JPRS ID: 9090 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JF'RS L/9090
14 May 1980
USSR Re ort
_ p
ENERGY
_ CFOUO 7/80)
FS~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9090
14 May 1.980 -
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FOUO 7/80)
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Proposed Joint Use of Hydroelectric and Pumped-Storage
Electric Power Stations
(L.A. Karol;, GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO, _
Feb 80) 1
C:onstruction and Operation Notes
(GIDROTEKHNICHFSKOYE STROITEL'STVO, Feb 80)............ 5
_ ENERGY CONSERVATION
Methods of Fuel-Energy Conservation Examined
(E.I. Vertel'; VESTNIK MASHINOSTROYENIYA, Mar 80)...... 13
FUELS ,
Ural Region: New Oil, Gas Exploration Target
(K.S. Yarullin, et al; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, Nov 79). 22
- a - (III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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ELECTRIC POWER
UDC 621.311.21:621.221.4.004.1
_ PROPOSED JOINT USE GF ~IYDROELECTRIC AN~D PUMPED-STORAGE ELECTRIC
P0~?1ER STATIONS
Moscow GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEI,'STVO in Russian No 29 Feb
. 8o pp 4~+-45
[Article by L.A, Karol', candidate of technical sciences:
. Jtilizin.g the Starage ox' Electricity by Increasing the Head of
_ a GES -GAES" ]
(TextJ At the GES's that are now in operation or are being
built ir. the European part of the USSR (with the exception o~'
the C;aucasus orily one-third of that a.rea's technical hydra�ul-
ic energy potez~ial is being or will be used. The fuller util-
ization of thPse rescurces is prevented primarily by the fact
tna~ in th~ ~anges of the proposed GES's on ~he remaining uri-
used sections of the large and medium-sized rivers, the head is
_ lim~ted t4 10-1~ m. Even �~ahen there is integrated utilization
of the hydraulic resources, as a rule the capacity and electri-
city produced under these conditions are inadequate to ~ustify
thp construction of a GES .
Some increase in eff iciency without any substantial increase in
the capacity of low-head GES~s can be achieved by convertin -
them into GES_~AES~S [p~ped-storage electric power sta.tion~
[1]. However~ this type of electric power s~ations is not
widely used bPCause of its h3gh cost under low-head conditions,
As is we13 kr.own, h,yc3raulic storage is normally carried out by
_ pwnping wa~er up to an elevated plateau and then releasing it
through hydroturbin~s, A similar but somewhat more complicat~ed
system involving three reservoirs [2~3] and a GES -GAES is shown
in Figure 1: wate~ from the head race enters the pumps, which
are located in electric power station building 1, and ~.s pumped
by them through pipelines 2 into elevated basin 3. As electri-
city consumption increases, water from this basin passes
thr~ugh the hydroturbines into tai3. water 4, thanks to which
the s~a.tic head of the hydraulic accumulator's discharge Ht is
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J greater by Hn than the head H.
~ of the section of river that ~s
being used. The rPServoir lo-
~ ~ cated in the head race must
- a ~ ~ have enough capacity for ex-
~ ~1~ tended regulation, which will
Z ~ y�y ir.sure the fuller utilization
of the fluvial drainage. The
~ y 1 i_
~ capacity of elevated basin 3
~ T~ can be Iimited by the requi~�z-
Figure 1. Diagram of a GES - ments for daily regulation. In
GAES with an increased head tail water 4 it, is sufficient
and separate turbine and to create the minimum backwater
pumping units: = path needed according to the condi-
of water in the turbine mode tions for equalizing the pas-
, of operation; = the sages of wa'ter in the GES-
same, in the pumping mode. GAFS's tail water.
Key: 1. Normal backwater
level The proposed plan can be used
on plains rivers~ in ranRes
H~,y ~ ~ where one of the banks is com-
(1j_=.-= ? - ~ paratively steep and there is a
~ terrace or area for the crea-
~`p. ~ ~2 ~ T ion of the elevated bas in.
I - ,.,,6 ~he flaw in this method is the
~b need for separate insta.llatian
- of the pwnping and turbine
. o . . . . .
equipment~ which is rarely used
- l 3 4.s at the present time even for
heads of mc~re than 500-600 m.
F igure 2. Diagram of a GES - Meanwhile~ on plains rivers the
GAES with increased head and turbine mode heads Ht do not
reversj.ble hydraulic machin- exceed 100-150 m when this plan -
Y�
is used.
Key: 1. Normal backwater - .
- level Thus ~ for the more efficient
2. Tail water 1eve1 combined utilization of hydrau-
lic energy resources with the
storage of electricity in the plains regions of this country,
it is necessary to look for methods that use two-machine equip-
ment~ primarily the reversible radial-axial hydraulic machinery
for operation with heads of 100 m that we have mastered. In
particular~ we have proposed a design for a GES -GAES with in-
creased head (Figure 2) where in the pumping mode, the water
passes from the head race through water intake 1 and is not
ssnt directly into the reversible hydraulic unit's vortex cham-
ber, but into the specially installed pwnping section 2 of the
unit's suction pipe. In~connection with this~ in the pumping
taode its suction section 4 is closed by gate 5, because of
which the water from the reservoir first reaches the hydraulic _
2
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machinery and then goes into its vortex chamber and, through a
conduit, into the elevated basin (see Figure 1). In this mode,
gate 3 is open. When the hydraulic storage area is dischargin~
gate 3 closes ~nd gate 5 opens, and the water from the elevated ~
- basin passes through the conduit, turns the hydraulic machinery
and flows into the tail race through suction pipe 4.
This design for a GES _GAES with reversible equipment can be
used for integrated drainage utilization not only in GES's lo-
cated in front of dams, but a.ls~ with river GES's and even in
systems involving the drawing off of wster from the ma~n flow~
In this case, in the area of the station there must be the ap-
prvpriate topographic and geological conditions for the place-
ment of an elevated basin and the installation of a head condu- ~
it.
The location of the gates in the underwater part of the elec-
tric power station bu~.tding makPS it possible to use the crane
equipment of the hydraulic units to install and repair them.
They can also be prod~aced with hy~3raulic drives and installed
in the head race and on the tail water side of the pipe's suc- -
- tion section. .
~onclusio~ns. The proposed structural plan for a GES_GAFS (see
Figure 2) with a turbine-mode head H that is greater than the
charging head Hn provides the follow~ng advantages:
1, It expands the possibilities of using pumped storage in the _
plains regions of the country, with high unit capacities of' re-
versible equipment, and increasing the economic potential of
the :~ydraulic Pnergy resources of rivers~ including integrated
river drainage utilization.
2. It reducE~ the depth to which hydraulic machinery and elec-
tric power station buildin~;s must be sunk into the ground.
3. Depending on how much less Hn is than Ht, it :~s possible to
make the optimwn efficiencies of both pumped storage modes con-
_ verg~ or coincide and to increase the overall eff iciency of
this method; a more thorough descriptinn of' the proposed plan -
can be obtained after experimental design work and laboratory
investigations~of models of aggregate GES -GAES's with increased
heads are carried out.
- BIB LI OGRAPHY
1. Karol', L.A.~ GYDRAVLICHFSKOYE AKKUMUI,IROVANIYE ENERGII (Hy-
draulic Storage of Energy), Moscow~ Izdatel'stvo Energiya~
1975.
2. Dziallas, R., and Hoffman A.~ "Radiale umkehrbare Pumpen- `
turbinen," ENERGIE UND TE~HNIK, No 1, 196E~.
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3. Fedulov~ Yu.F., Dedkov~ V.N., Chmelev, Ye.5,, and Agibalo~,
N.Ye., P'ROBLEMY SOZDANIYA OBR.ATIMYKH GIDROMASHIN I NEKOTORY-
- YE REKOMENDATSII PO PROYEKT~OVANIYU PROTOCIiNOY CHASTI
(Problems in the Creation of Reversible Hydraulic Machinery
and Some Recon;.mendations for Designing the F'low-Through Sec-
tion), Khar'kov, ~zdatel'st~ro AN USSR (Ukrainian S~R Academy
of Sciences 1976.
G~PYR IGHT : Izdatel'stvo "Energiya~" "Gidrotekhnicheskoye Stro-
i~el'stvo," 1980
11746
cso: 1822 -
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ELECTRIC POWER
CONSTRUCTION ~ND OPERATION NOTES
- Moscow GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL ~STVO in Russian No 2, Feb
80 pp 47_49
(Briefs: "Construction and Operation Chronicle"]
(Teat) Construction of the Nizhnekamskaya GES the last
sta~e of the Kama River chain is continuing. The station's
first unit, which has a capacity of 80,500 kW is already in
aperation. The gate for the Nizhnekamskaya G~S's dam weigYis 6~
t and is being fix~ished ahead of schedule.
1
In 1979, 1,500 more ships than were planned passed through this
hydraulic engineering complex's navigation lock. The construc-
tion of both branches of the lock was completed before the
sailing season began. Mastery of the equipment ahead of sched-
ule and cJ.ose coop~ration with the river transport workers made
it possible to reduce the lock transit time by 10 percent. The
cooperation of all the river transport services made it possi- `
ble to extend the sailing season on the Kama by more than a
month. Despite the difficult meteorological conditions en-
countered in the area, the lock is functioning without inter-
ruption,
- * * *
Good results in hydraulic turbine build~ng have been achieved
by the "Meta1 Plant" association in Leningrad. For instance~
the turbine for the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES contains 8 percent
less metal than the one used at the Krasnoyarskaya GES. The
introduction of new techniques for manufacturirlg rotor blades
made it poQSible to reduce the rotor's weight and save 59 t of
stainless $teel. The efficiency of the turbines for the
Sayano-Shushenskaya GES is 1.5-2 percent higher than that of
the ones previously produced.
* * *
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At the All-Union Shock Komsomol Construction Pro~ect for the
Cheboksarskaya GES, which will have a capacity of 1.4 million
kw and will be the last stage on the V ol~a River chain, the
construction and assembly work is proceeding on a large scale.
Concreting of the above-water section of the lock has begun.
More than 1.5 million m3 c~f concrc~te have been poured for the
basic structlzres of the ChE~boksarskaya hydraulic engineering
compl.ex.
Installation of the f irst turbine's sta.tor was completed in the
first half of December 19'79. This complex assembly for the
power -generating unit weighs more than 150 t. It~ installation
required special accuracy and high ~roduction standards. As-
~ sembly of the rotor chamber has begun. First-class equipment
and structural parts are arriving at the construction site from
Leningrad, the Urals~ the Ukraine and cities along the Volga.
The cl~aning of the bottom of the future "Cheboksary ~ea" is
proceeding at full speed, This hydraulic engineering complex's
reservoir will be almost 3 50 km long and will make it possible
to improve naviga ting conditions on the Volga. _
, The hydraulic construction workers have decided to prepare the
GES~s f irst unit for operation by the end of 1980.
* * * .
Construction of the Baypazinskaya GES the sixth in the
Vakhsh River chain began early in December 1979. The basis
of its construction was an existing hydraulic engineering com-
plex for irrigating ~virgin lands in the Yavanskaya Valley. The
height of the existing dam must be raised by 20 m. This com-
plex's reservoir will serve as a counterbalance for the Nurek-
skaya GES when th e latter is operating under peak load condi-
tions. The uneven water discharge from the Nurakskaya GES wilZ
be redirected into the reservoir and it will insure the uniform
discharge of the Vakhsh River's water intc the lower reaches.
Four units with a total capacity of 600,000 kW w311 be in-
stalled at this GES, -
The construction of the Baypazinskaya GES is in the hands of
th~ collectives of Nurekgesstroy and its subcontrGcting organi-
zations, who put the Nurekskaya GES into operation ahead of
schedule. The preparatory period work ~ill 3e combined with
the basic construction work, which will make it possible to ac-
celerate the GES's introduction into operation considerably.
T}~is electric power station will be completed by the end of the ~
llth Five-Year Plan. It will contribute up to 2.5 billion kWh
of cheap electricity to the Unif ied Power S ystem of Central
Asia every year.
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* * * _
The rate af construction at the Rogunskaya GES the largest
one in Central Asia on t~.he Vakhsh River is increasing. Its
rock-filled dam, which will be 335 ~ t~ll, will create a reser-
voir containing more than 13 billion m of water. The hydro-
electric power station's six units will generate 13.3 billion
kWh of electricity. Residenti~l cc,nstruction is proceeding on ~
a large scale: about 40,000 m of living space has alreadp -
been built, vountain roads are under construction, construction
tunnels are being driven~ bridge is being built across the
V a'4thsh Ri~rer, a concrete plant is in continuous operation, and
bases are being set up for the subcontracting organizations.
* * *
. The V ilyuygess~roy administration's collective, which built the
unique Vilpuyskaya GES the first one to be built in the
permafrost ~one has begun work~ng on the construction of a
second GES on this river. The fi~st crew of construction work-
ers, Zed by Communist Party member 0, Kharev, one of Vilyuyges-
stroy's lead�ng crew chie�s, has arrived at the site of tne fu-
ture GES. There it is working to set up transportation and
power lines, a conereta plant~ machine shops and living quar-
ters. A dam almost b0 m high must be erected here~ a long with
the GES building and a comfortable workers' settlement. The
first unit of Vilyuyskapa GES_3 fs supposed to begin operating
ir? 1985.
* * * ~ _ -
Khramskaya G~;S-1, with three power-generating hydraulic units -
having a total capacity of 112~500 kW, went into full operation
in Georgia in 1949. Work on the construction of this GES was
~ begun in 193i. The war with the Fascist aggressors inter.rupted
the c~nstruction work. It was begun again after the war ended,
and the first units were a].rE;ady in operation in 194~.
- Th is GES consists of a main unit~ a diversion section.and a
station unit. T:~e rock-filled dam which is 110 m long and has
a maximum~height of 32 m, was buil~ at the entrance to a narrow
ravine. The dam's body consists primarily of rock fill~ and
also contains a stainless steel antifiltration screen on ~ pre-
pared concrete base made from dry masonry. The dam hol~s back
_ a reservoir with a capacity of 312 million m3. The spillway
for disc~arging a catastrophic river flow rate at 500 m3/s con-
sists of a concrete spillway with six spans that ~re each 5.5 m
wide and are ~losed by flat gates~ as well as an overflow chan-
nel; the water intake's deep-water gate is designed for a flow
rate of 36 m3/s.
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The head div~:rsion unit~ which has a total lengt~i of 7.5 ~m to ~ -
the equa~izing shaft, consists of three sections: two pressure
tunnels 3.5 m in diameter and a reinforced concrete water con- ~
duit that ?ies between them.
The station unit's structures incl~.zde a two-chambered equaliz-
ing shaft, a turbine water conduit with a disk gate building,
tne GFS building (in which there are three power-generating
units with vertical bucket tuxbines and synchronous genera-
tors), a discharge channel, and a high-voltage outdoor distri-
'uution sy~tem. The maximum stat ic head is 400 m and the rated
head is 370 m. The average annual amount of electricity that
is produced is 217 million kWh.
~ * ~
i'ile builders of the ultralarge T~,~vamuytznskaya hydraulic engi-
neering compl~x stemmed the flow of the Amudar'ya River ~n 6
December 197~5 almost a year ahead of schedule. In all~ it
took the hydraulic construction workers 2 days to perfo^m one
of the most critical stages in the construction of th is unique
complex.
~~f ore the spring floods, the builders must erect the main dam, _
which wi13_ stop the flow of this river ~hat for centuries has
a~ashed away its banks and caused great damage to nearby agri-
cultural areas. The hydraulic engineering complex bein~ built ~
on the Amudar'ya will make it possible to create a large zone
~'or the cultivation of cotton and rice at the ~uncture of two
deserts the Karakum and thE Kyzylkum and develop and im-
prove the water supply for 1 million ha of land.
~ * *
- `.�dater from the Nurekskaya GES's reservoir will flow through a
~.unnel that is about 1~ km long and then be used to irrigate an
area of 100,000 ha of arid land in the Dangarinskaya Valley.
In order to shorten the construction period~ tunnelers from the
Gidrospetsstroy construction admir.istration in Dangara are
sinking three vertical shafts to different depths. The driving
~ of the basic tunnel is being done simul~aneously from both the
intake and outlet portals, _
.3y the end of October 1979 shaft No 1 had been sunk to its fu11
d~pth of 242 m. Of the 318 m to which shaft No 2 is t~ be
~;unk~ 220 m have been completed and lined with structural con-
:rete. The dr~lling of this shaft was made more complicated at
the very beginning by the fact that a quicksand zone was en-
countered at a depth of 13 m. After freezing this soil~ the
s
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builders moved ahead rapidly. In August 1979 a record driving
rate of 38 m jsic] w~s achieved here. Blasthole drilling for
shaft No 3 be~~n in the spring of 1979. Here the shaft has
rea~ned a depth of ~0 m, with the lagging rate being related to
~he iack of a powerful hoisting machine.
The latest period of work on the driving of the tunnel is char-
acteraz~d by highl~ productive shock labor. Comrade Sharikov's
work crew section removed 96 m3 of rock on its shift in shaft
No 2y in shaf-t No 3~ A, Kasatkin's section beat this record by
removing 100 r~3 ,
~ * * *
~
The Andizhanskuye reservoir began filling in Decembe~ s9'79; by
the spring of 1980 it will contain about 1 billion m of water.
Tile riv~rs of Uzbekistan were full of water in December 1979
and t~~e workers of the irrigation system operation services
_ were collecting ~ater in all 18 of their l~.rge resErvoir.s.
More than 5 billion m3 of water is to be held in them,
~ ~ ~
T'rie Gissarakskoye reservoir will supply water to more than
~5,000 ha of arid land in Kashkadar'inskaya Oblast. Construc-
tiozi of a discr~arge tunnel was completed in the first half of
D~cember 1979. It will be used to divert river water away from
the dam that is under construction.
* * #
- The strait conriecting the Caspian Sea anc3 Kara-Bogaz-Gol Gulf -
was closed in triP middle of December 1979. For the last 150
y~=~rs the Caspiar~'s water level h~s been dropping continuaus-
1~. bne of ~he reasons for this is the consta.nt outflow of 180
m~ of water per second irom the Caspian to the gulf, where the
water level is about 3 m lower than that of the sea.
apecialists f.rom the Soyuzgiprovodkhoz institute designed a
- ~nique dam for the strait. Its upper mark is at 25.h m and it
i.s 550 m long and 15 m wide. The banks slope and are not ~
washeci away by waves. Next to the dam there will be a water-
t�ransmissin:~ ~uilding that Wi11 make it possible to fi11 Kara-
Bogaz-Gol Gu1f with water from the Caspian if it becomes~neces-
sary.
The clo~tng of the strait was carried out in three stages: en-
gineering preparation~ preliminary constriction of the channel
a.nd closure of the gap.
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- The ~ap was closed during sevPre storm on the Caspian. Pre-
viously it t~ad been asswned triat i;Yiree suction dredges working
a~ night could fill in the parti~tionin~ dam from the Caspian
- side, but in view of the baci weather it was necessary to halt
th is operation. It wa.s decided to intercept the path of the
Caspian water with two pipes 1 m in diameter and 250 m long.
They we~e laid across the race and damped the water's erosive
f orce. ~fter triis, concretE curas tha~ held the pipes down and
closed the narrow throat were put in place.
The closing of the strait will make it possible to stabilize
the level of the Caspian S ea and reduce the water lesses from
_
* * *
' At the end of Oct~ber 1979, a d~tachment of young people ar- ~
rived to begin building a comple~c oi protective structures that
will save Leningrad from floodin~ forever. This construction
project was announ^ed by the Al1-Union Shock Komsomol. In 1979
tr~e value of the wo~k done amounted to several million rubles. -
~ The ma in organizations responsible for building the complex
(the dike is abaut 25 km long) ~ave been specified.
- * * *
Construction of a bypass tunnel that is half a kilometer long
was completed in connectiQn with the construction of the Papan-
skoye reservoir in southern Kirgizia in November 1979. The AK- -
Bura mountain river was blocked and its waters directed into a
diversion tunnel dug for use during the construction period.
Erection of the flzture reservoir's dam, which will reach to a
_ height of 100 m~ was beguno The reservoir's total volume will
be 260 million m3, which will increase the amount of water
available for 40,000 ha of land.
* * ~ ~
A program for the radical reorganization of the Volga River's
delta has been developed. The main purpose of the reorganiza-
tion is to create more favorafble conditions for the rapid
growth of reserves of valuable commercial fish in the lower
Volga and the northern Casp~an. The reorganization will be
carried out in three different spheres: redistribution of the -
water between the delta's eastern and western zones, improve-
ment of the natural spawning grounds~ and restoration of the
channels through which fish travel upstream and downstream.
A pawerful water separator ha.s already been built not far up-
stream from Astrakhan'. Its plirpose is to transfer additional
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~ water resources into the Qastern side of the delta, which is
the more conven3ent part for use as a spawning ground, An
earthen dike more than 60 km long and up to 6 m tall separates
the eastern and western sides. Normally, two-thirds of the wa-
ter f lows through the Volga's main channel and only one-thjrd -
passes through the Buzan channel. The dam will make it possi-
- ble to direct half the Volga's water to the east and wi11 sup-
port hundreds of thousands of hectares of spawning grounds.
- Improv~ment of the sections s~uitable for spawning has already
heen accomplished over an area of 215~000 ha. A plan for con-
verting another 100~000 ha on the delta's southern edge for
this purpose has been drawn up. Here it will be necessary to
clean out hundreds of deep and shallow channels, la~ ~ut and
cl~an up meadows, create ponds that are suitable for the growth
of young fish and their subsequent transportation to the sea
for fattening.
_ A plan for the capital repair of fish runs constructed more
than 10 years ago has been formulated. These channels exit in-
to the sea over a stretch of several dozen kilometers. In can-
nection with tk~e drop in the water level in the northern
Caspian~ however, the fish runs have become too shallow. TY~ey `
must be deepened and widened~ as well as lengthened an average
of 20 km each.
This reorg~.ni2ation will make it possible, with maximum bene--
fit~ to pass through the spawning ponds the maximum amount of
fresh,water, thereby improving the hydrological and biological
situation in the areas of the most intensive fish reproductior..
* * * ~
Construction work has begun on a large new reservoir in the
mountainous Bortagay region not far from Alma-Ata. At an alti-
tude of more than 1,000 m above sea level, a reservoir will be
formed on the Chilik Rfver that will make it possible to irri-
gate tens of thousands of hectares of agricultural land.
The construction of the Bortagayskoye reservoir~ which will
hold up to 320 million m3 of water, is only the first step in -
the irrigational development of this region. Here there wi11
also be a canal many kilometers long, along which the water
will reach the fields by gravity flow.
At the present time the working plans for the first stage of
the construction are being completed. A settlement for the hy~ _
draulic construction workers is already being built in the Bor-
tagay region; access routes are being constructed, and work has
begun on a tunnel 400 m long that will be used to divert the
- Chilik's water during the construction of the dam.
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~ * *
Every day the Vazuza River replenishes our capital city's
drinking water. In addition to this, however, the Vazuza turns ~
the blades of turbines that produce electricity for the hydrau-
lic engineering system's own ne~ds. Two hydraulir. power-
generating units were put into opAration at the Perepadnaya GES
in November 1979. '
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," "Gidrotekhnicheskoye Stro-
_ itel'stvo," 1980
- 11746
cs o : is22
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ENERGY CONSERVATION
METHODS OP' FUEL-ENERGY CONSERVATION EXAr1INED
Moscow VESTNIK MASHINOSTROYENIYA in Russian No 3, Mar 80 pp 3-7
[Article by E. I. Vertel', chief of the Department of Budgets and Plans
for Distribution of Fuel and Petroleum Products, Gosplan USSRJ
[Text~ The Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Government
have always given considerable attention to improving the effectiveness
of sectors of the fuel-energy complex.
The fuel-energy complex of the nation un~.tes the petroleum, petroleum
processing, gas, coal, shale and peat sectors of industry, as well as
electric power and the production of heat. This is a vast multisectoral
national economic system that plays a leading part in development of the
material and technical b asis of communism.
To a decisive extent the development of this complex determines the pace
and scale of economic and social development of the USSR, allocation of
the productive forces of the nation, and sets up the necessary prerequi-
sites for further development of inechanization and automation of produc-
tion processes, improvement of working conditions and elevation of the
~ standard of living of the people.
The fuel-energy complex is closely related to all sectors of the national
economy, and therefore its development is considerably dependent on the
development primarily of machine building, ferrous and nonferr.ous metal-
lurgy, the construction industry and so on. The sectors of the complex
consume about 70% of the pipes being produced in the nation; more than a
third of the capital investments directed at industry are allocated for
maintainirig and developing the complex; about 35% of all national economic
funds are concentrated tt?ere; about 10% of the industrial workers are _
employed there. -
The fuel-energy complex of the USSR is developing at a rapid pace.
_ During the period of 1961-1978 the extraction of petroleum and gas con-
densate increased by a factor of 3.4, gas by a factor of 6.3, aiid coal by
a factor of 1.4.
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In 1978 the averall volume of extraction and production of primary fuel-
energy resources was 1,772 million metric tons of standard fuel, or about
one-fifth af world production. Petroleum, gas and coal occupy a predomi-
nant place in the overall extraction and pruduction of primary fuel-energy
resources. In future, the percentage of these forms of fuel will decrease
in connection with the ever increasi~g amount of electric power being
_ generated in hydroelectric and nuclear plants, heat energy based on
= nuclear heat supply plants, and also thanks to the use of nonconventional
forms of energy such as solar, geothermal, wind and so on.
Despite the er~ormous amounts of fuel-energy resources being extracted
and produced in ttie nation, there is still a certain strain on providing
- fue]. and energy to the national economy, but the reasons bear not even
the remotest resemblance to the causes of the energy crisis in nations
of the capitalist world. -
F'irst of all, it should be noted that the natural supplies of fuel-energy -
resources are nonuniformly distributed over an enormous territory of our
nation, a considerable portion being located in the eastern thinly popu- _
lated regions with severe natural and climatic conditions.
At the same time, in the European part of the USSR, where most of the
population is located and more than 75% of all production forces of the
nation are concentrated, a considerable part of the most accessible -
suppli~~, of fuel has already been used up, and the mining and geological
conditions have appreciably worsened in a number of coal, gas and pe-
= troleum deposits that are being worked. ~
For example right now in Donbass mining is being done at a depth of
1000-1100 meters in a number of mines, which involves additional expenses
to deal with increased gas release, mine detonations, and sudden emis-
sions of coal and gas. At such depths there has been a considerable in-
crease in rock pressure, which has acutely complicated shoring and raised
the temperature in the working space.
The main increase in petroleum and gas is now coming from west Siberia,
- tncluding from the northern territories, which has i;volved increased
expenditures for rigging fields, building roads, living quarters and -
facilities for communal, cultural and maintenance purposes, and has
tripled or quadrupled the extent of gas and oil supply lines. All this
requires considerable monetary and material expenditures.
Thus our difficulties in developir:g the sectors of the fuel-energy com-
plex and providing fuel and e.nergy to the national economy can be charac-
terized as difficulties of growth and economic acquisition of new un-
populated and remote territories with severe natural and climatic con-
ditions.
These difficulties to a considerable extent can be overcome f irst of all
by limiting new construction and expansion of fuel-intensive and
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energy-intensive facilities in regions of the European part of the USSR,
locating them close to fuel bases in the eastern territories oF the
nation, and secondly by cutting the requirements for fuel-energy re-
- sources by more efficient and economic consumption. Fuel economy is the
cleanest and cheapest source of additional reserves, and therefore we
tiave given and will continue to give first-rank importance to the solu-
tion of this problem. However, there are difficulties here as well.
We have recently noted a trend toward reduced effectiveness of steps ~
simed at saving fuel itself, and toward increased effectiveness of
steps aimed at economic consumption of thermal and electrical energy
_ and the use of secondary thermal resources. The savings (in millions of
metric tons of standard fuel) of these fuel-energy resources in different
periods has been:
1961-1965 1966-1970 1971-1975
Boiler-furnace fuel 108.9 75.9 52.6
Flectric and heat energy
(adjusted to standard
fuel) . . . . . . . . . 24 37.1 41.5
Secondary thermal re-
sources (adjusted to
standard fuel). 2.8 4.1 6.1
In 1976-1980 the savings of boiler-furnace fuel is expected to amount to
30 million metric tons, and in 1981-1985 the savings is not expected to
exceed 22-25 million metric tons of standard fuel. Such a reduction in
the size of fuel savings due to reduced specific consumption is explained
by the fact that at the present time we are approaching the engineering
limit for a whole series of fuel-utilizing and energy-utilizing equipment
now in operation. This limit is predetermined by the design particulars
of this equipment and the technological arrangements used in production. _
Thus a further reduction in the specific norms for consumption of f.uel-
energy resources will depend mainly un the scale and pace of re-outfitting _
industry with new and more progressive fuel-utilizing and energy-utilizing
equipment, and introduction of less energy-intensive technological pro-
cesses,'and also on how rapidly and effectively the machine builders can
set up production of such equipment in the amount needed by the national
economy.
The Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers, rec-
ognizing the great importance of economic use of fuel-energy resources,
passed a decree in 1973 "On Steps to Improve Ffficiency in Using Fuel-
- Energy Resources in the National Economy." This decree outlined an ex-
tensive program of work on updating existing fuel- and energy-using equip-
ment and monitoring and measurement instrumentation and producing new and
highly effective equipment and instrumentation, established quotas on the
use of secondary fuel-energy resources, production of equipment and
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devices to be applied to the use of unconventional forms of energy, and
a number of other measures. This decree has Flayed a great part in the
matter of increasing efficiency in the use of fuel-energy resources. -
Ministries have carried out a number of steps to update existing fuel-
utilizing equipment and to replace worn ost and obsolescent equipment.
During the Ninth Five�-Year Plan 1200 boilers, 640 turbines, 250 gener-
ators and ~0 transformers were modernized in electric power plants of the
IJSSR Ministry of Power, saving 9 million metric tons of standard fuel.
There has been an increase in the production of heat and electric power -
- in TETs .
The Gouncils of Ministers of the Soviet republics have begun work on in- -
stalling devices for automatic control of heat supply on the equipment
for public-heating entrance services in apartments and public buildings.
_ The Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR and the Ministry of the _
Electronics Industry have organized production oF these instruments and -
equipment for subdepartmental enterprises.
In the enterprises of Goskomsel'khoztekhnika of the USSR, 65 shops and
75 mobile teams have been organized for repairing and servicing oil tnak -
storage facilities in kolkhozes and sovkhozes, where losses of petroleum
products are especially high. For instance at the Ryazan' Repair Plant
there has been an increase in the production of updated gasoline pumps
f.or fuelirzg diesel tractors, which provided 80% of the need for these
pumps in agriculture as early as 1976.
The Ministry of the Gas Industry has developed and started production on
improved gas and gas-mazut ~et burners and gas-utilizing equipment.
Small-series production of these burners has been organized at the Kamen-
skiy Experimental Plant, and construction is being completed on a
specialized plant for producing gas jet burners in Fastov.
'I'he Ministry of the Electrical Engineering Industry has worked out a '
- group of State standards aimed at introducing more economic electric
motors that have better technical indices (higher efficiencies, power
Cactors and torques).
However, not all the measures specified in the decree of the Central Com-
mittee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers have been carried '
out. Many machine building ministries have not fully completed work on
organizing series production of modern efficient fuel- and energy-using
equipment, monitoring instruments and automation facilities, and are
carrying out this worl~ with delays beyond set deadlines.
The Ministry of the Electrical Engineering Industry together with the USSR
Ministry of Millwright Work and Special Construction, the Ministry of the
Cas Industry and Instrument Making have not yet approved steps for setting
~ip production facilities and organizing series output for machine building
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enterpri:~es to produce standardized mechanized and automated flame -
heaters ;~nd thermal furnaces that work on liquid and gaseous .fuel with ~
high effic:iency. Such furnacr;s are currently being made by every machine !
bi~i.lding minirtry individually, and are not aa; ~ood in tl~e technical
characteristica as the best individual non-Soviet models. Nor has pro-
duction been organized on recuperator.s for existing furnaces. Overcon-
sumption due to this reaches sever:~l million metric tons of standard fuel.
The ministries of the motor vehicle and machine tool industries, heavy
machinery and railroads are behind in work on converting to roller bear-
ings for use in railroad freight cars that are bei;Zg produced or are now
in use. In this connection we observe a yearly overconsumption of con-
siderable amounts of diesel fuel, electric energy, axle grease, and large
numbers of personnel are occupied with servicing axle bearings.
In the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of
Ministers it was pointed out that the Ministry of Chemical Machinery
should, beginning in 1977, switch to production of piston compressors
only with straight-flow rather than plate valves, which will save 13-15%
of the electric energy in producing compressed air, and will simultane-
ously increase the capacity of the compressors by 10%. However, the
Ministry of the Chemical Industry has fallen behind in retooling the
Venibe Plant for producing these valves.
The Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machine Building should have begun
providing all mainline locomotives with new four-cycle diesel engines
- in 1978. These engines have a 5-6% lower fuel consumption than those
presently in use, and plans were made to build a special plant to make _
them in 1976-1978. However, it was not until 1978 that construction of
the plant was started.
The Ministry of Power Machinery has not met the quotas sQt by the decree
of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers
relating to fully satisfying the needs of the national economy for auxili-
ary boiler equipment, and spare parts for boiler facilities beginning in
1976. _
Enterpr=ses of the Ministry of Chemical Machinery have not organized
series production of pump units with regulated discharge or valves for
automatic control of fuel systems at the inlets with diameter of 50-150
mm, and enterprises of the Ministry of Road Building Machinery have not
started series production ~f blowers with controllable capacity. The
riinistry of Instrument Making has not planned to produce new instruments
and facilities for automating regulation of the supply of heat transfer
agent to steam heat and hot-water supply systems until 1980-1981.
Enterprises of the Ministry of the Petrochemical Industry and the Ministry
- of the Chemical Industry have not been producing the necessary am~unts
of heat insulating materials and sealants, and enterprises of the USSR
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Ministry of Construction riaterial s ai-e not mass-producing liigh-qtiality
window and duor hardware with tensioning devices that keep wiudows and
doors tightly closed, and also heat-reflecting windowpanes.
The effectiveness of steps to conserve Fuel-~nergy resources is hampered
- by unsatisfactory completion of a number o'. assignments on improving
efficiency in the use of fuel, delays in .:etting up facilities for pro-
ducing more economic fue].-utiliz~ng equipment, and stiortages in supplying
builders with heat insulating materials and sealants. Our task is to
eliminate this lag in the near fu~ure, and moreover to carry out large- _
scale steps to ensure savings of fuel-energy resources in amounts com-
mensurate with tne savings once realized by converting from steam to
diesel and e:l.ecr_ric locomotives on railroads, conversion to more powerful
generators (300, 500, 800 and 100Q MW) and higher steam parameters in
fossil-fuel elecrric plants.
Such possibiiities are to be found first of all in the f ield of produc- �
tion and utilization of electric and thermal energy.
In the electric power industry, these capabilities are accelerated con-
struction of nuclear electric plants and mastery of fast reactors, intro-
duction of MHD generators that will cut fuel consumption by 25-30% in
the production of electric energy, the use of solar, geothermal and wind
- energy, improvement of the main parameters of working conditions in eler_-
tric networks, reduction of power losses in networks and so on.
There are enormous reserves for fuel savings in the production of thernal _
energy.
There are a large number of low-potential heat sources in industry:
elements for cooling furnaces and technological facilities, purified
waste water from cities and enterprises, with year-round temperature of '
at least 13�C, water from cooling towers and so on. There are also
sources of thermal energy in nature: non-freezing lakes, deep ground
water and so on.
In the Black Sea, the temperature at a depth of about 50 m remains con-
stant at 8�C. Use of the heat contained in 0.5 cu. km of this water could
solve the.problem of year-round heat supply to the city of Odessa, and
the heat in Z cu, km of this water could meet the heating needs of all
cities on the Black Sea coast. The utilization of low-potential heat
involves the use of heat pumps that have an electric drive and convert
low-potential thermal energy of the surrounding environment to thermal
energy that can be used to heat the heat-transfer agent in forced-air
heating units. The electric energy expended by the heat pump in pro-
ducing heat when ad~usted to standard fuel will be 30% lower than when
this heat is produced in a hoiler house.
Heat pump stations are already in operation in Georgia at the Samtredia
- Tea Plant, for heating the auditorium at the resort in Pitsunde, and in -
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the Simferopol' Electric Power Plant. At the present time a large heat
- pump station is being planned for construction near Moscow in the near
future. The heat transfer agent will be the heat from purified waste
water of the city.
The advanteges of such a method of heat production are obvious if we
consider that the heat pump station operates with the use of electric
energy that can be generated in a power plant operating on low-grade coal
_ that could not be used in a boiler house, and in a nuclear power plant.
. The heat pump station is an absolutely clean source of heat that does
not contaminate the environment. Moreover, there is a sharp reduction
in the numbers of service personnel since control of the station can be
_ automated and implemented from a dispatcher station. The heat pump
station could be disconnected for 3-4 hours during the maximum electric
load.
During the first stages of introducing these facilities, it would be
advisable to concentrate on existing designs of refrigeration machines
with capacir_ies of 0.5, 2 and 5 Gcal/hr, and also on a machine with
capacity of 25 Gcal/hr for which technical documentation has already been
worked out. These machines need to be modified to produce heat (instead
of cold) with the use of Freon-12 as the working fluid.
More powerf ul machines (50 and 100 Gcal/hr) with electric motors of 15
~nd 30 MW have no prototypes at present, and will have to be designed
from scratch. These facilities will have to use a new working fluid with
physicochemical characteristics such that the water from the supply
network would be heated in the heat exchangers of the pump units to
120-125�C instead of the 80-90�C when freon is used.
, The production of thermal energy planned for these facilities by 1990 _
will be only 10% of the total volume of thermal energy that will be
produced in the nation for the needs of heating, ventilation and hot
water supply by ~ources nf centralized heat supply, but even this will
save about 12 million metric tons of standard fuel.
Improvement of the efficiency of util~zing thermal energy will also
- result in considerable savings.
Mere than 20% of the thermal energy being generated is expended for
� heating and ventilation purposes. In each industrial shop in the process
of operation of technological equipment, substances are released into
the atmosphere of the shop that are hazardous to huma.n health; exhaust
blowers operate to remove these pollutants. Depending on the amount and
toxicity of these substances, the number of exchanges of air in the shop
fluctuates from 6-10 in conventional shops to 40 in the galvanic, paint -
and varnish, and some other shops. This means that on the average every
6-10 minutes all the air in the shop at a temperature o.f 20-25�C is re-
leased to the outside and replaced with fresh air from the street at a
temperature of from -10 to -20�C in winter, which is heated to +18�C and
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~
6-10 minutes later again released to the outside. Analogous phenomena
- are also observed in public buildings with organized exhaust ventilation
(hospitals, motion picture theaters, hotels and so forth).
To eliminate such heat losses, regenerators were installed in 1979 in ~
three enterprises of the Ministry of the Electronic Industry so that the
exhaust heat could be used to warm tt?e fresh air entering the shop. As
a result, by using the heat of exhaust air at 23�C it has been possible
to heat fresh air entering the shop at a street temperature of -9�C to
+16�C, i. e. to use up to 80% of the heat of th e air removed from the
room.
If we consider that each year in our nation up to 90 million metric tons
of standard fuel is used for producing heat for comfort, we can readily
imagine the scale of the savings.
Gosplan USSR is now preparing the draft of a resoluti_on with stipulation
of appropriate assignments to ministries and agencies on making equipment
for regeneration of exhaust heat and automatic temgerature regulators
for water supplied to living quarters from the public water system for
heating, and a number of other measures. It is necessary that these
assignments be carried out on time and in full volume, and that consumers
get ready for the introduction and use of new equipment. Therefore it
is very important for machine building ministries to follow the example
of tt~e Miriistry of the Electronic Industry in immediately organizing the
manufacture of exhaust heat regenerators and rapidly putting them to use.
These units are very simple, and their manufacture can be organized in
any machine building enterprise. All investments are paid back in less
than one year.
Here we have taken up only the two main directions that will ensure great
savings of fuel-energy resources, but this does not mean that we can
relax efforts to save fuel and energy by conventional methods through a
further reduction in specific fuel consumption, updating equipment, pro-
_ viding monitoring and measurement instrumentation.
A lot still remains to be done to eliminate the wide range of sizes of
low-capacity boilers, to increase the efficiency and degree of inechani-
zation and automation of boiler operation. Such boilers are needed for
operation on liquid, gaseous and solid fuel. Consideration should also
be given to rational amounts of production of such boilers so that they
can be used only in local territories with low and dispersed heat loads,
while large regional interbranch boiler houses are built in other cases.
Machine builders must make a great contribution to accelerating diesel
motor vehicle transport, including passenger cars, to developing and
organizing the production of electric vehicles, even if only for intra-
city use at first.
It is very important to improve the quality of the fuel-utilizing and
energy-utilizing equipment now being produced, to organize centralized
servicing and repair, to provide spare parts in the necessary amounts.
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All reserves must be put into action, for the goal justifies all efforts -
and expenditures, and serves the noble end of improving the living
standard of our ~eople. Machine builders have a primary part to play
in this matter.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", "~lestnik mashinostroyeniya",
1980
6610
CSO: 1822 '
21 '
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~ FUEI.S '
unc 553~98:55o.81z,1,551.732/733~~7o.5w)
URAL :tEGION: N~W OIL, GAS EXPLORATION TARvET ~
Moscox GDOIUGIYA NEF'TI I GAZA in Russian No 11, Nov 79 pp 11-18
[ Article by K.S. Yarullin, V.A. Roma.nov (Eashkir Branch of the USSR Acade~y
of Sciences) and I.A. Tagirov (Ishimba.y Drilling Administration)~
"Pre Devonian Deposits of the Cis-Urals~ A New Taxget of Oil and Gas
F~cplora.tions"]
~Text] The high degree of exploration of the territory of Western Ba,shkiria
and the reduction in recent yea.rs of discoveries of significa.nt deposits of
oil in the paleozoic deposits advance the important and urgent problem of
developing new possibly oil and gas bearing pre-Devonian la,yers. In the
future the growth in prospected reserves of oil and g+as in Bashkiria can
- be insured mainly thanks to the discovery of deposits in subsurface
Vend-Riphean and partially in paleozoic deposits in new~ sti 11 little
studied regions.
_ Despite tne continuous searches for deposits of oil in the Bavlinskiy
(Vend) formations, so far aubsta,ntial accwaula,tions ha,ve not been dis-
covered either in Bashkiria or in other eastern oblasts of the Volga,-Ural
province. Unfortunately~ in many ways still uncleax are the basic regiona,l
geological factors which could contribute to formation of zones of oil and
_ gas accumulation in other depoaits. As a result, doubts have arisen among
some of the resea,rchers in the possibility of generation of UV [hydro- _
caxbons] and in the success of explc~ ations of beds in deposits of the
Vend and Riphean age. Haterials from drilling and geophy.sics make it
possible to assume tha,+, the exploratory operations were conducted in the
majority of cases on sites with geological conditions not adequa,tely
favorable for accwaulation of W. In connection with this, it is extremely
important first of all to determirie~, based on the experience of oil
prospecting opera,tions and other oil and gas basins and. theoretica,l
generalizations,, the most optimal ~one for oil and gas accumulation in the
limits of distribution of ancient sed.imentary formatioi:s in the eastern
part of the Volga-Ural province.
It seems to us that one of the ma,in zones of genera,tion and accumula,tion
of oil a.nd gas is the large Nestern Ural paleo-depression, located between
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e QR
Fig. l. Schematic Structural Geologica,l Map of Southern
Cis-Ural Region
Keyt
Deposits: 1. Permian united; 2, Sakmarskiy ar~d Artinskiy ~(A,ssel'skiy
in pla.ces) united; 3. Mid-ugper-carboniferous; 4o Mid-devonian lower-
ca,rboniferous united; 5. Ashinskiy series,Vend;� 6, Tectonic fractures;
7. Eastern edge of Cis-Ural ~boundary depression; 8, Contour and
number of local structures (I. Krasnousol'skiy, . I2. Kurgashlinskiy,
III. Shikhansk3,}+,~ IV. Arlaxovsk3y, V. Urazbayevskiy~ VI. Ishtuganskiy)~~
9. iiells which ha,ve revealed deposits of the Ashinskiy series (a) and
the upper part of the upper-Riphean complex (b); 10, Section suggested
for deep drilling; 11. Geological profiles.
a. Belaya; b. Usolka,~ c. Ishimbay, d. Nugush
23
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tfie Ural geosvncline an~i the Fastern E~rope platform, from the Ka,ratau
structural co~rplex to the north to the Aktyubinsk Ural region in the
south, The western side of the paleodepr.ession in the folded bed at a
depth of 6 kilometers is traced along the meridian to the west of the
city of Ufa ar.d to the east of the city of Orenburg. Its more submerged
(up to a depth of 12-14~ kilometers~ eastern side is arbitrarily marked east
of the Alatau anticlinorium. Within the indicated boundaries it has a
depth of 6-12 kilomet~3rs, a width of 100-150 kilom�eters and a length of
up to 500 kilometers. The paleo-depression is filled. with a thick layer of
subaquec~us forma,tions of the Proterozoic era (6-10 kilometers~ and pri-
m~a.rily the same sedirients of the Palaozoic era with a capacity of 2-4
kilometers to the noz-th of it and up to 10 kilometers to the south.
The accumulation of the huge mass basically of marine formations occurred
as a result of a prolonged submergence of the basin according to graduated -
frwctures i:~ the bed, ha.ving courses coordinated with the main dislocations ~
of the Urals. The a.xis of the paleo-depression raith the maximum capacities
of pre-Cambrian deposits was displa,ced towards its eastern side, in the
region of the leading folds of the Ura,ls. In a modern structural pla,n
the highest hypsometric position of the complicating structures coincides -
kith the eastern side of the Cis-Ural boundary depression, with its cen- .
tral part and the zone of the .~la,tau anticlinorium on the section between
the Usolka, river on the north and. the Nugush river on the south (figure 1~. _
~ Here the V~nd deposits are unco~ered by wells a.t depths of 1-2 kilometers
(figure 2~1~~. Consequently, in a structural respect, �olds of the indica-
ted section posse~ the best conditions of accumulation of UV in the
= paleo-d epressiono
Already pointed out ~ 7, 9 ~ ~ve been the pres ence of anticlina,l
traps, their favorable paleotectonic development for formation of oil and
~as accumulation zones, and also the presence of OV [ or~anic ma,terial]
ar~d bitumoids in the rocks of the Vend, and Riphean periods in this area.
~,uestions of the development of pre-Cambr3a,n oil and gas forma,tion, and
_ i:~forma,tion about the numerous a~cumu].a,tions of oil and gas in the pre- -
Devonian stra,ta in various regions of the world have been treated in detail
in workU [ 1,3-5~8~�
- Pre-Devonian forma,tions in the Cis-Ural boundary depression have been
_ revealed by wel~s at a depth of from several dozen to the first hundred
meters. Practically illumina,ted by them is only the upper part of the
Vend complex and just Shikhanskaya well 5, which reached a depth of 3972
metersa These deposits have been co~letely cut and the upper ha,li of the
upper-Riphean cut has been uncovered see figure 2). The data obtained
are clearly ina,dequate for a positive judgement about the sequence of
occurrence and the composition of the Vend and upper-Riphean rocks. To
some degree the meagerness of the information can be filled in by
materials about the plicated.~Urals adjoini the east of the area, where
they ha,ve been studied in na,tural o~utcrops~6~. Also compiled. ta,king
_ these data into account was a probable cross-section of sedimentary forma,-
tl.ona of the upper Riphean and Vend. in the zone of the Cis-Ural trough
(see figure 2).
24
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