JPRS ID: 9318 USSR REPORT AGRICULTURE

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9318 -
29 September ~ 98~
USSR Re ort ~
p
_ AGRICULTURE
CFOUO 9/80j
lFBIS FOREIGIeI t3ROADCAST ~NFORM~4,TI~JN SERVICE
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JPRS L/9318
29 September 1980
USSR REPORT
~ AGR1 ~'~LTURE
(FOUO 9/80)
CONTENTS
LIVESTOCK FEED PROCUREMENT
Measures Taken for Improvement of Fodder Storage
(N.K. Yevseyev; KORMOPROIZVODSTVO, No 8, 1980)............ 1
AGRO-ECONOMTCS AND ORGANIZATION
Improved Relationsnips Between Private Plots and Trade Required
(V. Voronin; VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, No 6, 198a) 8
Problems of Interfarm Cooperation and Agricultural Integration
(PROBLEMY MEZHKOZYAYSTVENNOY KOOPERATSII, No 3(86), 1978) 17
' Accounting, Cost Computation Improvements, by M.I.
Sklirova
Capital for Cattle Husbandry, by S.A. Kzylkhodzhayev
, ' a' iill - US5R 7 FOUOJ
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- LIVESTOCK FEED FROCUREMENT
r~:ASUR~S TAKEN FOR IMPROVEMENT OF FODDER STORAGE
Moscow KORMOPROIZVODSTVO in Russian No 8, 1980 pp 9-11
[Article by N. K. Yevseyev, Main Administration of Fodder Resources, Meadows
and Pastures, MSKh [Ministry of Agriculture] USSR: "Fodder Resources--Safe _
_ S ~orage
[TextJ Fodder production has now becomC one of the most important sectors
of agriculture. The projected trend toward industrialization of this sector ~
and conversion of it to an industrial basis is becoming more intense with .
each passirg year. The implementation of comprehensive measures for stepping =
up the yield of fodder crops and the productivity of the natural haying and _
pasture areas, the widespread introduction of more progressive technologies
for fodder procurement, the increased production of valuat~le mixed feed :n
the state and interorganizational enterprises, and the ex~anded use of var�-
ious fodder additives--all this has enabled us in recent years to signifi-
cantly increase the country's supply of fodder resources and to improve the
structure of the rations for the cattle anc' poultry. ;r. _*_he 4 years of the
current five-year plan the average yearly e:~penditure of succulent fodder is
20 percent greater than in the Ninth Five-Y~~ar Plan; it is 8 percent greater
for concentrated fodder ai~~ 1% percent greater for coarse feed. In the
animal regions there has been an increase ir. the proportion of the hay yield,
the artificially dehydrated fodder, the briquetted and the granu~ated full-
ration fodder mixtures, the silage enriched with ;.drbamide, and other high-
. quality fodder as well as fodder additives.
Howe,er, the results achieved still fall short of satisfying the needs of
animal husbandry both as to the quantity and the quality of the fodder pro-
cured. Many kolkhozes and sovkhozes are not only failing to put into oper-
ation the avaiLable reserves for increasing the production of coarse and rich
fodder but are not giving proper attention to the task of increasing the
quality of the fodder and cutting dawn the losses in the period of storage.
The use of poor-quality fodder in this in3ustry is resulting in a large
overexpenuiture of concentrates, particularly of grain, in the production of
animr~l husbandry ou~put. ~
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According t~ the long-term data of ;:he VNII ~Scientific Research Institute]
of Fodder R~~sources, violation af the technology for procurement of coarse
- and rich fodder and poor storage are resulting in loss of 20-30 percent of
the nutrients contained in them. When hay is stored in the field the losses
range from 20 to 40 percent and the losses of silage and hay in bins, mounds
and earthen trenct-,es reach 30 percent and more. At the same time, when hay
is stored in sheds or hay storehouses these losses do not exceed 3-5 percent
of the wei~ht and in compressed form not more than .5 percent. Storage of '
silage, hay and other fodder in substantial structures enables us to
achieve a 10-20 percent reduction in the losses of fodder and the nutrients '
contained in it.
'
At present the farms have substantial storehouses for only 45 percent of the
silage and hay products procured, 10 percent of the hay, and 8-12 percent of
the root plants, briquettes and granules. And only the grain fodder and the
other concentrated feeds are stored primarily in warehouse spaces. This
indicates a definite lack of appreciation of the importance of coarse and
rich fodder ii: the fodder balance. Many farm managers regard it as quite
normal to store hay in the field and to lay up silage and hay products in
earthen trenches, bins and mounds; nor do they bear any responsibility for
the fodder losses incurred. If ~,�e examine this matter from the standpoint
of economics, then this is the picture that emerges. According to the data
compiled in the kolkhozes and sovkhozes, the cost of production of one ~
quintal of rich fodder units averages more than 10 rubles, of hay and sil-
age ~:bout 8 rubles, of fodder root plants about rut,les and grain forage
6.5 rubles. The question that arises is haw can we be so inefficient in
respect to tae storage of coarse and rich fodder if onF: fodder unit of it
is more expensive than a unit of grain fodder: It is aur opinion that the -
storage of coarse and rich feed in small stacks, bina~~, mounds and earthen
trenches should be considered a clearly unjustified w~~ste of material as-
~ sets. The yearly losses, which are counted in tens or millions of rubles,
place a heavy burden on ani:nal husbandry and reducF its profitability.
Organizing tt?e construction of warehouses and struct.ures for the storage of
coarse and rich feed must assume a leading role in i.mplementation of the
comprehensive measures for strengthening the fodder base of animal husbandry.
The J~:1y (1978) plenum of the CPSU Central Committee ado~;ted a fully elabor-
ated program for the comprehensive development of an animai '-.usbandry fodder
base which, in addition to increased production of fodder and enhancement of
its quality, provides for a large volume of work for construction of various
kinds of fodder storage facilities on thE kolkhozes and sovkhozes. The de-
cision adopted calls for the construction before 1985 of silage and hay in-
stallations for a volume of about 236 million cubic meters, hay storage fac-
ilities with a capacity of 18 million tons, edible root storehouses--13
, million tons, and storehouses for grain forage, herbal flour snd briquetted
and granulated fodder mistures--more than 30 million tons.
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In fulfillment ot the planned program, the kolkhozes and sovkhozes have
developed extensive cunstruction of storehouses for the various types of
foddPr. Thus, in 1979 the established assignments for building on and
putting into operation silage and hay installations were overfulfilled 8.1-
fold in Lithuanian SSR, 7.4-fold in Kazakh SSR, 3.4-fold in Azerb~.ijan SSR,
- and 2.3-fold in Moldavian and Armenian SSR. The organizations of Belo- ~
russian and Latvian SSR have fulfi.lled their assignment for the construc-
~ion of storehouses of this kind.
In Estonia SSR they put into operation edible root storehouses for 40,000
tons, or 6.6 times more than the amount called for by the assignment. Tne
plan for ccnstruction of warehouses for grain forage was overfulfilled by
the organizations of Georgian and Latvian SSR and for herbal flour by those
cf Belorussian, Azerbaijan and Lithuanian SSR. Some o'~lasts of the Russian
Federation are making provision for fulfillu~ent of the planned program of
fodder storage facilities two-three years ahead of schedule. Thus, in 1979
Orlovskaya Oblast built and put into operation 373,000 cubic meters of hay
and silage installations, or twice the amount. of storage space the organ-
izations possessed before this.
Many kolkhozes and sovkhozes are concentrating a great deal of attention on
, the cor.seruction of warehouses for the preparation and storage of hay. For
example, every year the sovkhoz Razdol'ye in Leningradskaya Oblast has been
procuring more than 2,000 tons of pressed hay. They press it uc~der a 30-35
moisturization and they store it in sheds with a capacity of 60(~-650 tons,
equipped with an active blower system. To complete the drying af the
pressed hay moisturized to this extent they use centrifugal blowers which
create a higher air pressure than the axle rype and produce a gc~od quality
fodder. The 5torehouses in this organization are part of a unit'ied tech-
nological line for the preparation of high-quality hay and they guarantee
dependable storage for it.
- Extensive introduction of progressive technologies for the procurement and
storage of all types of fodder ena'~led the sovkhoz Razdol'ye to year after
year provide high-quality feed for the animals and to achieve a 940 k~logram
increase in the productivity of the da-~.ry cattle in the last four years,
bringing this productivity up to 5363 kilograms per cow. The organization
is producing 1,576 quintals of milk and 121 quintals of e~gs on 100 h,ctares
of agricultural land.
However, not every organization is giving the proper attention to the con-
struction of storehouses for. fodder. In 1979 for the couutry as a whole ful.-
fillment encompassed only 31 percent of the plan for construction of hay
storage facilities and only 33 percent of the plan for warehouses for the
storage of herbal flour and briquetted and gr~nulated fod3er. Many re-
publics fdilecl to include in the 1979 plan edible root storage facilities
and warehouses for hay and other types of fodder. This year the kolkhozes
and sovkhozes are supposed to build and put into operation storage facilities
Eor 30.5 million cubic meters of silage and hay, 2.4 million tons ot hay
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storage zac~lities, 1.7 milLion tons of edible root storehouses, and ware- ~
houses o:. ncarly 4 millicn-ton capacity for grain feed; herbal flour,
briquettcG , ac:~ granulec .
For the storage of silage and hay tt;ere are currently r~commended the trench
and turrent types of structiires. The most widespread are the trencr? storage
facilities. They are of three types: buried, semiburied and surfacQ. The
- first two types require special devices to Prevent the influx of ground ,
water and to remove silage juice. Extractin? the finished fodder from them
is a rather com~~_icated proce~s. The existing plans for trench storage
depositories m~iinly call for the use of nonunified designs and the dimen-
sions in them do not always allow for the selection of an optimum volume
storehouse :or a particular farm. When the fodder is stored in these fac-
ilities, the transport goes rigt~t into the trenches and this leads to pol-
lution and spoilage of the fodder.
Extensive use oE this type of storage facility, especially for keepin g
fodder with a high moisture content (green corn with a moisture content ov~r
70 percent, field-crop cultivation wastes, beet pulp, etc.) rcquires more
sophistica*_ed planning and design concepts, which will insure adherence to
all the technological r::quirements for the procurement of high-quality
fodder. The constructi~~n of thesE, installations must therefore be organ-
ized on an industrial basis, employing standard construction designs. In
compiling these plans it .;.s necessary to resolv~= such problems as the ad-
dition of pulverized chaff for reducing the moisture content of the silage
mass, enriching it with various additi~~~s, loading the storage Facility
caithout penetration by the transport mean:, ~tc. Deserving of attention in
this regard is the plan for a completely 3s~embled sila~e storage facility
prepaied by the Orelsel'khozproyekt [Orel ti~iicultural Planning I.ZSt:~tute]--
it provides for plant manufacture of the storage st.r~~ctures in a campletely
pref~bricated variant.
The storage facility of the turret type is used mainly for the preparation
of nay. The combines of the Goskomsel'khuztekhnika [State Committee for
Agricultural Equipment] manufacture top-unloading hay turrets ma.de from BS�
9.15 cement blocks and possessi:~g a capacity of 1f,00 cubic meters for ac-
commodating 900 tons of fodder. For unloading tk~e. fodder from *_~e turret
there is a 520 by 546-millimeter side hatch. The unloading hatches are en-
closed tk~rotighout the~r height in a semicylindrical housing which serves as
an unloading shaft to prevent wind-blown Iosses of hay. The height ~f the '
turret and cover is 29 meters, The turret is made up of a pneumatic T7.B-30 .
carrier, an RMB-�9.15 hay distributor, an RBV-6 hay unloader, and a multi- c
stage TKS-6 fodder carrier. Installation of the turrets and the sets of
equipment for them i3 carried out by mobile mechanized d~*achments of -
Goskomsel'lchoztekhnika. ~
The kolkhozes and sovkhozes have naw erected 4,811 of these structures and
th~ plan ~a11s for the censtruction of 91J more turrets in 1980. Because of
th~: difficulties entailed in maintenance, the imperfections in the loading
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and unloading equipment, and several other planning and design deficienc.ies,
the BS-9.15 haying turrets do nut possess the advantages which were proj-
ected for this type of structure.
The scientific research institutes have determined that storage of the hay
in turrets results in, a better quality and less losses of fodder, reduces
the adverse effect of the storage process on the environment, ar.d creates
better conditions for mechanization of *_i~e fodder distribution and for en-
hancement of the labor expertise of th~, maintenance personnel and the
aesthetics of production. In light of these factors, the turret-type store-
houses des:Lgned for the storage of fodder with decreased moisture should be
_ considered of greater long-term advantage than the trench type. The im-
portant thing is to achieve a technological process in which the direct
= costs for tha storage and use of the fodder are not greater than the costs
entailed in t}~e use of trenct~es. This requires that the l:arge capital in-
vestmen~s far the_ constn:ction of turrets should pay off Ln the form of re-
duced losses, enhanced qu~lity of the fodder, and reducti.~n of the labor in-
put enCail~~!, in the fodder distribution and other production prc~esses. It
is essential to develop as rapidly as possible improved types of turret
, storag2 facilities and to desi,n highly productive equipment for the load-
- ing and unloading of fodder. 'i;e scientific research work on hay turrets
has been in progress in the country for more than 10 years but the matter
has stil? not been satisfactorily resolved.
Currently developed acid in use are seyeral plans for barns and sheds for
the storage of hay. The Glpronisel'khoz [State Scientific Research In-
stitute for Agricultural Planning~J offered standard plan 817-150 for a
10,000-ton hay shed based on prefabricated reinforced concrete and employ-
ing asbestos sY~eet for ~he walls and roof. This facility is equipp~~ with
mechanisms for. loa~..~ing and pulverizing the hay. Th~ storage cost per to~,
of hay is 40.4 rubles and the technological equipment represents 6.8 percent
of the total cost, The IKosgipronisel'stroy [Mo~acow Branch of the State In-
stitute for Agricultural Construction] worked out a plan for 200 and 400-ton
hay barns (standard plan 801-36) which stipulates the use of prefabricated
reinforced concrete components for the foundations and walls and asbestos-
cement sheet for the roof. Loading and unloading of the hay from these
facilities is carried out by means of mobile equipment. The cost of storagQ
in them ia respectively 84 and 54.9 rubles per t-on of hay and the technolog-
~cal equipment (400-ton shed) represents 12.6 percent of the total cost. -
The Lithuanian Institute of Agricultural Planning worked out a plan (standard
plan 817-10) for a hay storage barn with a 400-ton capacity. The foundation
is monolithic and the walls and roof are made of asbestos cement sheet. The
- cost for storage in this facility is 99 rubles per t~n of ha3�� and the tech-
nological equipment represents 23.~~ percent of the total cost.
A plan for hay storage sheds with a capacity of 60,100 and 200 tons (standard
plan 15-177) was worked out by the Gipronisel'khoz in two variants: one from
prefabricated wood components with a cost for storage per ton of hay of 19.3, -
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17.8 and 16.~ rubles respec~ively L-or these capacities and one from prefab- _
ricated rein`orced cement components with a cost for storage per ton of hay
29, 26.7 and '24.3 rubles respectively. _
JL~dging fr~m the data cited here, the existing plans apparently resolve to
some extent the problems of hay storage but technologically they ~re not
cumpati?~le with the procurement of quality fodder. Most of them do not ~
provide for use of the method of active aeration as an integral part of the
- technology for procurement of first-class loose, pulverized an3 pressed hay.
The standard dim~nsions for the hay storage facility must meet the needs of
the animal husbandry ~omplexes for this type of fodder and--most importanc--
the plans for ~l~ese structures must be inexpensive and they must provide for
_ industria? :;~nufacture of the components in a completely prefabricated
vari3n~.
Still unresolved are many problems pertaining to the organization of storage
of fodder roots and briquetted and granulated fodder.
In accordance with a decree adopted at the July (19781 plenum of the CPSU
Central Committee, Goskomsel'khoztekhnika USSR was tasked with the manufac-
ture and installation of airtight deposir,ries for the storage of arti-
ficially dehydrated fodder in an inert gas medium and Go~plan USSR was au-
thorized to allocate the necessary rolJ.ed ferrous metals for these purposes.
however, up to now this matter has not been satisfactorily resolved by
these institutions.
The introduct~on in fodder production of the most effective types of storage
facilities is s first-priority task in the implementation of ineasures for the
establishment of a solid fodder base for animal husbandry. We muat regard
construction of the fodder storage facilities planned for the 1980-1985
period as a minimum program. Even if successfully fulfilled this program
does not provide for all the needs of fodder production, particularly the
need for storage facilities for silage, hay and root crops. The task of the
planning and agriculrLral organs and the organiza~.ion managers is to try to
find with.in the llth Five-Year Plan additional capital investments and fi-
nar~cial assets for cor~struction of the necessary fodder storage faci~ities
so that by 1985 full provision will ha;re beer_ made for depen~ able stc~rage
of the fadder on the kolkhozes and sovkhozes.
Pt the same time, a major role in the accomplishment of this important task
is pl�yed by the scientific research institutions. The existing standard
plans do not take the zonal conditions into account; construction of the
storage facilities is expensive; in many cases the plans call for large in-
put o� manual labor for loading and unlcading of fodder; and the worlc has not -
included the preparation of a complex of highly productiv~ and reliable -
machines and eq~.tipment for the warehousing operation. Because of the lac:k of
_ pr2liminary experimental checkir.g, the proposed plans for fodder storage have
important ~ieficiencies of a tec~nolog~ca'. and design nature.
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, , .
In many institutes the research for development of the various types of
fodder storage facilities is being carried out by a small collective of
scientific associates and it is not producing the desired effect. Despite
the importance of the problem, the technological, construction and other
scientific research institutes neglected for a long time to carry out com-
prehensive research on the setting up of fodder storage faci.lities.
Impraving the quality of the scientific research in the field of preparation
of fodder storage facilities which conform to the present-day level of the
development of fodder production requires the organization of a comprehen-
sive solution of this problem by the institutes of the construction, engi-
neering unci technological type. The implementati~n of these measures should
be incorporated in the llth Five-Year Plan and the state plan for scientific
research work and we should make use of the achievemer,ts of science and
technology in t:~e national economy.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Kolos", 1980.
7 962
CSO: 1824 -
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.v,. va11V1L1L u.~i:. viri,i
AGRO-ECONOMICS AND ORGANIZATION
IMPROVED REL~?TI~~iVSHIPS BEIWEEN PRIVATE PLOTS AND TRADE REQUIRED
- Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 6, 1980 pp 118-124
(Article by V. Voronin, Voronezh: "Private Plots and Trade"]
[TextJ Under the conditions imposed by developed socialism, the problema
concerned caith increasing the focd reaources are solved in the interesta of ~
all members of society, with a fixed retail price leveZ that makes it
possible to satisfy the requirements of a population having different
- income leve ls. The annual atate subsidy for maintaining stable retail
prices for meat and dairy products alone amounted to more than 20 billion
rubles. C ommancing on 1 January 1979, in conformity with the decree.of the ~
July (1973) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, it was increased by 3.2
bi111on more rubles .
= Our country is characterized b~~ a smoothing out of the structure of
consumption among different population groups and in individual regions of
the country, by the consumption volwnes for the more important food �
praducts approaching, the physiological norms and improvements in their
degree of balance and by a reduction in the proportion of natural
consumption. This is promoted both by the development of agricultural
- production and high rgtes of groWCh in uwnetary income, eapecially among -
_ low and medium salary categories o� the pogulat~on and also by an increase
in the payments and benefits issued from the public cqnsumption funds. A _
solution is avxilable at the present time for the problem of ensuring that
each inhabitant (precisely each one and not the mean atatistical
inhabitant, as is the case in capitaliat countries) ie provided with high
calorie nutrikion (3,000 calories daily), despite the fact that the
nutritional structure on the whole sti11 requires definite improvementa, that ~
is, optimization of the proportiona for proteins, car.bohydrates, fats,
vitamina and various typea o~ products meat, milk, fruit, vegetables, for -
which physiological consumption norms have still not been achieved.
As monetary ir,come increasea, especially among low and medium salary
categoriea of worke ra, a change ia taking place in the structure of
reqairements and consumption; it is leveling off for the different
categories of the population as a result of an i,ncrease in the demand for
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more valuabie and high quality food products meat, milk, fruit and
vegetables. The demand for these products is increasing at higher rates
than the average rate of growth for monetary income. The production of
theae products in the public sector does not always keep pace with the
~ growth in requirements. This is why it is necessary to make roore complete
use of all opportunities for increasing these products. "Beyond any doubt,
public production providea the foundation for the formation ci stata
commodity food resources" n~ted L.I. Brezhnev during the Eleventh Congress
of Profeasional Trade Unions, "At the same time, importance is attached to
making complete use of the potential embodied in the private plots." '
At the present time, LPKh's [lichnyye podzobnyye khozyaystva; private plots]
are playing an important role in the production of a~ricultural products. At
the present time, the LPKh's account for approximately 60 percent of the
gross production of potatoes and honey, appruximately 40 percent of the
fruit, berries and eggs and approximately 30 percent of the meat, milk and
vegetables. The income earned on LPKh's amounts to one fourth of the
overall income of kolkhoz members and it also constitutes a substant~gl
portion of the income earned by sovkhoz workers. Accor~iing to our
computations, the overall total amount of income earned on LPKh's amounts to
18 billion rubles annually.
However, the marketability of LPKh's is considerably lower than that for the -
public sector of production. In 1977, they accounted for only 42 percent of
the overall comi:,~~tty production of potatoes, 13 percent of the vegetables,
12 percent of the meat, 7 percent of the eggs and 5 percent of the milk*.
This came about owing to objective factorn firs~t of all, there was the
trend wherein a predominant portion of the products were grown for personal
consumption, in some instances amounting to up to 70-80 percent of the gross
production of the LPKh's. At the same *_ime, the owners of products grown on
LPKh's are experiencing difficulties in selling them. The independent sale
of products on the kolkhoz market invol~~es transport difficulties and
requires a tremendous amount of free (and quite often free time as well)
time. The annual losses in working t{me by rural inhabitaz~ts for the sale
of products on t** kolkhoz market are estimated to be in excess of 200
million man-dgys .
For all prac:tical purposes, no effective system of in:.errelat'onships among
LPKh owners and the main procurement specialists for agricul::sral products
is available in the rural areas. The proportion of their output in the
~ The table was computed using data from the statistical yearbook "National
Economy of the USSR During 1977:' Statiatika Publishin~ House, 1978, pp
210-212, 449, 458. In the process, we have made the assumption that the
- sale of LPKh products to the population, output that was not included in
the state statistics, is no lower than the procurement and sales volumes
for surplus agricultural products on the kolkhoz market or than the
- output of the pubZic sector (kolkhozes, sovkhozes).
See A. Levin, V. Nikitin, "Kolkhoznaya torgovlya v SS�R" [Kolkhoz Trade
in the USSRJ. Ekonomika Izd,, 1978, p 61.
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rv~~ Vt'i'1l.lEfL USL UNLY
TABLF. 1
1940 1965 197U 1975 1977
_ LPKh praducts in retail turnover I
through ata*e procurements 661 1426 1Fi74 3025 2?42
through s tate and cooperative trade - 1345 2204 2676 '1495
through the koll:hoz market 2900 360U 420~ 5200 5700
_
T~tal 3561 6371 8278 10901 i0357
Yroducts of pubi~c sector or produc tion 6784 34502 48444 62552 h7830
in retail ~ur~~over
Total overail turnover 10345 40831 56722 73453 78167
Propurtion oF LPKh products in overall 34.4 15.6 14.6 14.8 13.2
- turnover
the country's retail commodity turnover reflects a tendency to decrease and
yet in terms of comparable commodity groups it accounts for a considerable
portion of ~he turnover. In 1977, r~ccording to our computations, it
amounted to 13.2 percent of the overali turnover of comparable groups o�
food goods and the total amount exceeded 10 billion rubles.
Consumer cooperation plays a leaditig role with regard to e?isuring timely and
compleke procurements of surplus agricultural products from the LPKh's. _
such procurernents are carzied out either on the basis of agreed upon prices,
- taking into account the prevailing prices on tha kolkhoz market, or on a
conunission basis. For the purpose ~f carrying out this function,
procurement of Fices have been created within the system of consumer
coo~eration. However, t::o ~-ganization of procurements and the sale of
surplus LPKh products to the population are being carried out by consumer
cooperntion in insufficient volumes, as borne out by the data in Table 2. E
~ The volume of surplus animal husbandry products procured from the population
by consumer cooperative societies, in accordance with prices that were
agreed~ipon and adopted by the commission, amounts to a negligible por~ion
of their gross production on LPKh's. During the years of the ninth and
tenth five-year plans, a definite trand was observed towards a reduction in
~ the volumes of such procurements. Thus, in 1977 the volumes for meat and
vegetables amounted to 95 percent of the figures for 1970, potatoes 92,
eggs 80 and milk 50 percent. At the satre time, a reduction took
place in the proportion of animal huabandry products procured from the
population by consumer cooperative societies, with regard to the overall
production of such products on the LPKh's.
On the whole, owing to a raised level for the procurement prices for
certain types of products, the overall sales volume for food goods
prucured by consurner cooperative societies in accordance with prices that
_ were agreed u~on and adopted by the commission has remained unchanged since
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rux ur~r 1t;laL u5~ UNLY -
1970 and amou:~ts to 1.5 billion ruhles. It bears mentioning that the retail
price level for these products ~.n tha cooperativ~ trade stores is on Che
average 25-30 percent lower than the kolkhoz market prices and this provides
the consumers with sn annual savings of approximately SOJ million rubles.
Thus, in addition to satisfying more completely the population's requirements _
for agricultural products, tne increase in the procurement volumes o~
consumer cooperative societies is making it possible to carry out su~h trade
at lower prices. Therefore a reduction in the procurement volumes for
surplus agricultural products, obtained from LPKH's by consumer cooperative -
societies, such as has been taking place in recent years, is unacceptable.
It is our opiniar. that this situation developed mainly as a result of
insufficient i.n~erest being displayed by the consumer cooperative societies
, in raising the procurement volumes for LPKh products. First of all, the ~
economic activity of the consumer cQOperative societies i~ multi-branch in
nature: in addition to organizing retail and wholesale trade and public
catering in the r,iral areas, they also participate in the state procurements ~
of many types of agricultural products in the public sector of productian, in
rhe processing of agricultural raw materials, in the production of food
_ products and non-food goods, in fur farming, animal husbandry and poultry
husbandry on their own subsidiary farms (which appear as large-scale
agricultural enterprises) and in the procu-rement of wild fruit, berries and
medicinal herbs. Against the background of these large-scale operational
trends, the organization of procurements of surplus LPKh products is being
viewed as a matter of secondary concern. Moreover, for all practical
purpases no degree of responsibility is bozne by an individual for having
disrurted the established tasks for procuring surplus agricultural products
from the population. In addition, a reduction in the procurements of surplus
agricultural products is not reflected in the amount of material compensation
awarded to the cooperation specialists, in particular the amount of bonus
payments for having fulfilled the plan for trade-economic and production
activity. When computing the bonuses, consideration is given first of all to
plan fulfillment in terms of such indicators as the overall volume of retail
goods turnover, volume of state procurements and the volume of output of
products.
Secondly, the sale of products procured at prices which were agreed upon and
adopted by Lhe commiasion is an organic part of the overall volume of retail
goods turnover in consumer cooperation, occupying a negligible pr�oportion of
such turnover. In 1977, it amounted to only 2.3 percent. And although since
1969 the sales volume for such products appears as a separate line in the
national economic plan for the union republics, particularly the RSFSR, still
the principal indicator for evaluating the results of trade activity
continues to be the overall volurne of retail goods turnover. Underfulfillment
of the sales plan for surplus agricultural p~oducts procured from the
population can be covered through the sale of other groups of commodities
(and this is actually being done). Thus in 1978, according to data supplied
by TsNILS [Tsentral'naya nauchno-issledovatel'skaya laboratoriya sprosa; ~ri=~
Central Scientific Research Laboratory on DemandJ of Tsentrosoyuz [Central
~
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~ Union of Consumers' ~ocieties� the rhythimical importing and sale of ~
agricultural products procuxed from LPRh's were at a low level. l.~ver the
course of a monrh's time, interruptions in the importing and sale of
p~tatoes were observed at 59 percent of the stores inspected, pickled
_ food at 67, pork at 71 and beef at 7b pprcent of the stores.
Thirdly, the labor-intensiveness of procurement work carried out on LPKh's
is higher compared to procurements in the public sector of production; the
Froducts are for the most part perishable and any delays in selling them
result in losses. The responsibility for such losses is considerably
highpr than for a disruption in the procurement plan or for simply refusing
to accept the products from the poFulation. In the latter case, the
loaRes are borne by the owners of the I,PKh's and not the trade itself.
Thus the owners of LPKh's, especially those located in remote regions,
experience great difficulties in selling the productis required by the
population. Thus in 1977, in Saratovskaya Oblast, the owners of LPKh's
~aere forbidden to sell their honey and in 1978, in Kirovskaya Oblast
their meat. At the same time, five stores of Tsentrosoyuz engaged in the
selling of agricultural products were closed here. In many oblasts the
procurement spPCialists would not accept rabbit meat and, as a result, the _
price for such mQat r~se to a considerable degree on the kolkhoz market.
Within Tsentrosoyuz the network of acceptance-procurement points is
inadequate and, in addition, thee~ points are distinguished by a low level
of material-technical equipment. In Siberia and the Far esst there is only
one such point for every 2,600 farmyards and there are generally na such
points available in Chitinskaya Oblast or Khabaro~skiy Kray. In a number of
areas the acceptance points operate at times which are inconvenient for the
~unp3.iers of the agricultural ~roducta. The suppliers are also experiencing
difficulties in obtaining their money. ~
It bears mentioning that in carrying out the decisions handed down during
the 25th CPSU Congress and the July (1978) Plenum of the CPSU Central
committee, Tsentrosoyuz is pursuing a course aimed at improving the ~
organization and increasing the procurements of agricultural products from
the population and kolkhozes in accordance with the prices agreed upon and
also at further developing and improving rrade in these products in the `
cities and workers' settlemen~s. This plan waa approved in the decree
handed down by the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers
entitled "On Further Development of and Improvements in the Work of
Consumer Cooperative Societies" (1~i79). The plans call for the accelerated
- development of a network of receiving-procurement poirits. By the end of
1980, such points will have been created for every 200-300 farmyards and by
the end of 1985 on the territory of each rural soviE:c. The capital
- investments r.equired for their development in the construction plans are
presently being set forth in the form of a separate line and they are being
used strictly on a special purpose basis.
In addition to a network of receiving-procurement points, greater use is
being made or ;.ong-term contractual agreements with the owners of LPKh's.
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_ ? vi~ vl L 1.V 1t1L VJL VIVLl `
The introdu~:tion of contractual rela*ionships will make it possible to
determine ic, advance the specific procurement volumes for each type of
product and this will become the economic basis for the volumes in the
established plsns for procurem~r,t o~erations by Tsentrosoyuz. The _
cont�cactual s~stem guarantees a murket for the ownars of LFKh's, for all of
their Rurplus products and with minimal t~xper~ditures of forces, resources
and time. However, a contractual system cf interrelations:~ips has still not
been organized in a satisfactory manner in all of the union republics.
Whereas 1.5 million contracts had been concluded by the end of 1978 in the
Ukraine and the Russian Federation, only 40,000 were finalizPd in Belorussia
and not one in ~ither Georgia or Armenia.
The owners of LPKh's, with whom contracts were concluded for the procurement
of surplus agricultural products, can obtain advances (by means of Gosbank
credit) for procurements of anima? husbandry products up to 50 percent of
the total a~reed upon by the sides and for crop husbandry products up to
30 percent. rhi.s represents a substantial stimulus for growing those
products required by the country on LPKh's.
At the same time, we are of the opinion that greater economic importance
must be attached to the plans established for Tsentrosoyuz for the
procurement and sale to the population of surplus agricultural products,
procured on ~he basis of agreed upon prices or prices adop~ed for the
commission. The fulfillment of these plans must be v~ewed as being on an ,
equal footing with fulfillment of the plan for retail goods turnover and the
plan for state procurem~nts.
At the present time, the predominant portion of the surplus agriculturAl
products of LPKh's is entering circulation by means of kolkhnz trade. In
� 1977, this circulation amounted to 5.7 billion rubles and it exceeded
consumer cooperation turnover in the sale of surplus agricultural products
by almost fourfold. Thus, some of the more important trends for increasing -
the country's food resources include: implementing improvements in kolkhoz
trade, raising its effectiveness and introducing planning principles into
its cperations on a more extensive acale.
The decree handed down by the CPSU Central Cernmittee and the USSR Council of
Ministers entitled "On Measures for the Further Development of Trade,"
called for measures aimed at improving the organization of kolkhoz Lrade. ,
The schedules for the allocation of ~osbank credit, for the constriiction and
modernization of kolkho~ markets (there are 6,500 in the country) were
increased to 6 years. The plans call for the funds from one-time
collections to be used strictly for a special purpose for developing the
lcgistical base of the kolknoz markets. USSR Gosstroy has been tasked with
developing standard plans f:,r enclosed markets. The reconanendation has been
made to have the kolkhozes and sovkhozes furnish active assistance to the
population in organizing the delivery of surplus agricultural products to
the kolkhoz markets, allocating the required number of motor transport
vehicles for this purpose.
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The ~tttraction of additional marketable resources is dependent to a
considerable degree upon ihe level of organization of kolkhoz trade and upan
r_l~e intrnduction of planning principles in its operations. One new trend in
this regard :s the concluding of agreements with kolkhozes and sovkhozes for
the sale on the kolkhoz market of agricultural products that are not
encompassed by state procurements. In the agreements it is stipulated that ~
the kolkhozes and sovkhozes are obligated to sell their surplus products on
the ma.rket~and also to furnish assistance to kolkhoz membPrs and sovkhoz
workers in selling the surplus products of the LPKh's. This particular form -
of interrelationships, as borne out by the experience of Rostov-na-Donu and
a number of other cities, produces perceptible results witt~ regard to ~
increasing the deliveries of products to the kolkhoz market.
It bears mentioning that in the development of LPTCh's great importance is
attached to having the market itself organize services for the owners of tt~e
LPKh's. For example, a specialized motor pool consisting of 80 motor
vehicles was created and attached to the administration for markets at
Rostov-na-Donu. Thus it is now posaible, based upon requests received from
kolkhoz members and other owners of LPKh's, to assign motor vehiclea for
transporting products to the market on definite days and at particular times.
Such economic interrelationships between the kolkhoz market and the owners
of LPKh's are not only convenient and economical, but in fact they make it
possible to establish extended and stable contacts, a very important factor
from the standpoint of ensuring continuous deliveries of the products. In
_ turn, stable deliveries of diverse types of products to the marke~t represent
one of the conditions for lowering and maintaining a low price level. For
examples after having achieved stabie deliveries of rabbit meat to the
kolkhoz market in Kherson, the price for a rabbit carcass became 1.5-2 times
cheaper than it was the previous year and also compared to other ciCies.
The creation of an institute of public inspectors attached to the kolkhoz
m~arket admir?istrations is promoting the establishment of stable contacts
with the owners of LPRh's. ThQ boards of directora of che markets maintain
constant contacts with these inspectors, keeping them informed regarding the
pre~~ailing market conditions: the retail price Ievel, the status with
regard to the d~mand for individual types of products and the delivery
volumes fr~r the products.
It bears mentioning that in connection with solving the problem concerned
with increasing the food resources, incidents invalving use of the seniority
approach are atill taking place. Not all of the kolkhoz members nor
workers are able to sell completely all of their surplus products on the
spot. At times, obstacles present themselves with regard to shipping the
products beyond the limits of a rayon or oblast: the information required
for selling the products is not always made available and when the shipping
is carried out by transport vehicles of the kolkho2 market, instructions are
issued by GAI [State Automobile Inspection] calling for the rights and
- permits to be taken away from the drivers. .T,n addition to failing to
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vl~li~.~nt~ u~n V1VLY
promote a more complete use of the surplus products of LPKh's, such
administrative measures also lead to a reduction in their production
volumes.
In the developme-~t of LPKh's, great importance is ~ttached to creating
trade services buresus attached to the kolkhoz markets in 1978 their
number exceeded 700. They furnish assistance to the kolkhoz members in
selling the products br~ught to market, thus providing them with more time;
they accept for the commission or even make full payment for the products
delivered. Last y~~ar, for the country as a whole, this m~de it possible for
the rural worke~, to realize a savings of several hundreds of thousands of
_ man-days, a facior which is ot special importance during the harvest period.
However, trade services bureaus were organized only at one of ten kolkhoz
markets. Aithough they quite often perform the functions of a procurement
- eler~ent and in this :nanner realize manpower economies, the trade services
`~ureaus nevertheless do not enjoy the rights possessed by specialized
procurement elements of oblpotrebsoyuz's (oblast union of consumers'
societies].
This tends to indicate that a standard statute should be developed for the
~ trade services bureaus and coordinated with the USSR Ministry of Finances
and USSR Gosbank. Moreover, such a statute should be predicated upon the
requirement for ensuring a mtsximum possibility of achieving the final goal
grPSter attraction of surplus agricultural products into circulation, with
~ minimal losses in working time by the sellers and more complete satisfaction
of the requlrements of the consumers.
Public ct. ~ring organizationb exert a great amount of influence on the
development of LPKh's. Their relationships wiCh the owners of LPKh's should
ideally also be developed on a contractual basis and thus guarantee stable
deliveries of additional food resources. The procurements must be carried
out on a. centralized basia by the trusts and not oa~ the kolkhoz market, but
ratner in the areas of prodLCtion directly and according to lower
procurernent prices. This will promote a reduction in the retail prices for
- the products of public catering enterprises. Subsequently, this will make
it possible to convert over to planning the deliveries of a definite and
stable portion of the resources for particular enterprises, based upon ~
procurements of surplus agricultural products from LPKh's, as is being done
in conaumer cooperation. In turn, the trade organizations can render
effective assistance to the LPKh's mainly by supplying them with feed based
upon aggreements calling for mutual deliveries of food waste products and
mea C produc ts .
An important condition for raising the effectiveness of use of available
food resources is that of improving the relationships between LPKh's and
trade and intensi~ying the role played by a plan in the economic contacts
between them, while simultaneously improving the organizational forms.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1980
7026
CSO: 1824
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AGRO-ECONUMICS AND ORGANIZATION
PROBLEMS OF INTERFARM COOPERATION AND AGRICULTURAL INTEGRATION
Accounting, Cost Computation Improvements ~
Moscow PROBLEMY MEZHKOZYAYSTVENNOY KOOPERATSII in Russian No 3(86), 1978
pp 127-132
[Article by M.I. Sklirova, candidate of economic sciences: "Improvements
in Accounting of Expenditures and Computation of Production Costs for Forage
Crop Output"]
_ _
tText] In conformity with the increasing requirements for pre3uction
planning and control, the USSR Ministry of Ag~iculture is carrying out a
great amoun[ of work in connection with improving the methods employed in
planning, accounting for expenditurea and computing the production costs ~
for agricultural products.
At the same time, as borne out by a study of accounting and economic
practices at kolkhozea and sovkhozes and of the existing forms for
accounting, planning and reporting, a number of shortcomings axe still being
observed in the accounting for and planning of expenditures and the
quantity of output and in the computation of production costs for a number
of agricultural crops, particularly forage cropa.
Substantial differences exiat in the f.o~ms for the accounting documents,
production-financial plaas and annual r~ports of kolkhozes and sovkhozes
with regard to the nomenclature for the objects of expenditure accounting
and planning and for the objects of production cost computations for f~~age
crops and natuxal feed lands.
Thus, in the "Princi~al Statutes on Planning, Accountin~ and Computation of
Agricultural Output" (1969), "silage crops (less corn)" were singled out
as an object for the accounting and planning of expenditures. In the
profinnlAny [production-financial plans], this group of crops was described
as "Silage crops, with the exception of corn, annual and perennial grasses,
including the singling out of sunflower planCings for silage (footnote to
Form No. 12, line 1280).
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The areas under crops and the expenditures for growing winter grain crops -
for green fe~d are planned and shown separately in the p:oduction-financial
plans, whereas in the annual reports this i~ reflected on the whole as a -
group of annual grasses.
Distinct from the production-financial plans of kolkhozes and sovkhozes,
natural pastures and wild-growing grasses are not stipulated in the -
nomenclature of the existing principal statutes for the objects of
expenditure accounting. Rather, mention is made of improved (radically
improved) hayinh lands referred to as cultivated haying lands. Natural
pastures were ro~ included in the list of feed lands or in the annual
~ reports of kolkt~ozes and sovkhozes (Form No. 12).
In addition, expenditures for the cultivation of the same forage crops and
their products ~re accounted Eor on the basis of different objects, depending
upon their actual use. Thus, expenditures and th~ fodder of annual grasses
used for the produc~ion af silage from isolated areas are accounted for and
reflected in the annual reparts undar the group "Silage Crops (excluding -
corn)", whereas the fodder from these cxops tha.t is used for green top
dressings and the production of haylage ur grass meal are reflected under
the group "Annual Grasses."
Another example, If individual grain crop tracts were planned for grain
purposes but actually harvestad and uaed for green feed, for silage or for
the production of mono-feed, then the output and expenditures for raising
and hnrvesting these crops, depending upon their use, are shown reapectively
in tha annual reports of the kolkhozes in the group of annual grasses, in
the group of silage crops or in the group of grain forage crops intended for
use in the preparation of gr$nules and briquettes.
5uch practice in the accounting af expenditures and output results in a
large volume of additional computations being car~ied out on Che farms when
- validating, tt~e level for the planning indicators for output and the
production costs for the feed outpuC of individual cropa (groups of crops).
In addition, it inhibits control over their fulfillment and it preclud~s
the possibility of achieving an objective economic evaluation for these
crops.
The established list and description of the natural feed lands in the
mentioned documents are not in agreement with the single classification
developed for these lands (itaying and pasture lands):and, as a result,
statistical reporting on the utilization of land at kolkhozes, sovkhozas and
other categories o� farms has been established. Meanwhile, a single
classification for the natural feed lands is not only the foundation for
standardizing all work associatecl with intrafarm land management and for
developing measures aimed at improving and achieving rational use of haying
and pasture lands, but also for ensuring correct accounting of expenditures
a~.t the computation of production easts for these lands.
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In the instructions for composing production-financial plans, annual reports
and atatistical reporting, use ia made of many different namea for the
natisral f.ed lands without accuractely defining their content ("nati'.ura).
pas[ures," cultivated pastures," "cultivated and improved pas+;u:ag,"
"::u.ltivated haying end pasture lands of many years standing," "cultivated
and improved haying lands," "i~eproved haying lands (radically improved),"
"impraved haying lands (surface and radical improvements and others").
The presence in the planning, accounting and reporting documentation o~
groups of natural feed lands that differ in terma of their canposition and
descriptions not only complicates and inhibits their campilation, but in
addition it inevitably affects the suthenticity of the data reflected in
them.
The farm bookkeepers and economists have expressed many critical comments
regarding the existing practice of accounting, planning and reporting on the
indicators for the amount of output from natural feed lands and computing its
production cost and the coefficient method for the distribution of
expenditures according to types of products.
Al1 output ubtained from field forage crops that is used for different
p~arposes is accounted for on a full-scale basis (physical weight). A
product of natural feed lands is the fodder that is used for the
procurement of hay, for the laying in of silage and haylage, for green top
dres~ings and for grazing. However, distinct from sown grasses, similar
output obtained from ha~�ing lands and cultivated pastures is planned,
~ accounted for and reflected in the annual reporta of farma in di~fferent ways.
- For example, throughout the year the output of cultivated pastures is
accounted fo~ in physical weight aeparately: hay, fodder according to the
trends for its use (for haylage, for silage, for green feed and separately
for grazing).
The entire ourput from these lands is planned according to the overall
physical weight of the foddez on the whole. And in the annual reports of
k~lkhozes and sovkhozes, the output of products froin these lands is on the
whole shown in a relative expression, in a conversion for air-dried bulk,
tht~t is, for hay. The cropping power of pastures is also computed in
quintals of hay per hectare.
In the "Instructions foi Computing Expenditures and the Cropping Power of
Pastures at Rolkhozes and Sovkhozes" (1974), it was similarly recoromended
that the output of naCural pasturea be taken into account. However, the
quantities and producti~n costa for the output of natural pastures are not ~
refle~reci in !~he annual repc~rts .of..farms, in the table entitled "Production
and the Production Costs of Crop Husbandry Products" (Form No. 12-agric.).
The ar~as and expenditures for the output of sown irrigated pastures are not
reflected in the "Report on Trrigation Farming" (Supplement No. la-sp to
tae a;~nu~l reports of kolkhozes and sovkhozes). ~
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~
In connecticn with the natural and improved haying lands (radically
improved), not atl of the products obteined from these lands are planned,
accounted for and shown in the annual reports, but rather only the hay
procured not only from these lands buL� also from all other types of land on
- which hay-inowing operations were carried out ('rcaying lands, pastures, lo?~g-
fallow land, fallow, forest haying areas and other lands used for the
procurement of hay).
The fodder harvested zrom those lands where hay-mowing work was carried out _
and used for green feed, for the preparation of haylage, silage and other
types of feed i.s reflected (in physical weight) in the line item "Wild
~ Grasses," with a breakdown for the quantity of fodder from natural and
improved havtng lands (together), used for haylage.
The purpose of the above-mentioned object for the accounting and planning of
expenditures and output yield remains obscure. It is generally not specified
in the principal sL-atutes, it is referred to in the production-financial
plans as "Wild Grasses for Silage" and in the annual reports of kolkhozes
and sovkhozes (for 1977) "Wild Grasses Harvested for Green Fee d, Haylage,
Silage and Grass Meal (weight of fodder)".
~oreover, at kolkhozes, the haulm of root crops used for green feed is
a.ccounted for and reflected in the annual reports in accordance with this
same object and this can by no means be justified.
As a result of these diverse methods for accounting for and planning feed
output, difficulties are encountered with regard to determining correctly
the productivity level for the different types of feed lands and extreme
_ complications arise when attempting to achieve a compaz~ative analysis of
the economic effectiveness of their use.
In conformity with the existing instructions for natural feed lands, the
production cost for 1 quintal of output from the principal use of such
land is planned and reflected in the annual reports. Thus, for the natural
and radically improved haying lands, only the production cost for the hay _
is computed; for the natural pastures (in the plan) only the fodder; for
the cultivated pastures (in the plan) only the foduer and in the report
the production cost per quintal of output in a conversion for hay, although
hay and fodder to be used for different purposes are obtained from all of
these lands.
In order to improve the accounting of expenditures and achieve a more
accurate canpu~ation of the level of production costs for the va rious types
of forage crop products and also to determine their economic effectiveness,
we consider it necessary to expand the nomenclature of objects employed in
the accounting of expenditures in feed production.
Towards this end, indapendent objects for accounting for expenditures should
be singled out: from the group of silage cro~s (excluding corn)
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sunflowers for fodder, which uccupy approximately one half of all plantings
ir~ this group; from the group of annual grasses winter grain crops f~r ~
_ fodder, vetch and vetch mi.~ct:ures, peas and peas-oats mixtures for fodder;
from the group of perennial grasses alfalfa, clover.
_ On seed production farms engaged in the growing of seed for perennial
_ grasses the accounting and computation of output production costs should
_ be carried out for each crop of commercia~ seed production. On farms
snecializing in the production of feed for each forage crop separately.
To s[andardize completely the descriptions and content of the objects used
in the accounting ar,d planning of expenditures, the indicators fc- output
yield and the objects employed for computing the output production costs
for field forage crops, the na tural feed lands and their reflection in
statistical reporting and in tt,:e annual reports of kolkhozes, sovkhozea and
other agricultural enterprises.
The accoun.ting for the amount of credited output of sown grasses and natural
feed lands in a natural express ion (physical weight) and the compututation
of its productfon cost is carried out for each type of product (hay, seed,
fodder by types of processing, for green feed for grazing) actually obtained
fzom these lands.
In order to determine the overall productivity of each forage crop (group of ~
crops), haying lands and pastures and in the interest of comparing it ~
against a camputation of the quality of the feed output, the indicator for �
" harvesting the product per hec tare is computed in a natural expression
(physical weight), in feed units and digestible protein.
Wnen using field forage crops, improved haying lands, cultivated rastures
and other natural lands for obtaining several types of products and for the
purpose o4: determining more acc urately the production cost ~evel for each -
of them, a conversion must be made over to applying directly to a particular
t~pe of nroduct those expenditures associated directly with its production,
instead of an arbitrary distribution of these expenditures using established
coefficients.
The overall expenses for the growing of fodder (up until harvest) that are
associated with Lhe production of several types of products are taken into
account in the appropriate analytic accounts for crops (groups of crops)
and natural feed lands and they are distributed by types of products _
proportional to the areas harv ested for hay, for the procurFment of fodder
for its processing into hay and other types of feed, for green feed or for
grazing.
For ~uch a method for accounting for expenditures, the production cost for
the fodder of sown and meadow g rasses, consumed whi3e standing, will be
determined by the total amount of expenditures required for growing the -
grasses on the grazing area. ~
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The producti..;n cost for the hay will derive from the expenditures incurred
for raising che fodder on the haying area.and all of the expenses involved
in procuring the hay (cutting dowrn of the grasses, raking into windrows,
tedding, pressing, transporting to the permanent place of storage and so
forth). In like manner the production cost for fodder used for silage,
' haylage, green feed and other types of feed is determined.
The accounting and planning for expenditures and the methods for compu~ing
the production cost for the products of sown forage crops and natural feed
lands must reflect the existing technology for the cultivation, harvesting,
preservation, stccage and use of feed products at the kalkhozes and
sovkhozes, while taking into account the prospects for developing the
organization of feed production operations at agr~Lcultural enterprises.
r
Capital for Cattle Husbandry
Mo~cow PROBLEMY :iL7.HKHOZYAYSTVENNUY KOOPERATSII in Russian No 3(86), 1978
pp 157-163
[Article by S.A. Kzylkhodzh~yev, candidate of economic sciences: "Setting
ot ~Iurms for Fixed Productive Capital for Cattle Husbandry for 1981-1985"]
~Taxzj In connection with ensuring that agriculture is supplied with the
required materi~l and technical resources and in consistently carrying out
agricultural intensification, great importance is attached to the
development of a normative base, that is, to the creation of norms and
normatives which reflect the achievements of scientffic-technical progress.
In tha development of normatives, conaideration is given to those processes
for introducing scientific-technical progress which are typical for the
sp~cific conditions found in individual regions and for the peculiarities of
the branches.
The normatives for the fixed productive capital for cattle husbandry for the
1981-1985, period are being developed for farnis and complexes, taking into
account the branch and intrabranch specialization of the branch from the
- standpoint of individual elements buildfngs and installations, machines
and equipment, transportation resources, production and farm implements,
working liveatock, productive livestock, instruments.
Computations of the normative requirements for fixed productive capital for
' large-horned cattle have shown that an average of 3,279 rubles of fixed
productive c~spital are required throughout the country per cow in order to
ensure proper management og the branch in 1985. In the Baltic republics,
the mentioned normative amounts to 3,571-3,168 rubles; in the RSFSR, the
Ukrainian SSR, the Belorussian SSR, the Kazakh SSR and the Moldavian SSR
3,138-3,327 rubles; in the Trans-Caucasu~ and Central Asian republics
2,789-3,078 rubles. For individual republica, it is expected that the
_ normative will fluctuate on the order of 35 percent.
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A comparison of the normative requirements for fixed productive capital~for
1485 against the actual level of capital availability for cattle husbandry
at sovkhozes in individual regions reveals that in order to ensure that the
branch is supplied with the fixed productive capital required for providing
the necessary conditions for the maintenance and raising of cattle, this
- capital will have to be increased by a factor of 1.9 in the Central-Chernozem -
and eas*_ern Siberian regions of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Belorueaian
5SR and the Trans-Caucasus republics; in the Nonchernozem Zone, the
Povolzhskiy, north Caucasus, Ural'sk, west Siberian and Far East regions of
the RSFSR, the Central Asian repuolics and Kazakhstan by a factor of
1.6-1.9. The normative indicators for capital availability for large-
horned cattle for 1985 are higher than the approved normatives for 1980 for
the union by 12.6 percent, for the Lithuanian SSR, the Armenian SSR, the
Tadzhik SSR and the Kirghiz SSR by 5-10 percent and for the Moldavian
~ SSR, the Georgian SSR, the Kazakh SSR and the Ukrainian SSR by 15 percent.
The differences with regard Co increasing the atandard value for cattle
husbandry by regions in 1985, compared to 1980, are explained by a different
level of capital availability and by the need for ensuring relatively equal
conditions for management in those republics, economic regions and zones
enjoying roughly the same natural and economic production conditions.
The overall growth in the normative for fixed production capital during the
Eleventh Five-Year Plan is conditioned by the development of scientific-
technical progress in animal hubbandry and its related branches of industry,
by a raised level of intensity for the branch and by other far.tors.
At animal hssbandry complexes having a high level, of inechanization and
automation of production processes and r~mote control, the standard value _
for fixed production capital is higher than that on farms. On the average
for the USSR, the value of the fixed pr~ductive capital in cattle huabandry
being operated on an industrial basis amounts to 2,560 rubles per cow and
per head of young stock 856 rubles. These indicators are somew'tat lower
on farms 2,216 and 709 rubles respectively.
For describing the normatives for fixed capital, special importance is -
attached to th~ir specific amounts for individual elements.
In the normative structure for fixed productive capital in cattle husbandry,
buildings and structures account for from 66 to 75 percent in individual
republics. In the normative for capital for the element entitled "Buildings
and Installations," the entire complex of objects required for the
maintenance and feeding o� livestock is included, that is, the value for
the construction of an animal billet, not only the principal production
buildings but also the capital expenditures for auxiliary structures,
installations and lines of communicgtion associated with the erection of new
facilities. At the same time, the construction expe~tditures also include
- expenRes associated with the surveying of objects on a territory. In order
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to compute :.hem, the estinuited value of the objects i;; multiplied by the
survey coefricient establislied for the particular zone.
~ T~ie normative or standard vale for buildings and installations, for 40
percent of the cows in a herd, amounts to an average of 2, 318 rublas per
head for the USSR; these expenditures fluctuate up to 31 percent for the
republics and economic regio~ts of the USSkt. Regions havinb a lower
standard value f.or ob,;ects include the Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR,
Kirghiz SSR and the T