JPRS ID: 9449 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9449
16 December 1980
- U SSR Re ort
p
ENERGY
(FOUO 26/80)
FBIS FORElGN BROADCAST I(~FORMATIOfV SERVICE ~
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JPRS L/9449
16 December 1980
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FOUO 26/80)
CONTENTS -
i
ELECTRIC PaWER
~
' Orgenergostroy Institute's Energy Construction Efficiency Goals -
De tailed
(P. P. Falaleyev; ENERGETICf~SKOYE STROZTEL'STVO, No 9, 1980).... 1
~
Advanced Techn ology for Constructing Pylons _
- (N. A. Voynilovich, et al. ; ENERGETItHESKOYE STROITEL' STV~D,
No 9, 1980) 8
Improved Planning, Management of Production of Power
' (V. A. Verzhbitskiy; ELEKTRIQiESKIYE STANTSII, Oct 80)........... 20
- Energoset'proyekt Institute and Power i~ine Construction
(L. L. Peterson; ELECT~tIQiESKIYE STANSII, Oct 30) 24 -
' New Hydroelectric Pawer Plants Under Construction and in Operation
(~IDROTEI~INI(~iESKOYE STROITEL'STVO, Sep 80) 37 -
_ ' _
~ - a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
i ~
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::~~?~E'" '
.
.n ~
ri ,
~ ~~LECTRIC POWER �
ORGENERGOSTRQY INSTITUTE'S ENERGY CONSTRUCTION EFFICIENCY GOALS DETAILED
:rtoscow ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 9, 1980 pp 3-5
[Article by USSR First D~puty Minister of Power and Electrification P.P. Falaleyev: _
"Improving the Efficiency of Energy Construction--the Main Goal of the Orgenergo-
stroy [All-Union Institute f.or the Planning of Electric Power Pro~ ects] Institute"]
[Excerpt] At the present time the ministry has developed an extensive program of
measures for improving the effectiveness of energy construction, covering all trends
in capital construction in the energy field, and has adopted a number of important
resolutions regard~ng the construction of electric power stations in a number of ~
regions, including the Ekibastuz, Kansk-Achinsk and Surgut fuel and energy com-
- plexes, as well as of 1150 and 1500 kV o~verhead lines and other pro~ects.
The proposal is to put into service by 1985 considerably more new energy capacities
than in the preceding lOth Five-Year Plan period.
The main job of power engiaeers in the coming five-;ear plan period is to ensure
= an annual uniform and augmented entry of capacities into service. Success in ful-
filling this assignment depends primarily on the introduction of advanced technolo-
gy, on optimal organization of work, and on improved economic methods of controlling
construction production, i.e., on the solution of problems which comprise the basic
essence of the work of the Orgenergostroy Institute.
Fu~thermore, taking into account the increased labor intensiveness o~ the construc-
tion of power projects, especially in connection with the changeover from gas and
, fuel oil to nuclear and pulverized coal electric power stations, it is necessary to
- ensure maximum effic'ency in the utilization of labor resources. -
- 1
Fulfillment of the above objectives requires the practical implementation ir. the
~ llth Five-Year Plan period of the entire group of ineasures of the program developed
and primarily of those relating to the radical improvement of the technology, organ-
ization and economics of construction production.
~ In particular, in ths area of nuclear power plant construction the followin~ ~re
necessary: -
The organizatio~ of assembly-line construction of groups of series-produced indus-
trial nucleax. +~t~wer plants with WER-1000 and RBMK-1000 power units in keeping with
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unified projects based on the extensive utilization of nuclear power con~truction
combines (AESK's).
The introduction in keeping with approved technological rules of a unified technolo-
gy for the construction of nuclear power plants providing for the organization of
intra-construction-site ~ssembly lines, the improvement of the engineering prepara-
tion of construction production, and the maximum enlistment of specialized organiza- '
tions and AESK's.
Ensuring a fundamental rise in the level of overall mechanization and reduction of i
expenditures of manual labor by the complete furnishing of nuclear power plant pro-
jects being constructed with SKR-2200, SKR-3500, SKG-1000II~I and MKG-100 cranes,
concrete pumps (with manipulators), transport vehicles wie.h a load-lifting capacity !
of up to 100 tons, welding equipment and materials, equipment for spanning framework
elements and other equipment.
A reduction, associated with the organization of AESK's, in the amonnt of work for -
the erection of construction bases, thereby making it possible before the start of -
- work on key nucl~ar power plant buildings and structures to put into service first
the most important power services and concrete and mortar services, food services,
administrative and personal services and transportation buildings 2nd workshops. ;
I
The following are necessary for the purpose of further improving the efficiency of ~
the construction of [h~rmal electric Qower plants: ;
- The enactment of a program for the assembly-line con~truction of groups of uniform
Y~igh-capacity GRES's with power plants with a capacity of 500, 800 and 1200 MW in
- the areas of the Ekibastuz, Kansk-Achinsk and Surgut fuel and energy complexes,
based on the utilization of mass uniFied highly industrial pro~ect solutions, the
creation and maximsm utilization of regional pr~*~?+sc~ion and acquisition bases and _
the extensive enlistment of specialized urganizations for performing the work.
Providing for th~e introduction of advanced technology, ir~cluding the assembly of
building structure~ and equipment in consolidated units and the employment of bulk
construction technology sections, components and units (unitized auxiliary equip-
ment and pipeline modules, electrical equipment room sections, ventilation ducts, `
sanitary engineering modules and the like). -
The accomplishment in the construction of heat and power plants (TETs's) of a
changeover to the construction of TETs projects only according to mass plans, in-
cluding TETs pro~ect~ utilizing solid ~uel.
Arrangements for the e-_':ensive application for the erection of high-level structures
(chimr.eys and water cooling towers) of a sliding falsew~ork, as well as the intro-
duction of new structures--a two-layer smokestack and a prefabricated ferroconcrete
water cooling tower.
Providing for the deveiopment and introduction of new types of rapid-installation
- concrete and mortar sert~ices pro~ects--concrete- and mortar-mixing in~tallations, _
filler and cement storehouses, and compressor houses assembled from transportable
units. _
2
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In solving the problem of satisfying the rapidly in~reasing demand o� the national
economy for fuel and electric power, a large role is being assigned to the further
development of water power, which in turn necessitates speeding up the time needed
to erect water pot~+er complexee. Tn thie connection, in the field of water power
conetruction the ~ollowing are necessary:
Praviding for the exteneive use of high-efficiency earthmoving equipment.
The creation and mastery of a continuous-flow assembly-line technology foi� the
transportation and placing of Earth masses.
Providing for an increase in the degree of utilization of cranes, concrete pZants,
tranaportation yehicles and the 1ike.
- The cxeation and mastery of continuous- and cyclic-flowline highly mechanized com-
_ plexea for the performance of concrete operations.
The introduction in the practice of the construction of underground water eng~;..eer-
ing facilitiea of high-efficiency mining and tunneling equipment, such as combines,
drill carr.iages and th~ like.
Arranging for the manufacture of special kinds of equipment, such as marquees, mani-
pulatore, buckete, etc.
The mastery of a technological complex for fa'oricating, tran~porting and assembling -
precast ferroconcrete large-diameter conduits for hydraulic accumulator electric
power plante.
~ Proviaion for reducing the e~tent of ancillary production and tYie length of the pre-
Paratian ~eriod by improving the designa of temporary structurea and methods of
erectinR them.
Further improvem~nt of, Lhe eiF.i~iency o~ electrical aye~em canstruction requires the
use of new material8 and conetructione and advanced technology and labor organiza- -
tion. P'or this the ~allowing are necessary:
Arrangements for the development, mrinufacture and introduction of a series of
special gear and equipment for the erection of overhead lines, primaxily for the -
_ conatruction of 1150 kV a.c. and 1500 kV d.c. overhead lines, as we11 as for working
in the northern region of the country. -
Increaeing the extent of utilization in the eastern and no7rthern regions of the
country of centri~ugally cast and vibrated ~exxoconcrete towers ~or 35-500 kV
- overhead lines (including thoae made by using pol}*mer concrete). _
The development and introduction of a system for the materials and equipment supply- -
ing of electrical system construction pro~ects with sets of technological equipment
taking the season factor into account, based on the utilization of computer techno- -
logy facilities.
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The maeCery of new kinde of structures--lighter towers, screw piles and anchors, -
frxsteners without a cross bar, flexible cross pieces, etc.
Extending the use of helicoptera, particularly for the construction of 1500 and 1150
kV overhead 1in~s.
Providing for the mass utilization of plant-manufactured modular 35-220 kV trans-
- former subatations and induetrial designs of outdoor distribution systems, including ;

- aubetation buildings made of sections of rapid-assembly bi:ildings, ursunken founda-
tions beneath equipment, an unsunken fence, pile foundatio.as beneath gantry struc-
tures and equipment, etc.
The introduction of a new tecl:nology for wiring, including the installation of wires =

- under traction and their conneetion by fuaing.
The following are necessary for the purpose of ~ulfilling the program in the con-
etruction industry field:
To make possible by 1985 the construction and entry into service of new production ~
capacities for large-panel and torally modular housing construction to an extent of
1.2 million aquare meters, which will make it possible to raise the level of pre-
fabrication in housing construction from 0.62 to 0.9 and to provide with living ~
- apace an additiona~ 300,000 builders and installation personnel, primarily in ~
regiona of Siberia and the Far East, as well as in the construction of nuclear power
plante. ~
To inerease Lhe production of classified crushed stone and gravel by a grow~h in _
output of 17 m:tllion cubic meters to make possible the maximum utilization at con-
struction aites of high-efficiency concrete mixers, concrete placers and concrete
_ puntpe and'to pxoduce a concrete mixture of high quality, thereby making posaible
at all newly conetructed and reconstructed enterpr3sea a year-round cycle f~r
= wa~hing and aorting crushed stone and gravel.
For purposes of drastically ahortening the l~ngth of ~he preparation period, to in-
- creaee the production of containe~-type and prefabricated collapsible buildings
(including pioneer housing) to 27,000 unita, i.e., threefold.
= To make poesible a growth in capacity for the production of totally prefabricated
induetrial products, such as up to 205,000 tons of galvanized building structures,
up to 545,000 tons of comple.tely painted metal structu�res and up to 150,000 square
- metere of. atructures for quick-assembly buildings.
Mastery of the production of new kinds of products (the total output of products `
~.ndicated mus~ be made possible by the end of the llth Five-Year Plan period),
- including 300 km of pipelinea for the ductl.ess construction of central heating
syeteme, 320,000 square meters of stock wood and metal fal~ework, 1.6 million square
metera of. ventilating air flues, and special structures for nuclear power plants,
auch as 66,000 tons of ateel and 180,000 cubic meters of pre~abricated concrete; ;
the use of theae products will make it posaible to increase drastically labor pro-
" ductivity in conetruction production and to ahorten rhe time taken to construct -
- pro~ects.
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The fol].owing must b e done in the area of che organization o~ construction: ~
The ensurance of uniform entry into service of energy capacities over the course -
of the year as the result of coordinating the capacities of construction and in-
stallaCion organizations with materials and equipment supply plans based an the _
fulfillment of directive quotas for a growth in labor productivity.
The utilization of the potential for ineproving the efficiency of the work of the -
ministry's subcontracting organizations, such as the imtroduction of new equipment,
the reduction of nonproductive input and loss of work time, the reduction of per-
sonnel turnover, an increase in the equipment utilization factor, reducing the per-
centage of manual labor, and improving the skills of personnel; the realization of
_ this potential will make it possible to improve labor productivity during the five-
- year plan period.
Ensuring the advanc ed construction of housing for construction and installation
personnel and of buildings for social and personal purposes, based on the expansion
and reconstruction of existing and the construction of new homebuilding combines.
To de�~elop and introduce an expeditionary duty method in the construction of 35 kV
and up electrotransmission lines and p~ans for the bases and housing required for
ensuring normal work under conditions of the pioneering prestart and startup period
at a thermal electr ic power plant and a nuclear power plant.
_ To create specialized organizations for the construction of temporary and permanent

- roads and services, temgorary structures and concrete and mortar services.
To develop and introduce a unified information system for monitoring the progress of
the construction of energy projects for all levels of control, on the basis of a ,
unified technology and standards base employing computer technology.
To introduce the sys tems method of designing and fabricating structures, as well aa -
of building structur es on the basis of a unified nqmenclature of projects, systems _
an~ operations relating to thermal electric power plants and nuclear power plants,
electrotransmission lines and large substations.
To develop and test in an experimental procedure variants of the structure of USSR
Ministry of Power and Electrification building and installation organizations on the
- basis of combining the principles of regionality and technological specialization
for purposes oi improving the utilization of general-construction subdivisions and
' construction and installation bases existing in regions, as well as the capacities .
of construction industry enterprises.
On thP basis of these objectives the Orgenergostroy Institute should concentrate _
- maximum effort and resources on solving problems relating to the organization of
assembly line construction, to the creation and introduction of technologica~ rules
and to improving the technology for the performance of construction and installation
work by working out new construction technology solutions and developing advanced
_ gear, apparatus and equipment.
The indicators for construction production and energy construction as a whole can be
improved considerably by improvement of the technical 1eve1 of planr~ing decisions
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L'VL\ VA'L'lVlt1.+ UJIi Vi\LL
by the combined efforts of construction and ix~stallation collectives, technological
institutes and planning organizations. It is prec{sely in a situation of combined
� work of this sor[, in which the GrgenPrgostroy Institute must play a leading role,
that it is possible to ensure success in �ulfilling the quotas of the llth Five- -
Year Plan Feriod, for advanced technology must be the basis of ~lanning decisions.
The institute is faced with seriaus work relating to development of an industrial
base. Its team must per�orm a great amount of planning and resaarch work, involving
pri~arily the development of the construction industry in the country`s eastern
regions and industrialization of the construction of nuclear power plants.
A.n important role belongs to the institute in problems of improving the quality of ~
construction, and we justifiably anticipate an increase in its role both in the
development and introduct:i.~n of systems for controllir.g the quality of building and
iastallation.work, and in the perfor.li-~ance of work relating to engineering support
. and controlling the quality of construction. -
The most important direction of the institute's work. at the present stage is im-
provement of the system for controlling and organizing energy construction in keeping
with the decree of the CPSU Central Com~ni.ttee and USSR Council of Ministers "On the _
Improv~mer~t of Planning and Intensifying the Effect of the Economic Machinery on ~
Improving Producticn Effi_ciency and Work Quality." For thQ purpose of putting this ;
decree to work it is necessary to develop a large set of inethodological and norm- ~
setting documents providing for the improvement of planning and intensification of ;
the effect of the economic machinery on improving the efficiency of construction and
= industrial production.
ThE follawing are necessary, in particular: _
To bring into agreement the amounts of processed stock and entries-into-service _
planned. This will make it possible to accomplish to a considerable extent the
uniform entry of capacities in~o service over the course of the calendar year, and,
- wh~t is especially important, to utilize newly introduced capacities duririg the
period of the fall-winter energy load maximum.
To balance the program of subcontracting work with the capacities o.f construction -
and installation organizations and conatruction industry enterprises, as well as
with plans for the supply of materials and equipment. -
To plan the extent of building and installation work. on the basis of the requirements _
for assemhly-line and high-speed assembly-line construction of groups of nuclear
power plants with reactors of the same type in the European sector of the country, _
- as we?1 as the large thermal electri~ power plants of the Ekibastuz, Kansk-Achinsk
and Tyum~n'-Surgut ~uel and energy complexes.
To organize planning and accounts with clients on the basis of indicators of
f inished construction commodity products, which wlli make it possible to raise the ~

- value of economics in controlling construction production and to reduce the un-
justif iably high amounts of unfinished production. ~
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_ To change over to an improved form for organization of the work of sel,~-supporting
crews--the section contract--and to reduce the level of the scape of crew contracts -
- to 25 percent.
The Orgenergostroy Institute is faced with very serious problems on whqse solution
depend the results of the indsstry's work not only at the present time but also
in the future. On this basis the institute's team must concentrate efforts on solv- :
_ ing key problems in the development of energy construction and must work already
- to~ay at 1985-1990 levels.
The solution of the problems named, in spite of their complexity, is totally within
the capacity of the institute's honored team and the pledge for this is the success-
ful work ~f the engineers, designers, economists and auxiliary service personnel
working in its ~ubdivisions. Over 25 years remarlcable people have appeared in the
institute, who have been ~ustifiably granted awards of inerit and prizes.
The five-year plan for the Orgenergostroy Institute's work must respond totally to
the objectives set for energy construction by i:he CPSU 25th Congress, to the deci- -
sions of our party's plenums, and to the directives nf CPSU Central Committee Gen-
eral Secretary and President of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet Co~rade
L.I. Brezhnev. ~
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo"Energiya,""Energeticheskoye Stroitel'stvo;' 1980
8831
CSO: 1822
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rvt~ VYl'LVLt~L+ uaa: VL~L1
~
ELECTRIC POWER
~
JDC 621.315.17:621~315.66 !
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR CONSTRUCTING PYLONS
Moscow ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 9, 1980 pp 57-61
[Article by N.~.. 4 oynilovich, Ye.N. Kog~n and V.A. Chernov, engineers]
[Text] With the mastery of new industrial regions of our country the development
of electrical sys tem construction has been accelerated and the geography o.f the ;
location of overhead lines has been expanded. Yn the construction of many overhead
lines it is necessary to surmount wide water barriers. The erection of each large
pylon is a complex technical problem whose solution requires an individual approach j
- in each individual case and the taking into account of the structural features of i
the project being constructed and loc.al conditions. i
For electrotransmission lines to cross over large rivers, division EM-20 of the f
Orgenergostroy [All-Union Institute for the Planning of Electric Power Pro~ects]
_ Institute over the last 25 years has deve'loped a technoloqy for the erectian of high
towers by using special equipment. According to plans for performing the work
carried eut by this division have been constructed more than 50 crossings of 35-
_ 750 kV overhead lines, whose geography stretches from the Dunaj to the East Bos-
porus, from the northern basin of the Ob' to the Amu Dar'ya. A brief description
of key crossings is given in table 1.
Table 1.
Designation and voltage Year of Pylon Basic Trust constructing
of overhead line (barr- develop- Height, Weight, means of overhead line--gen-
ier crossed) ment of m tons erection eral contractor
~ob per- (height) (organization erect-
formance ing tower--subcon-
project tractor)
Erection of Towers by the Pivoting Method i
Arzamas-Gor'kiy (Oka
River) 220 kv 1963 80 55 Tower (45 yolgoelEktro~et'-
m) stroy
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; Oktyabr'skaya-Kirov- 1965 67 46 Tower (36 Sibe],ektroset'stroy
skaya (Irtysh River) m)
110 kV
� Tyumen'-Surgut (Tobol 1967 75.5 97 Tower (45 Uralelektroset'stroy
River) 500 kV m)
~ Tyumen'-Surgut (Irtysh 1967 75.5 97 Ditto Ditto
River) S00 kV
Tyumen'-Surgut (Yugan- 1968 75.5 97 Ditto Ditto
- skaya Ob' River) 500
kV
Tyumen'-Surgut (Yugan- 1968 81.25 107.5 Ditto Ditto
skaya Ob' River) 500 `
kV
Vladimirovka-Astra- 1970 SS 33.8 Tower Yugovostokelektro-
khan' (Akhtuba River) (36 m) set'stroy
220 kV
Vladimirovka-Astra- 197U 77 86.9 T~wer Ditto
khan' (Volga River) (45 m)
220 kV
Yermakovskaya GRES - 1971 84 192.6 Two sin- Uralelektroset'stroy
Rubtsovskaya Sub- gle-ped-
station (Irtysh estal
River~ 500 kV towers -
(45 m)
Mel'nikovo~Kolpashevo 1972 105 125.8 Derrick Sibelektroset'stroy
(Ob' River) 110 kV (45 m)
Kashin-Kalyazin (Volga
River) 110 kV 1975 74 55.6 Tower Tsentrstroyelektro-
(36 m) peredachi
Pechora-Usinsk (Pechora 1975 83 98 Ditto Ditto
River) 220 kV
Parabel' - Sovetsko- 1975 87 117 Tower Sibelektroset'stroy
Sosninskaya (Staritsa ~ (45 m) �
Obi River) ~
Ditto 1975 75 95 Ditto Ditto
Tungusovo-Mogochino 1978 103 104 Ditto Ditto
(Ob' River) 35 kV
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~ vi~ ~i� ia,l.cw t~,~t: ~~~r,u�
- Erection o~ Towers by the Building Up Method
Konakovo-Kalinin (Volga 1962 85 190 Tower Tsentrstroyelektro-
River) 330 kV (29 m) peredachi
- Khabarovsk-Birobidzhan '962 150 240 UPK-2,5 Dal'elektroset'stroy
(Amur Itiver) 220 kV crane (Gidromontazh)
Vichuga-Zavolzhsk -
(Volga River) 110 kV 1963 82 94 nao towers Tsentrstroyelektro-
(28 m each) peredachi
= Konakovo-Severnaya 1964 76 Tower Ditto
(Urchinskoye Reservoir) (29 m)
- 500 kV
KamGES-Chusovaya (Sylva 1965 105 125.3 Ztao towers Uralelektroset'-
River) 220 kV (28 m each) stroy ~
East Bosporus 35 kV 1966 150 235 UPK-3
crane
i
Tyumen'-Surgut (Ob' 1967 188 420 UPK-5 Uralelektroset'- !
River) 500 kV crane stroy (Gidromor~-
, tazh) -
Moldavskaya GRES-NRB 1968 118 160 UPK-3 Tsentrstroyelektro-
[People's Republic crane peredachi (Gidro-
of Bulgaria] (Dunaj montazh) -
River) 400 kV
Tomsk-Parabel' (Ob' 1973 158 292 UPIC-3 Sibelektroset'stroy
R~.ver) 220 kV crane
Konakov~-LPningrad 1973 172 410 L'PK-5 Tsentrstroyelektro-
(Volga River) 750 kV crane peredachi (Gidro-
montazh)
Parabel' - Sovetsko- 1975 150 280 UPK-3 Sibelektroset'stroy
- Sosninskaya (Ob' crane
River) 220 kV
Abalakovo-Razdolinsk 1976 108 178 UPK-5 Krasnoyarskelektro-
(Yenisey River) crane set'stroy
220 kV
Ditto 1976 65 105 Ditto Ditto ~
[Continued on following page]
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A~alakovo-Razdolinsk 1976 150 298 Ditto Ditto
(Angara River)
220 kV
Konakovo-Kalinin 1976 150 240 Ditto Tsentrstroyelektro-
(Volga River) peredachi
330 kV
ORU [outdoor 3istri- 1977 93 227 Ditto Krasnoyarskelektro-
bution system] - set'stroy (Gidro-
SShGES [Sayana-Shushen- montazh)
_ skay~i }lydroelectric
Yower 5tationJ dam
_ (Xenisey River) 500 kV
83 216 Ditto
65 182 Ditto
Surgut GRES - tlst'- 1978 144 318 Ditto Uralelektroset'-
Balyk (Ob' River) stroy
500 kV
Ditto 1918 104 198 Ditto Ditto
Mary-Karakul' (Amu 1979 121 170 UPK-2 Spetsset'stroy
Dar'ya River) crane
500 kV
As is obvious from the data in table 1, the erection of pylons is accomplished
according to various technological methods (building up by means of derricks,
gantries and cranes and pivoting by using dropping towers), which is associated
with the variety of pl.anning solutions for pylons, which differ from one another
in geometric arrangement, division into sections and the construction of elements.
Of course, the difference in the types of pylons did not make it possible to create
_ standard technological systems for the erection of pylons at crossings.
It should be mentioned that the technology of performing cons*_ruction and erection
operations and the equipment used are constantly being improved. Whereas previously
for the erection of the most heavy pylons specialized organizations (e.g., the
Gidromontazh Trust) were enlisted, as a rule, furnished with heavy-duty erection
equipment, the simplification of the technology provided for in the job performance
plans developed by the Orgenergostroy Inst~tute made it possible to be oriented to
- the performance of the work by the manpower of line subdivisions.
For the first time (1962), according to a job performance project developed by
the division, Mechanized Column No 33 of the Tsentrstroyelektroperedachi Trust -
erected by the building up method, by means of erecting [owers, tubular pylons of
_ the SA-85 type at the Konakovo GRES - Kalinin 330 kV overhead line crossing across
the Volga. And in 1965 Mechanized Column No 11 of the Uralelektroset'stroy Trust ~
erected by m~ans of two towers AS-105 pylons from angular shapes a.t the Kamskaya
_ GES - Chusovaya 220 kV overhead line crossing acxoss the Sylva River.
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.�vn Vl'1'Ll+1tfL uoL v~rs..~
l
~ -
In 1975 Mechanized Column I~o 74 of the Sibelektroset'stroy Trust completed the
- building up of a tower 158 m high by means of a UPK-3 crane at the crossing over
the Ob'. Beginning at this time the erection of high pylons by means of UPK
[general-purpose swinging crane] cranes has been carried out, as a rule, by mech-
anized columns of trusts af the USSR Ministry of Power and Electrification.
Of course, two fundamental methods exist for erecting high structures of the tower
type (under this hexding come also pylons for overhead lines)--erection at the
planned location and assembly on the ground with subsequent installation at the
planned location. =
The method of pivoting by means of a dropping derrick has found widespread appli-
cation in the construction of overhead lines. The key advantage consists in the
fact that the amount of work high up performed by h;~hly skilled specialists is
reduced to a minimum and the preparation of special rigging in each case is prac-
tically not required.
But it has been established on the basis of project studies and construction ex- _
perience that methods of erection which include assembly on the ground are efficient _
in erecting towers up to 100 m high and weighing up to 100 tons, when it is not
necessary to use especially heavy-duty rigging. With a greater heigh[ and weight ~
- of structures ehe method of building up vertically is more efficient, the effect- '
iveness of which increases with an increase in the height of the tower being
erected. Besides, this method is practically the only one for construction under ~
' constrained conditions. ~
' A[echnical and economic comparison of the two key methods of erecting towers
(table 2) demonstrates that from the viewpoint of the labor intensiveness of the
work the building up method is preferable (expenditures of labor are 1.5-fold
lower), but from the viewpoint of the duration of the basic work, the pivoting
- method is better. However, in view of the specific peculiarities of construct-
ing crossings for electrotransmission lines, such as remoteness from production ~
- bases, the lack of cranes with a large load-lifting capacity or the impossibility ~
of their being supplied, lack of mastery of the construction site and the absence
of roads, and in a number of cases the constrained nature of conditions and the
existence of a complicated terrain, in selecting the technology for performing the
work sometimes compulsory, but not always optimum, solutions are used.
Table 2.
. Voltage, TypP of tower Height, Weight, Labor input for erection, man-days
kV m tons By the pivoting By the building
method up method
110 PP110-1/37,5 51 26.8 141.1 86.6
PP110-1/47,5 61 33.4 175.9 107.9
PP110-1/57,5 71 42.8 225.5 138.3
- PP110-1/67,5 81 52.3 274.4 169.0 ,
_ PP110-2/40 61 37.6 198.1 12I.5 ~
PP110-2/50 71 47.2 248.6 152.6
- [Continued on follow~ng pageJ
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PP11~-2/60 81 57.5 302.9 ~85.8
220 PP220-1/38 53 34.2 180.1 ].10.5
PP220-1/49 64 44.0 2 31.7 142.2
PP220-1/59 74 54.1 285.0 174.8
PP220-1/69 84 63 331.9 203.6
PP220-1/79 94 75.4 397.0 243.7
PP220-2/40 64 49.3 259.7 159.3
PP220-2/50 i4 59.4 312.8 192.0
PP220-2/6Q 84 70.4 370.8 227.5
PP220-2/70 94 83.0 4 37.3 268.2
330 PP330-1/41 60 63.4 334.0 204.0
PP330-1/S1 70 78.1 411.3 252.4
PP330-1/61 80 98.2 - 317.5
PP330-1/71 90 118.1 - 381.7
PP330-1/81 100 136.8 - 442.1
PP330-2/40 70 95.0 - 307.0
PP330-2/50 80 112.7 - 364.2
PP330-2/60 90 ~31.6 - 425.3
PP330-2/70 100 141.6 - 477.0
In using the pivoting method the key operations (assembling the tower and raising
the derrick and the tower itself) take up only 70 percent of the entire work time.
The remaining time is spent on preparatory operations relating to the installation
of heavy-d uty anchors, the assembly of complicated rigging and the like.
The technology for erecting pylons, developed in detail by division EM-20, by the
method of building up by means of self-raising UPK cranes, calls fo r the assembly
_ at the planned location of structures of the tower type element by element or in
consolidated sections (fig 1[photograph not reproducedJ). The sequence for erect-
ing towers by means of a crane positioned inside the trunk of the tower is as fol-
lows (figs 2a-e) :
Assembly and installation of the crane at the center of the tower to be erected,
using bracing bolts.
Erection of the tower's structures to the maximum possible level when the crane is
standing on the ground (the first station).
_ Fastening the crane to the erected structures of the tower and raising it to the
next working position.
Continuation of erection of the tower's structures with repetition o~ the cycle
of repositioning the crane (whereby at a single station the crane can have several
working positions distinguished by the degree of extension of the mast from the
housing).
Erection of the upper (cable) cross members by means of the crane.
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rUx UrC 1l:lAL U~~ UNLY
Erection of the middle and lower cross members by means of a system o~ blocks
or block-and-tackles in the case when the weight and overall dimensions of the
cross members to be lifted do not conform to the crane's load ~haracteristics.
Disassembly of the crane.
sr no 3
~
.v
~rt zoa
~
,
� 31,80D i
~
~ '
~ZU, voo K , ~ .
~ ~ Z
~ ~
~ ~ , .
~ ~
_ ~ .
I`
- 0000 D000 QD00 0,000
. i
a) b) c) d) e~)
Figure 2. Sequence for the Erection of Towers by the Building Up Method by
Means of a General-Purpose Suspended Crane: a-d--first to fourth
crane stations, respectively; e--erection of lower cross members;
1--UPK [general-purpose suspenaed crane] crane; 2--temporary guys;
3--erectior: block
In the job performance project for each of the towers an indication is made of the
number of stations and working positions of the crane, a determination is made of
the design of the rigging and a precise determination is made of the places for
installing erection stages on the towe:�. Depending on the technical characteristics
of the crane, a method is adopted for consolidating elements of the tower into
erection units (taking lacal conditiens into account), the winches included in the
crane's makeup are positioned, and the direction for laying out the crane before
- hoisting is 3elected.
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Tiivision ~M-20 has developed the ~ollowing gear and equipment ~or the erection of
tow~rs by the building up method:
. Self-hoisting cranes with different load-lifting capacities.
Sets of suspensions, bracing bolts and stages for fastening the crane to structures
of the tower being erected.
Sets of erection cradles, ladders and crossing bridges for hoisting erection per-
sonnel and enabling them to work up high.
The characteristics of cranes (depending on load-lifting capacity) de~igned for the _
erection of pylons are given in table 3.
Tab le 3 .
Indicator Load-lifting capacity of crane, tons
2 2.5 3 5
Maximum radius of opera-
tion of boom, m 8 15 11.9 15.5
,
, Cross section of mast, mm 650 X 650 1300 X 1300 1300 X 13d0 ~500 X 1500
Weight, tons 7.5 12.5 19 28
A quite important stage in the development of the construction of pylons was the
unification of structures of pylons 100 m high for 110, 220 and 330 kV overhead _
_ lines, performed first in 1971 by the Northwest Division of the Energoset'proyekt
[All-Union State Planning, Surveying and Scientific Research Institute of Power
Systems and Electric Power Networks] Institute. In designing pylons a number of
solutions were provided which were successful from the viewpoint of erection tech-
nology feasibility. For example, the same geometrical layouts were used for the -
trunk for single-circuit and double-circuit towers of each voltage class, and
_ common cross members and upper sections of the trunk were used for all towers of
the same voltage.
Included in the unification were seven types of towers weighing up to 57.5 tons
for 110 kV overhead lines, nine types of towers w~ighing up to 83 tons ~or 220 kV
overhead lines and nine types of towers weighing up to 147.6 tons for 330 kV over-
head lines. The number of sections in a single tower does not exceed 11 and the
weight of the heaviest element of a tower is 1384 kg. Connection of elements of
- towers is provided for with bolts of normal precision. The number of bolts for a
single tower for 110 kV overhea3 lines reaches 2250, 3250 for 220 kV overhead lines
and 7750 for 330 kV overhead lines. It is necessary to mention certain disadvant-
ages of these towers: The upper sections were designed as welded sections, which
excluded the possibility of placing the erection gear inside the trunk; the eight-
bolt feet used for a number of towers were very ~:~convenient under conditions of
raising by the pivoting method, since thereby the design of the erection hinge
was complicated considerably.
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: v~~ vc r:.a. in~+ V Jli va~a+.
Division EM-20 has developed technological ~~~tems for the erection o~ uni~ied
towers. The basic job performance methods have been selected to take into account _
the following basic requirements:
The use of a unified simplified method o~ erection for the greatest number of types '
of towers and its mastery ~y line workers (in trusts o~ the USSR Ministry of Power
and Electrification there are s':ill no specializecl subdivisions for the erection
of pylons).
The use of identical equipment for installing pylons of various types.
The use of special equipment which is not only for the erection of towers with this
kind of unification, which wi 11 ma~Ce possible its repeated use.
These requirements are met to the greatest extent by the method of vertical building _
up by means of a crane placed inside the tower's trunk and by the method of pivoting
by means of a dropping derrick. -
Calculations of the major stresses and a comparative analysis of inethods of erection
have demonstrated that for installing towers of all types for 110 to 220 kV overhead
lines and the lightest for 330 kV overhead lines it is advisable to use as the I
basic method the method of pivoting by means of an A-shaped dropp.ing derrick with a I
maximum height of 45 m and a maximum load-lifting capacity o~ 80 tons. The derrick i
design developed by the division is supplied with a dropping unit which makes it
possible to eliminate th~ added load on the pulling cable after the derrick goes
out of operation, which is especially important when using heavy derricks.
For the convenience of pivoting towers with an eight-bolt foot it is recommezded =
that the anchor bolts be replaced by studs by means of which the foot is fastened
to the foundation after the tower is installed in the planned position. The studs
in terms of design represent an extension of the stems of the anchor bolts and are
connected to them with a thread by means of connecting pieces which are embedded in
the concrete of the foundation. In this case the hinge for raising the tower has
the following form (f ig 3): Its lower half is fastened in the foundation's con-
crete, and its upper half is welded to the tower�s foot. The studs are installed
after the tower is raised. This solution was tested in raising the towers at the
- Yermakovskaya GRES - Rubtsovskaya Substation 500-kV-overhead-line crossing across
the Irtysh River.
In keeping with the technological methods, erection by the building up method by
means of a crane with a load-lifting capacity maximum o~ two tons with a boom radius _
of rotation of 8 m is recommended for the most heavy 330 kV overhead line towers
- (when they are raised by the pivoting method the tractive forces equal more than
1800 kN, and forces in the derrick up to 1500 kN), as well as for all towers in-
stalled under constrained conditions when it is impossible to lay them out on the
ground. In order to make possible the conditions required for the crane's opera-
tion, it is suggested that the upper welded sections of towers be replaced by
bolted. '
Further i.mprovement of the technology for erecting pylons involves the introduction
of new constructions--towers of the "rocker" type. Their characteristic feature
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consists in the fact th3t they do not possess stability until the lightning ~
protection cables and wires are in~~alled.
_ . '
~Y
/ ~
' / ~
/
~ � 1 1m ; i
- o , i
~ I ~ -
~ ~ . i I 1
_ o
.
` / 0 4 ~ ~
~ o~ ~ i
'oo Q m ~ \
o .J
. ~ _
~ ~ . ~ ' ` s
- ~
. 2 -
-
y .
v/' i%i'. ~~!"1' Y, v~ /
i ~ ~ ~
~~r 1=-= ~ _
=
' ~ _ L I
' " I'',tj-1-- ~i
~ I:I l;l ~!I I~i
- s ~
Figure 3. Construction of Pylon Foot with Erection Hinge Elements: 1--studs;
2--lower half of hinge; 3--connecting piece; 4--foot of tower with
hinge element; 5--axis of hinge
At the Pechora-Usinsk 220 kV overhead Iine crossings across the Pechora River, as
well as the Kashin-Kalyazin 110 kV overhead lines across the Volga, the raising of
A-shaped towers of the "rocker" type was accomplished by the pivoting method to-
gether with the lightning protection cables attached to them. In 1979 for the
Mary-Karakul' S00 kV overhead line across the Amu Dar'ya the division for the first -
time suggested the method of erecting a"rocker" pyl~n by the building up method.
= The height of this tower equals 120 m and it weighs 170 tens. The construction is
supported by a joint at a single point, Along the axis of the overhead line its
stability in use is ensured by the pull of supporting cables fastened to the upper _
cross member. In the transverse direction, only a single stag~ of guys was in-
stalled, 90 m from the ground.
As a result of comparing tower installation variants using the pivoting and build- -
ing up methods, arection by means of a self-hoisting crane, with a load-lifting -
capacity of 2 tons (fig 4), was acknowledged as feasible. The tower is restrained
. vertically by a system of erection guys installed in five stages as it is assembled.
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: vn vrr lvltu, UJ~ u1VL1C
Uaed as erection guys is the cable used for the permanent guys of the ordinary -
intermediate supports for this overhead line. � -
' ~
~ 4: !
8r , .i, .,i .
:7
X'' " �"~l `fij ' .
~ :I ~ ~
~
4.
_ ~~,n ,'~-s~+x , kd(
~:uS.} k, y ~X
K,F :VY,f~,,~.j , Yl~r'~ -
Y
Y'
1 _
`
. ~~r~t:.~`i.' ..1l.. ' ~ ~
Figure 4. Erection of Rocking Pylon by Means of a Self-Prope3.led Crane
with a Load-Lifting Capacity of ~ao Tons at the Mary GRES -
Karakul' S00 kV Overhead Line Crossing Across the Amu Dar'ya
River
The employment of this variant made it possible to refrain from preparing heavy-duty
rigging and from installing heavy anchors, as well as a complicated system for pro-
- tecting the foundation ~rom displacement, which is necessary when raising a tower
by the pivoting method.

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Construction of the Mary-Karakul' S00 kV overhead line crossing across the Amu -
Dar'ya was accomplishEd by Mechanized Column No 37 of the Spetsset'stroy Trust,
in whose production workshops the crane and necessary rigging were made.
The knowhow gained in the development by division II~I-20 of inethods of erecting py-
lons confirmed the possibility of creating standard systems (upon the condition of
the unification of pylons) with the development of a unified operating technology
- and the use of standard rigging. Unified structures should be developed by taking _
into account the conditions of erectiontry the methods of pivoting and building up.
In installing towers by the pivoting method the basic requirement is ensuring
sufficient strength for the elements to which the rigging is fastened and the crea- -
tion of a convenient design for the supporting foot. For towers to be assembled by
the building up method the key requirements are division into elements to conform
with the load-lifting capacity of the crane, simplicity of connection, and ensuring
overall dimensions sufficient for positioning the erection crane while maintaining
the required rigidity of the cross section.
- It is necessary to unify 500 kV overhead line pylons. The requirements for towers
cor.structed both by the pivoting method and the building up method, using UPK
cranes, should be taken into account in designs.
The observance of these requirements will make it possible to reduce the number of
- technological systems and to proceed to the unification of rigging and erection
equipment, which will be conducive to a growth in labor productivity and to speed-
ing up the construction of crossings.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," "Energeticheskoye Stroitel'stvo," 1980
8831

- CSO: 1822
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~LECTRIC POWER -
UDC 621.311:33:658.314.72
IMPROVED PLANNING,, MANAGEI~NT OF PRODUCTION OF POWER
Moscow ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII in Russian No 10, Oci- 8Q pp 2-3
[Article by Deputy Chief of the Main Planning and Economic Administration of the
USSR Ministry of Power Engineering V. A. Verzhbitskiy]
[Text] By resolution of the Central Co~ittee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of
Ministers of 12 July 1979 "On improving the planaing and intensifiying the
effect of the maaagement mechaniam on improving the eff iciency of production and
quality of work," in view of the peculiarities of power production, power engineer-
ing has been separated into a special series of branches which are to establish the
planning indexes and economic normatives considering their specif ic nature. ~
~
Accordingly, by resolution of the USSR Ministry of Power Engineering, planning in-
dexes and economic normatives have been developed considering the results of ecoao- _
mic experimentation in recent years gimed at saving fuel and energy re-
sources.
At the present time the USSR Gosplan has investigated and approved the proposals of
the USSR Ministry of Power Engineering with respect to establishment of the basic
- planning indexes and economic normatives which, considering the specific nature af
the branch, more correctly reflect, as the indicated resolutiun requires, the pro-
duction dynamics, the growth of the productivity of labor and production efficiency,
and the contribution of the collectives to the achievement of the final results of
- the work.
As the basic planning index for the branch as a whole, the generation of electric
power expresaed in natural units is used. The given index characterizes the power
- potential of the country; its planned value determines the demand of the branch for
- fuel resources, the volume of new production capacity put into operation, and the
necessity for reconstruction of equipment.
The volume of electric power production wili be plgnned with respect to the branch
as a whole and also with respect to the ministries of the union republics and the
main operating administrations. The establishment of this index as the plan for ~
the main production administrations, power systems and electric power plants would ,
lead to an effort by the collectives to insure fulfillment of the plan at any
_ price without considering the possible unloading of low-ecoaomical equipment. The
_ primary goal here should be an effort by the collectives to maintain readiness of ~
the equipment for carrying the electric load so that the agencie~ of the Central ,
Dispatch Administration of the Integrated Pawer System pf the Country (TsDU YeES
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SSSR) have the po~sibility of assigning the load chart for the equipment and cover-
ing the electic load beginnizg with optimization with respect to fuel c9nsumptian.
The experience in planning and evaluating the operation of the power aystems and the -
electric power plants with respect to the availability iadex of the equipment for
carrying the load instead of the production volume has 3ustified itself in practice;
therefore for the ma~n production adminiatrations, power systems and electric power
plants, the equipment availability index for carrying the electric load remains as
the planning index. S~multaneously it has been recognized as expedient more pre-
cisely to def ine the procedU.re of estimating availability in order to increase the
responsibility of the collectives f or covering the maximum loads.
For the ministries of the union republics, the main operating administrations, the _
main production administrations of the union regublics, interrepublic and intermain
administration crossfeeding of electric power and release of electric power for
export has been established as the planning indexes. The plan for releasing elec-
tric power for export must also be established f or the power systems. -
The most important planning index on all levels uf administration both f or the _
branch as a whole and for the associations and the el~ctric power plants remain.s
the specific fuel consumption for the electric power released from the buses and
relQased from the thermal power cc~lectors. The index of the level of specific
fuel consumption is one of the main quality indexea characterizing the operation of -
the branch as a whole and iadividual collectives. For the electric power plant,
in addition to the absolute magnitude of the specific fuel consumption, the assign-
ment will also be established with respect to reducing the break between the norma-
tive and the ac~ual specif ~c fuel consumptions. This will permit more correct -
evaluation of the results of operating the electric power plant collectives, exclu-
sion of the subjective factors influencing the abaolute magnitude of ~hz specific ~
fuel consumptions.
The approved index remains the process consumption of electric and thermal power
- connected with its transport to the user. This index is confirmed on all levels
of administration from the ministry as a whole to the power systems, the enterprises
of the electrical and thermal networks. In the absence of electrical and thermal
networks at the enterprises to account for the process cons~mption of electrical
and thermal power it is necessary to plan measures to reduce the process consump- ~
tion. In this case the fulfillment of the plan with respect to the indicated in-
dexes will be taken into account with respect to the power system as a whole. _
The electric power consumption for the inhouse needs of the electric power plants, _
production needs, release of thermal power (except the Ministry of Power Engineer-
ing as a whole) remain calculated isidexes.
Considering the specif ic nature of the branch, the "productivity of labor" index ~
with respect to the USSR Niinistry of Power Engineering as a whole remains as the
calculated index. The productivity of labor is defined for the branch as the ra-
tio of the volume of normative net production output to the total number of in-
dustrial-production personnel. Analogously, also for the ministeries of the union
republics and tne main operating administrations. For the main production adminis-
trations, power systems, electric power plants, enterprises of the electric and
thermal networks the productivity of labor will be an approved index. As the
index characterizing the productivity of labor, the se~vice coefficient has been
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established, that is, the ratio of the provisional (reduced) power of the equip-
ment to the number of workers. The growth of the service coe~ficient uTill also
characterize the grawth of the productivity of labor.
The general wage f und and the limit of ths number of industria:. and off ice worl~ers
have been established for all levels of administration. The number of personnel are
calculated on the basis of the normatives. The indexes with respect to capital
construction, with respect to introduction of new equipment and advanced experience
and material and technical support andfinances will be planned by analogy with
other branchea of the national economy.
- ThE; " total sum of the profits" index remains as the generalizing index characteriz-
ing the effectiveness of the use of the labor, material and other resources from
the branch as a whole to the power systems inclusively. It reflects the final
results of the production-economic activity of the collectives. Sowever, taking
into account the f act that the electric power pla.nts, the enterprises of the elec-
Crical and thermal networks and other production podrazdeleniye function as part of
the power systems as production units, instead of profits, the planning of provisio-
nally ~constant expenditures on the cost of production and the transmission of elec-
tric and thermal power determine~, on the basis of the normative is retained for them.
The primary goal of the branch is provision for the demands of the national economy i
~ for e].ectric and thermal power. Therefore it has been recognized as expedient to
leave to the USSR Ministry of Power Engineering the authority to introduce changes ~
into the planning indexes at the end of the month and the quarter which are derived
from the actual level of electrical and thermal power consumption and the hydro-
meteorological conditions. The granting of the authority to the USSR Ministry of
Power Engineering to introduce changes in the planning i.ndexes does not mean that
they must be corrected under the actual level.
The theoretically new thing in the problems of improvement of planni.ng is improve-
= ment of the responsibility of the collectives for the fulf illment of the planning
indexes. For this purpose provision is mad~ for transition to the normative method
of planning, establishment of the plan~ing indexes not from what has been achieved
but conaidering what has been achieved, on the basis of the norms and normatives
and engineering calculations. This improves tha levsl of planning, and it raiaes ~
~ the responsibility of the collectives ia the matter of compiling the plans.
On deviation of the indexes adopted in the calculation during the year, it is
_ necessary to introduce changes to the plan beginning with the approved normatives. ,
= Thus, for example, it is necessary more precisely to define the planning assign-+.
ments with respect to the specific consumption of provisional fuel as a funetion ;
of variation of the proportion of generation for heat consumption, the struct~re ~
_ of generation and the fuel szructure.
The draft of the procedural proposalhe~minist~iestof~therunioncrepubli sitand main
the specif ic fuel consumptions for t
production administrations has been developed and approved with more precise de-
termination of the specific consumptions in the second quarter of the current year.
It is necessary that the main operating administrations, the main productian adminis-
trations, and the ministries of the union republics develop the corresponding
normatives for the power systems, aad the latter, for the elec,tric power plants.
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This permits us to exclude cases where the electric power plants and power systems
not providing for the generation of electric power are in a more advantageous posi-
tion with the f ulfullment of the assignments with respect to specif ic fuel consump-
tion by comparison with the collectives overfulf illing the production plans.
At the present time a developed plan for the organizational, economic, technical
_ and social measures aimed at improving planning and raising the efficiency of pro-
duction and quality of labor has been developed and approved by order of the Minis- -
try No 129, 27 March 1980.
Among the organizational measures, imp~rtant significance is attached to the im- -
' provement of the administration both in the area of eperational activity and in
capital construction so that in the next two years the transition will be made to _
the two-element and three-element structure of administer~ng the branch.
In order to raise the scientific level of plann~ing, scientifically substantiated
_ norms and normatives must be developed for the operating and repair servici.ng of
equipment, consolidated norms for the specific capital investments in power engineer-
ing and the construction industry, and norms f or the consumption of manpower. A
special role is played by the problems of transition to the normative method of
planning and the development of procedural principles. -
The measures provide for improvement of the planning and economic calculation of the ~
associated dispatch administrations, the Central Dispatch Administration of the -
Integrated Power System of the USSR, r~pair enterprises, scientific research and
planning and design organizations aimed at achieving high f inal results of the
operation of the branch.
Provision is made for closer relation between the results of the production-economic
activity and the material incentive funds of the collectives. .
Computer engineering, the development and introduction of the subsysten for techni-
cal-economic planning have found broad application in the solution of the stated
problema. T:.e improvement of planning and.the managementmechanism requires adjust-
ment of the obsolete, customary methods of oper~tion.
There is still much ta do on all levels of administration so that the new management
- mechanism will begin to operate with full strength in the ~leventh Five Year Plan.
~OPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," "Elektricheskiye stansii," 1980
10845
CSO: 1822
~
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ELECTRIC POWER
UDC 621.31:061.6
~
EN~RGOSET'PROYEKT I1.dSTITUTE Ai1D POWER LINE CONSTRUCTION
Moscow ELECTRICHF.SKIYE STANSII in Russian No 10, Oct 80 pp 4-9
- [Article by L. L. Peterson, Director of the Enexgoset'~proyekt InstituteJ -
[Text] Large-scale qualitative shif ts in the development of electric power engin-
eering at the be~inning of the 1960's are being connected with a sharp rise in _
the level of electrif ication of the national economy of the country, an increase in '
unit power of the powe:r units and electric power plants, the beginning of the forna- !
tion of associated pow er systems and the Integrated Power System of the European ~
Part of the Country, structural changes in the fuel and energy balance of the USSR.
The objective necessiCy arose for the creation of a complex scientific research and ~
planning and design institute which would take onse connectionnwithftheedevelopment
in the field of electric power engineering in clo _
of electrification and the fuel and energy balance, the formation of the basic areas
of development of power engineering of the countryectricrnetwork pro ects and alsol
policy when designing the power systems and the el
the creation of specific plans for electric power transmission lines, substatiors
and means of providing for the functioning of the power systems (relay protection, _
emergency automation, communications, aud so on). The Energoset'proyekt Institute '
created in 1962 has been recognized as such an institute. _
The Energoset'proyekt Institute realizes the f unctions of the main planning organi-
zation in the f ield of developments of technical areas of construction of 110 kv ~
electric networks and higher, including the development of normative materials,
' standard plans, standardization of structural elements and other problems. The _
activity of the institute encompasse~sou~efortimanytforeign countriesSSR; a number uf
important projects have been carrie
~ Power engineering science at the Energoset'proyekt Institute has developed with re-
~ spect to the following basic and ~nterrelated areas: the investigati4n and
substantiatiQn of the paths of devel.op~nent and the depths of electrification of the
country and the scales of consumption of electric power; substantiation of the I
prospects for the development of the ~selsubstantiationiandrpredi tion ofTthe p os-
the fuel supply of the electric plan ,
pective development of the branch and its technological process s~ructure; substan-
tiation of the paths of formation of the Integrated Electric Power System and indi-
vidual power systems of the country, the creation of superhigh voltage ac and dc
electric power transmission lines. -
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- The goal of the studies was insurance of an all-around approach to the prediction,
planning and design of power administrations, the d~�-.lopment and inspection of
the optimal etructural and technical solutions in the field. This insures an in-
crease in the overall national economic and branch effectiveness of electric power F
engineering and intensification cf this influence on the development oi the
effectiveness of all social production. The importance of the adopted scientific
areas ia conf irmed by the fact that beginning in 1970, the majority of them were
realized under the direction of the Energoset'proyekt Institute on an all-union
scale within the framework of the state plans for the most important scientific _
and engineering problems. e
Beginning with the known Leninist principles of electrification, the relation was
_ discovered between the level of electrification and the development of the techno-
logical structure of social production. This served as a basis for the development _
of new methods of predicting electrification in which special attention has been
given to the study of the main areas required for the solution of the problems of -
economic growth advanced by the 25th Congress of the CPSU, such as improvement of
the productivity of labor and quality of production, turning to the material-
economizing direction of development of the economy, the realization of structural _
shifts in the TEK, and making the use of power more efficient.
The characteristic f eature of the study of the TEK one of the capital-consuming
elements of the national economy is the systems approach by which all branches of
the fuel and power industry were considered in organic unity with the development of
the national economy and levels of electrification. This approach made it possible
- to develop a number of inethods of predicting the power consumption, providing for _
the prediction of the TEI: and its individual elements in close ralation to the
overall national economic criterion of optimalness. -
~ As a result of ttxe studies conducted jointly with the Siberian Power Engineering
Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the High Temperatures Institute, basic
areas of development of the TEK were opened up, and some general trends of thi5
development consisting in improving the level of electrification and motorization
of the national economy, the proportion of energy used in converted and refined
form, and so on were discovered. T:~e necessity f or a large break in the structure
of the TEK was substantiated, the essence of which consists in insuring the leading
_ development of nuclear power engineerinb, the coal industry and broad, all-around
- hydroelectric power construction. A1~ of this has permitted the Energoset'yekt~ -
Institute to solve the problems of the fuel supply for the electric power plants,
- the structure of the power capacities, the scales of development of nuclear power
- planta, hydroelectric power plants, district heating and centralized heat supply
in a aubstantiated manner.
The studies in the field of the prospects of electric power engineering made it
possible to find a long-range strategy for the development of the branch and its
- technological structure considering the future levels of electrification, the condi- -
tions of electric power supply to the national economy, the development of new
equipment, the problems of saving the energy resources and also increasing the role _
' af ecologic factors. The role of individual types of power sources as a whole and
= in the large power associations was discovered; it was demonstrat~d that with limi-
ted oil and gas fuel, the versions of the development of the structure of the power
capacities will depend on the possibilities and the effectiveness of the development
of nuclear power engineering, large power complexes based on strip-mined coal in
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the eastern regions and long-distance transmission of electric power. In connec-
tion with Che growing role of the nuclear power plants, special attention has been
given to the strategy for their development their internal structure, location, -
use for heating, the creation of specialized large-scale~nuclear power complexes,
the combination of nuclear power plant~ with pumped storage hydroelectric power
' plants.
The studies in the f ield of electrification, the TEK and elect*ic power engineering
have made it posaible to solve a number of large-scale national economic problems:
they have promoted the accelerated development of the nuclear pawer plants, the _
creation of the Ekibastuz and the Kansko-Achinskiy power engineering complexes, the
construction of the Ekibastuz-Tsentr electric power transmission lines measures for
economy of high-quality fuel as ~ result of displacement of it by electric power. _
In the TEK area, a thrust will be made toward the study of the electric pawer plants
for fuel considering their regime characteristYcs, which will permit optimal inscrip-
tion of electric power engineering in the overall TEK system, and it will make it -
possible to make specific reco~endations with respect to the structure of fuel use _
in the branch. In the studies of electric power engineering attention will be given
- to the development of the theoretical strategy for gradual conversion of the branch
to a new technical level and structure of power sources. ~
_ ~
The scientific research and the planning of the development of the power systems, ~
including the integrated power system of the Soviet Union (YeES SSSR) have the most
imporr.ant significance in the activity of the ~nstitute. At the present time the
integrated power system encompasses the territory from Transbayk.al to the weste'rn
boundaries. Only the united power systems of Central Asia and the Far East and also
a number of power systems and hydroengineering complexes located in ramote areas
_ operate in isolation. The installed capacity of the electric power plants of the
- integrated power system of the USSR at the beginning of ~980 reached 211.5 million
kilowatts~, which is 83% of the power of all the electric power plants of the coun-
- try; the electric power generated in the integrated power� syste~ has reached ~bout
89~ of the all-union total.
~r,~~;;
#
Section of a 750 kv outdoor distribution station.
26.
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_
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A qualitatively new phase in the development of the integrated power system of the
USSR was the inclusion of the united power systems and the member countries of the
CEMA in parallel operation at the beginning of 1979 on the 750 kv line from Vinnitsa
to the Weatern Ukranian substation (USSR) to A1'bertirsh (Hungarian People's Repub-
lic) .
The creation and the successive development of the integrated power system of the
USSR already at this time has made it possible to obtain a signif icant technical-
economic benefit. As a result of matching the load peaks of the individual power
systems located in different time zones alone, in 1979 the savings of capacity of
the electric power plants reached approximately 10 billion kilowatts.
The operation of the electric power plant~ in a large power association permits use
of them in the most economical mode, which insures an unswerving reduction in the
apecific fuel consumptions. In 1971-19i9, the specific consumption of fuel for the
electric power released f rom the heat of electric power plants to the integrated
power system dropped by 36 g/(kilowatt-hour) (from 364 to 328), which gave a savings
of more than 100 sillion tons of provisional fuel. More than 60% of this was pro-
vided by systematic improvement of the electric power generation structure. The .
possibility nf operative exchange of electric power between the individual areas
prov ided by the integrated electric network permits the fuel resources to be maneu-
- vered and short forms of fuel to be saved.
_ The stressed creative labor of the institute collective is aimed at finding further
means of improving the efficiency, reliability and insuring the possibility of
broad maneuvering of the power resources in the integrated power system of the
USSR. Here the problems of increasing the carrying capacity of the basic electric
network, the introductiAn of new 750 and 1150 kv ac and 1500 kv dc stages and also
the placement a~the operating conditions of the electric power plant have the
_ greatest significance.
At the institute there is a structured hierarchical system for planning all stages
of the integrated power system of the USSR from the systems for outside electric ~
power supply to the individual hydroengineering complexes, the large industrial
' enterprises and other pro~ects to the systems for development of regional and united
power systems and the integrated power systeru of the USSR as a whole. The work
that has been done is being used as the initial material for planning power construc- .
tion, and it also serves as the basis for planning and design of the electric power
plan ts, the electric network projects, relay protect:~.on, emergency automation,
organization of operation and maintenance and other measures insuring reliable
functioning of all elements in the power management of the country.
The length of the 35 kv electric networks and networks with higher voltage in the
Soviet Union at the beginning of 1980 exceeded 735,000 km, and the installed trans-
former capacity exceeded 600,000 MV-A. In the ~tinth and the Tenth Five Year Plans,
30,000 to 32,000 km of 35 kv lines and lines with higher voltage and about 30,000
M11~A of transformer capacity are being introduced annually.
In order to suppo~t the electric network construction, the institute is planning
more than 3000 projects per year, including about 15~0 electric power transmission
lines and 35 kv ard higher substations.
27. .
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By the Energoset'proyekt Institute plans, the first electric power transmission
lines and substations operating at 500 kv in the woxld were built, and at the pre-
sent time the exte?+c of the VL-500 [500 kv overhead electric power transmission
linesJ has reacheu ~ore than 23,000 km. The first high-altitude 500 kv lines have
been planned and built for distribution of the power from the Toktogul'skaya hydro-
electric power plant, the routes of which were laid through inaccessible mountainous _
regiona at altitudes of more than 3000 meters above sealevel. The construction of
these unique lines required the solution of many scientif ic and technical problems
and the performance of an enornwus amount of planning research and construction-
_ installation operations under exceptionally severe natural conditions.
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