JPRS ID: 9311 EAST EUROPE REPORT SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 60
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 31
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVE~ FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-R~P82-00850R00030003003'1-'1
~i ~ .
~~i ~~~I.J~~~ .i.~~S.r ~ ~~~V f 1 ~

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
F(yR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JPR~ L/9311
24 September 1980
~
East Euro e Re ort
p ~ _
SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS
- . CF~UC? 9/80)
J
~BIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
NOTE
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sour.ces
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained. -
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [TextJ
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. W'here no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques- ~
tien mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes with in the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
, ~."he contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.
For further information on report content
call (7031 351-3060.
COPYRIGFiT LAWS AND REGUI.ATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION B.F, RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE Oi~ILY.
~ ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
r vt~ Vr r 11.1tiL Ub~: VLVLY
JPRS L/9311
24 September 1980
EAST EUROPE REPORT
$CIENTIFYC AFFAIRS
(FOUO 9/eo)
CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
New Satellite Generation for Intersputnik Communications Network .
_ (Various sources, vaxious ds.tes) 1 ~
New Geostationriry Satellites
New Generation of Satellites, by Jiri Valenta
BULGARIA '
Forecast of Monthly Precipitation Tote1. for Individual Stations
(M. Genev, S. Stoyanov; KHIDROIAGIYA I METEOROIAGIYA,
No 3, 1980 6
Method, Dropsonde To Measure Cleud Water Content
( D. E. Gaytandzhiev; KHIDROLOGIYA I METEO~LOGIYA, -
No 3, 1980) 12
CZECHOSLOVAKIA -
Working Eavironment in Nuclear Prn~rer Plants
(Jozef Carach; PRACOViQI LEKARSTVI, Apr 80) 25
CSR Medical Res earch Achieve,mente in 1979
(J. Houstek, L. Pelech; CASOPIS LII{ARU CESKYCH, 9 May 80). 41
Availability of F~yperbaric Chambers in Nation Discussed
(M. Emmerova, et a1; CASOPIS I,EKAR[T CESKYCH, 28 Mar 80) 51
~ - a - . [I1~I - EE - 65 FOUO]
FOR OFFICIAL USE ~NLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
NEW SATELLITE GENERATION FOR INTERSPUTNIK COMM'JNICATIONS NETWORK
New Geostationary Satellites
Prague TELEKOMUNIKACE in Czech Jul 80 No 7 p 112
[Article by ~b: "Soviet Olympic Satelli~es]
[Text] A total of 123 objects were launched into space in 1979. The
largest share, 103 space objects, accures to the Soviet Union. The United
States of America launched 13 satellites (one of them the telecommunica-
tions satellite Westar for internal service in the United States), Japan 2,
the United States jointly with Great Britain 1, USSR ~ointly with India 1.
~ao objects, part of whose scientific and technical equipment was sup-
plied by Czechoslovakia, were launched in the framework of the Interkosmos
program. The West European space agency ESA successfully launched the
~ carrier rocket Ariane designed for putting into orbit ;joint West Euro- _
pean space ob~ects (to include telecomm~unication satellites).
Among the Soviet space ob~ects launched in 1979, fully 79 are a part of
the extensive Kosmos program. Three of them were meteorological satellites,
the remainder forming a part of the transportation system primarily for
the well-known space laboratory Salyut-6 (Soyuz type satellite for trans-
portation of crews and Progress type for transportation of materiel).
A total of 10 telecommunication satellites were launched by the Soviet
Union in 1979, 5 of them of the traditional type Molniya-1 and Molniya-3 .
servicing the Soviet national network Orbita, or the Intersputnik system
participated in by socialist cou;~tries. The other five t~elecommunication
satellites are of the geostationary type, erbiting along the equatorial
path at an altitude of almost 36,000 k~ above the earth's surface. They
all were launched from the Sovie~ Baykonur space center. The first among
them to reach the geostationary orbital path on 21 February 1979 was the
satellite Ekran-3; it was positioned at 99 degrees east longitude. It
is designed for direct transmission of black-and-white and color televi-
sion to small collective stations in remote areas of the Soviet Union.
Ascensional communication (studio to sate?lite) takes place at a frequency
of 6,200 megahertz, descentional communication (satellite-Farth) at the
1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL'i
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
frequency band of 702-726 megahertz. The next satellite Ekran-4 (inter
national desisnation Statsionar-T) was laur~ched on 3 October 1979; it is
also positioned at 99 degrees east longitude and its mission is identical
to that of Ekran-3. The satellit~ Raduga-4 (international 3esignation
Statsionar-1) has been on a geostatianary orbital path (at 85 degrees east
longitude) since 25 April 1979. It is designed for transmission of black-
and-white and color television signals as well as for telegraphic and
telephonic transmissions for the needs of Soviet telecommunication ser-
vices. It operates in the 4 and 6 gigahertz band. All three of these
satellites are designed primarily to serve the national needs of the
~ USSR.
Ztao other geostationary satellites are designed for television, telephone
and telegraph communication in the framework of the 22nd International
Olympic Games in Moscow (summer of I980). The rirst satellite Gorizont-2
(international designation Statsionar-4) was launched on 5 July 1979.
It is positioned above the Atlantic at 14 degrees west longitude and wiil
facilitate communication between the Soviet Union and the American continen~,
or Af rica. Experimental operation and transmissions proved its excellent
transmission properties. The second satellite of this type, Gorizont-3,
J was launched on 28 December 1979 and is positioned at 53 degrees eas~
longitude. It will feed the signal also to Cuba, Mongolia, Vietnam, and
~ the socialist countries of Eastern Europe. Western Eur_opean countries
and the Intelsat network will receive the signal via stations on the ground.
I': is envisioned that these satellites will also accommodate Czechoslovak
interests as regards transmissions from the summer Olympics.
. .
COPYRI~iT: NAD~LS, PTakladatelstvi dopravy a spo~ju, Prague, 19~
New Generation of Satellites
Prague PTT REWE in Czech May-Jun 80 pp 78-79
[Article by Eng Jiri Valenta, Communications Research Institute, Prague:
"Neyr Generation of Satellites for Intersputnik"]
[Text] The close of last year, specifically the month
of November, brought about a fn~ther qualitativc change
in the sa~ellite cou~n?unication network Intersputnik.
By way of explanation, let us add that Intersputnik is
an internatioriaT organization enabling its member coun-
tries to use satellite technol~gy for their radio com-
munications.
During November 1979, all ground stations of the Intersputnik network,
and, thus, also the Czechoslovak ground station, suspended operation with
nonstationary satellites of the type Molniya and switched to communica-
tion with the geostationary satellite type Statstionar. The USSR plans
to gradually launch 10 of such satellites distributing them at internation-
ally approved positions so as to provide radio communication service for
the entire surface of the earth, of course with the exception of the polar
caps.
G
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The Czechoslovak ground station cooperates with the satellite S tatsionar-4
located in the equatorial plane above 13.5 degrees west longit ude. A
satellite in such a position facilitates continuous communicat ion between
ground stations located in Europe, Northern Africa and the eas t coast of
America. This means that the Czechoslovak ground station can co~nunicate
via the Statsionar-4 satellite with the Cuban ground station and with
all ground stations in socialist countries and the European part of the
USSR. The geostationary satellite Statsionar-4 does not allow communica-
tion between the Czechoslovak ground station and ground stations in Mon-
golia, Vietnam and the Asian part of the USSR, as these stations already
lie below the horizon in relation to the Statsionar-4 satellit e. Eventual
co~unication between the Czechoslovak ground station and ground stations
located in Asia would require using another of the geostationary satel-
lites of the type Statsionar located above the Indian Ocean. In this
case it would involve the satellite Statsionar-5. It ought to be kept
in mind, however, that for stations with a single antenna, during opera-
tion Europe-Asia via Statsionar-5 for analogous reasons there can be no
operation Europe-America, as the satellite Statsionar-5 lies b el~w the
horizon for the ground station in Cuba.
Let us now analyze the differences between communication with the Statsionar
_ and Molniya satellite systems in closer detail. The Molniya system oper-
ates with a nonstationary satellite orbiting along an elliptical path
around the earth with an orbiting time of 11 hours 58 minutes (12 hours
sidereal time). Only 6 hours of this orbital time can be used for com-
munication purposes, when the satellite is in the vicinity of the earth's
apogee, i.e., in that part of its elliptical path farthest from the earth.
It follows from Kepler's second law (constant areal velocity law) tha~
in the vicinity of its apogee the satellite travels along its p ath at the
slowest speed. Thus, its tracking by ground station antennas b ecomes tech-
nically easier. Thus, providing for continuous 24-hour operat i on calls
for a minimum of four satellites in orbit so that at the instant of planned
transfer from one satellite to another there be at least two Mo lniya
satellites above the horizon of each of the cooperating ground stations.
It is specifically these technical breaks during transfer (minimum of
four in 24 hours), lasting several minutes, that constitute a considerable
hindrance to operations. It is further necessary that ground s tation
antennas for nonstationary satellites by equipped with relative ly complex
_ devices enabling satellite tracking even during faster changes in azimuth
and elevation. On the other hand, the advantage of Molniya sat ellites
- is their allowing communication with ground stations located in large
geographic latitudes, as for ground stations located approximately above
75 degrees of geographical longitude, the geostationary satellites are
already below the horizon.
The Statsior.ar system operates with a geostationary satellite positioned
in the equatorial plane at an altitude of approximately 36,000 kilometers
above the surface of the earth. The orbiting time for such a s atellite
is identical to the earth's rotation, so that such a satellite appears
3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
stationary to an observer on earth. The significance of this satellite -
to operations is provided by its facilitating permanent and uniizterrupted
24-hour operation by means of only a single satellite. As the geostationary -
satellite appears practically stationary in relation to a ground station,
there is no need for most of the complex guidance and tracking mechanisms
of ground station antennas. However, that does not mean t~at such mechan-
isms for ground stations can be completely dispensed with. Even well
positionally stabilized geost.ationary satellites deviate from their
nominal position, particularly due to the effects of gravitational and
centrifugal forces, and in several-day lntervals their po5ition must be
corrected.
The Czechoslovak ground station operates with the Statsionar-4 satellite,
the nominal positian of which is 13.5 degrees W. For a satellite operated -
in this manner, the Czechoslovak ground station uses a nominal azimuth of
215.0 degrees and a nominal elevation of 27.2 degrees. Orientation of the
Czechoslovak ground station's antenna to this satellite is shown in the
diagram below.
so _
40
. usw
Q ~ ~SE Isw
~~w
~ 20 NE
ro
~
a~ ~o
~
w
ti0 130 M� ~N 1~0 200 lI0 110 200
Azimuth
Orientation of the Czechoslovak Ground Station to the Geostationary Path
It also depicts the type of curve into which the geostationary path trans-
forms itselr from the viewpoint of the ground station. A satellite whose
_ position would correspond to the geographical longitude of the position
of the Czechoslovak grosnd station would occupy the top of this curve.
All satellites positioned farther to the west than the Czechoslovak ground ~
station wouid be situated in the right-hand, descending wing of the curve.
That is also the nominal position of the Statsionar-4 satellite, i.e.,
13.5 degrees W. Comparing the requirements on th~ guidance systems of
a ground station when operating with the Molniya and Statsionar satel-
lites, operation with the Molniya satellite is substantially more diffi-
cult from this aspect. The ground station antenna during operation with
h
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL I1SE ~NI.Y
a nonstationary satellite must constantly track its motion. In actual
operation, this means that we have to know the motion of a given nonsta-
~ tionary satellite in relation to the ground sta~ion in terms of azimuth
and elevation. The motion velocity of a nonstationary satellite is an
extremely variable value governed, in the case of the Molniya satellite,
by Kepler's laws. At a given interval, the Moln~ya satellite, according
to its position on the elliptical path, can register a change of anywhere
from several tenths of a dagree to several degrees. This necessarily
calls for great reliability and backup for a ground station's guidance
system as well as for increased requirements on the crew's training.
In addition, durir.g switching from one nonstationary satellite to another `
the ground statiu:: must have at its disposal the orbital parameters of
both satellites to cut the switching time to an absolute minimum.
_ In this respect, operation with a satellite of the Statsionar type, as
compared to the Molniya satellite, offers considerable advantages. The
originally requisite calculations for azimuth and elevation can be dis-
pensed with, as their values need not be fed into the tracking system of
the ground station's antenna. Another great advantage offered by opera-
tion with the Statsionar-4 satellite, the undisputable fact remains that--
particularly as regards telephonic communications (in automatic or semi-
automatic operation)--the elimination of operational breaks represents a
distinct improvement, mainly for coum~unications between Prague and Havana.
Statsionar-4 facilitates communica~ions between the European continent,
North Africa and the east coas t of America. The next geostationary satel-
lite, Statsionar-S, which is expected to be launched in the near future,
will facilitate communications between the Europ~an continent and Asia.
It is envisioned to gradually launch in subsequent stages the remaining
satellites of the Statsionar type, which could eventually be used in the
Intersputnik communication netwark. The satellites visible from Czecho-
slovak territory for the operation of the Czechoslovak ground station
will be Statsionar-2, Statsionar-8 and Statsionar-9. According to notifi- -
cation data of the UIT, these satellites can expand and partially even
replace operations via satellites Statsionar-4 and Statsionar-5, thereby
providing the Czechoslocak co~mmunications administration with a new set
of possibilities.
COPYRIGHT: PTT REVUE, Nakladatelstvi dopravy a spoju, Prague, 1980
8204
CSO: 2402
5
. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
BULGARIA
FORECAST OF MONTHLY PRECIPITATION TOTAL FOR INDIVIDUAL 5TATIONS
Sofia KHIDROLOGIYA I METEOROLOGIYA in Bulgarian Vol 29, P~o 3 1980 pp 17-22
[Article by M. Genev and S. Stoyanov: "Forecast of Monthly Precipitation
Totals for Individual Stations"]
[Text] The forecasting of geophysical macroprocesses calls for surmount-
ing a number ef difficulties related to the multifactorial nature of
external influences on the forecasted elements and the fluctuation of
such processes, as well as the choice of information and of suitable fore-
casting model and its investigation. T~~is is manifested particularly
strongly in the quantitative forecasting of precipitations.
The purpose of this article is the study of the dynamic-statistical fore-
casts of the monthly precipitation totals over the territory of an _
individual station using the method develuped by Professor Alekhin (1-3),
based on the intraseries laws governing the development of geophysical
processes and which makes the implementation of this task possible in
principle. Experience based on sach studies (4, 5) has ;roved the possi-
bility to apply this method in complex random phenomena considerably
different from one anotlier in terms of the scale of the territory over
which they develop. The work studies the May-September intra-annual
period which is characterized by the liquid phase of precipitations.
The initial series in this study ar.e formed by the daily sum total of
precipita[ions Y, measured ae the V. Levski Park in Sofia between 1887 -
and 1978. We con�~der that the terms of this series are elements of the
set
~1) .~={Yi.i~ Ys.i. . . . Ya.i~Yi.s,Yz~~ . . . Ya,s, � � ~ Yi.:,,Y:.. . . . Ya.~}~
in which u is a parameter reflecting the calendar days of the month
while v is a parameter reflecting the calendar mon[hs of the year.
Consequently, we may form the set ~ ~ a
~ (2) B={ U Y~.~, U Y~,:, U Y~,~~,
t~t t~t ~~t
whose elements are the monthly precipitation totals, i.e.,
(3) {Y.?/Yc,; ~ .4n Y~,; E B~.
6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
. Since the sum total M of the monthly precipitation totals X, remains
unknown in the general case, we shall use the extract 1'~
, (~j C={C,, C.., . . . ,C~},
in which
C1={X~~~� Xl,.:, . . . , Xl,s},
(5) C_={~Y_,~, X_,:. . . . , X ,s},
Co={Xa~l, ~'c,:, . . . , Xu,s},
in which s is the parameter which reckons the calendar years within the
period under consideration. It is obvious that
~6j {,~cBcC}n~t,
however, we may consider that the volume of the extracts under considera-
tion
j card{C,} ~ 90
is adequate for the purpose of resolving the forecast problem.
The series X(t) have been converted into deviations from the average X;(f)
and have been normed. They have been studied for time s[ability using
the generally accepted statistical parameters which proved to be relative-
ly constant. Furthermore, their long-term periodicity was studied.
Fig. 1 indicates the change in the dynamic precipitation norm for June
represented through sliding averages of each 10 terms in the corresponding
series X(t). Fig. 1 clearly shows the periods of increased or decreased
precipitation activity. The existence of such long periodical fluctua-
tions in all studied series X(t) confirms the possibility that the problem
could be resolved with the help of the dynamic-statistical method f or
forecasting geophysical processes.
. ~
ta~
~a
~o
- so
FO
< <
191~ I!+3U 19~0 19i~) i
Fig. 1. Course of the dynamic precipitation norm X10 for June
7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Table 1. Extremal Values and Average Period tR of the Correlation
Function R('t' ) ' -
Month- I ~
~ i vt vu ~ vru iz
Descri.ption I
R s)m~z 0,21 ~ 0,34 ~ 0,39 ~ 0~68 i 0~48
R (s)cnin -O,Z4 ~ -0.42 ~ -0,32 ' -0,~ i -~,37
~R 9~0 ~ 72 ; s.8 ~ ~~0 6~4
' In this work the study of the influence of each term of the series X([)
on the subsequent terms and their time distribution has been achieved
through the correlation functions R(Z computed according to the (1, 5)
method with a time displacement L-(, 2, ...,30. Some characteristics of
the f~inction R(Z'), as maximum and minimum values and for an average
periad tR are shown in Table 1.
The results of Table 1 indicate the possibility to forecast monthly pre-
cipitation totals on the territory of an individual station with the help
of the dynamic-statistical method, in which the average period of the ~
correlation function for the considered months varies from S.0 to 9.0.
Such computations are illustrated by Fig. 2 which shows the values of the
function R(~ ) for the month of July, whose course in time clearly indi-
cates the possibility to fore~ast the values of the variation series X(t)
on the basis of the method we suggest.
R.I~
ua~
~ ~'-----r'~''~-
~ I
,M ~ _ -
i I 'i
~ / ~
, d ~ io 20~ ^6 r,~~
� al - j ~
~ ~ a
~ d
t
Fig. 2. Correlation function and general correlation function
of precipitations for the month of June.
8
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
FOR OFFICIAL U~E OP1LY
Not only the distribution of the correlation tie between two terrns of the
series, depending on their reciprocai displacement within time 7, as
described by the correlation function of R('L'), but the integral correla- -
tion tie between each term of th~ series and n preceding terms,
described with the general correlation function ~(n)(3, 5) is of substan-
tial significance in the study of the internal iaws governing a time
series. The function'~(n) enables us to assess the representativeness oF
the series under study and to determine the optimum period r.opt in the
prehistory needed for purposes of effective forecasting. The study of -
the functions ~R(n) of the series considered in this work indicates, ye[
once again, the possibility for an effective forecasting of monthly -
prec ipitation totals over the territory of the station under considera-
tion. The forecasting itselr is achieved through inverse relations
functions K(2'), computed through the minors of the correlation matrix in
accordance with the method of (S). The scope of the functions K(?), and
the optimum period no t are shown on Table 2.
P
Table 2. Extreme Values of the Inverse Relations Function K('C) and the
Optimum Period noPt in the Prehistory of Studied Series X(t)
\ Month j i
~ i V Vl VII i VllI IX
Descript ion i ; ' i , `
K(~)m.x 0,28 I 0,52 ~i 0,36 I 0,29 ~ 0,30
K (s)mtn I -0,50 i -0,~~ ; -0,33 ~ -0.34 ~ -0,36
~ 30 ~ 26 ( 22 ~ 20 28
t ! ~ ,
, The results of the computation shown in the table indicate that each of
the series X(t) has its characteristic volume of prehistory in which the
accuracy of the forecasts is the highest. The optimum period no t for
the series under study fluctuates from 20 to 30. These computat~ons are
illustrated in Fig. 3 which indicates the course of the inverse ties
function K(2~ for the month of June, for the forecasting of whose monthly -
precipitation totals requires the prehistory no t= 26.
P
The computations indicated so far are the base on which, following the
method developed in (5) the monthly precipitation totals have been fore-
cast with the help of the dynamic-statistical method (1). Some character-
- istics of the control forecasts for the studied time series X(t) are
given in Table 3.
The table ine~icates the amplitudes A, the standard ~ for the factual
and 6 of the f orecast values of the series X(t),fthe correlation
coeffici�ents rf fo between the factual and forecast values of the monthly
pre.cipitation tbtals, and the frequency P of control forecasts.
9
, _
FOR OFFICIAL USL ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
~
r~c~ vrr i~,icu, u~u v..... .
-
A
Or~ ~
a~ ~ ,
- 9 ~ a se ~
e~
o.~? ,
d
Fig. 3. Function of inverse intraseries ties k(Z') for precipitations in
June. _
Table 3. Description of Control Forecas[s
Morth
Descriptian v vt vit vtlt tx
A 31,8 42~6 63,4 22,3 26,3
a f 35,9 41,4 50,1 29,3 41,4 -
o fo 33,7 41,5 40,2 26,1 30,4 `
r.~ fo 0,78 0,77 0~73 0,77 ~ 0,T4
, P 77% 830% 72% 76% I 70%
Judging by the results of the computations of Table 3, the cor-relation
coefficients r between the factual and forecast values of the monthly
precipitation ~bt�als in the period under consideration have been relative-
ly high for the type of series rf o= 0.73-0.78, while the frequency of
con[rol forecasts P= 70-83 perce~?~. An illustration of the forecast in-
cluded in this work is found in Fig. 4 which indicates the forecast values
for the series X(t) for June and the corresponding factual values of the
series.
The resu.lts obtained in this work from the forecasting of monthly precipi-
tstion totals for the series under study confirm that the control fore-
casts were successful. This proves, yet once again, the possibility to
broaden the applicability of the dynamic-statistical forecasting method
(1,5) to a broad r^nge of geophysical processes.
10
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
~~o
so
I
so
_ ~ f ~
~o ~ 1
~
~ i ~`z
' ~ i ~ ;
~ iu so , ~
- ~o i `
- ~ ` ~ .
Fig. 4. Course of factual 1 and forecast 2 June precipitation totals
FOOTNOTES
1. Alekhin, Yu. M. "Statisticheskiye Prognozy v Geofizike" [Statistical
Forecasts in Geophysics]. Izd. LGU, 1963.
2. Alekhin, Yu. M. "The Problem oE Causality in Hydrometeorological Long-
Term Forecasts." Tr. LGMI, No 35, 1969.
3. Alekhin, Yu. M. "On Some Problem ~eatures of the Dynamic-Statistical
Forecasting Method." KHIDROLOGIYA I METEOROLOGIYA, No 3, 1978.
4. Genev, M. "Forecasting the Seasonal Discharge." KHIDROLOGIY.~ I
METEOROLOGIYA, No 6, 1976. ,
5. Stoyanov, S., and M. Genev. "Study of Dynamic-Statistical Forecast.s af `
Some Geophysical Processes." KHIDROLOGIYA I METEOROLOGIYA, No 3, 1979.
Received by the editors on 19 September 1979.
COPYRIGHT: GLAVNO UPRAVLENIYE "KNIDROLOGIXA I METEOROLOGIYA 1980 c/0
Jusauor, Sofia
5003
CSO: 8144/1636
11 ~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
BULGARIA
METHOD, DROPSONDE TO MEA.SURE CLOUD WATER CONTIIVT
Sofia KHIDROLOGIYA I METEOROLOGIYA in Russian Vol 29, No 3,1980 pp 27-36
[Article by D. E. Gaytandzhiev: "A Method and System for Measuring the
Water Content of Clouds With a Dropsonde"~
[Text] Among the familiar methods and instruments for measuring the water
content directly in clouds, aiplane water content measuring devices (2, 3,
5, 6, 8, 11) and some instruments for the study of low clouds under moun-
tainous conditions (9) have been most frequently used in meteorological _
practice. However, not one of the familiar airplane ins*_ruments can fully
satisfy all requirements concerning such measures as exhaustively formu-
lated in monograph (5) and work (3).
Measurement conditions are difficult in thick convective clouds and such
flights are dangerous to the airplane. For this reason, the experimental
data published on the water content of such clouds have been scarce.
Their accuracy must be carefully considered. They apply primarily to the
peripheral cloud areas. Yet, the new requirements regarding the study of
the structure, development, and physical characteristics of clouds, in-
cluding convective clouds, and the need to improve man's influence on hail
processes lead to ever stricter requirements governing such measurements.
Occasionally they must be made in very turbulent conditions, considerable
water content, rather low air temperatures, and changing phases of cloud
, elements. In the course of such studies frequently it is preferable to
, be familiar with the continuous verticle structure of the water content
in the cloud zone rather than the breakdown of the water content according
to the trajectory of the airplane's flight.
We were faced with rhe task of finding a method for determining the
temperature of the cloud environment,,the air stream vector and the water
content of the cloud without tearing the latter with an airborne labora-
tory, which would enable us to take operative soundings of a given part
- of the cloud based on data provided by the ground meteorological radar
and thus obtain data, synchronized with the radar information on the
cloud area on direct cloud measurements. It is self evident that the
sonde should be able to operate at all air temperatures and phases of
cloud particles.
12
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
We selected among the small number of inethods which basically enable us
to determine the water content of clouds under such circumstances the
method based on the degree of cooling a heated body depending on the
quantity of evaporated cloud water falling on its surface as the sonde
moves within the studied area.
A dropsonde could be placed at a given point of the cloud with the help
_ of a modified Oblako antihail rocket or through other methods (airplane,
balloon). A parachute opens at the stipulated point on which the sonde
is dropped. A specially designed parachute is opened in the agitated
ai~ea oF the cloud as a result of which the sonde drops with a minim�m
' roll and at the necessary velocity in terms of the environment. The
water content along the trajectory of the sonde is determined on the
basis of the temperature differential between two bodies (collectors)
_ electrically heated. The first--the "open"--is in the undisturbed flow
and moves at the speed of the sonde. As a result of the
evaporation of cloud elements falling on the surface of the collector
and the heat exchange with the environment, its temperature reaches the
value t. A second collector, identical to the first, is placed, under
the samekheat exchange conditions, in the same environment but is exposed
to an air flow cleared Erom cloud elements. For this reason the tempera-
ture t' of this "screened" collector is higher than that of the "open"
collector in the existence of a water or ice phase. Data on the t' k-t~
temperature difference and the location of the sonde are transmitted
- through a radiotetemetry system.
We shall consider the heat exchange between the collectors and the cloud,
on which the water content definition method is based. The equation of.
the heat balance of the open collector includes the following components
considered for a unit of time under stationary conditions:
The joule ileat Q1, released by the heating current in the cotlective
equals
Q~=A.I~R,
in which A is the thermal equivalent of the work;
I is the electric current heating the collector;
R is the resistance of the collector's heating element.
The amount of heat Q released on surface S' of the collector, exposed to
the flow, as a resul~ of the conversion of the kinetic energy of the flow
into thermal energy, equals A~
Q2 = ~r 2C '
P
in which q is the heat transfer coefficient; ,
r is the restoration coefficient;
C is the specific heat of the air at constant pressure;
vpis the velocity of the sonde relative to the environment.
13
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
In Che air flow the heated collector releases the convective heat in the
course of the r~eat exchange
~ in which ~ is the heat coefficient;
S is the surface of the collector;
tk is the te~rperature of the heated collector;
t is the air temperature. -
It is possible to prove that the heated collector (whose simplified
appearance is that of a thin plate) spends the amount of heat Q4 for the
transfer of heat to the carriers (supports) under the condition of a heat
exchange between the latter and the air flow:
tk-t~}- (chin,~l,2-1)
_2 aPkl
Q; - sh ~nk l~2 ch rrtk 1~2 ~
~k Sk mk Zd d Md
in which 1 is the length of the plate (collector);
Pk is the perimeter of the cross section of the plate (collector);
Zk is the collector's heat conductivity coefficient;
Pd is the perimeter of the cross section of the carriers;
~,d is the carriers' heat conductivity coefficient; -
Sk is the area of the collector's cross section;
Sa is the surface of the carrier's cross section;
, mz~ oPk , ~z~ aPd
k ~k S~ ~ a za~'
The quantity of heat dispersed by the collector through radiant heat
transfer equals
QS=tqCps L11~)4~~1~,4, ~
in which ~ k is the degree of blackness of the heated collector;
co is the radiation coeffici.~nt of an absolutely black body;
t' is the temperature of the structure surrounding the
collector ~t~~t~.
Let us assume initially that !-he only thing present in the cloud is the
liquid phase with a water conten[ wl. In this case the amount oE heat
spent for the evap4ration of the water settling from the cloud on the
collector will equal
S
Q6 = w1.E.v.S*.[cw(t"-t) + Lw],
14
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
in which E is the integral coefficient of the spread of cloud drops;
S-~ is the exponential area of the collector normal in terms of
the air flow;
c is the specific heat of the water;
w
t" is the temperature of boiling water at the given pressure;
L is the heat of the water conversion into steam.
w
No strictly stationary heat transfer could exist when a sonde drops
through the cloud mainly as a result of the disparate water content in
the various parts of the cloud and, to a lesser extent, bec.ause of changes
- in the air temperature. However, at sonde dropping velocities of 10-15
meters per seconds when the evaporation of the cloud elements takes place
within the time during which the water content remains virtually unchanged
and no water collects on the surface of the collector, the heat transfer
may be considered stationary. In that case the equation of the heat
transfer of the open collector will be
(1) Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + QS + Q6 �
Missing in equation (1) is a term which considers the kinetic energy of
the drops hitting the surface of the collector because of the smallness
of their effect (4), and the quantity of heat transmitted along the fine
leads of the temperature meter (microthermoresistor, thermocouple),
attached to the collector.
Similarly, the same components as of (1) are participating in th.e equation
for the heat balance of the screened co.llector, with the exception of
_ term Q6, for no clQUd drops evaporate from the surface of this collector
(2) Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5.
_ Since both collectors are heated from the same source (connected to it
sequentially--Fig. 3b) and since they have virtually identical resistance
of the heat elements (made of tantalum), Q1 = Qi. Similarly, Q= Q' be-
cause of identical flow velocities. Therefore, comparing (1) wi~h (2~ we
could write
(3) Q3 +Q4+QS+Q6=Q3 +Q4+Q5.
Replacing the terms in (3) with corresponding expressions, we shall obtaii~
the equation for the water content of the liquid phase in a cloud medium:
r - Z~tk-tk~
, Sh mk l f 2 Ch ntk lj 2 f/ t~k ~ tk ~
~ aS(t k-tk)-I- Z--~--m-- ,~d d mB ~-sk Cp S j I 1~0) -(ll~)
l1
(4) E.v.s~[r~(t'~-t)+1~1 .
, .
15
FOR OFFICIAZ USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The estimation of the terms on the right side o� (4) shows that r_he Q5-Q5
difference is lawer than Q3-Q3 by an order of two. Thus, under average
measurement conditions of 3-9 kilometers aCmospheric altitude range the
relation Q~s~ �~-475 for the value , tk-t~ =0'5=30�C increases with
the growth of t'k tk. The Q'4-Q4becomes even smaller in terms of Q'3-Q3'
In such a case equation (4) could be written with an accuracy of up to
1~ercent in terms of wl as
a . S~tp-tk)
(5) w1=E.v.S"(~,(r'-t)+4,,1~
Bearing in mind that the steam heat changes with the altitude together
with ~?';~,~aLo-0.57 t" and expressing the temperature in absolute degrees
(~K), we shall have
~6~ ~ =~AIy~Tk-Tk~r
in which
a
(7) ~H~-vI~~;~(T�_T)+Lo-0�57(T"-273~15))~
Equation (6) was obtained by assuming the existence of nothing but the
liquid water phase in the cloud. Conversely, should the cloud contain
nothing but the ice phase with a W1 water content for the r,loud, equation
_ (6) is retained as
(8) A~ v.[c~( "-~+G~�c~( aT"7+ -0~5~"-~'
in which c. = c. (T) is the statistic ice heat;
i i
1''"'~273'(5�f{ is the ice melting point;
Li is the ice me~.ting heat.
The coefficients A(7) and (8) are the compiex functions of the tempera-
ture of the mediumHand the atmospheric pressure at a given level--
AH = AH(T,P) and, depending on measurement conditions, may change wi:thin
a wide range. The essential characteristic in defining w on the basis
of (6) based on the dropping sonde method, when the velocity of the drop-
sonde in terms of the environment is also deL�ermined by T and P, is the
_ fact that the AH coefficients change their values within a small range at
each atmospheric level.
In the liquid water phase as in the ice phase the variations of the AH
coefficients in terms of the corresponding average values for AH at a
given level are usually within the rat~~e of the_~g1~.th~_of a percent to
~ P P y 95 % dA ~ ~ At~-~y (
2-3 ercent. With a robabilit of t~ will not exceed
6 percent and it is only in extreme atmoepheric con~iitions, noted in the
16
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
i
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICT.AL USE ONLY
case of aerological soundings with a probability lesser than 0.02 percent
that Q A reaches 7 percent.
N -
Fig. 2 shows the variations of AH at each level of the 3-9 kilometer
atmospheric stratum for the summer period (May-September) based on aerial
soundings over Bulgaria (Sofia). The mean values of AH for both water
phases were obtained under average temperature and pressure values for
the period at a given level. The extreme coefficients ~min` and A~ax''
located on the left and right sides of the mean value for A were computed
in cases of coincidence of extreme unfavorable values of T and P at a
given level (showing the extreme deviation from the average AH, such as, -
for example, Tmax and Pmin' or vice versa), each of which may occur once
every 10 years. The chart figures show the temperature of the environment
at the altitude for which the value of AH was computed. One can easily
see that most of the minimum values of ~ for the ice phase and, particu-
larly, the maximum values of A~ for the iquid phase have no practical
physical meaning at the given temperatures. The remaining two extreme ~
values of AH are considerably more probable under factual conditions.
Also, differences between them are lesser. This makes it possible in a
real atmosphere, and in the existence of both the liquid and ice phases,
as well as in the conversion from one phase to another, to adopt a single
common mean value for AH for each altitude.
ir�. ~
f~~ uk,n
H~
~nt
~ 4
s
6
1
8
9
fl~n
Ty-Tj, `A
Fig. 1. Approximate diagram of the relation w= w(A T' -T )
f~' k k
17
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR. OFFICIAL USE ONLY
M. Mm
,y �;24 ~ - ~v ~
~-,IA.~. ~-til
~ ~ ~
�
\ ~
~ \
-y6, _
d ,_.Itl~`_;Ki.~
8~ ~ 3tl.5
`
. ~ ~
1 -I1,n\, t~a~ -11:' _~{yS
\ ~
?
s -3~ I~ I.\~~' ' ~ -
.
? ~
5
"3A
-1�3~.~.d\ \
~
; ~ --8,~:~~;
~~t :I
? -d~�
~ ~p
, ~
-�s.~~,a' '�-i.~.~ _i,::~. -i:,.~
a ~ si " . .
Fig. 2. Relative changes of the ~ coefficient according to the altitude
of the measurement, temperature of the environment, and phase of
the cloud water. The Figures indicate the temperature of the
environment at a given altitude for which A~ has been computed.
_ The divisions on the abscissa scale are indicated in relative
units.
1. ice phase; 2. water phase; 3. mean value - AH
The continuous line on Fig. 2. indicates the rough correlation between
the mean value of AH at a given atmospheric level and the altitude. The
c.urve was computed for average summer conditions over Bulgaria, based on
the assumption that the liquid phase would predominate at temperatures
higher than -13 -15�C, while the ice phase will predominate at tempera-
tures from -25 to -30�C. Despite the fact that this assumption does not
cover cases of evaporation of bigger ice elements on the surface of the
collector in the lower area of the considered range or the evaporation of
liquid drops at its upper segment, which could occur in convective clouds,
evaluations indicate that it is possible to draw up a mean value curve
for AH (H), in which deviations from this value under factual conditions
would not exceed 6-7 percent in the case of more general measurement con-
ditions as well. At the same time, the measurement of the cloud tempera-
ture provides the possibility for a more precise determination of AH in a
specific measurement case. However, this question exceeds the limits of
this article.
Considering AH as a permanent value for a given atmospheric level, it is
possible to define the water content of a cloud, in principle, with the
18
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
indicated accuracy, as a simple linear function (6) of the temperature
difference between the collectors, not obviously dependent on the par.a-
meter H--the altiCude of the point of ineasurement above sea level. Fig. 1 ~
shows a rough diagram of this relation. The grade of the lines in terms
of the abscissa, determining the sensitivity cf the sonde, depends on .the
design of the system and the altitude.
The relative changes of A with the altitude could be obtained by con-
sidering the variations o~ the values included in AH within a given
atmospheric range. The established velocity of the parachuted dropsonde
depends on atmospheric density Q H on the corresponding altitude H:
~ 9 ~ 1 / ?.~n, g const~
~ _ ~
N- 8H ~Z Q JQH
where M3 is the mass of the parachuted sonde;
g is the gravity accelerations;
c i~ the coefficient of aerodynamic resistance of the dropsonde;
z
dis the area of the parachute midsection.
Crossing the cloud, the sonde goes into different atmospheric strata where
the average S heat coefficient a acquires different values. Under the
conditions~ of a laminar border "collector-medium" stratum, i.e., for
Re ~5.10 , with a longitudinal air flow on the collector (flat plate)~
the coefficient is determined according to formula (7)
' (10 ) Nu = 0,67 Re~~a pro,aa~
ad v.d r
in which Nu= Re= ;b ; Pr= Q
b
and in which d is the usual collector size;
~b is the coefficient of the heat conductivity of the air;
Yb is the coefficient of kinematic air viscosity;
Q is the coefficient of air temperature conductivity.
Substituti.ng the expression for vH (9) in the criterial equation (10) we
obtain the correlation between the coefficient Q' of the collector and
the altitude
1~ Qy=~.S7 JQ V yb =COII9ty � -
J~
b JaY
Introducing (9) and (11) in (7) and (8) and also taking into considera-
tion, along with T and P, the changes in all other parameters of (7) and
and (8) occurring in accordance with the altitude, we could determine in
19
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
advance the changes in the coefficient AH with the altitude changes in
terms of the value of A_ for a determined altitude (for example with
Hp= 0). Table 1 shows�the relation AH~A~ for the 3-9 kilometer atmos-
pf~eric stratum. Similarly�we can compute the relation AHfA~ for any
altitude in terms of the corresponding coefficient AH for any random
0
point on the suface or above it.
Table 1.
Altit ~ve r '
e I 3 I 4 I 5 I 8 7 ~ a 9
N I
I
.9HfAa I 0,754 0.677 I 0,603 I 0,536 i 0,474 0.423 I 0,377
I i
The data in Table 1 correspond to approximate mean values of the coeffi-
cient ~ on Fig. 2 and are obtained under average summer conditions (May-
September) over Bulgaria, coinciding with the corresponding atmospheric
parameters according to (1) and (10).
Assuming now that at a given point with altitude H~ the water content of
the medium is wH , which we determine through a given method (such as, for
0
, example, the absolute weight method) and, at the same time, we determine
the temperature differential T' - T of the collectors of the system
moving at a specific velocity k vH k'in terms of this environment, we
0
could compute ~ according ~o (6). Subsequently, on the basis of the
0
existing AH AH relation we could determine for any atmospheric level the
0
corresponding coefficient ior ~ which will also correspond t~ the given
design of the system. The coef icients would coincide for systems of
identical design. Consequently, a single calibration measurement would
enable us to build a family of linear graphs ,m,a~y(T'k--T~, H) of the type
shown on Fig. 1 for a given design of a dropsc....G. 'fhe same results
could be obtained with a greater number of calibration points similarly
obtained for different altitudes with a subsequent determination of the
remaining coefficients of AH through interpolation and extrapolation in
accordance with the law of changes in the A~ AH correlation with the
altitude. o
On the basis of '~='~~T~ T~, ~ in cloud sounding, the water content of
the clouds is determined in accordance with the measurements of the
temperature differential between the collectors and the position of the
sonde.
~
20
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Summing up all parts of this method the following could be singled ouC:
The method enables us, in principle, to take measurements in clouds with-
out the use of airplanes. The water content of the clouds is determined '
on the basis of two measurable parameters, which is considerably simpler
compared with methods involving the use of aircraft.
This calibration of the system is based on the factual heat transfer be-
tween the collectors and the flow, for which reason it should provide
more reliable results than the computation method of calibration involving,
similar instrument mounted on aircraft (2), (3), (6). At the same time,
the use of the t~~AHo relation replacing the specific value of AH largely
eliminates inaccuracies in determining ~ caused by the incomplete co-
incidence between the conditions under w ich the g~.ven criterial eyuation
(10) was obtained and the factual heat transfer conditions.
If the power of the heat source of the collectors is able to insure a
sufficiently fast evaporation of cloud elements from the surf ace of the
open collector along the entire trajectory of the sonde, the method used
to determine the water content becomes independent of variations in the
tension (power) of the source. This insures the identical calibration oE
a series of identical instruments.
No restrictions in terms of the temperature of ~he medium studied or the
phase of the cloud water exists in the course of ineasurements wirhin the
indicated error thresholds.
One of the shortcomings of the method is the fact that the velocity of
the dropsonde is limited by the power of the collectors' heac source. ln
drop velocities of 10-15 meters per second, corresponding to the 3-9 kilo-
meter atmospheric stratum, at altitudes in excess of 6 kilometers, the
speed of the sonde reaches values corresponding to the speed of precipira-
tion of the biggest cloud drops and their equivalent ice elements. This
reduces the probability of the latter's settling on the collector, despite
the fact that, in itself, the "encounter" between such elements and the
collector is unlikely in a usual cloud water content. -
Finally, let us add that there is also a maximum value for the maximum
water content measured by this system, corresponding to the power of the
source and the design of the sonde.
Fig. 3 shows a diagram of a sonde drop. The system contains two identical.
collectors--Fig 3a. In their simplified version, each of them represents
a fine plate 1, covered with a net which prevents the splashing and blow-
ing away by the air flow of relatively big cloud elements. The layers
are located symetrically within the bodies 2 made of a water repellent "
material. Their front sections contain openings with an area of S*. Both
layers are identically heated by source 12--Fig 3b, to which they ar.e
21
FOR OFF'ICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
connected sequentially. Each plate has an attached collecr.or temperature
meter 3.
~ J
*
n
' ~ ~
~ M
~I~I
- ~
g ,
n Is ; ~rn ~r_> i;
Fig. 3. Basic diagram of a dropsonde.
a. design of the integral water content collector;
b. general sonde diagram.
An undisturbed air stream flows on the open collector 4, while the
screened collector 5 is in the inner area of screen 6. As a result of
the inertia of cloud elements flowing together with the screen, the puri-
fied air which blows collector 5, goes through the draining slits 7 and
perforated inner wall 8. The rear end of the screen shown as diffuser 9
ends at the narrowest part of the Ventura pipe (10) where openings 11 are
located through which the air entering the screen is drawn out. The
instrument compartment 15 is located inside the Ventura pipe. It contains
the source 12 and the telemetry system (not indicated in the drawing) for
transmitting the data readings and determining the sonde coordinates.
The parachute system 13 (some of which indicated with a dotted line) is
affixed to the rear section of the system. The body of the screen and
the parachute are made of water repellent materials.
As a result of the simu.ltaneous effect of parachute 13, which determines
the dropsonde velocity, depending on atmospheric density, and the Ventura
pipe 10, the speed of the flows for both collectors is identical through-
out the sonde trajectory. Thus the temperature of the open collector is
lower than that of the screened collector only in the presence of a
liquid or ice phase in the medium.
22
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The advantages of the system include the possibility for ir.s operative
delivery throu~h a rocket to the studiE~ part of the cloud. -
A continuous record of the water content values is possible with a steady
transmission of the temperature differences in the collectors and through _
the radar tL3cing of the oosition of th~ sonde.
BIBLIOGRAPhY
l. Glagoev, Yu. A. "Spravochnik po Fizicheskim Parametram Atmosfery"
[Manual on Physical Atmospheric Parareters]. Gidrometeoizdat,
- Leningrad, 1970.
2. Zaytsev, V. A. and A. A. Ledokhovich. "Pribory Dlya Issledovaniya
Tumanov i Oblakov i Izmereniya Vlazhnosti" [Instruments for the Study
of Fogs and Clouds and Moisture Measurements]. Gidrometeoizdat,
Leningrad, 1970. `
3. Nevzorov, A. N. "On the Accuracy of the Thermoelectrolytic Method for
Measuring the Water Content of Clouds from an Aircraft." TRUDY TsAO,
No 101, 1972.
4. Mazin, I. P. "Fizicheskiye Osnovy Obledeneniya Samoletov" [Physical
Foundations for Airplane Icing]. Gidrometeoizdat, Moscow, 1957.
5. Meson, B. J. "Fizika ObTakov" [Physics of Clouds]. Gidrometeoizdat,
Leningrad, 1961.
6. Minervin, V. Ye. "Fluctuation of Water Content in Stratified Clouds."
TRUDY TsAO, No 71, 1966.
7. Mikheyev, M. A. and I.M. Mikheyeva. "Osnovy Teploperedachi" [Founda-
ti,ons.of Heat Transfer]. Energiya, Moscow, 1977.
8. Skatskiy, V. N. "Aircraft Measurement of the Water Content of Drop-
Liquid Clouds." IZV. AN SSSR, Geophysical Series, No 9, 1963, pp 1448-
1466.
9� Peters, E. "Eine neue Method,e zur Bestimteung de~ Gehaltes an fluessigem
Wasser in Wolken und Nebeln nach F. Albrecht" . [A New Method of Determining
the Water Content in Clouds ead Fog According to F. Albrecht ZEITSCHRIFT
FUER METEOROLOGIE, Vol 11, No 1957� -
10. U. S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, 1976--NOA.A, NASA and USAF--Washington
1976.
23
' FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
I
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
11. Veal, D. L., W. A. Cooper, G. Vall and J. D. Marwitz.--Some Aspects
of Aircr.aft Instrumentation for Storm Research.--American Meteoro-
logical Society, Monogra~h 38, 1978.
Received by the editors on 5 November 1979 -
COPYRIGHT: GLAVNO UPRAVLENIYE "KHIDROLOGIYA I
METEOROLOGIYA" 19tS0 c/0 Jusauor, Sofia
5003
CSO: 8144/1636
2~+
FOR OFFYCIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
, '
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
WORKING ENVIRONMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER PIaANTS
Prague PRACOVNI LEKARSTVI in Czech No 4, Apr 80 pp 147-153
[Article by Jozef Carach, Regional Health Service; in Slovak: "The Work-
ing Environment in Nuclear Power Planta"]
[~Text] The CSSR embarked on the industrial utillzation of nuclear energy -
only within the last few years, later than other induetrially developed
countries. An important mileetone here was the erection of the V-1 nuclear
- power etation at the end of 1978. In view of ita designed output and
operating parametera, the A-1 nuclear power plant has to be coasidered
only an experimental and pilot facility in terms of current criteria, and
without greater economic or industrial importance.
The number of employees at the tWO atomic power plaats, including thos~
at the acientific research baee at the Jasloveke Bohuaice aite, who are
exposed to particular risks, amounte at present to approximately 1,600
peraone. znformation relating to radiologic safeguarde within the atomic
power plant has been publiahed in tl:e specialized literature both here
and abroad. ~
The etructural deaign of the nuclear reactors, which wae ~hased on Soviet _
concepta, has some characterietic features that are reflected in the prob-
leme of radiological protection. For containing the fiasion procesa the
eyetem of multiple barriera is generally uaed. This coneiste of high-
grade fuel element cladding, a primary loop and the mounting of all the
apparatus of the reactor primary loop within gas-tight containera. No
"etfety ~acket," a container that as a whole seale off the reactor and
the aesociated eqnipment, is used. A campleac purificatioa aqstem reduces
the quantity of radioactive aubetance~ in the primarq loop to the lo~vest
poasible lenel ~compatible with economic conaiderations. ~
In connection witin safeguarding the peraonsel, the areas of the nuclear
plants are divided into a nusb~r of zones. In the clean area there is no
riek of internal contaminatioa by radioactive substancea or of external
radiation. Such areas, where sta~f can remaia for an entire ehift, in-
clude the reactor operatioa room, the control room of the purification
25
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
_
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
station, some of the radiological laboratories, the machine room, and the
like. There ~re other areas where short atxys are the rule and where it
ia unlikely that the workers will receive dosages exceeding 30 percent of
the maximum permissible doeage. The remaining areas fall into what ie
called the controlled zone, where conditiona are such that expoausea can
be 30 percent of the maximuan permiseible dosage and higher. The._con-
trolled zone includes iinking and service passages, the reactor room, the
area where fuel elements are loaded and some others. This zone also in-
cludes some areas where the dosage levels are such that they are not
usually acceasible and are entered only under exceptional circumstances
and when taking exceptional measures. These are the hermetic boxea of
the ateam generators and the ion-exchange filters and some other areas.
A condition under which these areas are entered is interruption of coolant
circulation, leakage of water from the relevant section of the primary
loop of the light-water reactora and the carrying out of deactivization
of the apparatus contained.
The hermetic appzratus that prevents the escape of radioactive substances
into the working environment throughout the entire lifetime of the power
plant, as well as the screening, requires a number of design and structural
- elements involving signifi.cant financial outlays that amount to several
percent of the entire cost.
From the point of view of the reliability of the operational nuclear equip-
_ ment it is extremely important to aelect materials with a high degree of
reaiatance to corroaion by the coolant uaed. For light-water reactore of
the WER type this is suetenitic atainless steel, which is used for the
ateam generators, for the primary tubing and for atructural elements of
the purification etation for radioactive water. An important construction
material in.the 4ctive zone of the reactor ia zircon with 1 percent nio-
bium which is used for cladding the fuel elements, and zircon with 2.5 per-
cent niobium for the presaure tube. For the reactor vessels, heat-resis-
tant perlitic steel is used; for the driving mechanisms of the ~egula~ing
and emergency systems, stainlesa chrome steels; for the vessels of the
~ volume compensators, a epecial carbon ateel; and as a sealing material
in the systems of the primarq loop, copper and nickel alloys.
Although there is adherence to the general rule that exposure to ionizing
radiation ehould be as law as compatible with the practical aspects of
operation, we en.counter the natural tendency to create working conditions
and a method of organizing work where individual dosagea frequently ap-
proach the maximum permissible doeage. This trend can be substantiated
by the summar.y chart of average quarterly dosages per person~at the A-1
power plant for different yeara, in particular for certain occupational
groups. (Cf. Figure 1.)
The ma~or health risk to plant personnel is external irradiation from
gamma and beta aources, and to a negligible degree, neutron radiation and
internal contamination by radioactive subatancea.
26
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
5 ~1~
Porad(e hodnbt vo Stvorici ~500
9- smenovi dozimetristi ~
C- udrib~ri
4'D- procovnici dielne pal, cl. ~ 400
H- pracovnici transp. techn.
a obsluha zariadeni
~3 300
' E
~ I �J
E2 E
i ~ 200
I
I
1 ~100
a~
I II .III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV .
19P3 19?4 19F5 1976 19F~ 1g'~8
- Figure 1. Sumcnary of Average Quarterly Dosages per Person from Operations
at the A-1 Power Plant
Key:
1. Order of values within each quarter
B. Shift dosimetric workers
- C. Maintenance workers
D. Workero in the fuel-element loading area
H. Transp4rt and technological equigment operators and equipment
operators
From many years of experience in monitoring nuclear reactors we knaw that
it is primarily expo$ure ta external radiation that accounts for the total
doae, up to 95 percent and above, while the amount contributed by internal
sources contamination uaually amounta to only a few percent. External
radiation ie the result of gam~a radiation of fiasion products. Under
operating conditions it is i6N. That ie an important component of the
radiation. In areas far from the reactor core there are active corrosion
producte. Depending on the conetruction materials corrosion producte
are formed that migrate throughout the entire primary loop, being acti-
vated by Che thexmal neutrons in the active zone of the reactor and trans-
ported by the coolant to the aurf~ces of the primary loop. It ia primar-
ily the following radioactive corrosion products that are responsible for
contaminating the reactor, the primary ioop, the surface~ of the control _
and eafety systems, the ateam generators, the circulation pump s, the fuel
element ~acketa, and other pieces of equipment: 51Cr, 54Cr, S~Fe, 60Co, -
95Zr and 141Ce. The most important radionuclide, the one that determines
the radiation aituation in the loops, is however 60Co.
27
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
When the coolant medium and the moderator circulate through the active
zone of the reactor~ the elementa in these substances are activated, and
the above-mentioned 16N as well as 190, 18F, 14C, 42K, 24Na and 3H are
formed.
The neutron fieli~ represents a negligible contribution to the overall
risk from external irradiation when the biological shield is functibning
properly. \
In accordance with Announcement No 65/72 of the Law Code on health pro-
tection measures with respect to ionizing radiation (in the CSR, Announce-
ment No 59/72) all workers who could possibly be exposed in the course of
a year to more than 30 percent of the maximum permiesible dosage must be
provided with personal film badges and the necessary protective clothing
when entering the controlled zone, and then oniy through the hygiene trap.
Workere engaged in especially high-risk work also receive KID 2 pencil
doeimeters, TLD dosimeters, and doaimeters equipped with automatic warn-
ing devices. In case of accident the film badge ia evaluated immediately,
the film holder also containing a film dosimeter exhibiting a linear
reaponee over a broad range of dosages.
We have seen, ae have others at other nuclear plants, that, as time goes
on, both the individual and the collective doeages of the plant personnel
are increasing with the length of time a plant has been in operation. The
breakdown rate of equipment and the need for maintenance work increases
with time. Almost three-quarters of irradiation atems from exposure to
radioactive corrosion products received during maintenance work. Table 1
presents a summary of dosages from external irradiation for workers at the
A-1 power plant between 1973 and 1978.
The group receiving the greateat exposure is that of the maintenance work-
ers, especially those working on ateam generator repairs. The aource of
the radiation ia the corrosion products depoeited in the p3ping and tubing.
Other occupational groupe that auffered higher than average dosea of ex-
ternal gammoa radiation include the traneport and technological workers ex-
poeed during replacement of spent fuel elements, during repaira on the
loading machinery, and while working in the long-term atorage area for
epent fuel, as well as chemiete who conduct sampling and analysis of radio-
active media at the operationa.
It appeara that the level of irradiation of plant per,sonnel at nuclear
power planta ie rising throughout the world. The eituation can be i~
proved by optimalizing deaigne and improving work organization, especially
for equipment repaira.
- Another syatem f~r controlling riaks in the working environment from ex-
ternal radiation is the syatem of installed and portable dosimetric inatru-
ments. The installed system monitors the magnitude of exposure to gamma
radiation in the different areas of the nuclear plant, it registers any
~ 28
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Table 1. Annual Dosage Burden From External Gamma and Beta Radiation for
Workers at the A-1 Atomic Power Plant Between 1973 and 1978.
Integr~lna Priemern~ Maxim~lna
d~vks d`vke dgvka
v~atk~ch najednbho na
ltuk Pranovn(kov prewovn(ka jednotlivoa
(1) ---i2~-- (3) ~4~
i qama I beta gama bO~ gama beta
_ tps~~m~Bv~_-m~ m8v mBv m$v
~
1073 384 192 0,09 0,28 9~06 b0~06
1974 708 44T 1,18 0.74 27,29 9b,70
1(1 i 5 3(339 790 6,82 1,22 b7,88 27,83
107G i G418 G448 9,60 10,01 97,22 174,00
1f17 i ; 7344 6139 11,38 8.70 100,17 409,88
1ll78 i 4Q87 4085 4~8G 4,98 199,27 082~88�
~
~
Key:
~ 1. Year
2. Aggregated dosage of all workers
' 3. Average dosage per worker
4. Maximum dosage per worker
5. Gamma, millisieverts
6. Beta, millisieverta
increase and gives warning of this on the central evaluating equipment.
This~system also providea information on the state of technological equip-
ment, especially on any change in activity in the loops ox any escape of
radioactivitq.
The portable equipment is uaed when repairs are being made, when the
hermetic boxes have to be entered and in the courae of various operational
procedures when there is expected to be a riek of radiation. It is used
to provide more precise information when the permanentlq installed dosime-
tera have signalled a riae in the gam~a field ~n a certain area.
The activity of the radionuclides in the reactor core itself is created
by the activity of the fiseion products. There are ~lumeroua computer pro-
graias that make it poasible to estimate the inventory of fission-product
poisons in the reactor on the baeis of a knowledge of the operating condi-
~ tione. As an ill $tration, for one megawatt of thermal output, the aver-
age activity of 1~1I in the reactor is between 888 and 1036 GBq.
29
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Thua in the course of normal operations, but also e~pecial.ly under emer-
gency conditicns, radionuclides in the active zone of the reactor and in
the primary loop can escape into the working environment through gaps in
a large number of piecea of equipment. One of the most important factors
affecting the escape of fiesion producta into the coo~ant and the modera-
tor, and subsequently to the areas of the nuclear power plant, is the
Condition of the cladding of the fuel elements. Damaged fuel elements
are a major source of radioactivity in a nuclear power plant. The quality
of the zircon sheathing on the fuel elem.ents determines the hermeticity
and the life of the elements and thus, consequently, the radioactivity of
the ~oolant. The radioactivity of the coolant is the second most impor-
tant eource of r~dioactivity in the entire power plant. In the cooling
water of the primary loop the fo13o3win8135dion131idei32re 91e ma~2r ones
formed by the fiseion procesa: Xe, Xe, I, I, Sr, Sr,
139g8 and 138Cs. The total activity in the water of the primary loop can
reach 3.7 x 106 to 3.7 x 10~ Bq/1.
Under normal operating conditions activating and active corrosion products
predominate in the circulating medium; when the fuel element coating is
damaged, fieaion products predominate. From the standpoint of physical
chemistry, leakage to the working environment can occur in the form of
gaseous subatances, aerosols, radioactive steam or contaminated solutions.
For safeguarding workers at a nuclear power plant from the danger of in-
ternal contamination by radioactive substances a complex system of organi-
zational meaeurea has been worked out and is being put inta practice.
- Juet as external radiation is monitored by permanently installed doaimetric
syateme, the concentration of radioactive gaaea and serosols is continu-
ously evaluated in corridors, in serviced areas and in aress that are
usually unserviced. Many portable instruments are also uaed where atmo-
apheric eamples are taken and analyzed in the laboratory.
Valuable information about deposited sources of radioactivity that were
previously in the f.orm of dust or a radioactive aerosol in the atmosphere
is provided by scraping teate. Finally, the last link in controlling the
internal contamination of the power plant peraonnel is the activity of
the health center, whether in the form of direct measurements of the radi-
ation emitted by radionuclidee deposited in the organism made with a
whole-body counter, or by excretion analyais.
Internal contamination by tritium presenta an especially great ris'c. There
are a number of ways for tritium to be formed in the course of operation
both in the heavy-water moderetor used at the A-1 power plant, and in the
light-water moderator at the V-1 power plant. In regarda to the low-energy
beta radiation emitted by tritium, monitoring of the radionuclides is car-
ried out by a program based on liquid acintillation spectrometry, both for
evaluating the activity of steam and humidity in the atmosphere, or within
the different areas of the power plant, for evaluating the activity in the
liquid media of the reacCor, ae well as in biological samples processed
and evaluated in the health center.
30
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL'I
A not insignificant share in reducing the risk of internal contamination,
even when there is ample ventilation and radioactive areas and equipment
are sealed, is played by individual protective devices. Very effective
reapiratora are used. They contain a fil.ter material baeed on synthetic
fibera that is highly efficient, while o~fering little resietance to air-
flow. The wearing of work clothes is mandatory. Yutting on pressurized
suiCS for work in contaminated areas is often ~ustified during the opera-
tion of a nuclear power plant.
Movement between zones that differ in the degree of radiation risk is
possible only through hygienic locks or traps that provide for hygienic
purification and dosimetric control. If decon�tamination cannot be
achieved uaing the usual means--e.g. soap. ehampoo, and scrub brushes--
then the health center intervenes. When necessary it has more aggres-
sive means available for decontamination. F1rst aid for internal decon-
tamination at the center can include the use of inedicationa to prevent
cellular deposition of the contaminant radionuclidea, nonradioactive
iodine, activated barium sulphate, and Berlin blue, or to accelerate the
elimination of already depoeited radionuclides by means of complexing
agenta.
Precise records of the dosages from sources of external and internal
radiation are kept for every worker. Computers are used in this and of
course the relevant programa are drac~n up so that they answer a ntmmber
of questions auch as the evaluetion of a collective dose, doeagea per
worker, ~oeage per megawatt of electric output and information on the
- posaibility of distributing the dosage sa se to atay within the limit of
each individual. This laet item is very important in scheduling mainte-
nance work that has a high radiation risk associated with it. _
The airborne dosagea of external gatimoa radiation in micro-Gy/hour are
given in Table 2 for aome selected areas at the A-1 power plant. The
same areae as in Table 2 are evaluated in Table 3 with respect to surface
contamination. As can be aeen, the greatest eurface contamination was
observed in the r~actor room and in the long-term storage area for apent
fuel elements.
The third parameter characterizing the radiation situation in these
areas in the concentration of radioactive aerosols, Table 4. The
greatest radiation risk from aerosols ie concentrated in tfie reactor room.
In order to determine and compare the occup8t3on~1 risks of work sites
where there are sourcea of ionizing radiation and where different types
of work are done, theae are divided into g~:oups, as shown below in
Table 5. The health care workers use sources of x-ray radiation pri-
marily; workera at technical work sites use aealed ganma radiatnrs and
x-ray devices for flaw detection. The group "other workers" includea
peraonnel at the research institute, colleges and veterinary facilities.
3l ,
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
N ~ I ~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ O
, ~ ~ ~ ~
~.C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N O
Q ~:J ~ N ~ a ~ ~ ~ C9
'O t~ ~
v i 0� I
~ - - - - -
N ~
u ~
~ 8
�rl ~ yCi ~ M a0 M ~ O
y p ~ I I I I I I i I ~ I
41 �rl 'n Q ~ Q ~ g Or ~ '
~ N ~ iFj M ~
~
V N _ " ' _
I"~ Q
'C fs~ o g
~ N ~ I I ~ I I I I g I I I
~ .r C1 ~ Q M M -
H
0 ~ b ~ ~
a
_ -
~c u -
_ b
~ ~
M
~ U ~ ~ ^
o � rn O ~i
d ~ ~ ~ p ~ ~G
~ ~ N ~ u~'1 ~O t~. v ,a ~ ~
N I~J ~ ~ ~i ~ v v ~ ~ ~ ~ v
~ ~ M D
W m
C~ ~ ~ ~ yO~j ~ b ~ ~ n~M ~ 1~0 ~ .r 'C.~ .~n M ~
J
i~ (A .ci ~ v ~ w +o ~ ~ a4 w Q $ .o ~ .ti .q ro ~
ki c ~ "
w N ab ~ ~ ~ Fs
~ a ~A ~ ~
N ~ ~o ~ a q
a~
.v ~ _ . - -
~ a~i -
~ ~
~ ^ ~ �
~
~ ~ ~
e�~S a~o ~ r. M " p r'
o.. ~ ~ ~ .
c~
w+ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a
a o w ~ ~
~ ~ ~
~ A� ~ ~3
o~ o o~ o:n ~
_ a
w
N ~
O
r~ ~
~ W
~ '
32
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
[ Key to Tab le 2]
1. Building
2. Work site
3. Building 3C~, reactor
~ 4. Site 229, service passage
S. Site 501, passage for controlling secti~n fittings
6. Site 516, long-term storage
7. Site 700, reactor room
8. Building 29, intermediary machine shop
9. Site 114, steam generators 3 and 4
10. Site 54, TK engine area
11. Building 29, intermediary machine shop; nonreactive part
12. At the feeding tank of power block I
13. Building 41, radioactive water purification station _
14. Site 1, service passage
15. Site 17, loading room
16. Site 35, evaporating unit
33
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
l V~\ Vll iV1~1L VvL, Vl~1.1a -
\
~
~ O
N ~ c~ ~4 b ~ ~O O r t~
8 o er' r r ~ o ~ o o
~ b M
v' ~
W n
0
~
''i n m ~o
~ p,~ ~ ~q ~ 0+ ~ N b 'M t~
~ p .rOi t'~. rr a. O Q~ .w .r
p M ~
~
A+
H
0
n aD"
a ti~ o m
P
G O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p ~ ~ ~
.y ~ ~M ~ d~
6 ro O ~ Qi O
v -
.C
~
~ ~ ~
~ ~
~
~ o ~ ~ i~ ~ ~ ~
~ Q .p~ N ~T u1 ~O
d ~ 8 � ~
~ ~ ~ ~ v~ v v v v
N ~7 ~ ~D 1~
'b ~ ~
~ v ~ v v ~o p,
~ +~J ,o ~
~ A~' $ b ~ ."~i M' 10 ~ � ~ .~i C~ ~
. V w P Q
C! ~ O ~p
~ W^'~ W~ p p~ p~ 'O ~p~ Ki~ W O
~ ~8 w ~ ~ o
~ b o ~ ~ q
p ~ ~ ~
0
M
1.~
_ ~ ~ ~
~ � ~ ~ ^
CS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p~p
~j ~ ra ~ CO ~ ~ ~'1;; ~ ~U
~ ,0 v v v v p v~ ~ a
~ ~ ~ .R ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -
; ~ e w m ,
~ ~
y ~ ; o
o ~ o 0 0 ~
~
~ o
~
~
~ ~
3k
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
[Key to Tab le 3 ]
~ 1. Building
2. Work site
3. Building 30, reactor
4. Site 229, service passage
5. Site 501, passage for controlling section fittings
6. Site 516, long-term storage
_ 7. Site 700, reactor room
_ 8. Building 29, intermediary machine shop
9. Site 114, steam generators 3 and 4
10. Site 54, TK engine area
11. Building 29, intermediary machine shop; nonreactive part
12� In the entry into the area of the feeding tanks.
13. Building 41, radioactive water purification station
14. Site 1, service passage
15. Site 17, loading room
16. Site 35, evaporating unit
Tab1e 4. Concentration of Radioactive Aerosols in Selected Areas of
. the A-1 Power Plant in the Years 1977 and 1978, in mBq/1
Building Work Site 1977 1978
December May December
Building Site 229,
No 30, service passage 12 under 5 under 5
reactor
Site 501,
passage for
controlling
section fittings under 5 under 5 under 5
Site 516, long-
term storage 10 11 5
Site 700,
reactor room 5-55 7.5 i5-14
In the fourth and final section of ~ah1e S ere the personnel at th e
atomic power plant in Jaslovske Bohunice. From the table it is easy
to see that under the conditions obtaining in this country, contrary
to the common assumption of the greatest occupational risk being
associated with health care, it is the nuclear power plants that are
the moat significant source of occupational radiation burden. The table
does not include the contribution from internal contamination sources.
35
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY `
I
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
i ~
a
' a
I ~ ~ C1
y D D
p ~p ~ ~ ~ ~
a
-
~ - - -
~ - -
~o
~ v ol ~ I I I ~
o
~u ~ - ~ - -
~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ I I I ~
a
. ~ -
- ~ o - ~
~ ~ ol ~ I I I
~ o - M �
~
0
a,~ > ol ~ I I I c�i, u~
c~ ~ ~
~4 ~4 ~ ~ ~
~ ~p ~
R ~
L*a N cL o Q ~ ~ I ~ U O
~ 'tl
~ O p - ^~J 1~
a
~ y..i o o N
PQ O M d' ~ ~ G~l
~ y a ~ d W
4-~
O G~
~ ~ O ~
b~n ~i~ t~ S a Nx
~ o ~ e~ a ~ y ~
~ ~
c~ 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ -
~ ~ ; n ~ A. ~ ~
~ a~ ~ a, H a' ~
o'u ~ v ~ ~d3 ~3
~ cd .t
' o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 U ~ a o
rl ~ v ~ O.C ~ U f~+
O ~ .S N ~ ~ G!
g ~ a~
v; O ~~HO~~
_ ~ N ~
. . .
~/'1 ~-i N c~'1 ~t u'1 ~O
d
~-1
. ' H
~
36
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
In Table 6 on following page, the workers at the power plant are
divided into 11 occupational groups. The occupational groups re-
ceiving the highest exposures were maintenance workers, equipment
operators and workers in the transport and technological section.
The summary of the changes in the aggregate dosage for the years
1970 to 1978 given in Table 7 is interesting. The aggregate dosage
shows a strongly rising trend interrupted by the shutdown of the
power plant for technical reasons.
From the standpoint of radiation risk we recognize three important ~
temporal stages at a nuclear power plant. The first stage is when
the power plant is being put into operation, and this has two sub-
divisions: the physical and the energy-producing start-ups. They
can be characterized by, on the one hand, a low level of fission-
= product poisons in the reactor and an insignif~cant amount of radio-
active corrosion products, and on the other hand by the still unknown
operational peculiarities of the fac3lity, with the n~cessity of
working out solutions to unique situations as they arise, and the
presence of unaligned and uncompleted operational elements. The
second stage, which encompasses the peri.ods of trial operation and
the beginning of permanent operation, is usually marked by a low
level of radiation risk, Hygiene proble~s usually begin at the next
stage when corrosion, wear and leaks in the equipment, as well as
deterioration in the human f actor, begin to become serious. Both
worldwide and domestic experience testifies to this.
In view of the current interest in the recent start-up of the V-1 power
plant, the radiation situation in the areas at the plant after it
was brought up to 100 percent of nominal output on 2~ March 1979 is
presented in some detail below.
Exposure levels for gamma radiation in serviced areas fluctuated
between 0.2 and 20 micro-Gy/hour. An insignificantly low concentra-
tion of radioactive gases (object activity) was measurea at 3.7 to
20 Bq/1 and a concentration of radioactive aerosols (ob~ect activity)
at 0.5 to 20 mBq/1. Contamination of surfaces and equigment occurred
only in isolated instances and was immediately eliminated~ In the
hermetic boxes exposure levels of ga~a radiation wer.e on the order
- of gray/hour.
In the boxes of the steam generators and the main circulation ptanps
moisture from the atmosphere was frozen in order to de*_t~rmine the
_ concentration of tritium. A value of 143.5 Bq/m3 was obtained.
The volume activities of the aerosols in the boxes are also very low,
testifying to the satisfactory tightness of the equipment and the
pipelines of the pr~mary loop. Damage to the cladding of the fuel
elements has not yet been obaerved, and the only source of fission -
products is their surface contamination by U-235.
37
FOR 0~'FICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
I
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~ ~
~ o
~
a~i u N ai M
0 0 ~
I 3o et�oa~iq
I I^~ I I I I I I I I .d ~ N ep a~
o cd
- ~ Ol H rl N
- - y Gl O
}a N .C i~1 Gl
~I m I I^~ I I I I I I I I I.. ~ N o
~ ~ ~p M O
~J ~ V ~
~ p O ~+W ~ w c0
.o
~I ~ I ~ I I I I I I I I ~ ~ ~ p ~ ~a? ~ ~
~ ~ o ~ ~ v�~ a~i
o ~ a1 c1 cd ~ H N
~ ~ N~.:, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ maa~a ~
- ~ ~ , . .
~ - x1 H ?"7 ~4
p > I�Q I~'" I"' I I I I c�'i
' ~ ~ ~
00
~ -
c~
a ~ o F+
~ o~ ~'I~'"III~I II w y
~
O ~ - ~p
~ a
0 0
~ ~ o
H i M d~ ~ M I I~ ~ TI N
~
~ ^ b ~
_ , .A " y
4! E~
�
~ ~O~D ~~p~i~i~ia ~a�gti pa 1~.~ ri ri
'd C ~ ~ ~ ~ U
~
~
~ ~ tA N N i~
~ ~ ~ m m a ~ . o
~ ~g ~a~o1�ae~io~O~�D�a~ti ~ d ~ r~i ow~ ~
a ~ ~ ~ aN a~++ oHO a~
~ ~ a~
~ 3 3
~
" ~ ww ao~,~-i~.o~
O O~'~ L7 00 ~ M~
_ ~
~ ~ v ~ a1 U A W R~, Ch I~ r-~ h~4 ' W W d GHl r1 N c~J 1"~
~w a,yt~ d~� ~
~ ~~~'~jy~~d~c~n3
~p rINr1~WUAW WC.7
d
r-I '
~
~ ~ _
38
~ F'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL U'SE ONLY
Table 7. Overview of Aggregated bosage Received in Individual Years
During Which A-1 Jaslovske Bohunice Power Plant Has Been
in Operation.
~ Year Number of persons Annual integrated
followed dosage in man/
sieverts ,
19 70 80 0. 0 7
1971 146 0.07
1972 476 0.15
1973 502 0.38
1974 654 0.71
1975 737 3.63
1976 781 6.42
1977 897 7.24
~ 1978 1,241 4.09
The health care of the personnel at the A-1 and the V-1 power plants is
- con centrated in the plant health care center. The purpose of the -
entrance and periodic medical checkups, in particular those of the
section for hematological and biochemical tests, is not so much a
search for signs of damage as it is a search for pathological
changes in workers resulting from another, nonradiation, etiology,
for which they would have to be excluded from being exposed to ionizing
radiation. The current maximum permissib le dosages reflect many years
of experience with the exposure of people to ionizing radiation, and
when the international recoBnnendations embodied in our legislation
are adhered to, no somatic damage from ionizing radiation can occur.
Ano ther important function of the plant health care center is evaluat-
ing internal contamination. Information on the body burden of every
worker is compiled on the basis of the data from personal dosimetry
provided by the plant's dosimetric aervice and data on internal con-
tamination provided by the plant health care center. �
A plan for dealing with the in~uries caused by any possible radiation -
accident has been drawn up. Under this plan workers exposed are
classified into one of the following groupa on the basis of their
estimated exposure: wo~kers having exposures up to 0.25 sieverts are
treated in the plant health center and at the District Public Health
_ Ins titute in Trnava; from 0.25 to 1 sievert at the department of nuclear
E
39
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR QFFICIAL USE ONLY
medicine of the Inatitute of Clinical Oncology in cooperation with the
Firet Internal Clinic of the Faculty Hospital in Bratislava. For
expoeures of above 1 aievert, regardless of the 3egree of contamination,
hoepitalization in the Second Internal Clinic of the Faculty Hoapital
in Hradec Kralove is provided for.
The program for building socialism in the countries of the socialist
camp is unthinkable without the development of nuclear energy. Great
attention ia being devoted to the study of the effects of ionizing radia- -
tion on biological systems and on the human body, the saf ety of nuclear
devices and radioecology; and the further development ~f nuclear power
is compatible with maintaining the healthfulness of the working and
living environment.
COPYRIGHT: AVICENUM, Zdravotnicke Nakladatelatvi, Prague, 1980
8805 _
CSO: 2402
1+0
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CSR MEDICAL RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS IN 1979
Prague CASOPIS LEKARU CESKYCH in Czech 9 May 80 No 19
[Article by Academician J. Houstek and L. P~elech, M.D., doctor of science:
"The Most Important Resu3ts of the Sectoral Research Plan of the Ministry
of Health of the Czech Socialist Republic in 1979"]
[Text] The report presented here contains an overview of the most important
reaults announced by individual fundamental problem commissions in their
bulletins. In choosing these results, emphasis has been placed on those -
findings which may be utilized immediately in medical practice. Therefore
this brief summary does not include all of the fields contained in the re-
search plan. The results are presented in the order in which the individual
fundamental problem commissions, and the research projects which they have
completed, have been incorporated into the sectoral research and development
plan in the medical and pharmaceutical sciences and medical technology.
In the area of morphology and pathology, it was discovered during a study
of the morphology of changes in the lungs during fibrosing alveolitis that
= the seriousness of the change in lung tissue has significance for the de-
termination of a prognosis for the disease; diagnosis by means of a lung
biopsy and timely therapy can inhibit the rapid progression of this disease.
In the area of inedical genetics the empirical ristt of luxatio coxae congenita
was determined for our population. The system for identifying fatnilies
genetically at risk was checked and improved on the basis of sectional sup-
plemented by clinical genetic analyses, which made possible the study of the
role of congenital developmental defects and diseases on perinatal, early -
childhood, and child mortality. The empirical risk of manic-depressive
syndromes in our population was estimated and their relationship to addition-~
al anthropogenetic and immunogenic signs was critically analyzed.
In the field of pharmacology 248 articles were completed for the new edition
of the pharmacopoeia, the dissolving properties of cardiac glycosides were
- worked on for the purpose of testing the quality of drugs containing these
active ingredients, and the methodology established for determining pH in
combined hydrodimethylformamide environments. A proposal was also submitted
~+1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
for a new method f~r the adaptive regulation of the quality of powder mix-
tures which wil~ make possible the more convenient optimaliza~ion of the
quality of pawdered medicinal materials, and data were determined concern-
ing the constituent materials of Radix ononia which will simplify the
preparation of inedicinal materiale from thia drug. An important reault '
wae the propoeal for setting up the initial medicinal materials for the
production of infusion and in~ection preparations of sodium hydrogen
carbonate.
In pediatrics, an analysie of the health of 528 achool-age children and of
the influence of t~~e social position of their families on their hea~th
showeci that severe sickness, and respiratory and contagious illnesses
appeared moat of ter? in grades one through three, with an average number of
two to three aerious illnesaes per child per year, whereas accidents were
more prevalent in the higher grades, particularly among the boys. A large
percentage of aignificant neurotic symptoms are connected with the social
situation of the family, with the degree of care shown by the parents for
the health of their child. Among the parents of children with lo~w grades,
of which there were 78 in thia esmple, there was a statistically aignifi-
cant lower nupber with a college education, a larger number of children
from broken marriages, more frequent disruptions in parental behavior,
alcoholiam, family conditions which threatened the healthy development of
the child, and complicated living eituatione than in the control group,
that ia a group of 110 pupils with excellent grades. Health matters were
not decisive in determining their succeas in echool. In addition, a graphic
representation was worked out of the body type typical of pituitary nanism
which can serve as a screening aid for diaruptions in growth. It was dis-
covered that in patienta with pituitary nanism the somatomedin level in the
plasma takes on individually specific values after administration of a
growth hormone, and at varying intervals after administration, which may
have significance for the treatm~ent of this condition. Additional results
permit the diagnoais of a disruption in the function of the family and its
eeverity, thereby making posaible the provision of dispensary sid to the
threatened child on the basis of ob~ective indicators. These also serve
as a measure by whi.ch to ~udge the effectiveaess of asaistance by society
in child development.
In the area of sports medicine important findings were gained concerning
the physiological differences in reactions at the onset of physical ex-
ertion. The initial rate of increase of oxygen in preadolescent boys is
higher than that for trained adults, which points to a rapid beginning of
aerobic metabolism in children. This may be placed in relationship with
the atypical spontaneoua movement activity of children. It is posaible to
consider a further contribution to be the wide utilization of noninvasive
technology--impedance transthoracic plethyamography--during physical ex- -
ertion of various kinde which facilitates the analysis of the phases of the
heartbeat with grea~ sensitivity as well as the study of the changes in
hemodynamic parameters (the systolic and per minute heart volume).
~+2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
In hepatology, the transformation was d~monstrated of chenodeo:cycholic acid
to usodeoxycholic acid in the human intestine and, given the production of
chenodeoxycholic acid from poultry bile, a modification was introduced
which partially epimerizes this acid into the litholytically more effective
ursodeoxycholic acid. The outcomes of the ssrgical treatment of bleeding
from esophageal varices are an additional contribution, as is the founding
of several blood vessel anastomoses which statistically significantly pro-
long the life of the sick. Likewise a contribution was the detailed
elaboration of the methodology for the establishment of circulating immun-
izing complexes such as the sign of the HBsAg medium, because it was
determined that HBsAg bound in the form of a dissolved complex has not been
verified by normal immunoelectrophoretic methods.
In the field of endocrinology an original micromethod was developed for
determining the essential amino acids in biological material brought from
other workplaces. A system designed for the screening of sportsmen for
d4ping with anabolic steroids was brought into practical application. A
method was worked out for the determination of the spectrum of steroidal
hormones, especialiy in cases of mineralocorticoid disruptions and virili-
zation syndromes. A number of inethods were worked out for the determination
of somatomedin, somatostatin, gastrin, and other peptide hormones. A method
was developed for treating obesity by controlled hunger and several mecha-
nisms or or~anismic adaptation to limited food intake were explained,
particularly in relation to thyroid hormones. The detection of hormonally
active tumors was worked out using infrared rays.
In the field of hematology new findings were obtained in the study or the
absorption activity of various particles, especially of colloidal iron,
and during the utilization ~f the NBT test. The interaction of colloidal
iron with leukemia cells and with follicled cells may serve as a simple
test in the laboratory diagnosis of this disease.
In dermatology and venereology a proposal of ineasures was developed which
led to a change in production technology, and by which a serious problem
of our automobile industry was resolved--the mass appearance of contact
allergic eczema from Ter~cal. In addition a new, more specific and econom-
ically favorable ~eans for a serological examination for syphilis was
proposed.
In the field of allergy and clinical immunology it was discovered that it
is possible to count on the occurrence in 13 gercent of our popularion of
allergic conditions, and that L�he number of these conditions significantly
increases especially during.childhood. An increase in allergic coids was
demonstrated, and it emphasized that these conditions are in a preasthmatic
stage. New methods and examination approaches were discovered for the
evaluation of immunity levels against infectious, inflammatory, and tumor-
forming processes. A ~*?ethodological chart of an approach Lo immunological
therapy for respiratory allergies, partic~alarly asthma, was designed.
~+3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
In the field of rheumatology the first data were collected on the prevalence
of ~uvenile progressive polyarthritis in the CSSR, and the more frequent
occurrence of this illness among families was confirmed. X-ray criteria
were worked out for the evaluation of the advancement of the rheumatic
procesa in all elements of the cervical vertebrae, making possible rapid
orientation. The methodology for determining the level of antistreptolysin
"0" in human plasma was modified in the sense that titration came to be
uaed instead of dilution. A new method was developed on the principle used
to eatablish antibodies against streptolysin "0" in human blood serwm by
- means of precipitation on agar. A more frequent occurrence of latent
diabetes was found in persons auffering from gout. It was shown that
Scheuermann's disease, or rather, vertebral dysosteogenesis, need not al-
ways occur in its fully developed form; that on the contrary, many more
abortive forms exiat which can be the cause in later years of the develop-
ment of additional pathological changea of the spine. It is possible to
call these changes those of a stigmatized spine. The cytological examina-
tion of the ~oints in those ill with rheumatic diseases has crucial
aignif icance not only for the diagnoeis and evaluation of the activity of
the rheumatic process, but also for the evaluation of inesiicinal effect.
A new, color atlas published by our authors abroad ia an importan~ contri-
bution to the diagnosis and cure of rheumatic illnesses on a world scale.
' Corticoids applied to the joint have a significant overall effect and it
has been shown that they act as a retardant of the functioning of the
surface of the adrenal glands for a period of up to 7 days. Tres~tment by
cytostatic drugs, namely cyclophosphamide, proved successful in 76 percent
of the casea of collagenosis with daa?aged kidneya after unsucceasful corti-
sone treatment. Tt~~ treatment ~f progreasive polyarthritis with 6 grams
of cyclophosphamide daily is sa1'e, and it is posaible to use it as a
temporary medicarion to supp?:ess activity.
In pneumology it was ehown that the best method for the basic examination
of breathing is the flow-volum~ curve, which makes possible, as well, a
rough judgment of gas distribution in the lungs and resietance in the
breathing pass~gea. For ite broad practical utilization it is essential
that the Chirana national enterpri~e finish the development of the open
circuit spirograph as soon as possible. In addition it was discovered
- that in prescribing drugs which ease ~expectoration by individuals with
symptoms of expirattonal atenoais, priority ahould be given to drugs
which do not lesaen the tone of the bronchial muacle group, and that in-
haled mucolytics ahould not be applied to the sick who retain bronchial
eecretions with heightened viscoeity.
In the area of the fight against tuberculosis it was shown that isoniazid,
administered prophylactically over a period of 3 months to individuals with
fibrous lung lesiona lowered the occurrence of bacterial tuberculosis by
about 30 percent, administered over a period of 6 months tha figure became
70 percent, and when administered over 12 months, frequency of occurrence
declined by about 80 percent. The occurrence of serious complications,
Farticularly of the liver, tempers the implications for the mass use of
4~+
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
isoniazid as a chemical prophylactic against tuberculosis. It was further
shown that for those undergoing the first treatment of tuberculosis of the
_ lungs, if there are no associated illnesses, the first phase of treatment
can be shortened to 6 weeks with a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin,
and ethambutol, at the same time that it is possible to administer these
drugs intermittently from the very beginning.
, In the fields of balneology and physiatrics a method of liver rheography
was developed, with the aid of which it is possible to elucidate even
relatively discrete functional as well as anatomical changes which take
place in the course of spa treatments. The objective possibility of pre-
dicting the effect of spa treatment was demonstrated.
- In the field of gerontology and geriatrics, a comparison of office visits
to doctors in districts where the position of geriatric nurse has been
introduced, with districts where geriatric nurses had not yet begun to
work showed a general increase in the number of visits from the older popu-
lation to district doctors from 1970. At the same time the nwnber of older
people who did not seek out a district doctor at least once a year declined.
The increase in visits to district doctors was greater in those districts
without geriatric nurses. It was furthermore shown that mortality from
the bleeding of undiscovered peptic ulcers increases linearly with age.
Older women have the least hope for a timely discovery of a peptic ulcer.
Pain is the main reason for seeking out a doctor for more than 60 percent
of those ill with peptic ulcers in the under-59 age group. Anacidity due
to caffeine in older people does not preclude the presence of a peptic
ulcer. In the under-59 age group three times as many males as females
become ill with peptic ulcers. In the next age group (60-74 years) the
same number of males and females are effected. In the oldest group (over
75 years) four times as many women as men are effected.
In the area of clinical pharmacology it was shown that the standard doses
of acetylsalicylic acid result in a majority of children in gastroscopically
visible changes in the stomach lining in the courae of only 3 days of ad-
- ministration. Furthermore, methods were develop.;d and introduced for the
rapid determination of ser~ concentrations of aminoglycosidic antibiotics
in such a way that it is possible to gain data concerning their levels on
the same day, after the morning taking of blood. New methods were worked
out and verified for the determination of the serum concentrations of
azlocilin, mezlocilin, penamecilin, and oxolinic acids. The effectiveness
of the new oral antimycotic drug Ketokonazol was confirmed for systemic
mycosis in humans. In studying the effectiveness of the new antibiotic
cefoxitin, it was shown to have excellent therapeutic effect on peritoneal
infectians, especially during childhood. Contrary to foreign data, it
was less effective against staphylococcal infections. In studying the
potential use of chloramphenicol in the treatment of typhus-bearing bacilli
with extraordinarily large doses in the form of in~ections (100-177 milli-
grams/kilogram) in the course of 1 to 3 hours a bacteriocidal concentration
was found in the bile only 1 to 4 hours after the administration of the
~+5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
medicine. Given the fact r.hat a permanent cure presumes the creation of a
bacteriocidal concentration for at least 24 hours, chloramphenicol ia not
suitable for the treatment of typhus-bearing bacilli at this level of
doeage and given thia form of administration. In a study of the dynamics of
the betalytic effect of Trimepranol, administered by intravenous in~ections,
it was diacovered that this method of administration caused the effect to
laet a good 3 ho~rs. Therefore, for clin~cal practice a sufficient doeage
is 1 to 2 milligrams administered intravenously in single dosages. A
cvmparative study was completed by Alnagon and a new analgesic, Fenalgin
Spof, on thoae sick with algesic rheumatic syndromes. The tolearance for
and therapeutic effect of both preparations was practically identical. The
rapid therapeutic effect of a new localized corticoid, Cobetazol propionate,
on chronic torpid psoriasie wae demonstrated. For 73 percent of those suf-
iering from superficial mycotic conditions, a reliable medicinal effect was
demonstrated for Griseofulvin, applied locally in the form of a paste. In
a comparison of new, retarded fornis of lithium with unretarded forms, in-
sufficient data was obtained concerning the desirability of administering
the retarded prepara~ion (lithemia was low and undesirable reactions
appeared), while frota the viewpoint of therapecetic effect there was no
fundamental difference between the preparations. In a clinical comparison
of the effectivenesa of the damestically developed preparation Triamcinilon-S
with the foreign preparation Locasalen, greater effectiveness and better
tolerance was discovered for the preparation Triamcinolon-S in the basic
indicators.
In clinical biochemistry models were developed showing the way to an in- ~
crease in the quality and efficiencq of laboratory testing at the National
Health Institute. Efforts devoted to the development of new, standardized
biochemical procedures have led to several discoveries, which have been
confirmed by the authcrs, and which raises the quality of several routine -
procedures used in the National Health Institute. a kinetic procedure for
establishing the activity of cholinesterase was patented, which has great
practical significance and is the sub~ect of interest abroad for possible
licensing. Xenobiochemical research and the development of toxicological
testing procedures also have great practical significance for the National
Health Institute laboratories. This is especially true in the case of pro-
~ecte in which the procedures of liquid chromatography are use3. In the
- field of radiodiagnosis a significamt improvement was achieved in the
_ technology and interpretation of angiographic examinations, an expansion and
improvement of catheter therapy in preoperation preparation, in the stoppage
of bleeding, in the treatment of blood vessel malformation, and in the
cytoetatic and palliative treatment of ttanors. Work on endangeitis obiiter~ns
of the veins in the region of the kidneys and pelvie received international
recognition. There is significant practical significance in the finding
that the primary method for the disgnosis of osaeous metast~ses is isotopic ~
examination and biochemical testing. Other findinga are significant for the
organization of diagnostic procedures for breast cancer. -
46
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
In the field of nuclear medicine, the conduct of in-vitro thyroid tests with
the aid of radionuclides led to the definition of the discriminatory powers
of these tests for thyroid dysfunction, and to conclusions regarding the
conduct of these examinations in routine clinical practice, from which
follows the progressive introduction of individual tests according to the
principles of step-by-step diagnostic procedure. Practical conclusions
were f ormulated for the conduct of radiocardiographic examinations at
workplaces of nuclear medicine where the costly picture tube technology
with computer data processing is not available. The problem of data trans-
mission duing functional radionuclide studies was successfully resolved by
means of a new main frame with dynamic memory which has great prospective
signif icance for the work at nuclear medicine facilities, particularly with
a view to the limited possibilities for the import of instrumentation tech-
nology. A number of technical and dosimetric problems were resolved, which
is con~~~buting to the expansion of examination procedures using radioactive
Xenon Xe.
~ In the field of neurosurgery an active neurosurgical approach, making possi-
ble the avoidance of a number of serious complications and an improvement of
practical treatment results, was suggested for the resolution of a serious
societywide problem, i.e. fracture of the base of the frontal sinus and
its complications. The study of the postural mechanisms related to neuro-
surgical illnesses led to greater precision in several practical treatment
approaches, especially in stereotactical treatment. A study of the dynamics
of human cerebral edema confirmed experimental data that vasogenic edema
arises in the tumor itself and only from there spreads to the surroundings.
The amount of swelling is in correlation with the degree of demonstrated
tissue hydration.
In the field of accident surgery a replacemenr was designed and clinically
verifie d for the crisscross bindings of the knee joint by means of a graft
from the tendon of the thigh muscle with a bone graft from the proximal
region of the patella. The method, which was designed, was verified and
led to improved clinical results in comparison with other surgical methods
in use. In the resolution of the problems of maxillofacial in~uries accom-
panying other wounds, constant cooperation was shown to be essential along
with the flexible attainment of the stomatosurgeon in the treatment of
multiple trauma conditions. It is desirable to combine an operation on
the max illofacial bone structure with other surgical procedures. A
definitive treatment of the skeletal structure of the mid-facial parts is
necess ary within 10 days, and for fractures of the lower jaw within 14.
_ Designs were worked out for rational therapeutic approaches to severe chest
traumas, and treatment directives established. Appropriate X-ray examina-
tion procedures were also'established. In cooperation with Chirana
nationa 1 enterprise at Nove Mesto in Moravia instrumentation was developed
for meniscectomies which is already in production. The problems of post-
operative care were worked out (rehabilitation, pharmacological effects,
etc.) and a procedure designed for evaluating postoperative results. A new
concept was developed for the treatment of infected tumors of the joints
47
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
' FOR OFFICTAL USE ONLY -
- and a new classificarion of pseudojoints was worked out which serves also as
a therapeutic directive. A significant finding for medical practice is
that it is possi~le to influence the chemical phenomena accompanying fat
emboli by administering calciiun chloride. The demonstratior~ of two types
of heparin action is also important: the posi[ive influence of amall
dosages of heparin without an anticoagulant eff ect, and a negative in-
fluence following Che administration of a large dosage with anticoagulant
effect.
In the field of pediatric surgery, conservative procedures were emphasized
for the treatment of child fractures, but at the same time strict indica-
tions of osteosynthesis were limited. In the epiphyseolysis of adolescents, '
especially in the region of the ankle, the Salter-Harris procedure was
adopted. The practical significance of this work lies in the radically
decreased incidence of hemorrhaging in children.
In the field of obstetrics and gynecology, work has contributed to an alter-
ation of the intrauterine envirottment for intrauterine devices, which can
contribute to an ir?crease in reliability and a decrease in the side effects
of intrauterine coritraception. Additional practical significance lies in
' the auccessful verification of the cryosurgical removal of benign cervical
leaions, as well as in all the reaults relating to the comprehensive study
of the efficiency of prebiopay procedures for tracing precancerosis of the
' uterus. The results of work tracing the effectiveness of the vacuumaspira-
~ tfon of tha uterine cavity is also significant f or medical practice. This
~ procedure, which can be performed without anaesthesia and therefore without
~ hospitalization, can in a ma~ority of casea take the place of the classical
curettage of the uterine cavity.
~ In the field of orthopedics the syndrome of bodily asymmetry, and its
-j occurrence and rela*_i~nship to the formation of the spine in school-age
: children was studied, and new findinga gained in the problematics of child
~ spfnal formation. The symptoms of pelvic disorders were worked out, as
1 well as the relationahip between plagiopelvia and sacroiliac shift, and a
~ clarification of the relation of plagiopelvia to scoliosis. Good organic
~ tolerance was shown for new hydrogel as well as the potential for using
gel in the rebuilding of damaged ~oints. New splints were introduced into
operational practice for the ~oining of small bones along with a new type
of cervicle vertebrae prosthesis, the POLDI.
In the field of opthamology new modifications of micr_osurgical and anti-
glaucoma operat-ionsy trabeculactomies and the cauterizations of the s~lera,
were made more preci..se and evaluated. There was even pushing of the scleral
line to the forward chamber, and an original explanation proposed of the
; mechanism of. the functioning of these operations. An ultrasound method was
developed ior the localization of orbital tumors.
I
In the field of stomar_ology, significant practical findings were gained on
; the basis of a study of damaged permanent teeth of children treated with
~ tetracyclin antibiotics (TA), because changes in teeth following the
~ ~+S
i
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
administration of TA are one of the most pressing problems of pedostomatol-
ogy and adolescent stomatology.
In the areas of microbiology, epidemiology, and the clinic for infectious ~
diseases, the results of serological examinations confirmed the correctness
and successfulness of the so-called second vaccination against measles, and
thereby as well the quality of Czechoslovak vaccination materials. It was
further shown that staphylococcus which causes mass epidemics within large
scale poultry operations produce for the most part Type D enterotoxin. It
- is an important discovery that human infections with staphylococcus entero-
toxin are caused above all by animal staphylococcus groups. Salmonella
agona and salmonella typhimurium were most frequently isolated as the cause
of adult salmonelosis. The therapeutic effect of large dosages of corti-
sones in the treatment of parotiditic meningoencephalitises were demonstrated.
The cause of fetal malformation was shown to be a form of congenital toxo-
plasmosis. It was discovered that the bacteriocidal effectiveness of
washing substances with a disinfectant effect based on the release of oxygen
from sodium perborate is relatively low. An evaluation of the effectiveness
of Orthosan BF 12 pointed to significant differences in the quality of
individual batches of this product.
In the area of hygiene, new findings (mainly of a methodological character)
were gained during a study of the questions of nonhealth-related usage of
tetracyclin antibiotics, findings which have created a basis for the develor-
ment of a standard methodology which can be applied in the hygiene service
to the field observation of tetracyclin antibiotics, particularly in agri-
culture and the food industry.
In the area of occupational medicine significant findings were gained re- -
garding the genesis, development, and importance of the trinitrotoluene
cataract. Furthermore, preventive measures and concrete treatment proce-
dures were designed for elbow nerve stress experiences by glass cutters.
These results have been included in the methodological guidelines for the
performance of preventive examinations of workers at risky workplaces. a
On the basis of an evaluation of the occupational stresses experienced by
stomatologists and anaesthesiologists it has been necessary to alter
several long-standing norms related to toxicology, noise exposure, bacterial
contamination, and stress on the locomotional apparatus due to necessary
- body positions during work. The results constitute a framework for the
modification of workplaces from an ergonomic, toxicological, and bacterio-
logical viewpoint.
In the field of social medicine, the third decennial revision of "The
International Classification of Diseases" was issued for extensive utiliza-
tion in health practice.
In the field of evaluative medicine, activity was concentrated primarily on
the reedition of the Compendium of Evaluative Medical Activity; a methodolo-
gy was developed for the comparison of occupational potential and the demands
~+9
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
of a profession; and the influence of. employtnent on chronic, nonspecific
lung and respiratory tract illnesaes was evaluated. Criteria were es-
tablished for the determination of fitness for work or invalidity for caseo
recovering from sttokes and for those afflicted with degenerative diaeases
of the motor organn, and possibilities were evaluated for occupational
- participation of those treated for tuberculoais of the lungs.
In the area of the economics of individual health institutions, proposals
were worked out for newly differentiated standards for the professional
outfitting of out-patient and in-p~tient facilities which should contribute
to an improvement in the delivery of health care services to the population.
In the field of inedical history a work was prepared and p:esented to the
public entitled "Charles IV and the Beginnings of the Prague Medical Faculty."
Address: J.H. , 15t) 06 Prague 5, V uvalu 84
COPYRIGHT: AVICENUM, Zdravo tnicke Nakladatelatvi, Prague, 1980.
9276
CSO: 2402
50
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300034431-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY �
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
AVAILABILITY OF HYPERBARIC CHAMBERS IN NATIpN DISCUSSED
Prague CASOPIS LEKARU CESKYCH in Czech No 12-13, 2$ Mar 80 pp 383-386
[Article by M. Emmerova, R. Barc?1, V. Dolezal, M. Hadravsky, and P. Katz;
Czechoslovak Bioclimatological Association of the CSAV (Czechoslovak Acad-
emy of Sciences), Pr.ague; president, Prof E. Hadac, doctor of natural
sciences, doctor of sci~nce, corresponding member of the CSAV: "Hyperbaric
Chamber," professional team chief, V. Dolezal, M.n., candidate for doctor
of science)
[Text] Summa..ry: A review is presented giving the number,
location and availability of hyperbaric chambers in the
territory of the CSSR. At present they number 25. In
addition to public health service hyper~aric chambers,
other-purpose chambers are also listed. A separate table
provides data concerning the location, names of directors
and some technical features of the hyperbaric chambers.
Remarkable development of a special form of intensive therapy of patients--
hyperbaric oxygen therapy, also called briefly hyperbaroxia, or therapeuti~
inhalation of oxygen in an overpressurized environment--has occurred
worldwide in the past 20 years. The growth of this truly new medical
- field is evident both from the increasing number of therapeutic hyperbaric
units throughout the world, and from the increasing number of therapeutic
indications in many branches of inedic3.ne: for example, in anesthesiology
and resuscitation, neurology, pediatrics, radiology, ophthalmology,
dermatology, internal medicine and surgery (1, 3, 4, 6, 7). Hygerbaroxia
is already recognized worldwide as the proper treatment for carbon monoxide
and cyanide poiSonings, decompression sic'~cness, air embolism and cystoid
intestinal pneumatosis. We can hardly do without in in ~he treatment of
gas gangrene, acute myocardial infarct complicated by cardiogenic pulmonary
edema and shock, and in some cases of hemorrhagic shock (3, 6). Of the
many relative indications let us mention its usefulness, for example, in
treatment of burns, polytraumatic conditions, refractory osteomyelitis, leg
ulcers and perception hearing defects (1, 7). Favorable results have also
been reported from the centers treating certain malignant tumors with a
combination of radiotherapy an~d hyperbaroxia.
51
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is carried out in overpressurized chambers,
which diEfer either in their content or their size; for example, the chamber
may be filled with gas--air or therapeutic oxygen--or with liquid. As to
the size, we diffe:~entiate between single-space chambers, where only a
single patient can be treated without an attendant being present, and
multispace chambers which also may have an antechamber permitting entry and
_ exist during the treatment procedure; the presence of attending personnel
is a rule there .
The current stage of development of hyperbaric medicine, or "medicine of
auperpressures" if we use the term of the Academician B. V. Petrovsky, is
marked by improvements of organizational and methodological measures:
publications of catalogues of hyperbaric centers to keep zhe medic3l public
i.nformed and thus insure quick availability of the treatment; reviews
listing the number and locationa of the chambers in individual countries,
and a standardizati~~n of indication plana and safety provisions for this
- special kind of treatment. For example, the review published in the
Britiah Medical Journal (4) noted that Spain had 44 and Great Britain 49
treatment chambers, the USSR 69 hyperbaric centers, and Japan and the United
States a total of 200 chambers.
Becauae the medical field in this respect is not yet familiar with the
_ eituation in our country, at the suggestion of the Third National Conference
- on Hyperbaroxia, which took place in 1977 in Plzen, we collected information
on tre network of hyperbaric chambera in the entire CSSR. In contrast to
the foreigm r"eviewsq we also included information on hyperbaric chambers
for profesoional anc? sport divers, becauae under certain circumstances and
conditions these facilities could also be uaed for treatment of urgent
cases, for at least whatever time ia abeolutely necessary. Preliminary
information on hyperbaric chambers was recently publiahed by P. Katz (5),
primarily for the use of divers.
- On the basis of a questionnaire-type Aurvey carried out in 1978 we
establiehed that the total number of hyperbaric chambera in our country is
25; 11 of them are for medical use, and 14 for professional and sport
_ divers. Fig. 1 shows their distribution throughout the territory of the
whole state. The map shows a relatively equal distribution of the hyperbaric
chambera in the individual regions of the CSSR, without specifying their _
basic funtions. It nYUSt be noted, ho~rever, that currently we have a
relatively equal disg~rsion which was not centrally coordinated from the
viewpoint, for example, of easy acceas to hyperbaric chambers for acute
~herapeutic indications. The aituation is worst in the northern and
eaetern Bohemian regions and the central Slovak region. At the present
time they have none of the listed types of chambera. As to the number of
chambere, Prague and the central Bohemian region, Brno, Bratislava and the
western Slovak region and Koaice are in the best position. If we consider
the etrictly medics~l applicatione, the eituation ie somewhat different.
~rom this aspect it ia best in Kosice, Oetrava, Prague, Kladno and Plzen.
. 52
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICiAL USE ONLY
Ostrava has availab le a multispace large-scale hyperbaric chamber, the
only one of this type in the CSSR. All the other 24 chambers are either
singlespace, with an internal volume of about 1 cubic meter, nr :,,sltispace, ~
with the maximum internal volume of about 10 cubic meters. :i~cause
hyperbaroxia can practically be carried out only in cham~-ers filled with
oxygen, or in air-filled chambers in which simultaneous oxygen inhalation
is possible, the number. of chambers that can be used for treatment drops
from 25 to 18; the remaining 7 may serve only in treatment of decompression
sickness.
The limited operation of these facilities in the medical centers themselves
is a restrictive factor. in possible immediate re~lization of hyperbaroxia.
At present, continuous avaiid~ility of every treatment chamber, or continuous
service of the trained personnel, is not a rule. The best situations in all
respects exist at the Clinic of Internal Medicine of FNsP [expansion unknown-
university hospital with polyclinic?~ of the Regional Pu~lic Health Institute
in Plzer~ (chief: Docent V. Cepelak, M.D., candidate for doctor of science);
at ARO (expanaion unknown] Hospital with Polyclinic in Kladno (chtef: V.
~ Lemon, M.D.); at the 2nd Clinic of Internal Medicine FNsP I- Regional Public
Health Institute in Prague (chief: Prof A. Ripka, M.D., doctor of science);
at ARO Municipal Hospital with Polyclinic in Ostrava (chief: J. Dostal, M.D.,
candidate for doctor of science) and ARO FfiTsP [expansion unknown] of the
Rebional Public Health Institute in Kosice (chief: K. Kunayova, M.D.,
candidate for doctor of science). For quick reference and facilitation of
contact with all centers equipped with chambers we attached Table 1 listing
them alphabetically according to the cities. In addition to the address of
the location of the chamber, we also included the name and address of the
person in charge of the individual chamber.
The table also shows characteristic technical data on the type of chamber,
_ its operational pressure--whether equipped with antechamber--the method for
filling it and the availability of an oxygen inhalator. Ttao types of
chambers are essentially differentiated in the review--stationary, i.e.,
permanently installed or mobile ~nly in the operational space; or mobile,
i.e., transportable by automobile or auitable for transport by other means.
Our system of socialist public health service with an established firm
organizational structure provides the best conditions for making hyperbaric
oxygen therapy very~soon an accessible treatment method for all indicated
acute conditions at any time and in the whole territory of our state. It
is therefore advisable that hyperbaric units also be built in the northern
- and eastern Bohemian and central Slovak regions; all existing hyperbaric
facflities should be maintained at a gcod technic3l level and, if needed,
the personnel augmenter~. Because of their mobility divers' chambers could
be used in emergency cases and in pteventive therapy, for example, on a
regional scale. Jnder these conditions we could then start defining the
exact areas to be covered by the individual hyperbaric chambers in the -
CSSR. This is one of the reasons for�our work (2).
53
FOR :1FFICIAL US~, ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Table 1: Data on Hyperbaric Chambers in CSSR
- - ~ - - - ~ _ - I . - ~ 5 , 6~ ~ 7, " i Ky~slikoe~�
Frovo~r?i I Pfed- Zpusob inh~l~8ni
1~ Mf,~t~ Z~ Adr~Ha ~tan~~~�i~t& 3h'edoucf ~ Typ komory tlak I 3COmora i plnbnt P~(xtroj
~ ----I - - _
Hr~tiMlava l:hirurgickd o~lJ1!leni a~ ~i \IUDr. etabiln( g~ I 0,2 biPs I ne ` kyelik a~l ne
1'ujennk~ nem~cnice R. Seman vfcomietng I I I ,
tel. L~. 3904-31 ' I I I
(4i?03, 4iE12j ~
~ ne czduoh sno
j Pot~pBtNkA Nknpina ~ P. Kucera mobilni b~ O.b9 MPa
b ) jednoml~tnd~ i 1.
~ z~ivod DunaJ I kyel(k el~
~[nrtanovii:o~�a 10 '
tPl. G. 384b3!124 I ~
~ ano I vzduch b) ano
Brno ' PotdpBbskd~ etanice C) ~I. KrLI i mobilnL C) 1~1 \IPe
I Povod( ~furavy I ~ ~�fcemfetnL
x~vod Dyje I ne i vzduch b~ ne
i$mehova 113 I I mobilni C~ 0.61IPa
~ Brno I vtcemtetng I I b)
tel. L~. 036037 � I ne vzduch ne
mobiln( b~ ' U,0 MPa i
jednomLtn6
ne vzduch bl) ano
~e~kb II. ohirurgiok~ odd9lent d~ ~~haeherl gednomfetn~ 0.16 ,~iPa
Budbf ovice i Krejekb NeP i ~ 1 I
ul. B. Ngmcovb 44
I tel. b. 806
Kl~dno ~ ARO NeP Prim. btUDr. etabilnf d~ 0,2 MPn , ne kyallic ne
~~'anburovn 1648 e~ V. Lemon jednoni(atng
tel. b. 3487 tel. b. domu 3483 I
f~ prim. MUDr. etabiln( d~ 0~4 MPa ne vzduohb ne
~ '
I Koiiae Z[?NZ-V92
, Odd. pre liebbu popalenin 9imko, CBo. jednomtetnL i kysiqc a
Koiioe-hsoa tel. b. dom~Y 29928
tel. b. 24700~2g1 I
. ARO Vojenakb nemooniceg~ MZTI)r. etsbilnf d~ 0.3 MPa ne kyrltk 8 ne
'~d~novova ul. 3 I. ~erlula jednomtetn~
tel. b. 31314�6 tel. b. dom~Y 21397
I
' ARO FNeP Ptim. MUDr, etsbilnt ~1 ' O.S 111Pa ne kyeUk a ne
' Roebulsvova b3 h~ C. Kunsyo~g jednomtetn
~ tel. b. 25117 tel. b. dom~5 b3419 I
sno i ~�zduohb anu
[LT
~ O~tr~~s Fiyperbe?riolc~ komors i~ ~[LTDr. etabilnt S~ 0.3 MPa
.liBNeP Z. Tul~ohov~ I v(cem(stnL
~Iemocnibn( 20 I I I
- tel. b. 214627, 2346d8 I
HLvnt bAiiekd~ J. DanBk mobiinf b) 0.8 MPs I ne kyalfk ap sno
slohr~nnL eWinioe ~ ) jednomietn~ I
O~tnvo�R~sdv~ni~~e
tel. b. 221�9444~217
~
p~e~f Interut klinilu~ k) MUD~� etsbilni d) 0.26 MPs ne vzduoh ano
FN~P-K~NZ Emm~tovL jednomf~tnL
M~ezow 18 tel. b. domd 84778
tel. b. 2102~274 `
ARO Vojenskd nemoonice bIUDr. stsbilnf 8~ 0,9 MP~ sno vzdurhb ano
Martovs 9 31. Kugler vloembtnA
tel. b. 274028 1) tel. L~. dom~Y 41761.
' S
' FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY "
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
1'VL\ VL'1'lUlAL UJL v~~~.+?
_ Table l. (Continued)
_ i _ _ I _ . _ . . __f. _ _ - - - - ~ }i~�dlikovy
- - - - - - - - - , ' Pro~�ozni Pced� I Zpusob I inhalsc~nt
~[iato ~ Adresa atario~�iist6 ~ ~'N~ouci I Typ kumory i5) tlak komora I~ln8ni $)P~.{atmj
; 2) ~ 3) ~4) i
Prahn l~'LZ TtUDr. etabilni g~ 1~0 AfPs ano ~'zduchb eno
Rovpakova 1 m~ Tf. Zeman, CSc. ~~fcemtetnL
Prnhs 8
tel. b. 33046~884
II. interni klinika n) Prof. MUDr. stabilnf d~ 0,3 I?1Pa ne kyelik a ne �
K17\Z-FNeP I O. Ripka, DrSc. jednomietnA
II nemocnice 2
Prsha 2
tel. d. 390048 i
, ~ -
Aqudcentrum I 11. Jihlaveo ~nobilni b~ ; 0,61SPa ne ~�zduol~ ~ ne `
Rndlick~ nouz. 7 jednumietne
Prahs 6
tel, b. 634281
I'rahs SLRtni zkubobna 213 P~ Ing. S. Bet}~.~ta ~nubilni 1,Oa~11'a nuo vzduahb ne
I~~loat�~elocka 30 ~�ioemibtnd
Praha B b
te1. t. 33048~'~a8 n~ubilni b~ 0.61iPa ne I~�zduch ne
jednomietne
mobilni b~ 0.8 DiPa ne vzduchb ne
jednomietnd
Pota~~aka Atanico q~ F. ~;erny mobilni b~ U,3 ~iPa ne vzduchb ano
zdvod Doini Vltavg tel b. domu jednumiatna ~ ~
Libeivyky oe6rov I1 4339587 i ~
Preha 8
tel, b. 832881
83W41~o
Vodnf dilo Orlik r~ stabilnt 1.1 ASPs ano vzduchb ano
tol. Pi~(b~am 9~~54 vicemfstna
~tabilni 1,1 DSPs ne vzduchb ano
vicemietng
Trencfn Vodne elektr~rne S~ I. Haneo mobilni U.8 ~1Pa ne vzduchb na
Hurbanova 62 jednom(stn~ , I ~
tel. b. 61813J272 '
Lodenics �FaLima" t~ E. ZApecn mobiln( ' 0.74'.1iPs I ne ~ vzduchb~ ne
Na ostrove - jednomfstna I I
_ tel. 2i. 8008 I
i
" Key: Column 1: Location
Column 2: Address and telephone
(a) Department of Surgery, Military Hospital
(b) Divers' Group, Danube Plant
(c) Divers' Station, Morava river basin, Dyje Plant
(d) 2nd Department of Surgery, Regional Hospital with Polyclinic
_ (e) ARO Hospital and PolyC~~nic _
(f) Factory Public Health Institute-VSZ, Burn treatment department
(g) ARO Military Hospital
(h) ARO FNsP [expansion unknown]
(i) Hyperbaric chamber, Municipal Hoapital with Polyclinic
55
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Key for table 1 continued
(j) Main Nine Emergency Station
(k) Clinic of Internal Mec~icine, FNeP--Regional Public Health
Institute
(1) ARO Military Hoepital ~ ~
(m) AirforcP Medical Inetitute
(n) 2nd Cli:iic of Internal Medicine, Regional Public Health
Institute--FNsP I
(o) Aquacentrum
(p) National Testing Station 212
(q) Divers' Station Dolni Vltava Plant
(r) Waterworks Orlik
(s) Hydroe:.ectric plant
(t) Shipbuilding Yard "Fatima"
Column 3: Chief. Name and home telephone.
Column 4: Type of Chamber (a) etationary multispace
(b) mobile singleepace
� (c) mobile multiepace
(d) btationary singlespace
Column 5: Operational Pressure. I~a (expaneion unknawn~ �
Column 6: Antechamber. ne ~ no; ano ~ yes
Column 7: Filled with (a) oxygen (b) air
Column 8: Oxygen inhalation equ~ipment. ne ~ no; ano ~ yee
KL.aDNO
P~RA~HA
:LZ~E~1 ~Q~~(~m OSTR '
8RN0
C.:U~DEJAVICE TRENCIN KOSICE
s~
TYPY KOMOR: � LECEBNA � SR~TISLAVA
~ POTAPE~C~SKA ~
Fig. 1- Distribution of hyperbaric chambers in CSSR.
Type of cha~ber: black aquare - for medical treatment
black triangl~ - for divere
i COPYRIGHT: AVICFNUM, Zdravotnicke Nakladatelatvi, Prague. 1980
~ 9562
~ CSO: 2402 ~D
i .
~ 56
j FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
i
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300030031-1