JPRS ID: 9221 LATIN AMERICA REPORT

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300070004-7
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 48
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 4
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9469
5 January 1981
,
- Sub-Saharan Africa Re ort
p
~ FOUO No. 703
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JPRS L~9469
5 January 1981
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT -
FOUO No. 703
CONT~NTS
INTER-AFRIGAN AFFAIRS
Libyan Role in Chad Portrayed
(JEUNE AFRIQUE, 19 Nov 80) 1 ~
Libyan-French Influence Sharing, by Siradiou Diallo
Details on Libyan Intezvention, by Christian Grain
Kamougue on Chadian Situation, ynterview -
- Libyan Bombers, by Jean-Louis Buchet
Economic Crisis Affecting CEAO
_ (Francoise Hubscher; J1;UNE AFRIQUE, 12 Nov 80) 8
Engineering, Hydroelectric Projects Reported
(JEiTNE AFRIQUE, 12 Nov 80) 10
What 'Engineering' Means
, French Engineering in Africa, by Jean-Paul Geai
J Hydroelectric Co~on Market, by Abdelaziz Barouhi
, Briefs _
Inter-African Phosphate Cooperation 20
ANGOLA
~ -
Briefs =
Fears After Reagan Victory 21
' COMORO ISLANDS
Political, Economic Situa~ion in Comoro Islands Reviewed
- ~,MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 7 Nov 80) 22
CONGO _
Briefs
Argentine Cooperation Agreement Signed 26
- Fishing Boats Ordered in Brazil 26 -
- a- [III - NE & A- 120 FOIIO]
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EQUATORIAL GU"LNEA
Briefs
Spanish Cooperation Treaty Signed 27
GABON
Economic Oriez~tation Focuses on Small Enterprises
(Francois Gaulme; MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS,
14 Nov 80) 28
- GHANA
Brief s ~
New Italian Fishing Trawler 32
IVORY COAST
President Discusses Successor, Democratization
(Houphouet-Boigny Interview; JLUNE AFRIQUE, 3 Dec 80)...,.... 33
Radical Change in Representation Examined
(Siradio~i Diallo; JEUNE ATRIQUE, 12 Nov 80)............e..... 35
MALAWI
Mineral Resources in Country Discussed
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MIDITERRANEENS, 7 Nov 80) 37
MALI
Briefs
ILO Manpower Assistance 39 ~
NIGERIA
. Brief s
Cooperation With Yugoslavia 40
Y SENEGAL
Use of PPat Deposits as Energy Source Discussed
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET .MEDITERRANEENS, 7 Nov 80) 41
Briefs
Senghor Discusses Economic Situation 42
Reorganization Qf Petroleum Supplies 42
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TANZANIA
Briefs -
- Capital Withdrawals 43
Petroleum Supply Problems 43
Long-Term Irrigation Program 43
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' INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS
I
~ ~
LIBYAN ROLE IN CHAD PORTRAYF:D
Libyan-French Influence Sharing
- Paris JEiJNE AFRIQUF in French 19 Nov 80 p 1
[Commentary by Siradiou Diallo: "The Livisian of Chad"J ~
[Text] Now, things seem clearer... The phase of the civil war which gitted two
diff erent Chadian factions a~ainst one another has passed. Hissein Habre's Armed
~ Forces of the North [FAN] are no longer just fighting the government coalition
- headed by Goukouni Oueddei. 7.'he latter en~oys the open and massive support of
~ Colonel Qasihdhafi's army. After having sent troops supported by armored cars and
the air force, the chief of the Libyan state personally traveled to Faya-Largeau on
4 N~vember "to conduct an inspection." Controlled up to then by Hissein Habre's
adherent~, the BET (Bornou-Ennedi-Tibesti) capital had ~ust fallen at the same time
as o ther cities and, thanks to Libyan military intervention, into the hands of the
GUNT (Traditional National Union Government). -
From that moment, the direct, if not arrogant, intervention of Colonel Qadhdhafi
in the internal affairs of Chad no longer had to be demonstrated. Such intervention
takes place in broad daylight, as shown by irre~utable documents which have fallen
~ into the hands of Hissein Habre's partisans, not to mention the Libyan soldiers taken
prisoner on different Chadian battlefields, particularly in Ndjamena (see the follow-
ing report from our special correspondent). These are all evidence permitting the
measurement of Lihya's role in the deterioration of the political situation in Chad.
In the face of such manifest proof, the leaders of the GUNT have finally admitted
what they had been persistently denying up to then. The French minister of cooper- -
ation, Robert Galley, himse]:f at last yielded to the evidence. In a statement made
on 7 November before the French National Assembly, where he presented his ministry's
budge t, he acknowledged in moderate but realistic terms, "the appearance of certain
_ Libyan units in the battle of Djamena." He wondered about "the OAU's response to
the serious problem posed by the presence of foreign troops on the soil of an -
African country."
In reality, the French mi.nister has no illusions on this score. He knows that th~
Pan-African organization has no practical means to halt the Zibyan undertaking.
He also knows that the protests lodged on that occasion by some African leaders,
such as President Leopold Sedar Senghor, will remain a dead letter. In particular,
the extraordinary conference of the OAU's foreign ministers requested by Senegal to
study "the serious situation in Chad" has little chznce of being held. Even the
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immediate neighbors of Chad, however seriously concerned they may be and bPing in-
creasingly aware of the danger represented by Libyan expansionism to their awn sur-
vival, are not raising much of a fuss.
_ They all know that the bets are down in Chad. To the amusement of the spectators,
France and Libya, after 2 years, have reached an agreement on an influence dividing
line roughly running along the 14th parallel froai Salal to Biltine, passing through
Ati. By virtue of this secret agreement, Qadhdhafi has the green light to do as
he pleases above this line. For its part, France has freedom of movement in the
southern part of Chad. In other words, Qadhdhaf i has the Arabists, France its blacks.
Properly speaking, this is not a matter of a new coloni2ation of Chad but of a French-
Libyan condominium. Or , if you prefer, of a double protectorate over a federation,
the northern part of which will be under Libyan domination and the southern part
under French influence. After having battled Qadhdhafi for a long time in Chad,
France decided ta make peace with him. Not that it suddenly succumbed to his charms,
but rather to reality. The Libyan market, particularly in the arms sector, is such
that Paris would not permit its loss. Especially in these tim~s of crisis. That is
why, making the best of a bad situation, Paris f elt it necessary to reinforce its
southern "base" by reactivating the economic netaaork there (industries, commercial
firms, banks), educationand its diplomatic and consular represantation. One signif-
icant point: Moundou, the principal city in the souCh, which is the location of the
French consulate in Chad, is experiencing a peacefu~.ness which makes one forget that
the city is part of a country at war.
However, who is to say that Qadhdhafi will be content with only one part of Chad?
And then, having been sold off cheaply and totally, will Chad be enough to stanch
the expansionist ambitions of tne Libyan leader? That is not certain. As recently
as the month of October, he mentioned the "bad treatment" inflicted to the Touareg
in Mali and Niger, a statement which tells at length of the threats which weigh
heavily over all the c:ountries bordering the Sahara, including Algeria. Is not the
appetite sharpened by eating?
Details on Libyan Intervention
Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 19 Nov 80 pp 21-25
[Article by special correspondent Christian Grain: "I have Seen the Libyans at
N'Djamena"]
[Text] Ndjamena, November 1980--Since the departure of the last French soldier on
_ 17 May, fraticidal fighting has bloodied the capital for the second time in 2 years.
Chadiaas, international observers and secret agents from all over ~re jostling one
another in Kousseri, on the bank of the Cameroonian Chari River, which marks the
border, to l~sten to the sounds of cannon and machine-gun fire, to attempt to lParn
more about what is going on.
~ The river is too wide, the eurtain of forests too thick, the echoes too strong to per-
mit an exact determination of what direction the shots are coming from or where they
are landing. What are the positions of Hissein Habre's FAN and those of the coalition
of parties assembled around Goukouni Oueddei of the GUNT.
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The intoxication is growing apace: not content with digesting the co~nuniques of both
sides and surting ~~ut what is probable and what is not, some individuals pick up all _
the rumors and all the gossip. This entire beau monde--which the Cameroonian author-
ities tolerate and look upon with circumspection, fearing that their neutrality will
be contested--reports everything and the opposite of everyt:i~ng, while taking their
desires for reality, apparently without the slightest qualm. One is for Hissein or
Goukouni, without really knowing why, without even being acquainted with the in-
terested parties and, in particular, without ever going to see what is taking place
on the other side.
Twelve-Year Old Boys Carry Kalashnikovs
True, it is not easy to cross the river and to travel to either of the camps. What
is mare, the risks are high because of the bitterness of the fighting and the in-
tensive bombardments.
Now,in order to visit Goukouni Oueddei in Farcha, in the northwestern suburb of the
capital where the coalition forces have fallen back, it is better to ignore the other
camp which is considered the rebel camp.
When I asked officials of the FAP (Popular Armed Forces of Goukouni Oueddei) if I
could travel to Farcha with them, they replied only that this was "not the timP,"
that it was "verv dangerous." Not only because of r..r^ ,fighting but perhaps above all
because of the lack of discipline and animosity of the combatants: "You know, they
are excited; they do not like newsmen; you report just about anything." "They obey
no one; 12-year old boys are carrying Kalashnikovs, and each of them can fire at any-
= one not to his liking," a minister from the south added a bit later. He confessed
to me that he himself was uneasy when he had to spend a few days in Farcha "to keep
- the government running."
Finally, reportedly there are "too many things which should not be seen" in Farcha
and its surrounding area. Great numbers of Libyan soldiers and a few mercenaries,
= for example? Or is it possible that the c,utskirts of Farcha are an overarmed but
somewhat threatened redoubt?
- "In any event, President Goukouni is not there. You will get the word when he re-
turns," these same FAP officials finally announced.
In order to visit Hissein Habre, matters are not much simpler, even if visits by
journalists are ardently wanted there. One must w~.it until the darkest part of
night, find a hardy boatman and paddle as quietly as possibls for a good half hour
on the confluent of the Logone and Ct?ari Rivers, which are considerably swollen by
the rainy season. Overwhelmed by humid heat wt?ich rises out of the inky-black waters,
. we begin to hope that the moon does not come up too soon and reveal the boat gliding
gently along. For the FAP combatants fire on anything attempting to cross the river.
There has been a ban for months to cross over to what they call, the side of the
"rebellion." This ban applies even to inhabitants who wish to return home after
doing their shopping for supplies in the Kousseri market. It is not unusual in the
- early morning to discover bodies floating down the river or among the reeds.
Suddenly, bursts of 12.7 mm machine-gun fire and 14.5 cm twin-tube rocket launchers
shatter the night, covering the sound of the oars. Tracer bullets cross the river
and land we know not where or, at times, on the CAmeroonian bank where they claim
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victims. The FAP are firing blindly, haphazardly. Then bursts come from the Gore
Peninsula, between the Logone and Charis Rivers, where the men of Acyl Ahmat (GUNT
minister of foreign affairs) are making incursions. Under this crossfire, we pray -
to God that those doing the firing will not launch flares. Bu~ no! Their attention
is distracted by a violent bombardment and barrage fire from Farcha.
(;r~eted by E'AN ~.utt~orities wtin quartered me in a European villa guarded by sentinels
so that it would not be looted and who asked me not to disturb anythin~, I was able
in the following days to obsexve that all the houses of foreigners, who since the
onset of the fighting were to be found in what was then the FAN region, had remained
- intect. Airconditioners, hi-fi systems, armchairs d-rapes, china, bags of coffee,
packages of tea, boxes of sugar, makeup cases... everything is in place in these _
houses whcse occupants have left the doors ~pen so that they will not be forced.
E
What is more, in the capital, which is totally controlled by tIissein Habre's men, ex-
cept for a narrow portion of the administrative district, which runs fron tha pre-
sident's office to Farcha along the river, and in spite of the intensive and blind
bombardments, we feel much more secure tnan in February 1979, at the time of the
first battle of Ndjamena, when all factions shared the city, ready to kill one
another. _
For the First Time, Ndjamena Is Clear
FAN order reigns ir~ Ndjamena (which still has I00,000 inhabitants) without oppression
but without concession for looters. And the ~ombatants generally do not trauel about
with their weapons except when they are moving to the front. ~
Moreover, nothing is lacking. At least, nothing essential. The markets are well
stocked with meat and vegetables. An administra~ion committee from the capital, made
up basically of former administrators and civil servants, such as former mayor
Mahamat Djiber, maintain the continuity of the various civil services: free medical
tre:atment, price control, repair of streets and gutters... For the first time in
years, refuse is being picked up and Ndjamena is clean. Except for the European
and administrative district, which is void of inhabitants, having been completely
sacked by the FAN combatants who occupaed it at the beginning, then having been de-
, stroye~ by the bitter fighting which enabled the FAN to seize control of it.
I toured their positions several times; and I was able to take photos unmolested in
the European and administrative district, at the post office~ near the French embassy
which is still being occupied by Goukouni Oueddei's men. I was also able to take
shots in the genda.rmerie, of which only three buildings of the former nomadic guard
are being held by the FAP, which is resupplied at night with difficulty by their -
- comrades who still control the Central Bauk, near the airport.
The FAN also hold the civilian airport and control access to the runway which has
become a no man's land. However, they have evacuated the buildings of the airways -
terminal after having occupied them for some time: for the moment a useless position
and too good a target for the murderous 120 mm shells. _
Goukouni: "I Have Recruited Mercenaries"
As a matter of fact, Hissein Habre's gen~ral s~aff prefers to encircle Farcha rather
than advance straight forward and confront the coalition's considerable firepower.
And, it is indisputable, the FAN are encircling this ~uburb which is backed u~ against -
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the Chari River. They hold the access road, occupy the Farcha and Massaguet cross-
road, opening the door to north and east.
Therer too, I was able to cake photos without excessive risks. Sia~ilarly, I moved
about, but on foot, on the road which leads from this crossroad toward the suburb where
"law and order" are in effect and which Goukouni left to set up his residence in
_ Milesi, on the bank of the river, 10 km from Ndjamena. On the other hand, the minis-
tera of the south, who visit the capital from time to time, stay in the old guest
villa, on the bank of the river, It, too, is midway between the French embassy and
- the former Fiench military base--which the FAN occupied for a few hours in mid October
but were noC able to hold.
As for Camp Dubut, roughly e~uidistant from the former base and the Farcha veterinary
laborato:ies, one-third of it is occupied by the FAN; the rest is occupied by ~
Goukouni's men and the Libyans. The fact is that Libyan--and purely Libyan---units
are engaged in the battle of Ndjamena.
_ Upon his return from the Lome conference on 20 October, Goukouni himself admitted,
during a talk with a neighboring chief of state, that the airplanes bombing Ndjamena
_ are Libyan and that he had recruited mercenaries. There are perhaps several dozen
European adventurers; however, above all, there are hetween 500 and 700 Libyan -
soldiers in the outskirts of the capital--those close to Goukouni, clearly shaken, _
admit it. What is more, these troops have not gone undetected. Everyone knows that
they send their ~einfarcements down the river and their wounded up the river, because
the FAN have cut the Douguia road--this town is located 60 km north of Ndjamena where
the GUN~ was formed on 10 November 1979. There are also bodies left on the field,
northwest of Farcha. A.nd prisoners whom I aas ab~e to photograph and question, whose
papers I was ai;le to examine.
When Robert Galle~ Be~omes "Robert Galeux" _
Why have some persons sought for so long to deny this Libyan participation? As was
done as recently as 16 Octob~r before the French National Assembly by Robert Ga11ey,
minister of cooperati~n.* For the FAN, who baptized him the "usurer of rue Monsieur,"
he has become "Robert Galeux" [Rotten Robert]. And according to their mimeographed .
publication, AL WATAN, "The French people are in the process of losing a historical
friendship through the fault of Giscard and his strawmen." "In 1978, there were no
French soldiers in Chad; there were only bogus events in Central Africa; there are
no Libyan soldiers in Nd~amena today," I was told by a laughing former Chadian min-
ister [aking refuge in Cameroon. For his part, questioned on Togolese television
about statements made by the minister of cooperation, Goukouni Oueddei replied de-
= risively, "You know, Robert Galley is capable of saying almost anything..."
These remarks were iIInnediately published in his newspaper, INFO-TCHAD.
One now gets the feeling more and more that something has to happen in Ndjamena.
More than ever, Goukouni was at least right on one point when he reiterated since
; 21 March that "a victor and a vanquishPd" are needed.
*It was not until 7 November that Galley admitted, "Some units which seem to belong _
to the Libyan Islamic Legion have appeared in the Ndjamena combat zone."
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- But who wi11 be the victor.? Hissein Hab.re~s positions are spread out and solid in _
Ndjamena and fn a 20-km surrounding perimeter, except for the area north of Farcha.
However, ammunition is not abund.ant in his camp, as 111 the othery far from it. The
"facilities" obtained in severa.l cour~~.ries wti~re everything is bought cannot compare
with what Libya pours out every day. If t.he rAlv ~a~re as well equipped, many of their
combatants would not have to go to the 1:ront ~.~i~h old MAS 3bs and would not respond
to Ghe coalition's intensive fire by putting Lheir Kalashnikovs or FALs in the single
shot position. Of c.aurse, the MAS 36 is a very good riile, 3nd the FAN are excellent
marksmen. Of course, Hissein Habre and his men have es tablished stores of equipment
- by "recovering" them f.rom the enemy s?nce Z2 February 1979--to tt~~is end, the columns
of Acyl Ahmat, Col Wadal Abdelkader Kan~oug~e (GUNT vice president) atid the Libyan
army, all generously supplied with assorCed equipment, have been a windfall, to the
extent Chat they have been intercepted.
Only One Vanquished: '!"ne Chadian PeoP].e _
_ Of course, FAN combatants are by a1Z evidence the most discipll.ned and the most
motivated. However, opposite them, there are also some excellent marksmen. In -
particular, there are AML 90s (Iight ar~ored cars) of French design which are manu-
factured under licence in Braai.l, a flE~et of vehicles equippPd with 106 mm recoilless
cannons. large numbers af 120 mm mortars, rocket launchers, the famous "Stalin organs."
And, in additton to the 500-700 Libyan soldiers engaged in Ndjan~na, there are about
1,500 others operating in L1~e north a:~r.i norttzeast, beyond the Aouzou belt. Not to
mentton Colonel. Kamougue's so].di.ers of whom ~,SdO-2,000 were brought up from the
" south to Farcha in DC-4s. As for the vanquisheci, ir~ the final analysis it is the
Chadian people who, for months and months, have unceasingly counted and recounted
their dead.
ICamou~ue on Chadian Situation
Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in l~rench 19 Nov 80 p 24
[Interview with Col Wadal Abdelk~ider Kamougue, vice president of the GUNT and leader ~
~ of the sou:h by Quentin Otabella and Francois Soudan in Paris on 6 November. .
Kamougue: "Habre Must be Swept aside"]
[Text] Col Wadal AbdeJ.kader Kamougue, 42, vice president of the GUNT and almost
uncontested leader of the south, is one of Chad's three strong nien. Allied with the
troops of Goukouni and Acyl Ahmat i.n che fighting w~hich pits them against Hissein
Habre, this military man who was trained in France and who refiises to go beyond the
rank of colonel ("being a general in Chad brin;s misfortune"), was in Paris during
- the first week in November. Or~ the 6tt~, k~e explained his point of view to us. He _
was not always gentle with hi.s own allies...
--Hissein Habre: "Hissein is the gan~rene of Chad, He is a good soldier and is well _
acquainted with guerrxlla warfare; however, he has to be swept aside. We wil.l never
hold discussions wzth him." ~
- --Goukauni Oueddei: "If I had intervened witii my men, Goukouni would have been crushed
by Habre. It is thanks to me tha~ he ts ~till on the scene. As for other things,
we have our diffPrenceswith xespecL to basic problems; however, we will settle these
later."
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~ Acyl Ahmat: "Acyl would never have reached Ndjamena if my troops had not helped him.
_ His FAC [Joint Action Front] is made up of guerrillas, not soldiers. We have agreed
- to provide them with cadres because they are against Habre and because I want to show
� that I am not anti-Moslem."
Libya: "Qadhdhafi has helped us a little. But I am not- forgetting that he is sti11 -
occupying the Aouzou belt: that is a violation of our sovereignty. I also know that
he is sending his men to Chad: that is dangerous, but explainable."
--Egypt: "I have just returned from Cairo. We explained our position to the
Egyptians--who, it is said, support Hissein Habre. They understood. We asked them
- for military aid. It will be welcome."
--France: "I wonder if there is a Chadian policy in France."
--Secession: "Why is there always talk about the secession of the south when it is
the north in fact that has done the seceding."
--M~ney: "Habre's henchmen tell heaven knows what stories about my lifestyle, about
the money I have. That is too much of a cheap shot for me to respond to. I will
merely say that it was my friend the French minister of cooperation, Robert Galley,
who paid for my hotel room when I was in Paris."
--The Presidency: "Any man of importance should be ready to assume the highest po-
, sitions of his own country. Therefore, I am preparing myself for this. The reading
of General de Gaulle's Memoirs, which is my bedside book at this time, are helping
me in this endeavor."
Libyan Bombers
~ -
Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 19 Nov 80 p 41
[Report by Jean-Louis BuchetJ
[Text] The Libyan airplanes which bombed Nd~amena in th~ month of October came from
Nigeria. They took off from the airport of Maiduguri, the capital of Bornou state,
in the north. Qadhdhafi had negotiated for the use of this airport directly with the
state government, without the knowledge of the Lagos federal authorities.
COPYRIGHT: Jeune Afrique. GRUPJIA 1980
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INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS
ECONOMIC CRISIS AFFECTING CEAO -
Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 12 Nov 80 p 32
_ [Article by Francoise Hubscher, special correspondent in Niamey: "Tested by the
Crisis"]
[Text] The atmosphere in which the Sixrh Conference of the Heads of States of
- the West African Economic C ommunity (CEAO) took place on 27 and 28 October in
Niamey was simple and warm. It is i.rue that the ovations of the Nigerian crowd,
which came in large numbers to welcome Presidents Leopold Sedar Senghor (Senegal),
Moussa Traore (Mali) and Ould Haidalla (Mauritania) and Joseph Conombo, the
prime minister of Upper Volta and Simeon Ake, Ivory Coast foreign affairs
minister, may have led one to believe for a brief moment that,b years after
irs creation, the CEAO had bzcome one of the uncontested and popular institutions
oE regional life.
Controversies
This would r~ean ignoring the severe tensions which had becume apparent 2 days
previously, at the conference of the organizar_ion's ministers, held to draft
decisi.ons to be adopted by the chiefs of state. The economic crisis which is
affecring the majority of the six members of the community, Senegal in particu-
lar, is a stern tese of the will for regional solidarity.
Two questions were the object of lively discussions. The first dealt with the _
Community D~velopment Fund (FCD). This fund is supported through compensation
payments made by the member states whose i.ndustrial enterprises benefit, within
the area, o� a prefential customs system, thus depriving the national finances
of revenue. Two-thirds of. this fund is distributed among all the states in pro-
_ portion to r_heir original imports from the CEAO. The remaining third finances,
on a priority basis, development projects in the most deprived members of the `
community.
In practical terms, the main exporting countries an~i, there; ~:,~-e, the biggest con-
tributors, are the Ivory Coast and Senegal. However, blami~~:; both financial -
difficulties and irnperfect customs statistical data on which ~he FCD computations
are based, the Ivory Coast and Senegal were not disposed to pay their share for
1981: one-third of ttie fund amounts. What makes this even more worrisome is
that over the past few years payment arrears had accumulated, currently exceeding
- S billion CFA francs.
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Therefore, the contribution of one-third of the 1981 FCD was postponed for 1982. `
- In return, however, the states have been asked to catch up with their back pay-
ments within very specific deadlines and before October 1981. Will they do it?
The essentially importing countries are already prepared to impose customs
duties ,hould the promises remain unkepr.... The second item of the discussion
- was the financing of the seven major community projects, some of which, particu-
larly that of higher textile, mining, geology, and fishing schools were deemed
- excessively ambitious.
Some feared that the negotiations conducted by the secretariat general of the
CEAO and the loans it had already obtained from international fund lenders may
prejudice bilateral assistance. It is not always easy to reconcile national
with regional interests. In the final account, these fears were laid to rest
and the action of the secretariat geneYal which, furthermore, was able to submit'
a budget remarkable in terms of austeritys was app~oved. Unquestionably, this
led to the extension of the mandate of Moussa Ngom, secretary general, for
_ anokher four years.
Cau[ion
The year 1981 will show if the extensive discussions at the ministers' conference
in Niamey were only a manifestation of the vitality of the CEAO or the prelude
_ to more severe diffic~lties. Unquestionably, the appeal made by Nigerian chair-
man Seyni Kounche, who asked the members of the community not to adopt "passive
_ or laxist" attitudes and not to attempt to save the form "when the substance is
threatened" is not an unnecessary call to caution.
COPYRIGHT: Jeune Afrique GRUPJIA 1980
5157
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INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS
ENGINEERING, HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS I2EPORTED
_ What 'Engineering' Means
~ Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 12 Nov 80 p 83
_ [Article by P.A.M.: "Engineering--Out or In")
[Text] Ingenierie [literally, project developmentJ. This is a recent term. It
was not without a great deal of discussion that experts in the technical vocabulary
of the French language came to the conclusion that this was the best term to use in _
rendering the meaning of the English word "engineering."
As part of the arca,-~e work of the people who are determined that there shall be no
prevalence of English terms and not too much "franglais" in the technical vocabu-
lary, it happens that Bxitish specialists who are as familiar ~:ith the language of
Moliere as that of Shakespeare are being consulted. One of them proposed that "en-
_ gineering" be translated as indus~rial engineering. "Since you already have mili- _
tary engineering, civil engineering, rural engineering, etc.," he said, in justify- _
ing his proposal.
Perhaps ttris. ~ritish citizen was found to be too much given to cultivating--French -
engineering! It is true, moreover, that the word "genie" [engineering] is not ab- _
sent from the word "in-genie-rie." But it is especially true that if we go back
over the centurzes we perceive that the English word "engineering" is derived from
an old French word, whic}i is none other than ingenierie. -
French Engineerir.g in A�rica
Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 12 Nov 80 pp 83, 85
[Article by Jean-Paul Geai: "French Engineexing: the African Target")
(TextJ The euphoria of late 1973 has come to an end. The fabulous markets of the
Middle East or the developing countries raised some hopes for French engineering, =
but they also raised many mirages. Taking into account the contracts already _
signed and the projects permanently abandoned, the wheel of the investment pro- _
gram is turning more slowly, and the competition is increasingly lively. The crisis -
is certainly worldwide, but for French engineering it is acute.
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= A�ter regular growth until 1977, French engineering has been building since a
noticeable recession, even more rapid in exportation than in the domestic market.
With an overall turnover of 3,307,000,000 French francs (165,350,000,000 CFA francs),
French industrial engineering was showing a 9-percent decline below the year before
(3,636,000,000 French francs). In exports the decline was even more marked, going
from 2,300,000,000 francs (115,OC~0,000,000 CFA francs) in 1977 to 1,900,000,000 in
_ 1977 [a.s published], for a 14-percent decrease. Since then the situation has
scarcely corrected itself, except where computer science is concerned.
However, French engineering, which is still of recent implantation--it was only
around 1950 that a French firm was capabl~ of building a refinery--has made very
significant progress. With over 50,000 salaried workers, 30,000 of whom are enbin- -
eers and executives, distributed among over 700 corporations, it realized in 1977 an
overall turnover (including sale of equipment) of over 15,000,000,000 French francs
(750,000,000,000 CFA francs), al~:ost a third of it in exports. In activity volume,
- computer consulting (teleprocessing, mini computers) ranks first in Europe and se-
cond in the wo.rld, after the United States.
- Long considered the spearhead of France's commercial expansion, engineering also had
many chain reaction effects on the ather sectors. Stimulated by the example of the
large American co~orations (Bechtel, Foster-Wheeler ~r Lummus), the French threw -
themselves into chemical and nuclear engineering. When the Technip firm
(2,400,000,000 French francs in turnover in 1979) announced last June the completion
of construction of a steam crusher with an annual capacity of 280,000 tons in
Umm Said (Qatar), two other large French engineering firms, lieurtey and SOFRESID
[expansion unknown], effected a rapprochement on the same date, in order to take the -
lead in the industrial intelligence market.
Simply a coincidence of dates? In fact, the Heurtey-SOFRESID combination (over
1,500,000,000 French francs in turnover) was merely responding to a recent report
from the Industry Ministry that recommended a reorganization of French engineering,
especially where it is publicly capitalized, in order to increase its competitiveness.
- Today French engineering is in a position to contribute not only high-quality equip-
ment and efficient technology, but also a kind of after-sales service, including the
training of technicians. However, despite their excellent gray matter, it is only
- rarely that French engineering companies attain international dimension. They are
still suffering from too often exploiting foreign permits, from being inadequately
- integrated into powerful groups, from still being too new at the art of practising
the art of "target countries."
The middle-sized firms are being literally smothered by the competition from the
leaders (Serete, Technip, Krebs, SODETEG [Technical Studies and General Enterprises
Company], Heurtey-SOFRESID, Seri, etc.), whose first ten years are realizing 70 per_-
cent of the turnover in the export profession.
In addition, after their observed progress between 1970 and 1976, the key markets
under the contral of large groups (oil installations, steel equipment, cement works)
are being more and more cut up into distinct contracts in which the customer reserves
for his own nationals that which they know how to do and as~cs the foreigner for only
the most complicated share, and for aid in training personnel. The competition,
_ until then limited to several large countries (United States, FRG, Japan, Great
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Britain, Italy), is continually expanding with new axrivals (Brazil, India, -
Pakistan, South Korea, etc.).
Of course high tec}inology remains the doma~n of the Western corporations, but the -
new ones have a considerable advantage: abundant and cheap manpower, whereas the
manpower available to French engineering i.s costiy.
Frencli engineering today is realiring 30 perc~nt of its turnover in the Middle East,
22 percent in French-speaking Africa and 22 percent in Mediterranean /~frica, and
emphasizing its efiort to spread out into non-Frer_ch-speaking Africa. It is true
that, historically, France remains in a good position to participate in the building
of large infrastructures for African countries.
Hydroelectric Commorl Market
Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 12 Nov 80 pp 35, 87, 83, 91-92
[Article by Abdelaziz Barouhi]
['Text] Is it a dream a Utopia? The Belgian economist, L. Gillon, does not thir..k so;
he said, at the conclusion of a report tha~ Uears his name, "The possibility of
realizing a couunon market for electric energy is an exceptional opportunity for West
(and central) Africa, and is an opportuniiy riot to be missed, because it is based on
very favorable technical data."
, The Gillon report is based on an obvious observal:ion: developing countries that are _
not endowed with hydrocarbons resources devote enormous sums to purchasing their
oil. Hence "a veritable hemorrhage of currency that. takes away almost every poten-
tial for productive investment, v~nich is indispensable to their progress and their
emergence from under-development."
Therefore it is imperative for them--with greater urgency than for the industrial-
ized countries--to find other energy resources, because without available energy
there is no economi.c gro:,rth and even less developmeiit.
But the principal energy resources of West Africa ^.nd Central Africa (other than
hydroelectric energy) are threatened wit.h exhaustion or waste. This is the case
with wood used indiscriminately as an energy source in the large urban centers.
Tn the old days, even by the railroads, whose locomotives had wood-burning boilers!
Thi~ is also the case with oil; even thou~h the resources of that substance are far
from negligible*, it would not be reasona~le to count on L-hem as middle- and long-
term energy resources fox producing eJ.ectxicity in western and central Africa.
So it is necessary to conserve oil for limited use in the parts of the African ter-
ritory that could not be reached by other energy vectors, which is the case with
road transportation and air transportation or petrochemical synthesis and fertilizers.
There is muct~ solar energy, "the most promising." The Gillon report, however, em-
phasizes that it is still very expensive and requires a strong mobilization of cap-
ital and is only justifaed wher~ other forms of energy cannot easily be established.
Consequently it is "not very realistic" to think of an industrialization of Africa
based on solar energy.
*Oil production in African countries south of the Sahara (1978, in millions of tons):
Angola, 9.50; Congo, 1.90; Gabon, 11.00; iVigeria, 95.00; Zaire, 1.25.
7.2
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And so there remains electric energy. This is the principal asset of West and
Central Africa in the field of energy. The hydroelectric potential of the whole of
Africa is 33 percen* of the worldwide potential. Central Africa alone has 20 per-
cent. A single site, Inga in 2oire, unique in all the world, represents in itself
_ a potential of 30 GW [gigawatts] ~or 30,000,000 kilowatts) and could produce 200 TWh
_ ~expansion unknown] (200,OOQ,000,000 kilowatt hours), which equals the present con-
_ swnption of France and five times Belgium's consumption.
The chief advantage of a hydroelectric power plant is that it is supplied with a raw
material--water from a river or a lake--that costs virtually nothing. Nevertheless,
hydroelectric equipment requires investments much higher than those required to
_ build a fossil fuel power plant (that is, one operating on oil, gas or coal).
By way of comparison, the production cost of a kilowatt hour is O.Q2 French francs
at the Inga 2 hydroelectric plant in Zaire; five times higher than Gabon and 12 -
times hig,. r than the Selingue station in Mali. In France, the production cost of
a kilowatt hour in a nuclear power plant is estimated at 0.12 French francs, or more
expensive than in Gabon and Zaire, but less expensive than in Mali. -
Sub-Saharan A`rica already has enormous equipmenfi assets in dams and hydroelectric
power plants (see tables). The systems for distribution of electricity are still to
bP interconnected. There are several arguments in favor of such interconnection: -
_ 1. The flow of the tropical rivers varies enorruously from season to season. _
- But since the low-water period~ vary from region to region, there is
special interest in integrating the hydroelectric power plants into a
single entity.
~ 2. An interconnection of distribution systems may also make it possible to
- build an"on-stream" installation instead of and in place of an installa-
tion with a reservoir dam, or at least to limit the reservoir to whatever
is economically prafitable.
- In view of the present length of the big electrical system lines in the countries of
West A�rica (see table), however, a prime difficulty stands in the way of an immed- -
iate interconnection: the distances between the electrical systems of the concerned
states are great and the transporting power is still weak, but that power will be
more than doubled by 1990.
On the other hand, the fact that Africa is cut up politically means that we have 20
states involved in this project: four states south of the equator (Zaire, Zambia,
Angola and Zimbabwe); north of the equ~ator, the 13 coastal states and three non-
coastal neighboring countries directly concerned. It is obviously contra-indicated
- to provide for a line that crosses a country without supplying it with energy or re-
ceiving energy from it.
In fact, interconnections between neighboring countries already exist or are in the
process of being developed:
Between Ghana, Togo and Benin (the Akasombo-Lome-Cotonou line);
- between Zaire and Zambia (the Shituru-Kitwe line);
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' between Zan?bia. and Zimbabwe;
between Moza~nbiqua and South Africa (the Cabora Bassa-Apollo line, 1,420 km
in length);
iri the interior of Zaire, between Bas-Zaire and Shaba (1,770 km).
North of the equator, interconnections are envisaged between:
Ghana and the Ivory Coast*; _
Ghana and Upper Volta;
_ Ghana and Nigeria.
Intexconnecting a Zaire-'La.mbia-Zimbabwe line is thus within the realm of possibility,
since tlle network exists or is in the process of being completed in some sections.
- Angola can be connected to that network by a direct line with the Inga power plant
in Zaire (which would seem ~o be the easiest to accomplish if there were no politi-
cal obstacle), or by tying into the Zairian Inga-Shaba line.
Tne most ambitious interconnection recoumnended by the Gillon report is the Center-
North line, which would connect nine countries, going from Zaire to the Ivory Coast
by way of the Congo-Brazza, Gabon, Cameroon, Nigeria, Benin, Togo and Ghana. That
connection has not yet been studied in dezail, but it would result in the building r
- of 2,750 km of system, whose sectiaiis would be as follows:
Zaire (Inga) -Congo Brazza-Gabon (M' Bei) : 700 icm.
Congo (M'Bei)-C ameroon (Sanagaj: 450 km.
Cameroon (Sanaga)-Nigeria (Sapele): 500 km.
Nigeria (Sapele)-Ghana (Akunsombo): 650 km.
- Ghana (Akunsombo)-Ivory Coast (Vridi): 450 km.
This is a total of 2,750 km.
' The existing power on this axis is 500 MW [megawatts] and it would reach 11,550 MW*
- before 1990, considering the development grojects of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon,
Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana and the Ivory Coast.
- Extending this network farther north on an Ivo:y Coast-Liberia-Sierra Leone-Guinea-
~ Guinea Bissau-Gambia-Senegal line would, according to the Gillon report, be less ~ _
easy to accomplish from an econoraic point of view: it would necessitate building
2,000 km of electric lines for a population of no mor.e than 15,000,000 inhabitants.
On the other hand the report considers that the very high tension link going from
Zaire to the Ivory Coast and connecting nine countries /is justified technically/
j,in italicsl and that the economic conditions would be /extremely favorable/ [in
*Study conducted by the Courtoy Bureau, Brussells.
~ *1 MW = 1,000,000,000 watts.
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italics], thanks to the integration of the partner countries' resources and an
optimal allocation of investments.
In that psrspective, the suggestion is made to the planners in the countries coT~-
c~rned that they "provide for such an interconnection before decreeing th~ develop-
ment plan for the national networks, for their integration into this project of ir.~-
terconnections obviously depends on the sources and the loads they will connect, and
the points of exchange with all the national networks." -
To study the technical and economic "feasibility" of a connection between them, the
French-speaking and English-speaking countries of this region of Africa should set
- up a technical commission that could establish the plan for accomplishing the con-
nection in five stages, starting from Zaire and going back toward the northern part
of the region to reach Senegal in the last stage. However, this is a political de- -
cision that must sanction the project of a common market for hydroelectric energy
_ in Western and central Africa, which can be realized /under the best possible finan-
cial conditions/ [in italics].
The political importance of such an energy common market is obvious. First, the
economics of the modern world increasingly favors large entities and for this rea-
son, the Gillon report asserts, the realization of an electrical energy common mar-
ket is "an opportunity not to be missed...for the states of West Africa it would be
an opportunity to understand each other and to share an energy patrimony whose long-
term development is inevitable and which could be greatly accelerated by their
agreement in the matter."
The economic advantage for the countries of the region is no less obvious. It
would enable them to have permanently at their disposal a hydroelectric energy suf-
ficient for them to surmount together the difficulties of supplying energy, for
which they do not possess the same weapons as ~the industrialized countries that are
developing nuclear networks. And the nuclear power of the developing African coun- -
tries is water!
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LARGE ~LECTRIC POWER LINES IN SUB-SAHARAt~ AFRICA
Electric Power (in MW)
Country Population Pr�sen~ Esti~nated Potential Connection Line Length
(in millions) 1990 Center (in km)
Zimbabwe 6.3 700 2,000 4,300 Kariba 100
Zambia 4.7 1,000 2,000 3,000 Kafwe 500
Zaire Shaba 24.2 560 560 1,OOU Kolwezi 1,770
Lower Zaire 1,520 2,700 30,000 Inga 200
_ Congo-Brazza 1.3 32 100 1,000 Sounda 500 -
Gabon 0.6 205 450 1,000 M'Bei 450
Cameroon 6.3 300 800 1,000 Sananga 500
Nigeria 66.0 960 4,000 5,000 Sapele 650
Ghana 9.6 925 1,600 2,000 Akusunbo 450
; Ivory Coast 4.8 525 1,000 1,500 Vridi 800
Liberia 1.7 3U0 600 1,000 Manrovia 350
Sierra Leone 2.7 86 300 500 Freetown 250
Guinea 4.3 125 S00 1,000 Konkoure 600
Senegal 4.3 184 400 700 Dakar
136.8 7,422 17,010 53,000 7,120
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HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS IN AFRIC;a SOUTH OF THE SA[-i.aRa
1. Northwest
Country River Location Prooress Ready Installed .average Annual
Power (~Iti~') Production (G~Vh*)
SENEGAL Senegal I~lanantali E 100-300
Senegal Galougo E 300
Gambia Various E 100
~WLI Niger Sotuba R 1966 6
Sankarani Selingue C 1980 44 ?30
Niger Tossaye E 17
Senegal ~lanantali E 100-300 800
UPPER VOLTA Komtenga Pama E 60 300
GUINEA-BISSAU Corebal
~UINEA Samou Grandes chutes E
Bafun; Koukoutamba R 1977 100
Konkoure Souapiti E 700
Konkoure Amaria E
SIERRA LEONE Seli Bumbana I C 1980 46 -
Seli Bumbana II P 1955- 100
1990
LIBERIa St. Paul Mont Coffee R 69
Cavalla E
R = Completed
C = Under construction
P = In planning stage _
E = Under study
- *GWh = gigawatt hours.
~
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HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS IN AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAl-LaRA
2. LVest Central
Country River Location Pro;ress Ready Installed Average .annual
Power (~~tW) Production (G~'Yh)
IVORY CUaST Bia Ayame I,II R 1959- 50 22~
, 1965
Bandama Kossou R 1972 17~ 500
~ ~andama Taabo C 1979 210 1,000
Sassandra Buyo C 1981 165 900
Sassandra Soubre P 250 1,500
Comoe Attakro P 1985 90 410
Comoe Malamalasso P 1987 150 s?~
~~vp Volta Akosombo R 1965 912 4,000
Volta Kpong C 1980 160 9~~
Volta Bui E 180-~00
Oti E
vIGER Niger Kandadji E 1,800
Mekrou Dyodonga P 1982 84 500
NIGERIA Niger Kainji A R 1968- ~20
1976
Niger Kainji B C 1978' 24~
1979
Kaduma Shiroro C 1983 600
_ Niger Jebba C 1982-
1983 S00
~ Niger Lokoja E 1983- 2,000
1988
Cross Ikom E 400
aenue ~lalakurdi. E 600
Gongola ~ 1982 3~
C:~~IEROON Sananga Edea. h 1953- 250 1, 240
197~
Sananga Song-Loulou C 1~~0- 4~0 2,800
1985
Benoue Lagdo C 1978- 8~
1980
Sananga Nachtigal P 200 800
Nyong Njock P 270
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- HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS IN AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA .
- 3. Central and Southern
Country River Location Progress Ready Installed Average Annual
Power (Mhf) Production (GWh)
~ GABON M'Bel Kinguele R 1973- 60 400
1978
Ogoue Pouraba I R 1975 20 100
Ogoue Pouraba II E 250 1,400
M'Bei Tchimbela I C 64 280 -
M'Bei Kinguele II P 30 240
M'Bei Kinguele III P 60 400
- CONGO- Djoue Djoue R 1953 15 62 _
BRAZZA Bouenza Bouenza C 1978- 74 480
1982
M'Pama M'Pama C 48
Djoue Djoue II 15
Kouilu Sounda E 280-830 -
ZAIRE Lualaba Nzilo I R 1954 108 533
Lualaba Nzilo II R 1956 258 1,410
Inkisi Zongo R 1957 40
Zaire Inga I R 1973 350 2,400
Zaire Inga II R-C 1978 1,400 8,800
Zaire Ing~ III P 1,200
Zaire Inga IV E 26,000 240,000
ANGOLA Cuenza 368 2,600
Cunene
ZAMBIA Kafwe Kafwe R 1972 600 3,500
Zambese Kariba II C 500 3,500
ZIMBABWE Zambese Kariba I R 1959 705 5,250
MOZAMBIQUE Zambese Cabora Bassa R-C 1975- 1200-
1982 3600
COPYRI(~iT: Jeune Afrique GRUPJIA 1980 ,
~
,
8946
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INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS
BRIEFS
INTER-AFRICAN PHOSPHATE COOPERATION--The Cameroon, the Ivory Coast and Nigeria are
shareholders in the Senegalese Chemical Plan~. whose construction is to begin in
1981? [sic] This inter-African cooperation will be seriously considered for the
transformation of phosphates (of which Senegal is the eighth largest producer in
the world) into phosphoric acid and nitrogenous fertilizer. Estima.ted cost: 60
, billion CFA francs. [Text] [Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in F`rench 12 Nov 80 p 33] 8693
CSO: 4400
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-
ANGOLA
BRIEFS -
' FEARS AFTER REAGAN VICTORY--In two recent editions we co~ented on the problems
- presented to Angola by Ronald Reagan's victory in the U.S. presidential elec-
tions. The JORNAL DE ANGOLA devotes to this question a long commentary by its
Paris correspondent. The latter believes that Reagan's victory represents "a
relief and a simplification" for Pretoria in its attitude toward the eventual
independence of Namibia, given the fact that the U.S. president-elect pronounced
himself "explicitly" against the boycotting advocated by certain countries against
South Africa. "There is no reason to doubt Mr Reagan's animositcy toward Angola," -
the newpaper reports, stressing a declaration by Reagan cited by the magazine
AFRICA REPORT of New York: "To be frank, I would provide arms to the National
Union for the Total ~ndependence of Angola (iTNI~A)." The paper goes on to draw
a parallel with the "discreet attitude" adopted by the United States vis-a-vis
Angola and the role of certain companies--among them Gulf Oil Company, which
exploits the Cabinda wells--that advocated U.S. recognition of Angola, something
that was never achieved. Finally, Richard Allen`s presence in the Reagan team,
and the mention of his ties with "Po.rtuguese coloaialism," are not exactly reas-
' suring for the Luanda autharities. [TextJ [Paris MAItCHES TROPICAIIX ET MEDITER- -
RANEENS in French 28 Nov 80 p 3179]
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COMORO iSLANDS
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC SITUATION IN COMORO ISI~ANDS REVIEWED
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in FYench 7 Nov 80 pp 2976-77
fText] Federal Assembly Votes Motion of Support for President Abdallah
An ordinary sessian of the Comoro Federal Assembly, which opened on 28 October 1980
chief ly to study the 1981 draft budget, voted on 29 October a resolution strongly _
condemning the subversive attempts to challenge once more the regime established by
the Comoro people under the Constitution of 1 October 1978. This resolution, which
was adopted by 22 votes in favor and 6 abstentions while 7 deputies were not present, .
says:
"The Federal Assembly:
--Categorically re~ects any attempt of subversion no matter where it takes place and
what its nature and purpose may be.
--Strongly condemns any attempt t~ gain power by military force.
--Formally expresses its lasting allegiance to the principles of liberty and
democracy.
--Asks Ahmed Abdallah, in accordance with Article 16 of the Constitution and on the
basis of his installation as president of the republic, to continue performing his
functions.
--Insists on telling the president of the republic that his fundamental role is to
see to it, in every way, that the Constitution is respected according to Articles
15 and 24."
, The Vanilla Issue
Follawing the vote on this resolution, Prime Minister Salim Ben Ali presented a
report on his government's general policy on budget matters. So, he pointed out
that the Comoro budget for 1981, due to be discuss~d by the assembly, has been
f ixed at 3.138 billion francs CFA, slightly higher (9 percent) than the 1980
estimates.
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- In the part of his address devoted to economxc matteis, the prime minister spoke
about the vanilla market situat~on which has been affected by the downward price
tre:3s and he restated the position of his government: No matter what financial
_ diff iculties we may have to face, now or in the futur_e, the government will not
agree to drop the price of this cammodir.y which is basic to our economy. We shall -
- wait as long as it is iiecessary, we sha11 build up stoclcs or destroy them if need
be. We think that our Malagasy brothers will follaw our example."
The prime minister also noted that the country's balance of payments had been
seriously shattered by the sharp increases in the price af oil and manufactured goods
and he pointed out that the exports of ilang-ilang, for which the Comoros are one
of the main producers in the world, had not increased enough and that no contract
had been signed for the vanilla.
President Abdallah Presents His Economic Program
President Ahmed Abdallah returned to Moroni on lo October after a 10-day private _
visit to France where he received in audience [French] Minister of Cooperation Robert -
Galley and Secretary of State for. Foreign Affairs Olivier Stirn with whom he
discuGSed French-Comorian cooperation and bilateral relations.
On 22 October, and to mark the second anniversary of his election, President Ahmed
Abdallah made an important radio broadcasc. in which he reviewed the priorities of
his economic policy: agriculture, reforestation, expansion of the infrastructures
for ports and roads among othersy and the many projects involving the sinking of
wells, water reservoirs, energy, health and so on. In a brief assessment of the
economic situation, the Comorian head of state said;
"The objectives of the Ministry of Finance, Economy and Planning are centered on _
setting up the development p1an. Several steps have been taken to this end:
--Creation ot institutions t.o work out the plan; thus the National Planning Commission
has been ser. up while other commnissions (secCorial, equalibrium and financing) will
be created in the near f uture. _
--The task of the econamic planning project, signed between the government and the
- UNDP [United Nations Development Pzo~ram], wi11 b~ to create planning structures and
actually help them to work out the plan. -
--The general census of population and housing, now in progress, will provide the -
demographic and socioeconomic data which is absolutely necessary to achieve these
_ obj ectives.
"Simultaneously, the ministry has given its attention to preparing and pursuing a -
number of key p-rojects due to be eventually incorporated into the development plan.
Some other projects are at the launching stage: this is the case for a.cottage
indusLry typ~ of fishing project, for the coconut palm project, the poultry farming
and small-scale livestock project among others."
President Abdallah also mentioned the project to create a development bank which has
drawn the interest o� sever.al backers: the African Development Bank, the Islamic
Development Bank, the World Bank."
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On the matter of equipment, ~nd in addition to the road works already completed or
~i in progress, the head of state recalled that the Kuwaiti Development Fund was
actively working to draw up the construction project of the port of Mutsamudu
which will be the main port of the archipelago; invitations to tenders will be
.y issued as soon as the studies are completed. The European Development Fund (EDF)
- is going to finance the ports of Moroni and Moheli while France intends to considerably
improve the port of Mayotte. _
France hss also financed a study to improve the international airstrip of Hahaya in -
Grand Comoro as well as the repair work done to it. The operations of Sofreavia
Service at Hahaya Airport were also financed with French cooperation. Theref ore,
- by the beginning of 1981, the technical and radio installations at the Hahaya Air-
port, the runway lights, power station, the meteorological station, unfinished in
1975, will be renovated and completed. In 1981, Hahaya will be a financially
independent public establishment capable of dealing with an important increase of _
~ air traffic.
It must be also pointed out that Abu Dhabi has financed the expansion and repair
work carried out at the Ouani airstrip in Anjouan and that funds from the federal
budget will be used to improve the equipment of the Fomboni Airport in Moheli.
The EDF and the ABEDA (Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa) are paying
half of the cost of improving telephone communications between the islands; this _
_ important project is underway. The long-distance telephone service (telephone
exchange) will also be improved; France will pay a substantial part of this cost.
For its part, the Federal Republic of Germany is financing the electrification of
~ the regions of Fomboni and Djoiezi in Moheli. The African Development Bank is
studyi.ng a project to build a hydroelectric power station in An~ouan and in Moheli.
, In Grand Comoro, France was willing to finance a 2,700 kilowatt/hour plant for the
Moroni region but in order to promote the development of that island, the Comorian
authorities have asked France to raake it a 10,000 kilowatt/hour plant to satisfy
the needs of a large number of villages.
With regard to water supply, the projects financed by the EDF are almost finished .
in Moroni with work scheduled to start soon in Moheli.
But, according to Presid~nt Abdallah, the main effort during these 2 years was made
in transforming the highly populated and very goor region af Nioumakele. This
. prcject includes roads, which are now almost completed, water supply, reforestation
and development of truck farming. China is financing part of these pro~ects, parti-
cularly the water supply works. -
Zn the sphere of agriculture, the EDF is helping to finance the "corn" program and
~ last year the government distributed 300,000 young plants of clove trees. The IDA
[International Development Association) has financed a campaign to exterminate rats
and to reutilize coconut palm plantations. Next year, Grand Camoro and An~ouan
~ ~ will each have a food canning plant.
With regard to reforestation, an emergency program has been established particularly -
~ for Grand Comoro and Anjouan. A first section covering 200 hectares has been com-
pleted and work is going to start on a second section.
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As for fishing, the ADF (African Development Fuz~d) granted recen~ly a large loan to
develop fishing of the cottage industry type and L-his loan will be used mainly to
- complete and equip refrigeration plants. Six small patrol boats, at least two of
which will be supplied by France, ~re going ta be used both for sea rescue operations
and to patrol the fishing areas because, as mentioned by the head of state, several
- foreign vessels are fishing without license in Comorian waters. A draft bill aimed
at bringing this situation to an end, wi11 be shortly submitted to the Federal
Assembly. Foreign companies wishi.ng Lo obtain a fishing license will have to pay a
fee in conformity with the international practice.
Chamber of Commerce Presid~nt Totally Disagrees With Nr Kemal
In our issue of 17 October, we mentioned the recent manifesto published in Paris
where Said Ali Kemal announced the creation of a movement of opposition to President
~ Abdallah and in our issue of 31 October we r~ported that after Mr Kemal issued his
manifesto there had been little reaction in the Comoros. We also publish above the
motion of support for Abdallah voted by the Comoro Federal Assembly.
~ In a letter dated 31 October and sent to the edi~orial board of our newspaper, Said ~
Mohamed Djohar, president of the Comora Ch~ber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture
in Moroni, tells us tYiat he totally disagrees with Mz Kemal. -
In the view of Mr Djohar, the procla.matfon issued b~ the former ambassador of the
- Comoros in Paris can only "be harmful to the t~p~ost interests of the country with
his false attacks against the regime of Ahmed Abdallah who was democratically
elected by an almost unanimous vote...ttir. YF~mal.'s attitude," writes the president of
the Chamber of Commercey is misleading th~ representatives of states, the organi- _
zations and investors and he is nor concerned by the harm which he is causing to
our economy by stopping ravorable in~tiatives ar~d appreciable aid which our country
badly needs."
In any case, Mr Djohar concludes, Keinal�s r.esignation anci appeal "did not awake any
interest among the mass of the Comorian people."
Yierre ~Ierin, head of the French cooperation mission in the Comoros, left Moroni
for Paris cr~ 30 Octub~r. Pierre Vecchierini., who is replacing him, arrived on 1
November to take over his post.
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie, Paris 1980
8796
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CONGO
BRIEFS ,
ARGENTINE COOPERATI~N AGREF.ND?NT SIGNED--The Congo and Argentina signed a general
cooperation agreement on rural econo~y, co~ercial exchanges, and national education
in Brazzaville on 31 October. The cammunique published at the end of the 3-day
visit of an Argentinian delegation to the Congo announced that the delegations from
- both countries exchanged information on economic, cultural and social development.
Both parties noted that conditions and potentials as yet unexplored by the two
- countries exist for the establishment and strengthening of cooperation. The Congo
and Argentina later showed a firm determination to direct every effort towards
~ setting up a new world economic order, according to the comnunique. [TextJ [Paris -
MARCHES TROPICAUX ET I~DITERRANEENS in French 7 Nov 80 p 29711 8693
FISHING BOATS ORDERID IN BRAZIL--Congolese minister of Industry and Tourism, Jean
Itadi, visited the major Brazilian port of Santos (in Sao Paulo state) and the
naval workyards of Itajai on 31 October. The Congo has ordered four fishing boats
- and fishing equipment from the Ebrasa companq in-~Ita~si. Brazzaville may order
additional f ishing boats. The minister also expressed interest to Brazilian -
~ officials in the construction of fishing tearbors in his country. Having ar~ived
- in Brazil on 29 October, Itadi held talks in Brazilia with Brazilian officials,
espe~ially Ernane Galveas, Finance Minister. Ae left Brazil for Paris on 1
, November. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 7 Nov 80
p 2971] 8693
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EQUATORIAL GUINEA
BRIEFS
SPANISH COOPERATION TREATY SIGNED--The vice president and the commissioner of
External Affairs in Equatorial Guinea, Florencio Maye, went to Spain on 24 Gctober.
- He was received in Madrid by King Juan Carlos. A friendship and cooperation treaty ~
had been signed the day before between Equatorial Guinea and Spain by Maye and
Jose-Pedro Perez-Llorca, Spanish minister of Foreign Affairs. According to the
' Spanish minister of Foreign Affairs, this treaty establishes the bases for cooperation
between the two countries. During this official visit, talks between the two
parties centered primarily on questions of agriculture, fishing and public works.
[Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 7 Nov 80 p 2969] ~693 -
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- GABON
ECONOMIC ORIENTATION FOCUSES ON SMALL ENTERPRISES
Paris MARCIiES TROPICAUX ET I~DITERRANEENS in French 14 Nov 80 pp 3011-3013 _
[Article by Francois Gaulme]
[Excerpts] Gabon is a Janus: on the one hand, it has the ruddy complexion of
a country which has corrected its financial situation, to the satisfaction of
the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and which has the highest GDP in Africa,
af ter Libya; on the other Y.and, it has the archaic face of a largely under-
exploited territory, in which a rural populace that is diminishing is engaged _
in subsistence agriculture in the isolation of the forest.
Since 1979, the political authorities of Libreville have understood that they
- cannot continue on the same path. The financial crisis experienced by the
country since 1977 has driven away investors. The Third Five-Year Plan, which
' was too unrealistic, became unworkable. This difficult period was ideal for
reflection.
The appearance of unemployment in the private sector, which was poorly contained
by s~relling t?-~e ranks of tihe already sizable public employment sector, the
anarchical development of a capital which is attracting too many unqualified
rural dwelless, the excessive increase in the cost ~f living durin$ the affluent
years, 1974-1976, all brought awareness of the reality of social prohlems in
~ a Gabon which {a, however, underpopulated and which does not have 1 million
inhabitants.
The second extraordinary Congress of the single party, the PDG (Gabonese Democratic
Partp), whose secretary general-founder is President Bango, has stigmatized
corruption and has decided that the imperatives of development will henceforth
be to struggle against the "harmful effects" of "savage capitalism" and to
- "establish a new strategy" based on exploitation of "renewable resources"
(as opposed to oil), to continue to build the basic infrastructures and to reaffirm -
"the priority character of agriculture."
~
= In conformity with President Bongo's wishes, the CNPF (National Council of
French Employers), in collaboration with the French Ministry of Cooperation and
t}~e French Secretariat of State for Sma.ll and Medium-size Industries, has decided
i to organize "Gabonese Days" designed to encourage the development of industrial
' cooperation between the two countries.
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These "Gabonese Days" will be held from 25 November to 1 December 1980. On
27, 28 and 29 November, the Gabonese delegations will travel to Lyon, Nantes
and Bordeaux where they will be received by the employer unions and chambers
oP commerce and industry.
Tfiere will be a twofold purpose to these "Gaboneae Days": on the one hand to
present the partners who will permit French industrialists to contribute to
Gabon's new strategy for development, account taken of the economic possibilities
_ offered by this country; on the other hand to propose to possible French investors
- 30 ideas for projects in the sectors of inechanics, chemistry, timber, fishing,
tiuck farming, pharmacy, refrigeration and eventually tourism. Gabon still
offers very interesting possibilities in several sectors: those sectors which
are being called upon to dsvelop on already solid bases are timber and fishing.
The Trans-Gabonese Railway, which is supposed to reach Booue at the end of 1982,
will permit new exploitation of the forest region furthest from the sea, which
is reserved for in~ustrial companies having large resources. TEie Libreville
autfiorities also want to have the first on-site processing of timber, which is
~ot now the case. Even during a period of forestry crisis as today, Gabon
continues to be an important producer of tropical timber, with about 1 million
~3 of logs produced per year.
The mines should also be developed, thanks to the possibilities of ore evacuation
oPfered by the Trans--Gabonese Railway. Apart from the traditional products of
Gabon (manganese, uranium), the worth of other resources is now known: barite,
talc, lead. Belinga's iron cannot be extracted until completion of the last
trunk of tFLe railway, therefore, over the long term; however, mini.ng explorations
axe continuing. Geological coverage of national territory, in fact, has taken
place in only an uneven manner. Financially interesting discovers are not excluded
by any means.
- Another entirely new activity, which could be promising in the future, is industrial
fishing. The Gabonese coastal waters are filled with fish. In particular, there
are many varieties of tuna in those waters. Political authorities would like
- ta establish a full-blown, integrated i.ndustrial fishing operation, especially
at Port-Gentil. This operation would range from the catching of the fish to
their on-site processing. Auxiliary industries could be added to this new
activity. Up to now, Gabonese hand-labor fish~ing has been limited to the
estuaries, lagoons and lakes. This, tuo, could be developed, since fresh fish,
or dried f ish in particular, is the traditional accompaniment for the plantain
banana and mainoc which are the staples fo Gabonese diet.
_ By complementing the officiaZ programs for sugar production and the revival of
cacao, coffee and the oil palm, agricultural and agricultural-industrial projects
are already being planned, as is the large-scale development of manioc growing
for export (cattle feed). However, although this tuber grows very easily in
Gabon, the relatively high cost of the factors of industrial production will
doubtless make it difficult to have access to the international market where
there is already strong competition.
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,
The Small Enterprises
; One af the principal objectives being pursued by the "Gabonese Days," the
establishment of small enterprises, does not yet appear clearly on the list of
tIiese pro~ects. What is involved, however, is a new economic policy for Gabon,
~ ~thici~ for over a year has been the subject of renewed contacts between ministerial
! departments in Paris and Libreville.
~ ~
President Bongo and his government ',justifiably feel that it is necessary to put
the local economy back into balance through the establishment of small. and medium-
size industries, just as it would be worthwhile to develop secondary urban
centers to bring relief to a capital which has continued to grow since indepen-
dence, causing the fear of a dangerous imbalauce. In a way, this is a resumption, _
in another form, of the policy which had been espoused by the Catholic or
' ~rotestant missions under colonization: encourage craf t industries and self-
, sufficiency in each region of the country.
In the program of the interim plan, 2.9 billion CFA [African Financial Community] ~
Prancs are earmarked by the state for the promotion of Gabonese small and
medium-size enterprises. TEie principal part of this financial activity is to
; take place in 1981 and 1982 (1 billion each year).
; This is a means of encouraging the formation of a class of real Gabonese
businessmen. Up to now, official economic policy rested on parastate companies,
in a system at times described as "state capitalism" which is quite common on
the African continent. Economic and financial responsibilities are closely
linked to political activities. The liberalization of the economy by favoring
the enterprises of nationals (and no longer fdreign enterprises) who have made
up their minds to take personal risks to succeed in business would permit a
fight against the lethargy and waste which too often characterize the management
of parastate companies. A f irst step in this direction was taken raith the
establisfiment of National Council of Gabonese Employers.
For the mom~nt, this class of businessmen is limited; however, the "middle class"
which has developed in Gabon since independence should understand that the days
of its prosperity are numbered if it fails to do anything to assure, by personal
- effort, replacement of a pension system in disguise which will not be eternal.
Rather than slackening the economic ties which link them with their region of
- origin, the members of thi.s "middle class," by following the example of some
individuals, could pay a decisive role in the balanced development of their _
country by taking initiatives on their native soil, initiatives which their
- financial means make possible. Programs truly adapted to local needs would
permit the engagement of necessary dialog, which does not yet exist, with those
who have remained rural.
0~ course, diversif ication of the Gabonese economy will run into structural
- problems: th~e high cost of factors linked with the country's dependence on '
" imports, which is reinforced by dom~stic inflation caused by the oil boom;
tIie I~arshness of life in the forest; the weakness of the nopulation and,
tlierefore, th.e high cost of transportation, tightness of the domestic market;
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inadequate training of mid-level managers and technicians. Nevertheless,
Libreville retains the key elements of the current prosperity, which make if
a financial market; of the liberal character of the economic system and politica].
stafiility; improvement in the rural condition is doubtless possible, this, too,
w3.tfi combined and realistic efforts.
In the final analysis, Gabon is aware that it must now get busy and utilize
its human resources in the best way possible, if it wanL-s to be something
other than a maritime facade being eroded by the sea sprays. "We must cultivate
our garden," Candide said.
COPYRIGHT: Rene MDreux et Cie, Paris, 1980
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GHANA
BRTF~S
~ NEW ITALIAN FISHING TRAWLER--The Italian shipyard at Viareggio, Tuscany, Societa
Esercizio Cantieri (SEC), launched another trawler for the State Fishing
Corporatian of Ghana. The new vessel, named "Firraw," is the sixth of its
kind constructed by the SEC for the Ghanian national fishing company of an
order totaling 44 billion lire, which also includes two tuna boats. Let us _
remember that Ghana had appealed to foreign naval shipyards to supply fishing
boats (MARC~S TROPTCAUX ET MEDITERRANEES, 25 January, p 200) and that it _
also ordered several motors to equip its traditional vessles, which, we might
, ~ add, have been the subject of illicit trafficking and which were resold at
' triple their purchase price in neighboring countries. (MARCHES TR(JPICAUX ET
T~DITERRANEENS, 16 May, p 1154). TEie country witich attaches great importance
, to the development of its fishing sector, both maritime and lake �ishing (the
~ latter particularly in the artiftcial lake formed by the Akosombo Dam), has
I ~ts~e].f also begun the constructio~ of boats and has witnessed the establishment
; oP its first private enterprise, the Boat Building Company, Ltd. [Text]
, [Paris MARCI~S TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 14 Nov 80 p 3035] 8143
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= IVORY COAST
PRESIDENT DISCUSSES SUCCESSOR, DEMOCRATIZATION
KD081433 Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 3 Dec 80 pp 32-33
[Interview with Ivory Coast President Houphouet-Boigaq at Yamoussoukro by Sennen
- ~ndt~amirado: "Houphouet Judges His Democracy"; no date given]
; [Excerpts] JEUNE AFRIQUE: Mr President, the 1980 parliamentary elections have ~�r;~~1..~>
brough~ about a fundamental change in the political class. Most of the outging
deputies have been "ousted" by the voters. Nonetheless the low turnout at the polls
raises doubts...
Felix Houphouet-Boigny: There were failures and mistakes but the progress was enor-
, mous compared with previous electiona: Ivory Coast is undergoing its apprenticeship
in free elections. It is not easy.
~ As for the lessons to be learned, there has been great progress. This time the
' candidates know what they represent.
It is important for a man to understand what he represents in a society.
JEUNE AFRIQUE: There has been a great deal of discussion about who will succeed ~
i
; you....
Felix Houphouet-Boigny: Article 11 of the constitution dealt with the question of _
a temporary head of state should there be a vacuum at the top. This is a bad thing
ia our young states because as soon as you choose one man he is opposed by all the
others.
= As far as the person chosen is concerned either he or his entourage make mistakes by
saying: ~ust wait until we are in power.
~ That gives rise to jealousy. We must now restore the climate of confidence which
j this affair destroyed. We must restore the team spirit which enabled me to lead the
; Ivory Coast to independence. The man who will succeed me in the future will emerge
from this team.
~ JEUNE AFRIQUE: Where would you place the present democratization in the Ivory Coast
in relation to the liberal, socialist and communist models among others?
!
~
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- Felix Houphouet-$oigny: We would place ourselves apart from those models. In -
economic matters we are liberals. However, on the political plane we want to go
further than others have by trusting human nature. That has not been done else-
where.
JEUNE AFRIQUE: Did you suddenly decide to carry out this democratization in 1980?
Felix Houphouet-Boigny: I have been thinking about it for at least 3 years. If you
want to understand the whole process you have to go back to 1944. We will discuss
this another time.
COPYRIGHT: Jeune Afrique GRUPJIA 1980
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~ IVORY COAST
~
i
I RADICAL CHANGE IN REPRESENTATION EXAMINED
Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 12 Nov 80 p 29
- [Article by special correspondent Siradi~iu Diallo: "Nothing Will Be As Befare"]
~ [Text] After 2 weeks of an active e?e~toral campaign the hour of truth has `
come. The 649 Ivorians who had run for the 147 seats of the fifth legislature
; , are duing their accounting. Some candidates, true, just a few, are openly happy
' to have been elected in the first balloting, on 9 November. "We had some ~
expectations to this effect," one of them grumbled smilingly. It is true that
~ the electoral successes of some of the candidates ~uch as former ministers Henri
' Konan Bedie and Jean Konan Banny, respectively in Daoukro and Yamoussoukro, was
~ not surprising, for they h~d no opposition to run against in their electoral ~
~ districts.
I
~ American Style ~ _
~ However, not all candidates for deputies had the same luck. Half of them were
i dropped with the first balloting. Over 200 remain in the competition in some
100 districts. For them the duel will be even harder than in the first round.
~ The stakes are rising. Everything is taking place as though the protagonists
I had been unwilling to use all their trump cards in the first clash. Gathering
i all their strength, their intention is to mount their attack on 23 November, the
~ date of the second round.
i Meanwhile, everyone is sharpening his weapons. Some are touching up their
; posters, others are studying new promotion formulas. All of them are increasing
their staff ineetings Lor the formulation of new battle plans. Ignoring the dis-
- creet warnings of the authorities, the campaign "American style," with T-shirts
with the pictures of the candidates, multicolored baloon~,, giant posters and
j other ga~gets quite familiar to Western democracies, will blossom in the days to
' come. What is certain is that the callapse of coffee and cocoa prices, the twQ
! main export products of the Ivory Coast, has not prevented in the least the
~ candidates from plunging into wild spending for the sake of making themselves
j known.
~ It is true that the planters, 35 of them, were by far not the most important
~ socioprofessional group of candidates. The outgoing assembly was dominated, as
, ~ ~
' under the Third French Republic, by teachers, followed by administrative workers
and secondary medical personnel. University-trained cadres were in the minority.
i
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Immediately following the second round of balloting for. the legislative assembly -
~ ir_ is quite likely that rhe socioprofessional composition of the deputies may
become entirely diff.erent. In any case, for the first time, the number of
candidate~ with higher educarion employed i.n the public sector exceeded that of
rhe ~eachers: 1l0 as against 80. The candidates also included 77 higher school
pr.ofessors, 56 engineers, 42 company directors, 22 physicians, 17 pharmacists
and chemists, 28 technicians, 1%' journal.ists, 11 lawyers, a~d 6 architects. A
number oF other professions were represented in the competition: merchants (33),
white collar workers (80). accountants (10), secondary medical personnel (15),
foresters (8), military and police (8), rrade union workers (4), midwives (3),
not forgetting 1 cinematographer, 1 pilot, 1 janitor, 1 storekeeper, etc.
Younger
Of the 120 deputies of the outgoing assembly 11 were women. This time there
were 18 women candidates. The general view, however, is that, compared with the
previous legislature, the number of women will be far smaller. Furthermore, it
is expecr_ed that the median age of the new assembly will greatly lowered, for a
= number of older people are not seek ing reelection. This, in particular, applies -
to the oldest member of the cutgoin g assembly Soumahoro Moustapha, 82.
For all these reasons which stem a s much from the elecroral system, based on the =
free choice of the ci.tizens, as on demographic and sociological considerations,
- it could be stated that political life in ivory Coas;. will be different.
COPYRIGHT.: Jeune Afrique GRUPJIA 1980
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MALAWI -
MINERAL RESOURCES IN COUNTRY DISCUSSED _
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MIDITERRANEENS in French 7 Nov 80 p 2975
[Article: "Malawi's Mineral Resources"]
[Text] Malawi's principal mineral deposits are located tn the B.^sement Complex and
Chilwa Alkaline Province, in the south. The rocks of the Ba;zment Complex take up
approximately 85 percent of the country and contain alr~st two-thirds of the min-
eral deposits. Yet the rocks of Chilwa Alkaline Province offer the greatest eco-
. namic potential even though they only take up less than ?..5 percent of the land.
_ The Ba~ement Complex is made up of sizable metamorphic deposits: marble, cyanite,
= graphite and iron. Mica, uranium, galena, gold, molybdenite, zircon,and cordundum
= are also found. Quartz veins are generally small in size. Lastly the deposits
of asbestos, chro~ite, talc, meerschaum, cogper and nickel are almost insignificant
from an economic point of view.
Co~l is present in the south, in the Karro system; but the largest veins are lo-
ca~ed in ~h~ far north~iith the Livingstonia and Nkana veins. Uranium has been dis- -
co�~ered i*~ the north of the country. -
Chilwa Alkaline Prr,vince offers, at Kangankunda, traces of monazite and strontianite;
at Tundulu, rocks rich in apatite; and at Chilwa Island, "pyrochloresovite," as well
as deposits of fluorite and barite. Finally, nepheline can be noted in this region.
In the south, we find sizable deposits of limestone and clay as well as titanium
minerals. Bauxite is present in the Mulanje massif.
The ma~or known veins were indeked as follows:
--Apatite: 1.25 million tons of Nathace Hill taverage grade: 15 percent), includ-
- ing 900,000 tons at 22 percent.
--Bauxite: 28,760,000 tons in all (grade: 43.9 percent A1203).
--Clay: in la~ge but undetermined qu~nt~ty.
--Coal: 24 million tons o� varied qualitq at Livingstonia; 14 million tons at Nkama.
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--Cyanite: 1 million tons (grade: 15 percent).
--Limestone: 100 million tons at Changlumi, 250,000 tons at Chikoalivwezi and
500,000 tons in Bwan~e Va"lley.
--Monazite: 78,00 0 tons at 4.5 percent and 216,000 tons at 6 percent.
--Strontianite: 78,000 tons at 12.8 percent and 216,000 tons at 19.8 percent (in
the only two places prospected).
- --Niobium: 100,000 tons at .3 percent.
--Uranium: at Ilomba Hill (grade: .OS percent).
Furthermore, Malawi's mine i.nventory includes the following materials: barite,
~ chronite, copper (1,600 tons at 3.5 percent), corundum, fluorite (2,000 tons at
25 percent), graphite, mica, nepheline, syenj.te, sulfide, titanium (ilmenite and
rutile) (780,000 tons at varied grades) and vermiculite (80,000 tons).
Finally traces of various materials were discovered: asbestos, beryl, diatomite,
galena, gypsum, iron, manganese, molybdenite, nickel, platinum, semiprecious stones,
talc, tantalite, zinc and zircon.
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux. et Cie Paris 1980
9064
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MALI
BRT.EFS
ILO MANPOWER ASSISTANCE--On 23 October, Mali and the ILO signed an agreement
for the grant of $71,000 (about 300 million Malian francs) which is the f.irst
block of credit earmarked for financing execution of the first test phase for
implementation of a special public works program with large amounts of manpower.
This program deals particularly with the execution of reforestation projects
in certain Sahelian cities, notably Kayes and Segou. The ob3ectives of this
program which was set up ~ointly by the ILO and Malian Government are designed
to assist economic recovery by creating short term jobs (seasonal ~obs in the
rural areas) and long term jobs (exploitation and maintenance of the projects).
The objectives also envisage imporvement in the income~ of the rural populace ~
and, therefore, is aimed at the rural exodus. In a different connection, let
us also note that an TLO-PECTA [Employment and Technical Competency Program
_ Eor APrica] mission began its work in mid-October with a view to making available
tRe Ways and means to permit the definition for the first time of a national
employment policy. In 1978, the Malian Government had asked the TLO-PECTA to
_ set up such a mission. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS
in French 14 Nov 80 p 3027] 8143
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~ NIGERIA
BRIEFS
COOPERATION WITH YUGOSLAVIA--During the first 8 months of this year, Yugoslavia
significantly developed its sales to Nigeria, thus guaranteeing a positive balance
' ~ for itself. Its sales more than doubled in comparison with the same period of the
~ year before (+130 percent), rising to the am~unt of 96 million dollars. However,
its impoxts fell by 9 percent from one period to the other and, during the 8 months -
, of 1980, only rose to 61 million dollars. Yugoslavia's sales to Nigeria have prim-
arily involved ships, fertilizers, refrigerators and pharmaceutic and food prod- -
ucts. As far as its purchases are concerned, these have consisted primarily of oil
~ and cocoa beans. In addition Yugoslavia has shawn an interest in a long-term growth
of its cooperation with the federation in the naval construction, chemical and petro-
chemical industries, construction aad agriculture sectors. [Text] [Paris MARCHES
TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEEAIS in French 31 Oct 80 p 2679] 9064
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SENEGAL
USE OF PEAT DEPOSITS AS ENERGY SOURCE DISCUSSED
Paris MARCHES TR01'ICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 7 Nov 80 p 2961
[Text] The existence of considerable peat deposits in Senegal has been confirmed,
according to the 27 October issue of the Dakar daily LE SOLEIL. Preliminary
studies have in fact determined tl~at the entire Niayes area as well as the Louga
and Fleuve regions contain large deposits.
- A second stage of studies which has 3ust begun should permit a more precise estimate
of available reserves and of the quality and density of the ore. Uses for the ore
_ will be determined at the end of this second stage. For Senegal, whose oil bill
has gane from 5 to 54 billfon CFA, that is, some 40 percent of exports, the discovery
of peat deposits in the Niayes zone and the Fleuve region means very good prospects.
Apatt from the Fleuve and Louga regions and the Niayes zo~e, which contain quite a
few exploitable deposits, the geological situation in the Sine Saloum and Casamance
is such that peat deposits are likely. _
In Deny Biram Ndao in the Niayes, the second phase of exploration of the deposits
has just begun. Preliminary studies there ended on an optimistic note. The samples
_ analyzed showed positive results for the quality of the peat as well as for conditions -
for development. The peat is not damp, as is the case most of the time, and further-
more, when it is not on the surface, it is located at a shallow depth of 40-60 centi-
meters.
' The second phase is expected to allow detailed study to determine thP heat-producing
potential of the deposits and their density and to estimate available reserves. A
minimum of 1.5 million tons will be necessary to make industrial development worth-
while. In Senegal, in the Niayes zone alcne more than 60 hectares have already been -
located, a similar number towards Ncliawdon and some 30 hectares near Kebemer. -
' If this second phase confirms the conclusions of the f irst, the use for these deposits
~ will then have to be decided upon. A first us~ for the deposit at Rao seems sure.
A brickyard is planned near the deposit. The brickyard will most likely run on
, peat~ Since peat can substitute for charcoal, the use of peat wi11 limit the spread -
, o� the desert, which resulted from the cutting down of trees. Furthermore, in terms
~ of energy costs peat is an inexpensive source of energy. It can be used directly to
; heat homes and to burn in furnaces, the processing industry, and breweries and even -
as fertilizer. In another connection, we note that in Burundi peat is quite
; important as an energy source. Furnaces, brickyards, cement factories and a 160
l~rl electric power plant all ogerate there on peat.
i
; COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1980
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- ' SENEGAL
BRIEFS
SENGHOR DISCUSSES ECONOMIC SITUATION--Questioned in Niamey at the end of October on
the ~conomic situation in his country, President Leopold-Sedar Senghor stated:
Like nearly all the countries in the world, we are running into some groblems. I
must tell you that in 20 years of independence, we have had 10 years of drought.
In 1977, and then in 1979, our co~ercial deficit each time was some 50 billion.
In order to make up this deficit, this year we have had to ask France and certain
international organizations and institutions for about a hundred billion. But at
the same time as we are borrowing we are inaugurating an austerity program. We
have, therefore, set up an Economic Reform Program and aimed at a revitalization ~
of our industry. I believe that in 5 or 6 ye~rs our situation will be far hetter _
than what we are experiencing at the moment. [TextJ [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET
I~DITERRANEENS in French 7 Nov 80 p 2961] 8693
REORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM SUPPLIES--During ~he 23 October Tnterministerial
Council meeting, the Senegal minister of Industrial Development and Crafts gave
- two talks on energy conservation policy and on the reorganization of supplies.
Cheikh Amidou Kane noted progress made in Senegal in that area. Thanks to the
creation of the National Energy Fund by the last finance law, structures have been
set up for the energy conservation campaign. In additions the meetings of the
National Energy Co~ittee created by decree on 21 October (see MTM, 31 October, p
2671) will permit the coordination of the most i.mmediately necessary actions and
the formulation of coherent plans to develop a medium-term energy conservation -
policy should bear fruit beginning in 1981. The minister of Industrial Development
and Crafts is hopeful about bending the curve of consumption development in Senegal.
If this is not enough, other measures will be adopted. Parallel to this campa~gn,
the minister is reorganizing supplies and reserving oil for those situations in
which it is absolutely necessary by substituting other sources, parti.cularly
national resources as much as possible. MARCAES TROPICAUX recently noted (31
October, p 2671) the problems Senegal was likely to encouriter in oil supplies (of
which 60 percent comes from Iraq) because of the Iran-Traq conf lict. [Text] [Paris =
MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 7 Nov 80 p 2961] 8693
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; -
TANZANIA
,
_i
~
~ BRIEFS
CAPITAL WITHDRAWALS--Because of world inflation the Tanzanian Government announced
~ new ceilings on the amount of money which can be taken out of che country by
officials and private citizens abroad on off icial business beginning 1 November.
- From now on 5000 Tanzanian shillings (2500 French francs), rather than 2000 as
before, may be taken out of the country, not counting per diems, which have also
been raised. [Text] [Paris MARCHES 9.'ROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 7 Nov 8J
� p 2973] 8693
PETROLEUM SUPPLY PROBLEMS--In Abu-Dhabi on 2 November Tanzanian Information Minister _
- Issac Sepetu announced that Tanzania had been seriously hurt by the interruption in
deliveries of Iraqi crude oil due to the Iraq-Iran conflict. Iraq supplied 60 per-
cent of crude exports, with the United Arabs Emirates supplying the other 40 percent.
"The country has no more reserves, declared the minister, "and our present supply _
will run out in 30 days." This isr,why Sepetu traveled to Abu-Dh~bi and Saudi
- Arabia to get additional oil deliveries fram these countries which could make up
for the shortage caused by the interruption of Iraqi production. [Text] [Paris
MARCHES TROPI CAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 7 Nov 80 p 2974] 8693
LONG-TERM IRRIGATION PROGRAM--A. Tsakiris, agronomist for the Tanzanian Ministry of
A.griculture, recently announced during a conference in Arusha that the government
, had adopted a long term irrigation program for Tanzania. According to the Fourth
Five-Year Plan, which is to begin in the middle of 1981, irrigated plots will
expand to 10,000 hectares a year. Irrigation programs for villages will have
priority. Six "irrigation zone units" will be created. They will be set up first
in Mbeya and Morogoro and will each cover three or four areas in Tanzania. The _
last to be set up will be at Mwanza, Kilimanjaro and Ruvuma. [TextJ [Paris MARCHES
TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in FYench 7 Nov 80 p 2974]~8693
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