scienLific and technical revolution; interbranch, intrabranch and territorial inter-
relationships are mi:ltiplying and increasing in complexity; the proportion of sources
of extensive growth is dropping and the tasks of using reserves for intensifying so-
cial production, improving its structure and accelerating the development of those
branches which ensure the technical re-arming o� the entire national economy, saving
materials, live labor, fuel, raw material and energy, are advancing to the fore. De-
cnographic, ecological and other problems, as a whole, are also doubtless growing more
complex.
The advunces which are occurring in productive forces and economic relations can be
traced in the example of the Ukrainian SSR. Over the last nearly three five-year
plans (1965-1979), the suiffiiary proportion of electric power engineering, machine
building and metalwarking, chemical and petrochemical industry in the total release
of republic industrial output has increased from 32 to 38 percent. At the same time,
_ the proportion of subbranches and productions releasing complex autput requiring ex-
penditures of skilled labor and a developed scientific and technical base has ri5en.
For example, Lhe proportion or tool making, electronics, radio engineering, aviation
and other science-intensive branches is increasing more and more in machine building
and metal.working, while the proportion of inetals-intensive nroductions, and in par-
ticular power engineering, metallurgy, ore-mining and transport-hoist machine build-
ing has t2nded to decrease (given absolute growth and improvement in the quality of
their output). Oil refining is growing at high rates, its proportion in th.e overall
output of fuel industry having more than tripled since 1965. Nuclear power engineer-
ir_g is being developed rapidly, roremost of course in those regions of the republic
in which traditional energy resources are limited.
Production automation and mechanization are accelerating. By late 1979, there were
30,800 mechanized and automated flow lines in operation in the Ukraine, and 20,400
of them had been installed in the last decade. During the first faur years of the
lOth Five-Year Plan alone, 80 enterprises and about 7,000 shops and sectors were
comprehensively mechanized and automated and 10,000 mechanized and automated f low
lines were put into operation.
Also characteristic has been the shift in the ratio of those employed in production
to those employed in the services sphere in favor of the latter, which in a way fo-
cuses and reflects the summary results of introducing the achievements of science
and engineering which have led to a systematic savings of labor used to produce ma-
terial goods.
- Naturally, these and other changes associated with the scientific and technical re-
volution and their consequences in social and spiritual spheres complicate the tasks
of organizing labor and production, of socioeconomic managenent. But at the same
time, the scientific and technical revolution also creates the necessary natural-
science and technical requisites and opportunities for resolving them. It is suf-
ficient to rely on computer and data equipment, automated control systems, economic-
mathematical and other modern methods of resolving mLnagement tasks which are being
widely introduced inta practice.
The scientific shaping of goals, observing the demands of the laws of social develop-
ment, the active participation of the workers in resalving aIl public matters, have
transformed socialist management into a powerful accelerator of social progress. The
management of socialist society is a most important means of consciously, eff iciently
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organizing social life, of subordinatiug all the efforts and resources of society to
a single plan and a common goal, that of building commuitism.
The management situation which evolved in the stage of developed socialism demanded
first of all that the supervisory role of the party be increased, that it ensure,
thanks to being armed with scientific Marxist-Leninist th eory, its organizational
structure, enormous experience and position in society as the nucleus of the poli-
tical system, a dialectic unity of all links of the social organism into a single
inseparable chain, a close interaction of proc?u^tion and consumption, of working and
free time, of all aspects of intercourse among people. In this regard, the iinity of
economic, technical and social policy is the cornerstone on which the entire aggre-
gate of ineans used to realize the long-term program aims of the party.
Only the party of communists, by creatively developing th e scientific ideology of
the working class, Marxism-Leninism, and relying on it, is capable of setting long-
range and current tasks wtiich meet the goal of building communism and of uniting all
social classes and strata to implement them.
` Never before have ideology and politics and their managerial functions played so im-
portant a ro1e, never have they had so strong an influence on the functioning and
development of society, as ur:der socialism. This is associated first of all with
the truth and profound scientificity of Marxist-Leninist ideology, with the fact
rhat it expresses thE! funr:amental interests of the workers, second, with the socio-
economic nature of tlle new society and the systematic character of the use of its
objective laws, and third, with the special role of the political approach to solv-
ing economic, engineering-technical and scientific tasks.
We can therefore assert with every justification that scientific management of the
entire complex of social processes is characteristic only of socialism and includes,
along with political organization, management organs and institutions, the system of
ideas, social norms and values, and political culture of the masses. In the social-
ist management process, we also realize the goal-setting, communicative, norm-setting,
educative and oth er functions of communist ideology and scientif ically substantiated
pulitics. The socialist economy, sacial relations and culture test their ever-
gz-owing creative and organizing influence on themselves.
Progressive new ideas become a truly invincible material force for transforming the
world when they are mastered by the masses and politically organize them to purpose-
ful action. Our Leninist party therefore considers it a top-priority task to de-
velop deeply the democratic principles of socialist management. It is important to
emphasize in this connection that analysis of the unfolding of the scientific and
technical revolution in socialist society proves the falseness of assertions by re-
presentatives of bourgeois management theory about the narrowing of its democratic
forms in view of the fact that the scientific and technical revolution requires com-
petency, professional training and flexibility, and that that is incompatible with
expanding the participation of the masses in management activity. Bourgeois theore-
ticians attempt to portray a capitalism in which democracy is formal and does not
propose that social production be managed by the workers themselves, though they
determine the scientific and technical revolution. Incidentally, throughout the
history of private-property society, the power of the exploiter minority and its
dominion and control have in one way or iinother been justified by the incompetence
of the masses, of the people.
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Socialist revolution puts an end to society governed politically and economically Uy
a ruling minority. V. I. Lenin d(.!fined as one of its primary tasks ensurtng that
society is manageu by the working class, by all laborers, by the people themselves.
V. Z. Len:in pointed out the necessity of "rearing the entire working population, each
and every person, to participate independently in management...."1 V. I. Lenin saw
the power of the people, which is the essence of socialist management and the mana-
gerial function of socialist democracy, as the antithesis of bourgeois democracy.
- Socialist democratism is "the actual participation of a gigantic majority of the
people, namely the workers, in managing the state...."2
In order to introduce the broad masses to participating in management in the era of
scientific and technical revolution, we need to create a number of preliminary con-
ditions. No matter how remote these preliminary conditions appear at first glance
to be from a given problem situation which must be resolved, it is precisely these
- conditions which in the end determine the essence of the matrar. The reference is
foremost to the necessity of genuinely free, conscious, cr_eative labor free of the
numbing pressure of exploitation, to the genuinely democratic cooperation of people
. equal in their position in society, to broad worker access to education and diverse
opportunities for raising their occupational-skill level, and finally, to profound
awareness of one's personal participation in and responsibility for everything the
labor collective, region and country live for.
In this light, the unfolding scientific and technical revolution in socialist so-
ciety generates additional requisites for its further democratization. Thus, growth
in the educational and cul tural- technical potencial of the masses which is deter-
mined by the scientific and technical revolution increases the activeness and ef-
fectiveness of their participation in management. in order for this to happen,
~ the very system of socialist management must be constantly improved. In particular,
the scientific aiid technical revolution makes substantial adjustments in the rela-
tionship of representative democracy to professional management. Under dev.eloped
- socialism, its optimality is ensured, on the one hand, by increasing the competency
and efficiency, flexibility and orderliness of both representative and managerial
organs and professional employees, the public and monitored nature of their activity,
their responsibility and strict observance of legality, and on the other, it is en-
sured by expanding the rights and duties of r.epresentative organs, i.ncreasing the
activeness of the masses in state management, and growth in their overall and mana-
gerial culture. Combined, these two aspects oi Lhe management process ensure the
profoundly democratic character of management under socialism.
One factor determining the continued unfolding of socialist democracy is strengthen-
ing the legal basis of state and public life. In this regard, it is important to
also take into account the time factor, that is, not only to adopt the appropriate
legal norms at the proper time, but also to review them flexibly and with considera-
tion of life's demands. Here, as in management in general, it is important to un-
derstand that everything can be corrected or improved, but time lost cannot be re-
covered. Therefore, the party insistently emghasizes that when the ineff ectiveness
of particular managementstructures or methods has been demonstrc!ted, they must reso-
lutely be improved.

1. V. I. Lenin, "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 36, p 72.
2. V. I. Lenin, "Poln, sobr. soch.," Vol 38, p 91.
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Several Questions on Improving Economic and Social Processes Manageffient Given the
Scienti�ic and Technical Revolution
Aeveloped socialism first of all demands a new approach to leadership of the economy,
improvement in planning, and strengthening of rhe entire economic mechanism. The
economic sphere is the primary field of the struggle for comnunism. It is here that
we create the material-technical conditions for establishing counnunist civilization
and the most important requisites for developing all aspects of the social and spi-
ritual life of society. It is precisely the economy which experiences the direct
impact of the scientific and technical revolution, which is a qualitative revolu-
tion zn productive forces and which leads to a radicai transformation in the content
and character of social l.abor, to change in the role and place of mau in the produc-
tion process. Therefore, the tasks of improving economic nianagenient at the present
stage h:sve been thoroughly and comprehensively r~.'viewed and resolved at the October
(1964), M,rch and September (1965) CPSU Central Commi.ttee Plenums and at our 23rd,
14th and 25th Party Congresses. They occupy a most i.mi~ortant pl.ace in the activity
of the CPSU Central Committee and local party or.gans.
'i'he CPSU Central Connuir.tee Decree "On Further Improving the Ecanomic Mechanism and
the Tasks of Party and State Urgans" adopted in July 1979 and the CPSU Central Com-
mittee ar.d USSR Cotancil of Ministers Decree On Improving Planning and Strengthen-
ing the Influcnce of the Economi.c Mechanism on Improving Production EEficiency and
Work Quality" outline very important new steps to improve the entire system of_su-
pervision of the socialist economy. These documents, prepared in execution of the
instructions of the 25th CPSiJ Congress and the provisions of the new USSR Constitu-
tion, orient all management activity [owards attaining high national economic end
results, towards meetitig growing social demands more fu?ly, the November (1979) CPSU
_ Centra.Z Committee Plenum emphasized.
The refereace is to more closely coordinating the resolution of lang-range and cur-
rent prob.lems, and also the tasks of branch and territorial development. In parti-
cit7.ar, t'tle plan is, based on a strengthening of de7nocratic c:entralism, to elevate
tr: ro=n and responsibiliry of republic organs for ensuring plan balance and in-
creasing the ef_f.ectiveness of socialisr manageanent.
rnsuring the comprehensive economic and social development of the republ_ics will be
facilitated by the deveiopment of territorial. balances of the production and distri-
bution of the most importar.t types of output, drawzng up plans for the productian
of local building materials, consumer goods production and housing, municipal-
ser-:ices, cultural and personal-services construction, the compilation of optimum
treight flows, and especially the preparation of programs to solve major regional
problems.
Task number one in party economic strategy is to ensure the dynamic and proportional
development of social production on the basis of improvement in the management mech-
2nism. accal_erating scien[if ic and technical oro-ress, and impr.ovin.g wflrk quality at
all_ levels of economic manzgement i.n euQry way possi.ble.
In tnQ zanguage of PCOT20(Illc practice, this signxf.ies that continued strong develop-
ment of the nati.onal Pconomy nnist be ensvred not on an extensivp basis, but on an
intensiv-? orr.e, that is, with a rFduction in expenditures of initial products on the
maiiufaceure of products of final cnnsumption.
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rvL% vci iA.acau Wvu v..u.
In other words, intensification of the economy must be reflected not only in a low-
ering of expenditures of live labor, but also in a reduction in the capital- and
materials-intensiveness of production. At the same ti.me, the problem of reducing
- expenditures of live labor has acquired particular importance at the present stage
of development of social production.
Actually, in connection with the reduction in the natural population increment and
with the high level of employment which has been achieved, one can no longer count,
either now or in the foreseeable future, on a substantial influx of manpower. The
average annual increment in working-age population nationwide and in the individual
- regions is decreasing. In the Ukrainian SSR, this population category will grow by
only 1.2 million persons in the current five-year plan, and no increment at all is
anticipated in the llth Five-Year Plan.
The restricting of extensive factors requires that we ensure higher labor producti-
vity, foremost by using social productive forces science, production cooperation
and consolidation, the broad and substantiated specialization of production and, on
that basis, the mechanization and automation of labor-intensive processes, especially
in auxiliary production. The proportion of low-skill manual labor in the national
economy remains high, and whereas mechanized labor comprises 64.5 percent of the la-
bor in basic production (according to 1979 Ukrainian SSR Central Statistical Admin-
istration data), it is only 29.7 percent in auxiliary production, and the rate at
which it is increasing remains slow.
In this connection, the Zaporozhskaya Oblast party organization initiative, approved
by the CPSU Central Committee, on reducing manual jobs and ensuring effective man-
power use is of great socioeconomic importance in producing a more effective system
of managing the resource potential of labor.
The technical re-arming and renovation of production is the key direction in solv-
ing this problem. Funds and resources equal to those being spent on the construc-
tion of new enterprises are being directed into these areas in the current five-year
- plan (14.$ billion rubles and 14.9 billion rubles, respectivelq). CoACentrating
them on ensuring the comprehensive mechanization and automation of labor-intensive
processes must facilitate a fundamental resolution of the problem.
However, these are only the first steps. There are large reserves which must be used
fully in the years just ahead. In particular, concentrating and specializing main-
tenance jobs is economically justified, as it ensures freeing workers for other jobs
and improving the quality and reducing the cost of maintenance. But the main thing
is that we need to replace obsolete and obsolescent equipment faster, as necessary
and as opportunities permit. The development and implementation of a scientifically
substantiated system of social labor management in a cxoss-section of republics, ob-
lasts, rayons, branches, enterprises, kolkhozes and sovkhozes is an important task.
In this regard, we must ensure comprehensive consideration of the trends of scien-
tific and technical progress with a view towards using labor resources more effici-
ently, towards the optimum development of production in small and medium-sized cit-
ies and in rural areas.
One reliable management tool which has become firmly entrenched in practice is the
comprzhensive economic and social development plans of.enterprises, associations and
regions. Their appearance in the 1960's stemmed natur4lly from the problems born
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of the scientific and technical revolution. The importance of social factors of
growth in the effectiveness of production improving conditions for engineering-
technical and other workers to actualize their abilities more fully and meeting their
needs in terms of favorable interpersonal relationships, enriching the content and
increasing the social significance of their labor, creating ccnditions for creati-
vity, study and occupational growth has increased greatly with the introduction
of fundamentally new equipment and technology and with the rise in the skills and
educational level of the workers. This is particularly perceptible foremost at the
technically advanced enCerprises, wh ich have often exhausted their own economic fac-
tors of efficiency growth. It is precisely Ch ese enterprises which first embarked
on planning the economic and social development of labor collectives.
But that turned out to be inadequate. A considerable portion of the social problems
(housing, social- and cultural-serv-ic es construction, personal services to workers,
organizing recreation, the more eff ective use of free time, and others) can be re-
solved successfully only within tl}e f ramework of the region (city, rayon) in which
the enterprise is located. That is why regional socioeconomic planning arose in the
natural order of things. As a result, the system of planning comprehensive econo-
mic and social development in both branch and territorial cross-sections evolved.
The task now is to comprehensively improve all elements of this sysCem, and in par-
ticular the corresponding methods, th ere still being unjustified lack of coordina-
tion among them. That is said, in particular, about the "Leningrad," "Donetsk" and
"Urals" methods of planning the socio economic development of cities. This was clear
in the experimentation stage. The time has now come to develop unified methods do-
cuments defining the structure, cont ent and indicators of economic and social de-
velopment plans of_ various branch and territo rial management objects. The signifi-
cance of this work will grow substantially in the next five-year plan in connection
wir_h the implementation of CPSU Cent ral Committee and USSR Council of Ministers in-
structions on long-range planning and on preparing summary social development sec-
tior.s in plans at all levels of managetnent.
However, the improved plans themselv es do not yield the desired result if there is
no effective plan discipline. Plan discipline is not only discipline in carrying
out the plan, but also discipline in the plan assignment. In particular, it in-
- cludes the timely development of qu ality plans and communicating them promptly to
those carrying them out. If plan assignments are insufficiently substant:iated and
balanced, not communicated at the proper time, or repeatedly adjusted by superior
organizations without interlinking all sections, then it will naturally be hard to
demand observance of execution discipline.
With the saturation of production with modern equipment, the "price" of a minute of
working time increases sharply. Inefficient use of working time turns into ever-
increasing losses of material, energy and monetary resources. A neglectful attitude
towards society's basic and invaluable property of working time reveals not only
shortcomings in labor organization, but also oversights in moral up-bringing. The
ability to value each minute of working time, to strictly observe plan and technolo-
gical discipline, will become one of the most important indicators of a communist at-
titude towards labor and the shaping of this ability will become a most important
contribution to increasing the produ ctiveness of social labor.
In the broadest sense of the word, discipline, when understood as precision in pos-
ing tasks and setting goals, as unswerving implementation of decisions made, as all
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manner of creative initiative from below, as mutual assistance and supports, as re-
sponsibility for work entrusted to one, and finally as an integral f eature of the
Soviet way of life, is a powerful management lever in the hands of a leader at any
level and an effective means of optimizing the production process. In fact, the
lines alotig which the scientific and technical revolution is developing and deepen-
ing are such that the sphere of external control of worker activity is gradually
narrowing and the role of self-control and self-discipline as integral components
of highly efficient labor is growing significantly. This determines the necessity
of increasing the personal responsibility of each worker in developed socialist so-
ciety for the work sector entrusted to him.
The CPSU Central Committee has worked out a whole complex of organizational, econo-
mic and ideological measures aimed at strengthening labor, state, and foremost plan
discipline, the guarantee that the socioeconomic organism of our society will func-
tion successfully. The unity of interests of society, the collective and the worker
which has been achieved on the basis of public ownership of the means of production
is the fundamental requisite enabling us to make the socialist production collective
an educator of people, not in the metaphorical sense, but in the direct sense. The
collective plays a top-priority role in ensuring continuity among the various gener-
ations cf workers, preservation and enhancement of the glorious labor traditions of
the working class. The reference is to transmitting social experience and those
nontransitory values of labor free of exploitation which are born of socialist com-
petition and the struggle for a communist attitude towards labor. And it is quite
natural tnat the level of discipline is considerably higher in collectives made up
of cost-accounting, single job-authorization brigades, since the influence of the
collective is not replaced by any sort of administrative levers.
A resolution of the theoretical and practical problems of economic management which
is effective and which corresponds to the interests of building communism is pos-
sible on]y on the condition that they are viewed not in isolation, not just as
those problems, but as an organic whole along with improvement in the management
of political, ideological and sociopsychological processes. This flows from the
very essence of the socialist type of management, from the conscious, scientific
management of society as a single whole. If, in particular, production management
by strenothening material incentives is not accompanied by corresponding managerial
influence on the whole system of social relations, needs and interests, then such
antisocialist phenomena as consumerism, impetus towards private acquisition, and
others can be generated.
The educative function of stimulation is very effective, so mistakes in organizing
it, disparaging its social significance and weakening its effectiveness cause per-
ceptible harm to the shaping and development of the needs and interests of the pro-
duction worker, to establishing his comprehensively developed personality. Thus,
attempts at delimiting artificially the sphere of operation of material and spiri-
tual incentives or at making them unilaterally preferable are doubtless harmful.
In fact, they are effectively only as part of the complex, the elements supplement-
ing one another, with a unified educational effect.
Typically, the more fully production is encompassed by a scientific and technical
transformation, the more incentives it requires outside the framework of the tradi-
tional forms of material encouragement. It is important to avoid creating a unique
"incentives vacuum" when those incentives based on material encouragement are no
longer adequate and moral, intellectual and other incentives are not being used fully.
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In this connection, achieving coordinated development of the economic, sociopoliti-
cal and spiritual spheres of social life is the most important task of party leader-
ship vf society and of social management in the broader sense. Our party orients
managerial activity not to one social cubsystem such as the economy, important as it
is, but to the comprehensive resolution of the tasks of creating the material and
technical base of communism, of improving socialist social relations, of the a11-
around development of all members of society. In this regard, consideration is also
given to the tasks of further strengthening the country's defense capability, deep-
ening the world revolutionary process, and ensuring world peace and security.
1fi.e scientific and technical revolution opens up new prospects and opportunities for
managerial influence on the processes which lead to the eradication of social differ-
ences between peop1e of inental and physical labor, between urban and riral areas, to
strengthening social homogeneity and to further strengthening the new historical com-
munity which is the Soviet people. Party policy and aIl party practical activity
are aimed at using these opportunities as fully as possible.
The management of social processes includes shaping communist conviction and an ac-
tive liie stanc:e of all members of society. The Communist Party is constantly in-
creasing its efforts aimed at establiahing cvmunist morality, developing Soviet pa-
triotisra and proletarian, socialist inter.nationalism, at overcoming survivals in the
conseiousness and behavior of people. Each managerial action must organically com-
bine ideolflgi.cal-political, moral and labor aspects. It was to preeisel.y this that
the CPSU Central Committee Decree "On Further Imnroving Idzoingical and Political
Education Work" oriented party organizations.
- Controlling the shaping of the socialist way of life occupies an important place in
the social management system. Way of life focuses the achievements of the political,
econamic and cultural developmeut o� socialist society, the fruits of the develop-
ment of the new man. Here, as in no other area, management is called upon to ef-
fect planned improvement in all spheres and methods of ensuring the vital activity
of the Soti�iet people. "As is known, we were forced during the initial stages of
building social3sm to concentrate on what was most important, on that on which the
very existence of the young Soviet state depen3ed," notes L. I. Bzezhnev. "The si-
tuation is now different.... We can no longer permit some sectors to lag for long
periods while others, even very important ones, shoot forward."1
The estabiishment of a soci.alist way of life signifies that socialism has won not
only as a new and more democratic type of power and the most e�fective method of
economic management, but also as the most nxogz-QSSive form of social life for the
workzng masses, which have been drawn into creative activity on building the most
just and a truely free society on an uaprecedented scale. With the establishment
of the socialist way of life, the economic, political and ideological principles
and outlines of the new social structure have become the principles and features of
the life and activitq of each Soviet person, have become an organic part of his
everyday labor and personal life, have becou.e characteristic features of his con-
sciousr,ess and behavior.
The socialist way of life is a dynamic system capablP of self-improvement and self-
development. Herein is rooted one of the most important histoxical advantages of
soci_a]_ism over capitalism, whic:o. ic af.f7.;.ctc:i 5y S.he most profound social ulcers
M -
1, L. Brezhnev, "Leninskim ku.rsom," Vol 3, pp 235--236.
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incapable of providing working people with a positive outlook on life and drying up
the very spirit of man with constant aiarm about the future. Only socialism gives
to the scientific and technical revolutinn, which as we know is a global phenamenon,
a truely humanistic charact.er. Only under socialism are the objective requisites
created for maximvm use of the aciiievements of scientific and engineering thought in
the interests of improving the material and cultural well-being of the masses, of im-
proving their working and living cuuditions and elevating their spirite.
Use of the scientific and technical revolution in the interests of the working man,
in the interests of comprehensive development of his abilities, testifies to the his-
torical advantages of socialism, whirh has posed the task of qualitative change in
the "human factor" of production, shaping the new man. This emerges as a mandatory
condition for continued production growth, for continued improvement in its effi-
ciency and quality. At the same time, it is associated with meeting the worker's
demands more fully, with a qualitative advance in the well-being of the people. Here-
in lies oue of the most important sources of increasing the labor activeness of work-
=41 ers, kolkhoz members and the intelligentsia. At this level, the scientific and tech-
nical revolution and the socialist way of life emerge as a dialectic unity of work-
ing conditions and a corresponding way of life for modern man.
Systematic development of the socialist way of life is a natural consequence of the
economic and social. policies of the Communist Party and the Soviet state, a most im-
portant summary indicator of the achievements of the Soviet people in the areas of
economics, scier.ce and culture. In turn, improvement in the way of life of the So-
viet person is a necessary condition for successfully carrying out national economic
plans, strengthening the social and ideological-political unity of Soviet society,
and shaping a broad-based, scientific, communist world view.
By helping establish such features of our way of life as collectivism, democratism,
humanism, patriotism, intemationalism, social optimism, the labor and sociopolitical
activeness of people, social management can and must more actively influence the
shaping of intelligent needs and high spiritual interests. Forecasting the future _
development of various aspects of our way of life under the influence of the unfold-
ing scientific and technical revolution and the socioeconomic consequences bom of it
is of exceptional importance in this connection.
The growing dynamics of social processes and ths diversity of forms of development of
the socialist way of life when viewed from the perspective of regulating these so-
cial phenamena naturally pose the problem of thinking through and considering in
management decisions the specifics and substance of the social situation as a con-
centrated expression of necessity and opportunity, means and goals, time and space
characteristics, objective and subjective factors.
The opportunities of mature socialist society are immense, and reserves for continu-
ing to improve it are great. In order to bring them into play, we must, as the CPSU
Central Committee has stressed, raise the level of management in all links, increase
responsibility and strengthen discipline in all jobs and in all work sectors. This
will enable us to successfully complete the lOth FiJe-Year Plan and create a solid
base for effective work in the future.
On Further Development of Management Theory and Practice and Steps to Accelerate
Scientific and Technical Progress in the Republic
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Improving socialist management assumes inteneive deveiopment of management theory.
The task is not only to explain the nature of managerial relatiot:s, bufi also to in-
dicate ways of improving actual management practice. The develonment of these ways
depends in considerable measure on the coordinated efforts of all detachments of so-
cial scientists, on the interaction and "interpermeation" of social management theory
and Marxist-Leninist philosophy, political ecotiomy and scientific communism, inas-
much as they are linked by a single ohject of cognition, For such is society.
Given the scientific and technical revolution, the continued creative development and
actualization of the principle of democratic centralism in management has taken on
particular urgency in the management sciences complex: optimizing the way in which
the powers and functions of central and subordinate management links and the branch
and territorial principles of management are combined, optimizing the relationshiF of
the rights and responsibilities of management orgaus and officials, introducing me-
thods of target programming, and improving the arganizational forms of worker parti-
Lipation in management. In this regard, it should always be remembered that the cen-
tralized, planned guidance of the economic and socia2 development of the entire coun-
try is the most important, truely historical advantage of our society.
Management in socialist society is a uniqve alloy of science and art, so raising the
level of management assumes, along with development of the system of social-manage-
ment skills, the ability of cadres to use these skills in their practical activity.
Management methods based only and exclusively on the personal qualities of workers,
on their experience and intuition, no longer will be able to provide the necessary
impact. Modern management as an art demands competence, true professionalism, and
a high degree of political and scientific training. Only if this is done will the-
ory adequately reflect practical demands and practice be raised to the level of the-
ory. We need specialists capable of integrating and skillfully using traditional and
advanced management experience, of actively introducing innovations, experimenting
creatively and taking justified production-management risks.
This is nct an easy matter and requires psychological reorientation and the ability
to re].y on the intelligence of the collective. Sight must not be lost of the fact
toat individual Ieaders try to work in the old way and do not want to learn to deal
wir.:, the new conditions, to set aside outmoded views, work methods and procedures.
^learly, if a worker does itot or cannot rise to modern demands, he will unavoidably
be cast aside in the management system.
The foreeful dynamic of socioeconomic development is incompatible with managemer_t
stagnat.ion and conservatism, with bureaucratic disdain of the achievements of the
s^-_'entific and technical revolution. Intensifying the directive-ness of planning
and the normative-ness of production organization and in economic aud social pro-
cesses, and broadening the legislative, legal basis of managerial activity must not
grow into petty regulation and rigid "regulated-ness" and become a brake on the cre-
ative activeness and initiative of officials. To the contrary, a1Z this is called
upon to facilitate organizing managerial labor on a truely scientific basis.
Scientific and technical progress and improving management are closely linked, an
organic whole. As was noted, scientific and technical progress creates the requi-
sites necessary for improving managament, but that progress and its tempo increas-
ingly depend on management of the development af science, on the creatj.on and intro-
duction of new equipment and technology. .
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The management of scientific and technical progress is one of the most important
spheres of actualization of the forecaeting function of socialist management. The
orientation of oux society's future development objectively determines the neces-
sity of giving thorough consideration to this in managing economic and ideological
processes. In managing scientific and technicalprogress, we influence the shaping
of the materizl and technical base of production, that is, of that factor which de-
termines the objective working and living conditions of inembers of society.
The Ukrainian Communist Party Central Committee and the party organizations, in pro-
viding leadership for scientific institutions, pursue the famous tenet expressed by
L. I. Brezhnev in a speech at a f estive meeting devoted to the 250th anniversary of
the USSR Academy of Sciences: "It is a mattez for the scientists themselves, not
for us, to dictate to you the details of scientific subjects, the ways and means of
research. But we will determine the primary directions in which science develops,
the primary tasks advanced by life, jointly."1
Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences experience in increasing the effectiveness of sci-
entific research and decreasing the time involved in introducing the results into
- production has received high praise from the CPSU Central Committee.
1'he Ukrainian Communist Party Central Committee pays a great deal of attention to
the work of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences and all republic scientific col-
lectives. In 1977, the Ukrainian Communist Party Central Committee and Ukrainian
SSR Council of Ministers adopted a decree "Qn Certain Steps to Further Improve Man-
agement of Scientific and Technical Progress in the Republic." The role of the Ukr-
ainian SSR Academy of Sciences in developing fundamental research and coordinating
scientific research in the natural, engineering and social sciences was enhanced.
The republic Gosplan was entrusted, along with management of scientific and techni-
cal progress by purposefully planning the development of the republic national eco-
nomy, to supervise the organization of scientific research on fundamental scienti-
fic and technical problems and the introduction of scientific and technical achieve-
ments into production. Appropriate structural subdivisions were created in the Ukr-
ainian SSR Gosplan system. Overall leadership and supervision of ministry and de-
partment work on accelerating scientific and technical progress in the repub"lic na-
tional economy is exercised by a deputy chairman of the Ukrainian SSR Council of
Ministers.
Actualization of the steps outlined has facilitated the comprehensive resolution of
tasks of the scientific-technical and socioeconomic development of the republic na-
tional economy in the lOth Five-Year Plan. Scientific institutions, and first of
all academic one, have done quite a bit to ensure that the results of fundamental
research come out in applied and prototype-design developments needed by the na-
tional economy, both now and in the future. Much attention is being paid to the
search for ways of introducing scientific research results into production. This
means first of all participation by collectives of scientists in solving concrete
scientific and technical problems within the framework of the national and republic
state economic and social development plans. Jointly with the ministries and de-
partments, the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences is carrying out nearly 1,500 as-
signments within the framework of union programs for machine-tool manufacture, fer-
rous metallurgy, coal, electrical engineering and other branches of industry. In-
stitutes of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences also participate actively in carrying
out republic scientific and technical programs approved by the Ukrainian SSR Gosplan.
1. L. I. Brezhnev, "Leninskim kursom. Rechi i stat'i," Moscow, 1976, Vo1 5, p 366.
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Sucn forms of communication between science and production as organizing joint ac-
tivity by Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences institutes and union and republic min-
istries on the basis of unified scientific research and introduction plans, working
in the interests of the country's associations and large enterprises on the basis of
comprehensive scientific and technical programs and creating branch laboratories have
recommended themselves positively. A considerable amcunt of development is being
done on the basis of socialist cooperation agreements between scientists and de-
signers and the production collectives, which facilitates enterprise technical reno-
vation and the mechanization and automation of production processes. Also being de-
veloped is a new forni of scientific and technical cooperation, creative agreements be-
tween the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences and republic oblasts. Such agreements
aere initially concluded with Zaporozhskaya and Nikolayevskaya oblasts, and then
with groups of oblasts in the vicinity of the Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, IQiar'kov,
southern and westem scientific centers of the Ukraiuian SSR Academy of Sciences
arcd with Kiev. Carrying them out is helping strengthen the influence science has on
r~-solving pressing tasks of developing major regions.
,xperimental-production subdivisions within tne scientific research institutions have
become an important tool for strengthening the ties between science and production.
They play an ever-increasing role in the cievelopment first of all of systems re-
search, in improving the effectiveness of institute work and in accelerating the in-
troduction of their results into the national economy by ensuring a high degree of
completeness of applied developments. The Ukrainian SSR A.cademy of Sciences now has
66 such subdivisions, with a 1979 output in excess of 157 million rubles. "Insti-
tute - design bureau -prototype production - pilat plant" complexes carrying out an
entire work cycle, from concept to final preparation of the innovation for introduc-
tion, have been formed and are operating successfully at a riumber af leading insti-
tutes. Within such complexes, given an applied topic, the total duration of all work
stages is ordinarily 1-3 years, and 4-5 years for theoretical research, which is con-
siderably less than the average time involved under the usual conditions.
The f eatures of this stage in the scientf.fic and technical reliolution promote to the
fore the task of developing, based on fundamental research, fundamentally new tech-
no!ogies as a basis for fundamental technical re-arming and for substantially im-
pro~~.-'Lag the effectiveness of social production. Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences
c.ooperation with the scientific collectives of the USSR and union republic academies
if sciences and with branch scientific research institutes has already enabled us to
create upwards of 300 fundamentally new technologies which are now in use in metal-
Iurgical., chemical, ship-building, aviatian, gas, food and other branches of the na-
tional economy. They meet and someti.mes evei7 exceed the demands of world technical
rrogress. Confixmation of the high level of the technologies being developed is the
sale of licenses for more than 40 of them in the industrially develope3 countries.
Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences activity on crea.ting fundamenrally new technolo-
gies on the basis of fundamental research has also been approved by the CPSU Central
Committee.
Thus, �valua'ole experience in shaping a system of effective management of scientific
and technical progress has been accumulated iu receut years in the republic, as
throughout the country. However, the prompt and, especially important, universal
introduction af scientific and technical achievements continues to be a"bottle-
r.eck," Unfortuuately, uot all problema of the operatinn of scientific-production
complexes and associations have been sol�ved in the best manner. The fact that they
are econamically scattered is being overcome slowly, n4nagement centralization is
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still weak and there are shortcomings in planriing and material-technical supply and
with financial-legal provision, especially in using the powerful cost-accounting le-
ver of credit. With a view towards successfully resolving interbranch scientific
and technical development problems, we need to "finish" the mechanism whereby the
industrial ministries interact, to create interbranch complexes and strengthen their
material and financial base, and also to legally secure these new organizational-
economic forms of production.
One obstacle to comprehensive resolution of the tasks of accelerating scientific and
technical progress often is a narrow departmental approach to organizing the use of
the achievements of science and advanced experience, insuf f iciently developed "hori-
zontal" ties between production and scientific research collectives. In this con-
nection, the party committees of a number of large republic scientific and indus-
trial centers have created, on a voluntary basis, unique regional organs for manag-
ing scientific and technical progress. Their experience is being studied intently
by the Ukrainian Communist Party Central Cammittee,
The republic is currently finishing shaping the syste.m of scientific and technical
programs for the llth Five Year Plan. In this regard, primary attention is being
focused on developing leading scientific-techni:.al and socioeconomic programs of re-
public-wide significance along the pivotal lines of national econamic development,
which are generally of an interbranch nature. We are also shaping branch programs
and programs aimed at solving interbranch problems of individual republic regions,
as well as programs being carried out in the interests of individual enterprises and
associations. Scientific and technical programs define the lead scientific research
institutes, precisely shape the tasks of obtaining concrete end results, and antici-
pate target financing and material-technical provision.
In the course of the scientific and technical revolution, the role of information for
managing social processes has grown. High-quality information, data completeness and
how efficiently it is obtained these are the very first condition for making ef-
fective management decisions and systematically monitoring their implementation.
Data production is gradually being transformed into a special, specific branch of
the national economy and one whose accelerated development is becoming an Pssential
condition for the high-quality transformation of the productive forces of society.
A far-flung network of state and departmental statistics organs, computer centers
and scientific research institutions called upon to gather, process, store and trans-
mit to management organs the necessary data on development of the economy, science
and culture, on changes in the sociodemographic composition of the population, and
so forth, has been created in our country. The information service is becoming in-
creasingly saturated with modern equipment.
At the same time, the continued development and increasing compleaity of social pro-
cesses will demand a qualitatively new approach and more effective forms of organiz-
ing infoxmation for socialist management. In this area, where the collection, pro-
cessing and systematizing of information are oriented primarily towards meeting the
internal needs of a ministry, main administration or association, departmentalism
often conflicts with trends towards further collectivization of production, of
strengthening interdependence among the various branches of the national economy
and among different economic regions.
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At this level, it is important to single out the task of improving data provision for
the management of soc:ial processes. Practically every managerial 3ecision assumes
consideration of the social aspect, which reflects the needs, interests and motives
for th e activity of classes, social groups and collectives, consideration of public
opinion, and so on. It is becoming especially clear to us today why V. I. Lenin
placed such a high value on and so loved to recall Hegel's expression that "there
is no abstract truth: truth is always concrete."1 Operating solely with general
truths, general positions, without concretizing them and linking them to practice,
can lead to incor.rect, one-sided or wrong decisions.
The growth in the volume of social information and its increasing complexity assumes
that appropria-,:e scientific-management complexes will operate to collect and process
the diversity of social information within the framework of a unified statewide man-
agement data system. And the need management organs have for systematized data is
just as organic as the need enterprises have for energy, raw material, metal, fuel,
semif inished products, and so on. It is therefore entirely natural that the task of
using infoimation effectively and being able to analyze it is being posed in a new
light under present conditions. This ability will become an essential occupational
skili of the modern leader, who is obligated to be constantly aware of various and
. often complex and contradictory processe5. This ability will not come forth of its
own accord, of course. It. should be shaped begitw ing in the grade schools.
In recent years, a number of interesting research projects have been done on develop-
ing methods of collecting and processing social information, on substantiating a sys-
tem of social indicators of the development of labor collectives, cities, oblasts
and regions. However, the pace of this research, and iCs practical results, still
do not meet the growing demands of management. Inadequate coordination of this
work with management practice, with the resolution of those concrete tasks facing
party, Soviet and economic organs, is also having an effect.
In fairness, it should be said that not all party cammittee, state and economic or-
gan worker:; have fulZy mastered the methods of analyzing social information yet, un-
fortunately. We must first of all note the inadequate consideration in practical
work or the tiuge layers of social information contained in statistical reporting
and %o rmative-technical documentation. As a consequence, when work is checked out
;-,y various commissions, weeks and sometimes months are spent collecting information
which could be obtained very quickly from statistical organs were the assignmenC set
up properly. Second, the state of affairs is often not analyzed properly. Third,
conclusions that are too general are often drawn and nonspecific decisions are often
made.
As an example, let us refer to labor discipline evaluation in a production collective
in Zh itomir. The administration at this enterprise considered the state of labor
discipline in the collective to be generally good. That was also the opinion in the
department of industry in the party obkom. These f igures were given to substantiate
this: during the first four years of the five-year plan, the pr.oportion and abso-
lute amount of direct losses of working time decreased substantially.
In f ac t, considerable work had been done to strengthQn labor discipline in the col-
- lectiv e. However, an analysis using ordinary enterprise statistical reporting showed

1. V. I. Lenin, "Poln. sobr, soch.," Vol 42, p 290.
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that the reduction in losses of working time had occurred for only isolated categor-
ieG of workers, and foremost for "casual" violators. Tte steps taken had not been
effective in the group of discipline violators which included young people and those
who abuse alcohol. Among these workers, absenteeism frequency and duration even in-
creased.
Figuratively speaking, the collective had a constant "focus of infection." In order
to draw the collective's attention to these problems, in addition to administrative
measures and the resolution of a number of everyday-living questions, it was recom-
mended that the state of labor discipline and losses of working time be discussed at
party study and economic education exercises and that public opinion be mobilized
against violators. It is obvious that involving workers in production management
will not be effective or systematic without their knowing the content of social in-
formation, without developing habits of analyzing it and taking definite, carefully-
weighed steps.
Improvement in management is determined not least by development of its material and
technical base. Computers have a most important place in the overall complex of
management equipment, as they are given an ever-increasing portion of the routine
mental labor of people managing modem production and socisl processes. Computers
and the complexes being created based on them ensure high-speed calculation, the
possibility of storing large blocks of data and, foremost, the possibility of re-
solving manageffient optimization mathematical problems which in principle cannot be
resolved by other means.
Fundamental research is opening up new possibilities for developing better and better
technical means of management. In particular, achievements in the field of optical
electronics, holography and laser technology significantly improve data recording
and storing. Scientists of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences, jointly with the
Ministry of Radio Industry, have developed the YeS-5150 optical-mechanical memory,
with a capacity of 1010 bits per disc, permitting high-speed data recording and com-
putation. Data density with it is several orders of magnitude higher than with re-
cording on magnetic tape. Jointly with the "Svetlana" electronic instrument-making
association, Academy scientists developed and mastered the series production of a
family of the first domestically produced microcomputer, the "Elektronika S5," as
well as of a single-crystal electronic simulating microprocessor which can handle
up to 200,000 operations per second.
As is known, automated control systems (ASU's) are one of the most effective ways to
use computers. A complex of organizational-economic methods, mathematical programs
and technical means of collecting, storing and processing data to achieve basic man-
agement goals, they considerably expand its potential and increase its effective-
n2ss, permitting radical improvement in the technology of planning, recording and
monitoring.
The eff ectiveness with which ASU's function is determined in considerable measure by
the achievements of modern science in the area of the general theory of management,
systems analysis and the theory of optimum processes. Republic scientists are par-
_ ticipating in creating the technical base for providing the mathematics and data for
a statewide automated control system (OGAS) which will unify such functional state
- systems as the automated plan calculations system (ASPR), the automated science and
technology management system (ASUNT) and others. The Gosplans of the Ukrainian and
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= Lithuanian SSR's, as the lead organizations in planning ASPR's at the republic level,
are doing this work for other USSR republics. The creation of republic automated
science and technology management systems (RASUNT's) is an important stage en route
to creating the USSR ASWT.
Jointly with other research organizations, republic scientists have developed and
introduced effective methods and means of automated control for ferrous metallurgy
enterprises. A,n automated spstem for controlliag petroleum transport and storage
processes in the "Druzhba" oil pipeline has been created and is in use.
However, all this is essentially only the first stage in using in management the op-
portunities opened up by the scientific and technical revolution. Socialist society
is investing large sums in creating various automated control systems and is en-
titled to count on their being more effective than has been achieved so far. In or-
der to do this, we need to build an autamated management base on a unified methodolo-
gical and nethods foundation, following a camprehensive plan, under unified leader-
ship. Today, the fundamental task of management is to coordinate in a single center
the tasks of further improving production and social relations, the scientific po-
tential, education and up-bringing of people, and using the achievements of the sci-
entific and technical revolution more fuily.
The workers of our republic were tremendously inspired, as were all the Soviet peo-
ple, by the June (1980) CPSU Central Commit[ee decree on convening the next, 26th,
Congress of the Party of Lenin, which congress will be a major milestone in the ad- _
- vance of our society towards communism.
The pre-congress socialist competition, which is gathering strength and scope with
~ each passing day, and the new patriotic initiatives being put fozward by laborers in
all branches of the national economy all this is convincing testimony to the unan- ~
imous striving of the people of the Soviet Ukraine to augment their contribution to -
stre.ngthening the economic and defense might of their socialist homeland, to greet
the 26th Congress of the Party of Lenin in a worthy manner.
COLYRIGfiT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy filosofii", 1980
11052
C50: 1800
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REGIONAL
t1DC: 001.89
UZBEK, USSR ACADEMIES ON SIBERIAN RIVER REVERSAL PLAN
Moscow VESTTIIK AKADIIrIII NAUK SSSR in Russian No il, 1980 pp 3-13
[Report on USSR Acadeary of Sciences Presidium discussion of work of Uzbek SSR Aca-
deary of Sciences; "Main Directions and Development Prospects of the Uzbek SSR Aca-
demyt of Sciences' Scientif ic Research"]
[Text] Created 37 years ago, the Uzbek SSR Academy o� Sciences is now the republic's
major science center. Its seven departments unite 35 scientific research establish-
ments where more than 13,000 assistants work. The Karakalpak branch is also incor-
porated in L:ie academq. Guided by the decisions of the 25th party congress and
CPSU Central Committee plenums and the propositions and conclusions contained in the
reports and speeches of Comrade L.I. Brezhnev, general secretary of the CPSU Central
Committee and chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium, the Uzbek SSR Academy
of Sciences is currently making an appreciable contribution to the republic's eco-
nomic, social and cultural progress.
The USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium discussed at its meeting the results of the
activity of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences.
The report was delivered by Academician A.S. Sadykov, president of the Uzbek SSR
Academy of Sciences. He observed that thanks to the assistance of all our country's
peoples, primarily the Russian people and Russian scientists, the academy had made
an appreciable contribution to the development of Soviet science in the 37 years
since it was founded.
Each republic academcy, A.S. Sadykov emphasized, develops its own problems which are
specific to its republic together with the solution of general fundamental problems.
The specific features of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Scieuces' scientific research are
conditioned by the singularities of the structure of the republic's economy. The
sectors incorporated in the cotton camplex occupy a large proportion of Uzbekistan's
economy. Uzbekistan is the country's principal cotton center. Cotton production,
A.S. Sadykov said, is our people's basic international duty.
Scientists of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences (for the first time in world and
national breeding science) discovered and used in research as a genetic donor a
wilt-resistant wild form of Mexican cotton plant which is relatively immune to
verticilliose disease. An original procedure of breeding new wilt-resistant, high-
yield cotton-plant varieties (the "Tashkent" variery, for egample, which secured
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run urriuitu. ubn V1VLI
five strain changings thereof) were developed. Twenty new promising cotton-plant
varieties which are successfully undergoing tests have been created with the
aid of distant hybridization methods, methods of rhe aupplemental pollination and
close-relative and graduated cross pollination of geographically distant forms and
also the impact of radioactive phosphorus, gamma rays and chemical mutagens. The
AN-402, AN-Uzbekistan-3 and AN-Samarkand-2 varieties have already been zoned.
Farming systems leading to a considerable increase in the fertii:lity of irrigable
land and also a complex of agrarian methods connected with the use of the new strains
have been developed and scientifically substantiated. Large-scale measures for
irrigation and land reclamation have been implemented and new types of dams and
canals, hydraulic engineering terminals and vertical and horizontal drainage sys-
tems have been developed.
The academy's scientists have created and extensive use is now being made in all
the repub'lic's cotton-sowing regions of composite nitrogenous-phosphorus fertilizers
--ammoniated superphosphate--and also fertilizers incorporating microelements of
copper, zinc and other metals (in accordance with the soil-climate singularities of
the republic's various regions). UDM low-toxic defoliants, Butylcaptax and others
(in place of the highly toxic [butifos; Butylphosphorous and also the pesti-
cides Uzgen and Olgin are undergoing tests. The solution of this problem is parti-
culai'.y important in connection with the need to organically combine the task of the
further develapment of cotton growing with the protection of the environment and
man's health.
Uncovered cotton-plant seeds are employed extensively in the sowing of the republic.
Sp ecial machines have been created for their sowing which have helped to secure a
fivefold saving of the seeds sown and a considerable increase in the cotton growers'
labor productivity. Methods of stimulating seed growth have been developed in phy-
sics, biology and chemistry institutes and introduced in practice: lasers, wetting
in a solution of succinic acid, in chlorella suspension and the influence of the
polymer preparation A-1. Instruments to determine the parameters of cotton fiber,
a mechanized line for sorting and calibrating the seeds and so forth are being cre-
ated. .
Research is being conducted connected with the use of cotton waste and the products
of its ginning. Growth substances and effective peptizing agents for the production
of boracic solutions and construction materials have been obtained. The Uzbek SSR ;
Academy of Sciences Institute of Microbiology in conjunction with the Al1-Union
Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni V.I. Lenin [VASKhNIL] has shown the possi-
bility of obtaining fodder for livestock by way of the fermentation in silage
trenches of cotton-plant stalks with the enzyme [trichoderm lignorum]-19.
Biological methods of fighting cotton-plant pests are being applied successfully
after having been developed in conjunction with VASKhNIL's Central Asian Department.
Research into current problems of the theorq of probability and mathematical statis-
tics, particularly into asymptotic theorems and stochastic process theory, has been -
further deneloped in the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences Department of Physicomathema-
tical Sciences.
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:I
Theoretical representations concerning the process of the anomalous.ly high atomizing
of the surface strata of nonconductors and semiconductars upon bombardment with
highly charged ions have been elaborated. A photoelectric generator on a single
"Fotovo3.'t"-type multicrystal sublayer has been developed by the ion implantation
method. A new type of ion-electron emission called "stimulated electron emission"
has been discovered in nonconductors of the ion crystal type. The theory of this
phenomenon has been developed.
Radiation proceGses in silicon depending on the composition of the admixtures, the
type and energq of radiation and its intensiveness and on the integrated flux and
temperature of the samQle at the time of its irradiation have been investigated.
A comprehensive geochemical study of the plutonic composition of the Earth's core
and upper mantle for ascertaining the regularities of the location of Uzbekistan's
minerals is being conducted. Theoretical and applied research is being conducted
:.n the sphere of seismology. The Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Seis-
mology and the USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Earth Physics imeni 0. Yu.
Shmidt are the authors of the discovery of the phenomenon of the change in the con-
tent of [rodon] and certain other elements in the composition of subterranean waters.
A great deal of work is being performed on the seismic zoning of the republic's
territory.
The theory and practical recomendations and normative material on the seismic
stability of surface and underground installations were elaborated in the Uzbek SSR
Academy of Sciences Department of Mechanics and Control Processes. They were the
basis for the construction of the subway in Tashkent, tunnels on the Baykal-Amur
Main Railroad, the Ragunskaya GES and so forth.
The "Kibernetika" Science-Production Association has handed over the first stage of
the republic ASU and is developing the draft of its second stage.
Among the research in the biology sphere mention should be made of the development
of inethoas of the use of chlorella in the feed rations of agricultural animals and
a.iso local silkworm, which is considerably increasing the animals' weight gains and
the -jeight of the cocoons. Botanists have substantiated methods of phytomelioration
and increasl.ng the productiveness of desert and semidesert pasture. Biochemists
have obtained fractions with proteolytic activeness from viper venom which stimulate
blood coagulation thanks to their effect on fibrinogen and prothrombin. The [iono-
fornyy; iontophoresic effects and complex-forming characteristics of new syn-
thetic cyciopolyesters distinguished by the dimensions of the rnacrocycle and also
t?:,.~ structure of the substituents have been investigated.
A Red Book of rare animals of Uzbekistan has been created and measures formulated
for the protection and reproduction of rare animals and plants.
A fundamental scientific field--investigation of the chemical aspects of the me-
chanism of the regulation of genetic information--has evolved and is developing in
the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. Work is being performed in close contact
with the USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry imeni M.M.
Shemyakin.. The immunodepressors [patrigen] and [mikosen] and also antivirus prep-
arations such as.elements of [icossepol], for exa.mple, have been created for the
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first time in national practice. An inductor for the production of interferon
in the human organism has been created on the basis of vegetable matter.
The Institute of the Chemistry of Vegetable Matter has determined the regulari-
ties of the correlation of the composition, reactivity and pharmacological act3.ve-
ness of a numtrer of diterpene and quinazolene alkaloids. Several medical prepara-
tions have been created.
The Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences' humanities establishments are performing a great
deal of work in the social sciences sphere. Research is being conducted in close
contact with the corresponding institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the
academies of sciences of the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan and with de-
partments of Uzbekistan's WZ's.
Economists are formulating the main directions of the republic's socioeconomic de-
velopment, forecasts of the growth of its population and labor resources and methods
of forecasting capital investments and determining the economic efficiency of
scientific research and design work. Questions of optimizing cotton growing and
the sectors of the republic`s economy connected with this occupy a special place in
their activity. This research is being conducted in conjunction with the USSR Aca-
demy of Sciences Central Economico-Mathematical Institute. The republic's econo-
mists participated actively in the elaboration of the "Comprehensive Program of
Scientific-Technical Progress and its Socioeconomic Consequences for the Long Term
up to the Year 2000." Questions connected with the development of economic and
social problems of diverting part of the flow of Siberian rivers to Central Asia
have been studied.
The Institute of Philosophy and Law is studying questions of the theory of material-
ist dialectics and scientific cognition, the theory and pzactice of the noncapital-
ist path of development of the peoples, the history of the social-philosophical
thought of the peoples of Central Asia and the foreign East and also the experience
of the emergence and development of the statehood of the Central Asian peoples.
The Institute of History and the Institute of Oriental Studies are studying the
history of the preparation and realization of the socialist revolution in Turkestan,
the nature of the fundamental socioeconomic transformations in the region in the
course of socialist building and under the conditions of mature socialism and the
history of the countries of the Near and Middle East. Archaeological exploration
is being carried on extensively. There have been considerable successes in study
of the questions of the antique culture of the peoples of Central Asia and Kazakh-
stan.
The Institute of Language and Literature imeni A.S. Pushkin has studied questions of
the theory and history of Uzbek literature and the role of Russian in the rapproche-
ment of the socialist nations. An Explanatory Dictionary of Uzbek has been compiled,
and the most important historical written monuments of Uzbek literature have been
published. Significant results have also been obtained in the sphere of study of
the history, language, literature and art of the Karakalpak people from the most
ancient times to our day.
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Scientific research and experimental design work is performed for the needs and
upon the requests of individual sectors of the economy. It is essential to examine
the following questions for a further improvement in the organization of this work
at the time of the formulation of the academy`s research plan for 1981-1985: the
forms af relations between clients, chief performers and coexecutants; an i.ncreaee
in mutual exactingness and responsibility in obtaining the final results of this
activiCy; the creation of a procedure of determining the efficiency of work; an
improvement in the system of its financing and material-technical support; a rea-
sonable reduction in accountability; and an improvement in the system of stimulating
this work.
A.S. Sadykov went on to speak ah6ut the scientific establishments incorporated in the
Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, their activity, the numerical growth of scientific
assistants, the prob].ems of financing scientific research and developments, the in-
creased volume of economic contract work and the development prospects of this form
of activity. He requested of the USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium assistance in
the solution of the question of financing economic contract work. A.S. Sadykov
emphasized particularly the positive experience of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of
Sciences and the USSR Academy of Sciences Siberian Department in the introduction in
practice of contracts on creative collaboration with related institues, WZ`s, enter-
prises and design offices and noted the great influence of these contracts on the
introduction of the results of scientific research in the economy, science and cul-
ture. The total savings from the introduction of the results of the scientific
research of Uzbekistan's scientists, A.S. Sadykov said, will amount to appraRimaCely
R1 billion in the 14th Five-Year Plan, and many developments of the republic's
scientists are being applied extensively at enterprises of the Soviet Union.
Since 1976 the academy has been working on 13 comprehensive programs connected with
the solution of many urgent problems of the development of the republic`s economy--
cotton growing, the mineral-raw material base, the creation of effective fertilizers
and pesticides and others. Eleven academic and 10 sectorial institutes, 15 design
and planriing organizations and 6 plants are participating in the implementation of
rhese ?rograms. The number of comprehensive programs will rise to 30 in the llth
i~ive-Year Plan.
The increased prestige of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences and the further develop-
ment of its scientific relations are evidenced, in particular, by the increased num-
ber of scientific fora conducted in the republic: 26 conferences were held here
(inc?uding 12 international conferences) in 1978-1979 alone; the academy received
163 `ozeign scientific delegations in 1979. Scientific cooperation is being exer-
cised with the CIIMA countries on 31 scientific subjects.
The academy's publishing activity has been further developed. Approximately 500
monographs and single-subject collections have been published in the 10th Five-Year
Plan; 42boaks have been awarded honorary diplomas at international and all-union
competitions. Ten scientific journals (two of which--GELIOTEKHNIKA and KHIMIYA
PRIRODNYKH SOYEDINENIY--are all-union journals) and the FAN VA TURMUSH popular
science magazine, whose circulation is over 500,000 copies, are published. Publi-
cation of the Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia (13 of 14 volumes have appeared) is being
completed.
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There are, of course, certain shortcomings and unsolved questions in the activity
of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences. The chief ones are the academy's inadequate
performance of the role of coordinator of all the republic's science, inadequate
relations with the sectorial scientific research institutes, WZ's and large-scale
production associations and the insufficient amount of joint work with union and
republic scientific establishments, mj.nistries and dep.artments. The question of the
creation of sectorial laboratories has not yet been salved. Not all branches of
learning are yet fully staffed with specialists with high qualifications (doctors of
sciences).
The republic academy presidium and other executive authorities are adopting certain
measures to rectify the existing shortcamings. Draft regulations governing a re-
public council for coordinating scientific research and its composition have been
submi*_ted �or examination. The council's principal task is the settlement of ques-
tions connected with determination of the subject matter of research, the period
of its performance and the intrcaduction of the results of the research in practice.
Questions of strengthening the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences' relations with the
republic Ministry of Education have been examined. Corresponding decrees of the
Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences Presidium and the republic ministries of higher and
secondary specialized education, geology and health have already been adopted on
these questions. It is essential to step up supervision of the unswerving fulfill-
ment of aYl clauses of these decrees.
The business of organizing relations with the sectorial institutes (particularly
the union institutes) is more complicated. The union ministries still do not co-
ordinate the plans of the scientific research activity of their institutes with the
Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, which frequently leads to the duplication of work
and other undesirable phenomena. I believe that it would be advisable to formulate
general regulations f^*' *_1h� e^_tire union on conrdinating the plans of scientific
research of the sectorial and academic institutes.
Nor has the question of the organization of sectorial laboratories yet been fully
solved. Only seven such laboratories have as yet been created. A fixed procedure
of their financing has not been determined. The ministries and departments which
have agreed to create these laboratories may pass on the necessary resources to the
academy, but without wage funds and labor ceilitLgs; the academy itself, on the other
hand, does not have a chance to apportion these ceilings. We need help in the solu-
tion of these questions.
The Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences is taking certain steps to increase the number of
highly qualified scientists (particularly in the sphere of physicomathematical and
technical sciences). The number of candidates and doctors of sciences in these
branches of learning is increasing. The USSR Academy of Sciences renders our aca-
demy great assistance in training scientific personnel: more than 50 candidates
and doctors of sciences were trained in its scientific establishments in the period
1975-1979, and approximately 100 scientists are currently involved in graduate work
or serving their qualification apprenticeship within its walls.
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Concrete measures are being adopted to improve the work of the design subdivisions.
The CentraZ Planning-Design Bureau of Scientific Instrument Building, the Design-
Engineering Bureau of the Physicotechnical Instituta imeni S.V. Starodubtsev and the
Instituze of Electronics imeni U.A. Arifov operate within the system of the Uzbek
SSR AcadeAy of Scieuces. A special design bureau of the republic ASU, an experitnenCal-
Cesting plant of the "Kibernetika" Science-Production Association and also the

Radiopreparat Experimental Enterprise of the Institute of Nuclear Physics have been
created. More than 50 different instruments, small series of which will be supplied
beyond the repubYic, have been and are being created in these organizations.
But the physical plant of the design bureaus and experimental works is still inade-
quate. We request assistance f rom the USSR Academy of Sciences in fitting out these
subdivisions with modern equipment, batching components, instruments and transport
facilities. It is essential to solve the question of the construction of a scien-
tific instrument-building plant here to accelerate the development of scientific
instrument buil.ding in the republic.
The republic's leading party authorities have adopted a number of ineasure to assist
the Karakalpak branc:h of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences. The branch is allocated
premises, equipmenC and motor transport. The main areas of its scientific and
scientif ic-organizational activity have been determined. The Uzbek SSR Academy of
Sciences Presidium plans to conduct an out-of-town session in the very near future
to determine the directions o� the further development of its branch. We request
that the Regulations Governing Branches of the USSR Academy of Sciences be extended
to ttie Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences Karakalpak branch.
The acceleration of the development of scientific-Cechnical progress is confronting
the Uzbek SSR Academy of Scisnces with j.ncreasingly new tasks. It is essential
for their successful accomplishment to examine certain scientific-organizational
, ques t_-io*is .
Cfie of the main ones is the complex of problems connected with the further develop-
mpnt h~.,th of cotton growing and the entire farming of the republic as a whole, which
are caused by the increased shortage of water for irrigating the fields. A compu-
tc:t:i.on and evaluation of the land and water resources of the Central Asia region
have shown that considerable areas of vacant land cannot be used owing to a water
shortage. It has been determined that regulating the flows of the Amudar'ya and
Syrdar'ya and also measures to improve the inigation network will not help in fully
solving these problems. The question of conducting scientific research and the
impl.eaac:ntation on its basis of a planned study connected with t}ie problem of divert-
ing part of the flow of northern and Siberian rivers to Central Asia, Kazakhstan
and the Volga basin was raised in timely fashion at the 25th CPSU Congress. We
believe that ir_ is essential to return the Institute of Water Problems to the Uzbek
SSR Academy of Sciences for an in--depth and comprehensive analysis and solution of
these global problems.
T'he speaker then dwelt on certain concrete organizational questions connected with
the creation of machinery for cotton growing and other sec.tors of the agriculture
of the region, the further development in the republic of mining and smelting xe-
search, development of the problems of power engineering, the creation of a science-
production association and a number of experimen.tal production enterprises, the
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more clear-cut specialization of certain scientific establishments, the organization
in Central Asia of a special institute of the econamics and politics of foreign
oriental countries and an improvement in the structure of the management machinery
of the Uzbek SSR Aeademy of Sciences.
The decisions of the 25th party congress and the CPSU Central Committee November
(1979) Plenum and the instructions and conclusions contained in the reports and
speeches of Comrade L.I. Brezhnev, general secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
and chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium, A.S. Sadykov emphasized in con-
clusion, mobilize us for a further increase in the level of scientific research,
scientific-organizational work, discipline, personal responsibility, bold criticism
and the decisive rectification af the shortcomings in our work.
Academician V.A. Kotel'nikov, chairman of the conmission which familiarized itself
with the activity of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences.and vice president of the
USSR Academy of Sciences, observed that members of republic academies--A.A. Keerna,
member of the Estonian SSR Academy of Sciences, and A.V. Drumya, corresponding member
of the Moldavian SSR Academy of Sciences--had been enlisted in participation in the
work of the commission for the first time. This had positive results and, in parti-
cular, contributed to an exchange of experience between the republic academies. This
practice should be continued.
The commission unanimously concluded that the level of activity and the qualifica-
tions of the scientific personnel of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences were suffi-
ciently high and that research is being performed at a modern scientific level. Z'he
equipment of the institutes of the republic academy as a whole is satisfactory.
The academy`s scientists have done much for their republic and the econumy of the
entire Soviet Union. Particularly important and valuable research is, naturally,
being conducted in the sphere of cotton growing. It is also important that the
academy's scientists attach great significance to the practical use of the results
of their research in instrument making. The shortcoming here is the almost total
lack of coordination between the republic's instrimment-building organizations and
the USSR Academy of Science's production association and also coordination of the
plan of work and mutual assistance. This is more due to the inadequate work of the
central rather than the republic authorities. It is essential that the question
of coordination be discussed very soon at a session of the Council for Coordinating
- the Scientific Activity of the Union Republic Academies of Sciemces attached to the
USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium.
V.A. Kotel'nikov emphasized that it is necessary to study in depth and extensively
utilize the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences' positive experience in tre organization
and activity of the "Ribernetika" Science-Production Association, which is engagad
in introducing modern computers and monitoring this process in the republic's sci-
entific establishments.
A basic shortcoming (which is primarily attributable to the central authorities)
is the inadequate coordination of scientific research. This, among other things,
maq be seen in the example of the work with respect to microelectronics--the basis
of computers. There are highly qualified persons in Uzbekistan, but the unreserved-
ly useful tasks which they are performing are determiaed mainly by the small-scale
assignments of various industrial organizations. And this, naturally, is diverting
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the scientific forces fram the master line of development of the work with respect
~ to perfecting computers. To a considerable extent this is the fault of the scienti-
fic counciis and other coordinating bodies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. It
is essential that the USSR Academy of Sciences Department of General Physics and
Astronomy increase the coordination of scientific research and point the scientists
of all the republic academies in the direction of the development of the main di-
rections in the sphere of microelectronics and computers.
Another example is work in the Maydanak region. This group of high mountains attracts
astronomers with its very dry climate and light winds (and, consequently, absence of
turbulence and the slight "erosion" of the image connected with this). Radio astro-
nomers of the Uzbek, Lithuanian and Estonian SSR`s and also Moscow and Leningrad
state universities wish to begin the construction of observatories in this area.
The USSR Academy of Sciences Department of General Physics and Astronomy should
discuss this question with the Astronomical Council and adopt measures for the cre-
ation of a single plan of the construction of an astronomical township in this area.
Certain other questions are in need of-a centralized solution.. In particular,
inadequate use is as yet being made of the possibilities of the USSR Academy of
Sciences in the training of the republ.ic's scientific personnel. The question of
patents has been insufficiently developed, and the pace of construction is still
slow, but here we hope for effective assistance on the part of the republic party
and soviet authorities.
Having dwelt on the question of the diversion of part of the flow of Siberian rivers
to Central Asia and Kazakhstan, V.A. Kotel'nikov stressed that the main problem here
is not only how to divert this water but whether it can be drawn off and to what
this will lead. We are as yet studying this problem only in a very small way. If,
on the other hand, we now elaborate merely the engineering solutions and the busi-
ness is thus advanced, we will at some point find ourselves incapable of answering
the main questions: is it possible (and is it necessary) to do this in principle
and if so, in what valume? For this reason it seems to me that these questions
st-ould be studied persistently not only in the republic but in the USSF. Academy of
: ciences a].so.
V.A. Kotel'nikov observed in conclusion that the number of scientific workers in our
country is no less than in any major capitalist country. Therefore the main path of
an improvement in the quality of scientific work and its productiveness is not only
an increase in the staffs of the scientific research establishments but their pro-
vision with modern instruments, computers and other equipment. The automation of
research and the cooperation of exploratory work must also play a big part.
A.K. Kuchkarov (Uzbek Communist Party Central Committee), who spoke in the debate,
emphasized that examination of the question of the activity of the Uzbek SSR Academy
of Sciences at a session of the USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium is a big event
not only in the scientific but also in the economic and political lif.e of the re-
public. The material of the work of the prestigious commission, which is headed by
Academician V.A. Kotel'nikov, vice president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, will
be program dvcuments for Uzbekistan's scientists in increasing the level, efficiency
and quality of their activity.
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The republic's scientists constantly perceive the fraternal assistance of the USSR
Academy of Sciences Presidium, the central academic institutes and all scientists
of the Soviet Union. Major international and all-union conferences are exerting a
fruitful influence on the development of science and an improvement in the quality
of ide0logical education in the republic. A.K. Kuchkarov conveyed to the USSR
Academy of Sciences Presidium big gratitude from Sh.R. Rashidov, candidate of the
CPSU Central Committee Politburo and first secretary of the Uzbek Communist Party
Central Committee, and his wishes to the USSR Academy of Sciences' scientists for
further success in their activity to the glory of Soviet science.
In accomplishing the tasks set by the 25th CPSU Congress, A.K. Kuchkarov observed,
the Uzbek Communist Party Central Committee relies constantly on the aesistance of
the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, supports all its useful initiatives and contri-
butes to the strengthening of its physical plant, an increase in the efficiency of
scientific research and the training and education of personnel. In recent years -
alone the republic Communist Party Central Committee has examined questions concern-
ing the main areas of scientific research in the lOth Five-Year Plan in the light of
the decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress, the development of genetic science, the
activity of the Institute of Seismology and the Institute of Geology and Geophysics,
assistance to the Institute of Nuclear Physics, an increase in the efficiency of the
introduction of the results of the academy's scientific research in practice, the -
activity of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences' Karakalpak branch and many others.
Permit me to express certain wishes connected with an improvement in the activity of
the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences. We request an acceleration in the solution of
the question of the creation of institutes of inechanical engineering and mining and
smelting in the system of the republic academy, which is connected with the increased
proportion of these sectors in the republic economy and the need for fundamental
research in these problems. We thank the USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium for
the assistance in the solution of the question of the transfer of the Institute of
Power Engineering and Automation to the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences. We request
that we also be supported on the question of the creation of a scientific instrument-
building plant in the republic. In turn, we promise in the future to step up the
pace of housing construction for the scientists' needs.
I would like to say a few words about the diversion of part of the flow of Siberian
rivers to Central Asia. The study and solution of this problem is a political and
social question. It is connected with the development of a huge area embracing
the territory of more than just our republic and with the destiny of the millions of
people who live there. This directive of the 25th party congress is supported by
all the Central Asian republics.
The question of the creation of an institute of the economics and politics of foreiga
oriental countries is important. Now, under the conditions of the growth of the
ideological struggle, we should give thought to stepping up our work and to a com-
prehensive investigation of foreign oriental countries--social, economic, political
and cultural problems and questions of religion (primarily Islam).
Visits to the republic by members of the IISSR Academq of Sciences and top Soviet
scientists are of great assistance in the further improvement of the activity of the
Uzbek SSR Academy af Sciences and its scientific establishments and scientists. I
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vould like to eapress the vish for sucb visits and assistaace to the republic's
scientists Yocally to be sore regular aaa plan-based. Zhe participat3An in our
work of scieatists of other republic academies is also rendering us great assistance.
For a furYher improvemeat in the campre6ensi.ve "Cotton" prograa it srould be advis-
able to set up a cxrdiu,atin.g council uoader the CTSSg Academy of Sciences, which vonl.d
also deal with the research work of tLe scientific establishsents of the country's
ministr�Les and departmeants.
In conclnsion A. K. Kuchkarov gave the assurar.ce that the republic's scientists
would make a wazthy cflntribution to the devel.ipment of Soviet science and tha.t they
vould receive reliable support here Qn Lhe par:t of the IIzbek Couuuniat Party Ceatral
Committee.
'.cademician P.N. Fedoseyev, vice president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, observed
::hai the questirnn of the inadequate coordi.natiou of scientific research arises each
time there is a discussion of the activity cf the republic academies or branches of
the USSR Academy of Sciences. The role of tiie USSR Academy of Sciences as the
countrq's coordinating scientific center recorded by the decisions of the 25th
CPSU Congress, but this proposition has n.:t yet been recorded officially or en-
bhrined on a general legal level. Ttbe USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of State
and Law has prepaxed cer!-ain provisions vxth respect to regulating the legal aspect
of the organization of scientitic reseazch activity in the country. We expect to
examine and discuss these proposals in the USSR Acadeluy of Sciences Presidium.
P.N. Fedoseyev drew attention to three main areas of the activity of the Uzbek SSR
Academy of Sciences in the social sciences sphere. The first is the analysis and
collati.on of the experience of the transition f.rom patriarchal and feudal relations
to socialism. Al1 foreigners visting the republics of Central Asia can clearly see
the inapressive successes of the peoples of Lh3k regicn. p.uothex 2spect cf this
qtiestian I~., how this process occurred aud witti what forces and resources and, what
is most 1.aipartant, at what scientiFical].y substa.ntiated rate. Research needs to be
d~..�el.oE-.id and experience collated in prec:isely .*.his ar.ea. Many developing countries
ot a-~ocialist orientation are in actite need of such exper:ience. Haste in socio-
ecor.omi.c transformations is not alwa;s benef.icia_:i. Complex problems and tasks re-
quire a sufficient length of time fox their conclusive and correct solution. It is
known, for example, that the accomplfshment u'' stxch a complex task as water-land
- reform took several yeazs in Uzbekistan (r.igl,': up to 1924-1925). Then agricultural
cooperar_ton lasted a further 10 years and mo. .
I`hA second area is ttze analysis of the hlstcr-~ and nafiure of the different forms
of oriental ideology and culture (par[irl.ilar';j Zslam, whose political galvanization
is being manifested garticularly in our time). Tt should be emphasized that U2bek-
is;.uu's scientistg are studying this pcoblen in earn.est. Uzbek scientists are also
making an in-depth study of the experience of t}3P_ formation of socialist, interna-
tionalist ideology..
And, finally, the problem of linguistic construr_tion. Uzbek3.stan's scientists have
done mnch to propagandize study of Russzan in the nationtil schools and, altogether,
for the further spread of Russian. Ttais is avery important intErnational and poli-
tical question. Work in this area should be appzoved and actively supported.
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Academician N.P. Fedorenko described the practical assistance of the institutes of
the USSR Academy of Sciences Departmeat of Economics in the training of scie.ntific
peraonnel for the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences. He supported the propoeal for the
creation in Uzbekistan of a coordinating coimcil for the "Cotton" problem and noted
the urgencw of the tasks confronting the scientists engaged in investigation of the
problems of cotton growing (improvement of the processes of the mechanized harvest-
ing of cotton, processing of the raw naterial, the struggle against losses and
o thers). These problems affect the interests of all the Central Asian republics,
N.P. Fedorenko emphasized, and therefore reprsentatives of all the Central Asian
academies should be included in the coordinating cowncil.
V.P. Shcheglov, member of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences and director of the
Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomq, described the changes in the
correlation 4f fundamental and applied research being conducted on the basis of
economic contracts. He emphasized the need for the development of such fundamental
p roblems as solar physics, continental drift and others.
In his closing remarks Academician A.P. fileksandrov, president of the USSR Academy
of Sciences, noted the usefulness and fruitfulness of the visits of USSR Academy of
Sciences Presidium members and top scientists to the republic academies and supported
the proposal for the creation of an instriment-building plant in the republic.
In its decree the USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium approved the scientific and
scientific-organizational activity of the Uz bek SSR Academy of Sciences aimed at
the development of science, acceleration of the rate of s cienti f ic- technical prog-
ress and solution of the problem of the further development of the republic's eco-
a nomy and culture and also Che main areas of Uzbekistan's scientists' scientific
research.
To put an end to existing shortcomings the USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium re-
commended that the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences adopt measures to improve the plan-
ning and financing of scientific research on the basis of the program-goal method
for the purpose of concentrating the main scientific forces and resources in the
most urgent area.s, bringing the structure of individual scientific establishments
into line with the principal areas of scientific reseazch and formulating regula-
tions for strengthening the academy's management machinery;
improve work on the training of highly qualified scientific personnel, make more
extensive use of specific-purpose graduate study and the attachment of qualification
apprentice-research assistants to scientific establishments of the IISSB Academy of
Sciences and increase the demands made on the quality of the dissertations;
increase the coordination of research in the sphere of the natural and social sci-
ences between academic and sectorial institutes and VOZ's af the republic and also
with respect to the collective use of unique equipment and instruments;
increase the work connected with environmental protection. The USSR Academy of
Sc iences Scientific Council for Problems of the Biosphere should render the Uzbek
SSR Academy of Sciences' scientific establishments the necessary assistance in the
organization of this research and also formulate with the appropriate ministries,
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departments and scientific establishments joint plans for the chemicalization of
agriculture, protection of the biosphere and irrigation of the soil in the Uzbek
SSR for the llth Five-Year Plan; and
improve work on inventions, patenting and licenaing and production efficiency in
the republic's scientific establishments and create a patent-licensing department
under the auspices of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences Presidium.
The decree also deals with the need for the further development of the material-
technical and scientific-experimental base of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences and
the expansion tn the llth Five-Year plan of planning-construction work and other
measures connected with a further improvement in the activity of the scientific
research establishments of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences and the strengthening
of their scientific and material-technical base and with the optimization of the
urganizational forms of assistance to the scientists of the republic academy on the
part of departments of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Supervision of the fulf ill.ment of the decree is entrusted to the USSR Academy of
Sciences Council for Coordinating the Sctentific Activity of the Union Republic
Academies of Sciences.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 'I'Testnik Akademii Nauk SSSR", 1980
8850
CSO: 1800
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REGIONAL
LANGUAGE POLICY CHANGES IN UKRAINIAN SCHOOL SYSTEM DESCRIBED
Munich SUCHASNIST' in Ukrainian No 11 (239), Nov 80 pp 100-103
[Article by Roman Sol'chanyk: "Education and Language Politics in the Ukr SSR"]
[Text] The Ukrainian emigre press has recentl~-r been printing articles about the
language politics in the Ukrainian SSR in connection with a new wave of Russific-
ation pressure from Moscow. Reference is made to the renewal of the campaign to
spread the Russian language among the non-Russian USSR population and the improve-
ments in the study and teaching of this language in non-Russian schools of all
republics of the Soviet Union.l True, our press reacted a little late as was
noted by Roman Shporlyuk on the pages of SUCHASNIST' (1979, 3).
The process of language Russification being conducted now is not a specifically
Ukrainian problem. This process includes all national republics of the Soviet
Union. The chief document in this matter is the decision by the USSR Soviet of
-Ministers No 835 "On measures for further improvement in the study and teaching
of the Russian language in Union republics," approved 13 October 1978. This deci-
sion has not yet been published in the Soviet press. Still, even in the beginning
of 1979 the general character of this document could be determined based on the
commentaries in official Soviet sources. Later the text of the decision reached
the West through Samizdat. The decision provides for: development of new typi-
cal programs for non-Russian schools and the preparation of appropriate teaching
materials; extending division of classes with more than 25 students into 2 sub-
groups for studying the Russian language into grades 1-3 of national schools and
4-10 (11) in city schools; introduction of the so-called extended study of the
Russian language as a result of "rescheduling of hours in instruction programs";
special discipline instruction in higher educational institutions to be conducted
in Russian; organization of the study of the Russian language in preschool estab-
lishments and kindergartens "considering the numerous wishes by citizens of
various nationalities"; and various measures; including financial directed at the
training of pedagogical cadres and the strengthening of the material-technical
basis of educational establishments.2
Later, on 6 December 1978, the USSR minister of higher and secondary special edu-
cation, V. Elyutin, issued an appropriate order for educational esCablishments
which are within the jurisdiction of his ministry.3
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_ In the Ukraine Pecision No 835 is reflected the reso lution by the Ukrainian
Ministry of Education Collegium which was published in RADYANS'KA O5JITA [Soviet
Educatian] 11 November 1978. Among other things, it speaks of: "Considering the
positive side of the experiment taking place in the republic, it is anticipated
that in the secand half of the 1980-81 school year the study of the Russian
language will be introduced in the first grades of the general education schools
with Ukrainian as the language of instruction."4
Measures appruved by the Ukr SSR Ministry of Education were discussed at the
January teactiers' conf erences in 1979 and were placed on the agenda for discus-
sion at peda6ogical conferences.5
However, unly in March-April did it become known that: 1) the number of hours for
studying the Russian language in F;econd and third grades in Ukrainian language
schools will be increased; and 2) the network of sctiools with an extended study
of the Russian language will gxow from 17 ta 200. This infcrmation was provided
- by the inspector-methodologist of the Ukr SSR Minist ry of Education, 0. Ya. Stoya-
nova, at an extended meeti:g of the edi.torial board of the periodical RUSSKIY
YA2YK I LITERATURt1 V SFiKOLAKH USSR [Russian Language and Lilcerature in the UkrSSR
School.s] wfiich took place 27 November 1978.6
in the meantime, on 22-24 May 1979, an All-Union scientific-practical conference
was held ent:ttled "The Russian language--the language of friendship and coopera-
tion among the USSR nations." In his talk at the conference the Ukr SSR minister
of education, 0. Marynych, conf irmed that the ncmber o.f hours for studying the
Russian language in non-Russian schools of the repub lic will be increased. "In
our republic," noted Marynych, "a distinct system for learning the Russian lan-
guage has been established starting with preschool. The practical mastery of the
Russian language is begun in kindergartens during pl ay and specialized activity
in preparation for school. In schools with Ukrainian language oi instruction,
Russian language study was begun in second grade, now we are starting in the
,--irst grade. This transition was accomplished following a pedagogical experiment
in q number o� schools."7
Prior to ttie T'ashkent Conference on 25 April 1979, a plenum of the CPUK Central
Committee reli.eved V. Malanchuk of his duties as a Politburo membership candidate
i
and ideological secretary of the Central Committee n connection with a job
transfer."b Generally, changes like this are dzcided by Moscow and not Kiev.
Ir -,.ay be assumed that Malanchuk's fate was finally decided upon at the plenum
of Che CPSU Central Committee which took place one week earlier un 17 April.
Two months later RADYANS'KA UKRAYIAIA wrote about Marynychbeing relieved of his
duties as minister of education "in connection with a change eo scholarly work."9
Cancurrentiy, a purgE also took place on the editorial board of RADYANS'KA OSTIVA.
A question comes up: Are these changes in paXty and government apparatus a simple
coincidence?
Towards the end of 1979 it was learned that the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
also took part in preparing the campaign for the expansion of "the language of
great Lenin" in the Ukraine. The Academy Presidium approved an appropriate
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a V- VL L' iVLL1Y H~Y vl\LL
decision in this matter, although the date and contents of this document are
still unknown.10
The most detailed picture of the introduction of Russian language instruction
in first grades of Ukrainian schools is given in a document entitled "First
grade Russian language program for general education Ukrainian language schouls."
According to the "Program" approved by the Collegium of the Ukr SSR Ministry of
Education, beginning with 1 September 1980 first graders in Ukrainian schools
, will study Russian 1 hour per week du ring the first half-year, and 3 hours every
week in the second half-year. Generally, during the school year first grade
students in Ukrainian schools will study Russian for a total of 70 hours.li It
is interesting to note that Russian l.anguage instruction in first grades was
introduced in the first half-year of the school year and not in the second as
had been anticipated earlier. We also learn from this "Program" that the Minis-
try of Education Collegium decision was approved 31 October 1978.
The most recent news in the Soviet press testify to the fact that the groundwork
for the above described changes has been thoroughly prepared. The republican
_ publishing house "Radyans'ka Shkola" has already put out "a gift for the 6-year
olds--colorful textbooks of the Russian language."12 The matter has been well
provided ideologically also. Recentlq, in Rovno a republican seminar was held
on the problems of studying the Russian language by students in first grade and
kindergarten in Ukrainian language schools. The chief lecturer at the seminar,
Ukr SSR deputy minister of education, I. Khomenko, stressed that "It is important
to educate in the love of the Russian language, a language in which the historical
- experience of humanity's struggle for its happifless has been generalized, and in-
valuable scholarly and artistic works were created.i13 This "educational" aspect
of the CPSU language politics corresponds to the present-day nationality politics
in the Soviet Union. In the words of the USSR minister of education, M. Prokof'yev:
"The problem of studying the Russian language in a national school is being con-
sidered primarily from the standpoint of the friendship of nations, as a regular
process in the development of socialist society."14 Finally, it should be noted
that a republican conference on the order of the Tashkent Conference will be held
this year.
FOOTNOTES
1. It should be noted that already in June 1958 the question of further develop-
ment of one language for the nations within the USSR and "gradual dying off
of others" and the problem of "a single language of intea-national association"
were the ciaief subjects for discussion at a sciantific session of the USSR
Academy of Sciences, social sciences departments. See "Basic directions for
the study of nationality relations in the USSR." Moscow (NAUKA), 1979, pp
206-207. 2. See Roman Solchanyk "Russification" To Be Stepped Up, SOVIET ANALYST, 9,
No 1(9 January 1980), pp 7-8.
3. "On Measures for Further Improvements in the Study and Instruction of the
Russian Language in Union Republics," BYULLETEN' MINISTERSTVA VYSSHEGO I
SREDNEGO SPETSIAL'NOGO OBRAZOVAIJIYA SSSR,1979, 2, pp 20-22.
39
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4. "To Imprave the Study and Instrnction of the Russiaa Language in General
Education Schools and Pedagogical Establishwnts of the Republic,"
RADYANS'RA OSVTTA,11 Navember 1978.
5. H. FosenkA. "To Improve the Study and Instruction of the Russian Language
an.d Literature," RUSSKIY YAZY[ I I.TTERATORA V SKBDIAKH IISSR,1979, 3, p 7.
6. See L.N. Rarpcvva. "On the Agenda--the Study of Hussian Language and Litera-
ture in Rural General Education Schools," RUSSKIY YAZYK I LTTP,RATIIRA V
SHROI.AKH IISSB, 1979, 2, p 78.
7. See O.Volodin. "A Subject for General Care and Attention," NARODNAE OBRA7A-
VANIE 1979, 9, p 41.
8. RADYANS'RA UKRAYINA, 27 April 1979.
9. RADYANS'KA UKRAYINA, 4 Ju3q 1979.
10. "Extended Learning of the Russian Language--an Objective Need of the Soviet
People" RUSSKIY YAZYK I LITERATURA V SHKOLAKH USSR,1979, 5, p 16.
11. See POCHATKOVA SHCULA 1980, 2, pp 75-76.
12. V. Chernyshuk. "A Gift for the Six-Year Olds," RADYANS'KA OSVITA, 19 July
1980.
13. N. Honcharenko, "Republican Seminar on the ProbZems of Russi.an Language
Study in First and Kindergarten Classes in Schools with Ukrainian I,anguage
Instruction," RUSSKIY YAZYK I LITERATURA V SHKOLAKfl USSR 1980, 3, pp 77-78.
14. See "To Improve the Study and Iastruction of Russian Language," RUSSKIY
YAZYR V NATSIO:'.WNOY SAKOLE, 1979, 1, p 5.
CGPYRIGHT: Ukrainische Gesellschaft fur Auslandsstudien
"Suchasnist e.V., 8000 Munchen 2
Karlsplatz 8/III, Federal Republic of Germany
9443
CSO: 1811
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