JPRS ID: 9209 WORLDWIDE REPORT NUCLEAR DEVELOPMENT AND PROLIFERATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200070040-8
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 30
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 40
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9047
21 April 1980
- ~Vest E u ro e R e o rt
p p
S~IENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
CFODU 5/80)
?
_ ~'~IS FC~REIG~~~ BROADCAS~' INFORlVIATIOI~ SEI~VICE
I~OR OF~iCi/.L USE QNLY
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- JPRS L/9047
21 April 1980
WEST EUROPE REPORT
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 5/80) �
CONTENTS
_ INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
European Data Banks Linked in EURONET
(Fabien Gruhier; I~E NOUVEL OBSERVATEUR, 11-17 Feb 80) 1
Present Status, Prospects of Spacelab Program
(Pierre Langereux; AIR & COSMOS, 26 Jan 80) 4
_ European Spa~e Cooperation
Planned Capabilities
_ Training of Astronauts -
Plans for F`irst Mission
Improvements, F~ture Missions .
FRANCE
- Trends in Civil Aviation Policy Discussed
(AIR & COSMOS, 23 Feb 80) 20
ITALY
New National, International Reseaxch Center at Trieste
. (F. Cianf.; CORRIERE DEL?~A SERA, 5 Jan 80) 22
Center for Solar Systems Manufacture, R&D, in Ftriuli
(Enrico Negretti; CORRIERE DELLA SERA, 13 Jan 80) 24
UNITED KINGDO~M
Rolls-Royce RB 211-535C Status Report
(AIR & COSMOS, 23 Feb 80) 26
.
_ ' a - ~III - WE - 151 S&T FOUO]
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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
~ -
EUROPEAN DATA BANKS LINI~D IN EURONET
Paris LE NOUVEL OB~ERVATEUR in F~ench 11-17 Feb 80 p 46
[Article by Fabien Gruhier]
[Text] This next Wednesday, 13 February, shoul~i be a great day. Roy
Jenkins, chairman of the European Communities Con~mission, Simone Veil, and
all the veritable European "Who`s Who" asse~nbled at Strasbourg are going to
p1ay, ceremoniously, with cathode ray screens and terminals. All for the _
purpose of marking a birth: that of Europe~~. telemation. Computers of all
countries: Unite; by virtuP of the brilliant new network designated EU~ONET--
"the living memory for Europeans," "the most important progressive step since
Gutenberg," "the instrument which places data at one's fingertips"--the
"intellectual resources" of the Old Continent are finally going to be avail-
able, accessible at any it.~,tant in any place by means of a simple ~elephone
call.
The pro.iect goes back to 1971. It consisted of linking, to potential uses, _
the principal "data banks" by a special network--these data files which are .
sprouting like mushrooms on the surface of the indus~rial world. The prop-
erties of new pharmaceutical products; the status of cancer research, the
standards imposed by Denmark upon imported toys, the list of delinguent
debtors in Ita1y, the effects of nuclear radiation upon some organic sub-
stance, the results of the last Irish elections.... Hexice.forth it is only -
necessary to bend dawn and punch some code numbers on the first terminal one
encounters in order to have instant access to this manna of
data.
The banks which contain these data are bursting forth at the stupefying rate
of one every other day in the EEC alone. It was truly urgent to design a
method of consultation. The European Communities Commission has already
succeeded in assembling a group of 30 services--public or private institu-
tions which have connected their data banks to the EURONET Network. The
ensemble constitutes DIANE--Direct Information Access Network for Europe--
a sort of telemation gal~.xy which has been operating as an experiment free
of charge since last autumn.
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Godsend for kesearch Workers
Those were the good times; us of this ~Zednesday payment will h~,ve to be
made for use of the EURONET-DIANE, The files of the OECD, the rulings of
the Italian Audit Office, the catalogue of the toxic effects of chemical
substances, the worlctwide index of patents, and so forth--all the data is
going to be sold. But the rates will remain very moderate. Moreover,
= such is essential to the operation, for, although the experimental EURONET
3i~ not charge for its services, consultation of the Eur~pean data banks
by means of the standard telephone networks, on the other hand, up to the
present has been very expensive. So exper_sive that in some countries it
was attractive to consult American files. ~
- With EURONET the cost of access to a Europea.n file will become '~from a
~ third to a fifth as high," is the assurance of an expert. "And independent
of distance." Thus EURONET-DIANE will be a genuine godsend for all who are E
eager far data--enterorises, research workers, officials--as well as for
the compilers and sellers of those data. "The fund of European documenta-
- tion at last will becoa~e profitable." A true miracle; to organize E'URONET -
there was e~Ten no need to install new te'lephone lines. It was simply a
matter af assigning lines to the "package transmissions" required by the
data processin~. Lines all along which the messages, "packages" of figures
- properly labeled by the cotnputers are entered in bulk, like bottles in the
sea, which will with absolute certainty reach their destinations by virtue
of sophisticated localization. "Several inquirers can be stacked up on the
sane line, "~xnlains Phillipe Coll~er, editor-in-chief of the first French
specialize~~ dat~, bank publication. "From w~iich result the lower costs."
From which also arises the difficulty in succeeding. "There are people who
have divergent interests," said one of the officials responsible for market-
in~ the EURONET. "The various Posts and Telecommunications administrations
of the E'EC countries receive comfortabZe revenues when they connect their
subscrir,ers to American data banks. It is difficult to interest them in
EURONET." Some of t;hese European Posts and Telecommuriications administra-
tions, it is said, have had to have their ears tweaked ir~ order to agree _
to assign, to those requesting it, the indispensable "open sesame"; an
access number to the EURONET system. The Bel.gians, ii; seems, h~.ve ~,roved
to be especial.ly unwilling. Nloreover, all problems have not been resolved.
- The system's promoters, for example, have not succeeded in establishing how
many customers there are. "Perhaps 200 at present? The various Posts and
Telecommunications administrations have neglected to keep us up to date,"
said Garth Davis, the European Commission's project head.
*INFOTEC`rURE; 11, rue du Marche-Saint-Honore, 75001 Paris
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- Everything leads it to be believed, nevertheless, that the success will be
considerable--in fact blazing. "In comparison with the United States tbe
market in Europe for j'on-line data" is woefully underdeveloped. It is
going to increase this year. And that will cause a snowball effect.
_ EURONET c;onstitutes an enviranment favorable to the creation of new data
banks, which will in turn attract new customers; and so on. We are going
to see a great explosion of telemation data," Everyboc~y will profit from
it.
A Data-Processing Esperanto
Including the Posts and Teleco~unications administrations, which fear
losing the benefits of the (small) present traffic with the United States:
"They are going to profit, from the prodigious growth of the market ;rhich
will occur in Europe, with rates comparable to domestic American ~~tes,
which is to say, very low, but quant~.ty will make up for that," explains
a Luxembourg official. "hareover, when the network is fir~ally operational,
the European Commission will withdraw from it completely. But without us,
� the nine Posts and Telecotmnunicatic?ns administrations would never get
together around a table to tune their violins...."
Nor to make the~r networks and computers compatible. Because even for
electronic language Europe is a Tower of Babel. The elements of rate -
structure, t~e technologies, the standards for signal modulation--all
are differen~:, EURONET is therefore a network af frightening complexity.
With a multiplicity of "inter~aces," of decoder-transcoders unt~ringly
handling the signal p~ckages.
However, the European Commission has had to develop a universal command
_ language, a sort of data processing Esperanto which enable. all computers .
to be interrogated 3_n the same manner. But, here too, at the price of
co~cplexity; to have access, at Turin, to a German data bank it is neces-
sary to compose upon the keyboard a combination of 60 figures: Al1 the
whi~e this must be done very rapidly without the slightest error under
pain of losing the line and having to start over again.
But in this curious game of numbers and letters the problem of the letters
rexnains the thorniest. "It is not enough to have easy access to a data
_ bank. ~rther, one must be able to understand the da~a gained frotn it,"
said Loll Rol.ling, in charge of automated translation within the European
Commiss~.on. "Alreac~y, in the nine countries of the EEC we must speak six
languages, and the commur.ity organizations employ a regiment of 4,000
translators. We look forward with some trepidation to the entry of Portugal,
Spain, and Greece...."
COPYRIGHT: 1980 "I~e Nouvel Observateur"
11,706
C SO : 3102
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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
PItESENT STATUS, PROSPECTS OF SPACELAB PROGRAM
European Space Cooperation
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 26 Jan 80 pp 32-33
[Article by Pierre Langereux: "Spacelab: The European Contribu~iori to
the Shuttle"]
[Text] The cooperation agreement signed on 24 September 1973 between NASA,
- representing the United States, and the European Space Agency (ESA) for the '
development and building of Spacelab enables Europe to parti.cipate in the
largest American space program of the 70's and 80's: construction of the
Space Transportation System, with the posaibility of entering the reserved
domain of manned space flights and sending the first European astronauts
into space!
Spacelab is actually one of the main reueable Elemenrs of the.Space Trana- -
port Syatem (STS), which ia destined to replace the traditional American
_ rockets ia the 1980's and therea~ter. NASA expects that one-third of the
400 Shuttle missions planned for this decade will use Spacelab.
The Space Shuttle, the main element of the STS, is entirely built in the
United States, along with the upper stages (SSUS and IUS) needed to launch ,
payloads into high terrestrial orbits (in particular, geostationary orbit)
or toward the planets. -
On the other hand, Spacelab, which is put to work by the Shuttle for low-
orbit missiona (with or without a crew), is made completely in Europe
for NASA.
;
This major program of European space cooperation, along with the Ariane
rocket, which was aimed at ensuring Europe's independence for the launching
of commercial satellites, is the precise counterpart of the American
Space Shuttle.
2,000 Persons in Ten Countries
'Ten European countries are participating in the Spacelab program, including ~
nine out of the eleven members of ESA: Germany, Italy, France, the United
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Kingdom, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Switzerland, along
~ with one of the observer countries: Austria.
This is an optional program in which the European nations are free to pa?-ti-
cipate financially, depending on their own interest. Germany, the promoter
of the operation, finances over half (53 percent), Italy pays 18 percent
and the other c~untriee finance the balance. The building of Spacelab ia
head~d at ESA by a program committee made up of representativea of all
participating nations.
Some 2,000 persons frum 50 firms in the ten countries involved participate
- in the Spacelab program. ~ �
The building of Spacelab began in June 1974 with the drawing up of the
development contract with the German firm Erno in Bremen.
_ The i-~dustrial organization includes ten main.contractors: AEG [German
Elect~ric Company]-Telefunken and Dornier in Germany, Aeritalia in Italy,
Bell 'Telephone and SABCA [expansion unknown] in Belgium, Fokker-VFW in
the Netherlands, British A~rospace in Great Britain, MATRA [expanaion
unknown] in France, Kampsax in Detzmark and Sener in Spain. These companies
work with some 40 subcontractors in the ten participating�countries. Sev-
eral American firms, including TRW [expansion unknown], Martin Marietta,
_ and so on, also lend their aid and experience in manned space sys*_ems to
European builders for whom Spacelab is a new and difficult problem.
Delays and substantial cost overruns also occurred very quickly in complet-
ing the Spacelab program as the result of technical dfffieulties, parti-
cularly regarding software, problems further aggravated by a certain laxity
in program management. Numerous personn~l transfers also occurred amor.g
program officials. Five persons gucceeded one another as head of the
program at ESA, until the arrival of Michel Bignier in November 1976. The
project heads were also replaced, both at ESA (Pfeiffer has been there
since 1977) and Erno (A. Kutzer aince September 1979).
Program Costing 4 Billion Francs
The estimated cost of completing the Spacelab program exceeded initial esti-
mates (308 million accounting units at 1�73 prices) by 20 percent and then
- by 40 percent. The current estimated cost of completion has leveled off
since the end of 1979 at 140 percent the initial package, or 704 million
accounting units (1979 prices), which represents some 4 billion francs.
This new cost of completion of 704 million accounting units includes the
study costs (16 million accounting units)., the Spacelab development contract
with Erno and certain work after delivery (578 million accounting unita),
the contract to develop the IPS space plotting instruments at Dornier
(35 milli,on accounting units), and the internal expenses,of ESA (75 m~llion -
_ accounting units), which are not as high as expected (savings of some
3E million accounting units). -
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Key:
_ 1. Cycle of Spacelab operatione with 16. Training of space flight
help of Space Shuttle research workers
2. Tracking and data.relay satellite 17. Experiments
3. Launching 18. Samples, films, tapes,
4. New tank datr~
5. Orbiter 19. Compound ,
6. Makeup prop~llants ,
7. Tank
~ .
8. Solar station ~
9. Mission Control and Payload
Operations Center
10. Re-entry
11. Landing
12. Preparation of orbiter
- 13. Integration and verifications
14. Experiments and research workers
15. Spacelab and experiments
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Only recently last we~k ESA confirmed that Lhe Spacelab development
program can be finished within the limit flf ~40 percent of the initial
package.
Currently, expenditures amount to 103 percent and commitmenta made to
manufacturers total about 120 percent of the package, Michel Bignier said.
But ESA also recognizes that keeping the cost of the program within the
limit of 120 percent depends to a very large extent on Erno's completion
of its ta~k without exceeding the 525.5 million accounting units provided.
Moreover, Erno has just reorganized ita team last year, mainly in order
to second the central nucleus of 100 to 150 engineers w~rking exclusively
on the program.
NASA Mission Model of First Spacelab Flights (15 November 1979)
Spacelab Shuttle Flight Orbit Partici- ~
Flight Flight Date NM � Spacelab Missions pants ~
SL1 (FSLP) Sh. 9 16 Apr 82 135 57 1 LM + 1P Multidisc. NASA, ESA
_ SL2 Sh. 13 14 Sep 82 202 5C 3P Astrophysics NASA
_ SL3 Sh. 16 7 Dec 82 200 57 1 LM + 1P Microgravity NASA
= SL4 ~ Sh. 21 7 Apr 83 160 /~6 1 LM Life Sciences NASA, ESA
_ SLS Sh. 25 22 Jul 83 216 57 4P Astro.-Phys. NASA
_ SL6 (D1) Sh. 29 13 Dec 83 160 28.5 1 LM Microgravity Germany -
SL7 sh. 37 3 May 84 210 57 1 CM + 3P Astro.-Phys. NASA
SL$ Sh. 40 27 Jun 84 1 LM + 1P Applications NASA
ESA will once again evaluate cost estimates upon completion of the Spacelab
program in March 1980.
Italy Angry
The new 140�-percent package has not been formally accepted by the member
states, but there are very good chances that it will be at the next ESA
Board meeting to be held this week, on 23-Z4 January, Bignier said.
The member nations have in fact all stated that they wanted to remain in
the program and in nrinciple, have accepted the new schedu~e of contribu-
tions to the overrun as proposed in September-October 1979. This distribu-
tion should not therefore be questioned, although four member cauntries
have not yet been able to approve the credits, for reasons removed from the
Spacelab program, it is stated.
Hawever, ?taly has decided to reduce its contribution to the overrun in a
~ spectacular fa~hion, from 18 percent to only 1 percent in order to manifest
its discontent with the inadequate return obtained to date by Italian manu- ~
facturers in the Spacela~ program, which in fact dropped from 18 to 12 per-
cent of all contracts between 1974 and 1978.
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~ The deficit caused by the Italian position was therefore divided up among
the other participating nations, with the exception of Switzerland and
Austria, which are also protesting their unsatisfactory industrial return.
Planiied Capabilities
Paria AIR & COSMOS in French 26 Jan 80 pp 34-35
[Article by Pierre Langereux: "The Space Erector Set"]
_ [Text] S~acelab is a space laboratory designed to be recovered and reused
for 10 years or SO flights. It may be used directly by astronauts or aper-
ated by renote control from the Shuttle attitude control station.
This "satellite in a kit" can be used in eight different configurations,
uniting pressurized modules (short or long) and/or instrument-carrying
pallets directly exposed to space.
The pressurized module, manufactured by Aeritalia, is an aluminum alloy
cylinder made up of one or two segments 4.1 ~neters in.diameter and 2.7
meters long, closed by cones. One of the segments houses auxiliary equip-
ment and part of the scientific instruments, while the other is exclusively
reserved for mission equipment, arranged in standard racks, each able to
hold a payload weighing 290 pounds (simple rack) or 580 kilograms (double
rack). A linking tunnel 1 meter in diameter provides the connection with
the Shuttle and interior access (no exit into space) for the astronauts.
The Spacelab module can carry a maximum of 4.6 tons payload and it provides
a useful volume of 22 cubic meters for the crew, which can work there with-
out spaceeuita. The (air-conditioned) atmosphere is at a pressure of
1 kilogram per square centimeter with 70-percent humidity.
The pallets, made by British Aerospace, are all 4 meters wide and 2.9 meters
long and can carry a useful load o~ 3 tcns. Each one has 25 anchoring
points and 18 panels supporting a mass of 50 kilograms per square meter.
The pallets also have thermal control, an energy supply and a data trans-
fer system.
An igloo made by Fakker-VFW contains the sensitive electronic equipment in ~
an air-conditioned en~losure pressurized with nitrogen. _
- Throughout flight, from launching until return, Spacela~b remains in thE
- Shuttle's compartment, whose dimensions (18 by 4.6 meters) surpass those
of all payloads, including Spacelab. Likewise, the maximum mass of Space-
lab is determined by the 14.5-ton limit imposed by the Shuttle's payload
mass upon landing.
Under these conditions, Spacelab can put a payload weighing from 4 to 9 tons
into orbit around the Earth, depending on the configurations chosen. By
way of comparison, a Spacelab made up of one long module and two pallets
8 ~
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iy 1~.8 meters long and weighs 11.4 tons, about half the weight of a Soviet
_ S~lyut arbital 9tation. -
Seven to Twelve Days in Fligh*
Spacel.a.b also depends on the Shuttle for all tts au::lliary equipment:
_ energ~, atmosphere~ thermal control, stabilization, telecommunicationa,
- habitat for the crew, and so on.
The Shuttle's power, which is now limited to 7 kilowatts, allows Spacelab
to remain in orbit only 7 to 12 days, with four astronauts who are payload
speciallsts on board, in addition to the Shuttle crew.
The Shuttle's crew normally includes three astronauts, including two pilots
(one is �the ship coumiander) and one mission specialist exclusively in
, charge of the payload. All are professional astroiiauts chosen from among
NASA's ~orps. For the first time, NASA has extended recruiting to blacks
- and women (six women have already been selected).
On the contrary, the Spacelab crew is made up of amateur astronauts re-
cruieed from among scientists or engineers specially trained to handle
- Spacelab experiments and oversee operation of the laboratory. Spacelab's
. crew can in this way he made up of from one to four payload specialiata,
whether men or women.
But all the astronauta, those on the Shuttle and those on Spacelab, have
r.heir quarters in the compartment located under the Shuttle's attitude -
control station, where they eat, sleep, wash and dreas or do exercise to
war.d off the discomforts inherent in prolonged space flight.
_ Laboratory in Space
The environment (cosmic vacuum, microgravity, and so on) and the features
of Spacelab (human operators, and so on) make it an ideal platfor~ for
many operations.
Spacelab can be used for scientific missions invo~ving high energy astro-
physics, solar or stellar astronomy, physics of the atmosphere, the iono- -
sphere or the magnetosphere, life sciences (study of space behavior, bio- '
logy and medicine) and so on.
But it can also be used as a test bench for space applications: telecom-
munications, navigation, observation of the Earth, meteorology, climatology,
_ production of materials in microgravity, and so on.
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= Trai.ni.ng of Astronauts
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 26 Jan 80 pp L~0-41
[Artic~e by Pierre Langereux: "The First European Astronauts"]
[Text~ For the first 52~acelab 1 mission in which Europe is paxtic~.natine, ~
in May~ 1978 ESA chose three astronauts who were payload specialists from _
among the 2,000 candidates presented by all the member nations in the compe-
tirion that began in April 1977.
The three are: Ulf Merboid, 39, German, physician; Wubbo Ockels, 34,
Dutch, also a physician; and C?aude Nicollier, 36, Swiss, astronomer and
- airline pilot.
For its part, NASA also chose two astronauts who were payload specialiats
but who have never been ii1 space: Michael Lampton, 39, a physician; and
Byron K. Ichtc~nberg, 32, a research worker from MIT.
Difficult Selection
The conditions set by ESA for the selection of the fi.rst European astro-
nauts were the following:
The candidate had to: be a native (male or female) of a member nation or
country with the status of observer participating in the Spacelab program;
be no more than 47 years of age, which means a maximum 51 at thp time of -
the mission; be between 1.53 and 1.90 meters ir height; and hold a univer- _
sity diploma (or th~ equivalent) in natural sciences or technology, accom-
panied by a minimum of 5 years experience in at least one of the experi-~
mental fields in which the Spacelab 1 mission is involved.
_ Candidates also had to be in good health and ready to submit to inteneive
medical and psychological testing. A predisposition to verti~o or air
sickness meant disqualification. The purpose of the psychological tests
was to see that those in charge of experiments would be able to handle the
work load and cope with the Spacelab environment, which involves high
levels of tension. The general qualities required were a good memory, a
_ logical mind, good.ability to concentrate, an aptitude for orientation in
space and good manual dextez�ity. In addition, candidates chosen had to -
show strong motivation, a flaxible personality, good emoti~�~nal stability
and a lack of aggressiveness.
Intensive Training
The training of the European astronauts destined to be payload specialists
is less rigorous than and different from that imposed by NASA on the Shuttle
_ crew. However, the criteria imposed by ESA for its payload specialists are
of the same level as those used by NASA in selecting the mission specialists,
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~ whc~ are professional astronauts. The first European astronauts are there-
fore of a very high level.
= Their training mainly consists of becoming familiar with European experi-
- ments and the operation of Spacelab 1, as well. as preparing for life and -
work under conditions of weightlessness. They will in fact have to work
Iu h~urs a day during the Snacelab 1 flight. -
- Training enables astronauts to become familiar with the purpose of experi- -
ments by studyiz~g works on the subject and reports by scientists. They
, will also be tra~ned in the laboratories in the handling of the scientific -
instruments involved and participate in simulated operations applying the
man-machine systems and the integration of equipment to be used in the
first flight.
To this end, European astronauts take training for Spacelab and in the use
of its equipment at the DFVLR [expansion unknown] facilities in Porz-Wahn
(Germany), where the ESA European team in charge of integrating and coor-
dinating the payload (SPICE) is set up, as well as at the ESA Technical
Center (ESTE~) in Noordwi,jk (Netherlands) and at the German pro~ect foreman,
Erno, in Bremen, where Spacelab is assembled and integrated.
One of th~ Furopean astronauts, Claude Nicollier, also participated in a
simulated flight of a Spacelab mission on Uoard the NASA laboratory plane,
the Convair 900 Coronado, within the framework of the Assess program. These -
flights amounted to a practical simulation of the conditions of a Spacelab -
mission (except for weightlessness).
It therefore became apparent that like their astronaut colleagues who have
already made flight~, the Spacelab crew would experience a disruption of
their circadian rhythm and substantial stress, which should be prepared for
by appropriate pre-flight training.
Plans for First Mission ~
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 26 Jan 80 pp 39-40
[Article by Pierre Langereux: "First Flight of Spacelab in April 1982"] ~
[Text] NASA has now scheduled the first Spacelab flight for April 1982. ~
It will be completed through the cooperation of NASA and ESA, which will
share the weight, energy and operating time of the crew equally. ~
The flight is aimed at verifying the general operation of Spacelab and at
carrying out v3rious experiments whose purpose is to show the possibilities ;
of the manned orbital laboratory for space research.
~ The first pay~oad of this Spacelab 1, whose preparation has now gone on ! _
- for two and one-half years, includes a total of 76 scientific and -
~
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technologieal experiments: 61 Europeat: and 15 American, including one
_ Japanese. r1n Indiar. experiment is being sh3red by ESA and NASA.
Thcoi:gh these 76 experiments, 219 scientiats from 16 ..ountriea participate
in the first Spacelab mission. Some 130 Gf them are from 12 European na-
tions (Germany, Austria, Belgium, L~enmark, Spain, France, Italy, Norway,
the Netherlanda, the United Kingdom, Sweden and ~witzers.and) and 80 are
from the United States. The others are from Canada, India and Japan.
The 61 European experiments are mainly devoted to materials science (40
experiments) and bioastronautics (10). The rest are divided among physics
of the atmoaphere (3), plasma physics (3) and solar physics (2), astronomy
- (2), and observation of the Earth (2).
The American experiments mainly concern space biomedicine (7 experiments).
The United States has no space processing experiment on the first Spacelab.
Participants share the use of certain instruments such as the vestibular
sled, ovens, the fluid physics module, the microwave radar, the photogram-
metric chamber, and so on.
European Experiments
Discipline Countries Instruments Site
Life Sciences (10) Germany, France, Vest. sled, Pressurized
Great Britain, cell implants, module
. Italy, Sweden, etc.
Switzerland
Physics of the atmosphere (3) Germany, Bel- Telescope, Inatrument
gium, France spectrometer c~r~ier, -
pressurized
module
Solar physics (2) Aelgium (and
ESA research
workers)
Plasma physics (3) Germany, Austria," " " "
France, Norway
- ' (and ESA research
workers)
Astronomy (2) Germany, France, Infrared Instrument
~ Great Britain, telescope carri~r -
_ Italy (and ESA
res. workers)
- Earth observation (2) Germany (data to Photogram- Instrument
(Instruments) be supplied to metric carrier
- res. workers chamber
euerywhere -
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(cont.)
Materials science (40) Germany, Au~tria, Belgium, Isothermic Pressur-
Denmark, Spain, France, ovens with ized mod.
- Great Britain, Italy, $radient
- Netherlands, :iweden and mirrors
Fluid physics ~
~ module
Larger Crew
Spacelab 1 will be placed in a circular orbit around the Earth zt an alti- _
tude of 250 kilometers with a pitch of 57� over the Equator. The length
of the flight is planned for 7 days, in the course of which~Spacelab astro-
nauts will do 160 hours of work. On an exceptional basis. NASA expanded
the crew for this first flight by naming two mission specialists (Owen
Garriott and Robert Parker) in~tead of one, in ~ddition to the two Shuztle
_ pilots and the payload speciali~t astronaut who will be named later. The
_ action was taken because of the large density of experiments for the first
flignt.
For this first mission, Spacelab will be made up of one long module and an
instrument-b earing pallet to carry a total 2.8 tons of payload that will
be shared equally by Europe and the United States. At the present time,
ESA and NASA have a problem remaining within the weight of their shar~ of
. the payload (1,392 kilograms each). In partieu~lar, the European payload is ~
about 10 percent too heavy 140 to 150 kilograms and ESA is probably "
going to have to drop some Spacelab experiments in order to remain within ;
_ the mass Iimit imposed.
The payload will first of all be integrated in Europe at Erno in Bremen
(Germany), under the responsibility of the ESA SPICE group, before being
shipped to Cape Canaveral (Florida), where the successive integrations of
_ the payloads are to be completed, then with Spacelab and finally, with
the Shuttle.
Integration of the European payload will cost some 25 mil.lion UC [accounting
units] (1978 prices) and will be financed by ESA. Research workers there-
fore have free access to the first Spacelab with respect to flight expenses,
but financing of scientific equipment must still be their responsibility. '
Improvements, Future Missions
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 26 Jan 80 pp 41-43
~
[Article by Pierre Langereux: "Production and Impro~~ement of Spacelab"j
[Text] The Spacelab p-rogram is now made up of four phases for ESA: devel--
opment (phase C/D), including the manufacture and delivery of a f irst flight
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model of Spacelab to NASA; production (FOP) of a second flight model of
SFacelab, ordered separately by NASA; use of Spacelab by Eurepe (ESA and
member nations individually); and improvements (FOD) in the currznt Space- ~
lab by ESA and NASA in cooperation. -
The cooperation agreement signed in 1973 hetween ESA and NASA covers the -
first thre~ phases of the Spacelab program. The fourt~ ~hase (improve-
ments) has already been the sub~ect of preliminary studies, both by NASA
and ESA, but to date, the European member nations have made no decision
concerning their participation in this new phase.
_ The development phase ~f Spacelab will be completed in 15 to 18 months,
according to Michel Bignier, director of the program at ESA. Erno will
complete integration of the prototype (engineering model) of Spacelab
in September 1980 in Bremen and integration of the first flight model
has already begun.
- Delivery of First Spacelab in 1981
Delivery to NASA'of the different models of Spacelab will begin this year.
The prototype is to be delivered in under a year, in November ~980 (instead
of June 1979).
The first flight model of Spacelab, which is made up of one iong module
and five equipped pallets, will be delivered in two lots. The first lot
(FU 1), including the long module and two pallets, will be delivered in
February 1981 (instead of September 1979), and the other (FU 2), made up
of three equipped pallets (with igloo) will be sent to NASA in May 1981
(instead of January 1980).
The first plotting instrument to be used on the pallet missions will be
delivered in September 1981.
NASA has planned to use this first Spacelab for two initial flights that
are respectively scheduled for April 1982 (Spacelab 1) for the ~oint NASA-
ESA mission wfth a long-module and pallet configuration, and in September
1982 (Spacelab 2) for the second mission with three equipped pallets and
- the instrument plotting system (IPS).
For the time being, this schedule is confirmed by NASA despite the recent -
report on the first flight of the Shuttle for October 1980 (instead of
March 1980).
Order for Second Spacelab
The order for the second Spacelab by NASA (provided for in the 1973 agree-
ment) is to be signed, in principle, tomorrow, 27 January. ESA has already
signed the contract, on 20 December 1979, after the three parties: NASA,
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ESA and Erno, finally agreed on the am~unt of the supplier's contract for ~
the second Spacelab. This contract will total 117.1 ~r~illion accounting
units (1979 prices), or about 660 million francs. NASA actually rejected
_ the first European offer, whi~h amounted to 148 million accounting units. -
Principal European Contractors
Germany: AEG--Telefunken; Dornier System, Draeger= Erno, MBB [expansion
unknown], Nord Micro, SEL [expansion unknown], VF'Id-Fokker
Austria: OKG [expansion unknown]
Belgium: Bell Telephone Mfg., ETCA [expansion unknown], SABCA
Denmark: Christian Rovsing, Kampsax, TERMA [expansion unknown]
Spain: INTA [National Institute for Aerospace Research], SENER [expansion
unknown)
France: SEMS fexpansion unknown], Matra, Thomson-CSF [General Radio
Company]
Italy: Aeritalia, Microtecnica
Netherlands: Fokker-VFW ~
United Kingdom: British Aerospace, Dynamics Group
Switzerland: Industrial Company, Radioelectric
It is a fixed price contract (with revision to correct for inf lation), ex- ~
- cept in the case of the American manufacturers and their European subcon-
tractors, which involves around $6.3 million..
The contract does not include the internal expenditures of ESA, however -
(estimated to total 33 million florins and paid in that currency), or the
supplying of the second IPS2 plotting instrument, whcase order by NASA was
postponed until A}7ri1-May 19~0 due to delays in developing the instrument.
NASA is awaiting the pro~ect review of the IPS before making its order. ~
The cost of the operation, estimated at some 13 million accounting units, ~
was deemed acceptable by NASA. ~
Delivery of the second Spacelab to NASA is scheduled in 14 shipments of
material spread out from October 1981 to April 1984. This second Spacelab
will includ~ one short module and five equipped pallets.
Delivery of the second IPS will not take place until. the end of 1983 or
the beginning of 1984.
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Participation in the SSS
ESA ie then to supply NASA with spare parts as they are n~eded ae soon as
the Spacelab fllghte begin. It is quite likely that NASA will entruat the
- American firm of McDonnell Douglas in charge of Spacelab in the United
States with the taek of ordering spare parts directly from European _
industries, either from the pro~ect foreman or from the main contractors
involved.
If NASA should need a third Spacelab, ESA believes that the same procedure
should be followed as for the second (ordered by ESA). ~
_ However, it does not appear that this possibility should be considered
before 1985, Bignier says. The first two Spacelabs should in fact meet
NASA's anticipated needs until 1987!
For the first two years of Spacelab's operations 1982-1983 NASA only
plans six to eight flights a year (one-third of them military), which can
very well be accomplished with two models. The equipment can in fact be
used in eight different configurations.
Industrial Returns (Contracts) Compared With Contributions
~ Participants in Contributions Industrial Return in %
Spacelab in Percent 1974 1978
Austria 0.76 0.40
Belgium 4.20 4.20 5.10
_ benmark 1.50 1.50 2.20
- France ~ 10.00 10.00 12.50
Germany 53.34 54.10 52.60
Italy 18,00 18.00 12.30
Netherlands 2.10 2.10 2.10
= Spain 2.80 2.80 3.60
Switzerland 1.00 1.00 1.20
United Kingdom 6.30 6.30 8.00
On the other hand, European industry should be consulted for the supplying
of the special Space Sortie Support (SSS) pallets from the U.S. Air Force
for scientific experiments with the Shuttle beginning in 1983.
Actually, the U.S. Air Force plans to use the pressurized modules of tile
Spacelab belonging to NASA for its military needs. It does plan to have
pallets built comparable to those of the Spacelab, but without the igloo.
The call for bids for the supplyin~ of the SSS was in principle to be s2nt
at the end of January 1980, but the U.S. Air Force has announced that it
will be postponed until around March 1980. ~
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- The project foreman of the SSS must be an American firm given the military
nature of the system. The manufacturer will in fact have to set the SSS up
_ on the launching base. Four American manufacturers are now interested:
Rockwell International, TF~W Systema. Martin Marietta Corporation and
- General Electric. The SSS contract is estimated at about $5Q million for
two sets of pallets making it possible to have.an average of one flight a
year for 10 years.
A e1 C
.f ~�~rjl ~
? ,
~ 1 ,
`r ~ ~
/ ;1ti~ ~ \ ~ :~f~ .
~ ,
i ~ .c
a~ y:i!r'~ ~
J' ~ ~ IL~ ' 1
~,-E'.-~'I
~
. � ' �
E' f-
[Above] Spacelab can be used for highly different missions: astronomy (A),
atmospheric physics (B), solar physics (C), bioastronautics (D), the pro-
duction of materials under conditions of weightlessness (E), and observa-
tion of the Earth (F). -
The current Spacelab can be considered as the precursor of a new family of .
space capsules destined to become autonomous and thereby prepare the way ~
for future permanent orbital stations, which were originally part of the '
, American Space Transportation System (STS) program. ;
For several years, NASA and ESA have been preparing for the following -
phase beyond the current Spacelab through the planning of various
pro~ects.
The two space agencies recently set up a specialized work group: FOCO
(Follow-on Couunittee), to study together the possibilities of future im-
provements and developments in short- and medium-range terms of
Spacelab, mainly through the conversion of existing elements and the
addition of new speciali2ed modules (power, and so on). FOCO is to submit
a report on its work at the end of March ?980.
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European Objectives
European objectives regarding future development of Spacelab have been set
forth by ESA and fit into three categories: political, operational and
industrial.
The political ob~ectives are to pursue cooperation with NASA in working
on orbital stations, preserve European progress in manned space systems
in order zo prevent the scattering of European teams, ens~re participation
in the use of future manned systems in order to atrengthen ESA's position
- and to maintain Europe's capability in the fvture production of Spacelab `
and the operational support of missions. -
Operational objectives include opening up Spacelab to new uses (space -
metallurgy and other fields that might provide commercial outlets), improv-
ing the profitability of Spacelab missions for users and preserving Euro-
pean users access to technological know-how obtained through Spacelab.
Industrial objectives include ensuring the competitiveness of European
industry, particularly in the fields of logistics and operational support
and increasing the use of European equipment and technologies in future -
space programs, in agreement with NASA.
ESA has provided for development in two phases short and long-term
the first of which has been awaiting a favorable decision from the ESA
Council for e;~er a year. Unfortunately, member nations are not able to
take a position on Spacelab improvements as long as the financing problem
for the development phase has not been solved once and for all.
Improvements which ESA has in mind are essentially aimed at th~ "search
for a certain independence of Spacelab with regard to the Shuttle," Bignier
explains. This autonomy would be gained by placing Spacelab in orbit with a
Shuttle and bringing it back to Earth later by another Shuttle flight,
inasmuch as the Shuttle's arm operated by remote control can be used for
these transfers from (and in) the Shuttle compartment. At the present
time, Bignier states, the same Shuttle takes the same Spacelab into space
and brings it back, which immobilizes the Shuttle throughout the entire
mission of the orbital laboratory. This is a waste. With 7-day flights,
such a thing can still be accepted, but when the Spacelab flights last a
month or longer, this procedure would immobilize 15 percent of the Shuttle
flight's capacity!
ESA therefore proposes to free Spacelab from its dependency on the Shuttle
or vice-versa, which does not pose insurmountable technical problems. The
= only crucial problem is supplying energy for an autonomous Spacelab which
would no longer have the Shuttle's support, as is now the case. _
This means that an autonomous power module (also launched by the Shuttle)
must be designed. It would be joined with Spacelab for every mission.
' COPYRIGHT: AIR & COSMOS Paris 1980
11,464 7-9
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FRANCE
T�.ENDS liv ~TV~IL AVIATION POLICY DI~CUSSED
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 23 Feb 80 p 36 -
;Article: "M Le Theule Traces the Limits o� the Policy of Liberalization";
passages ericlosed in slantlines published in boldface]
[Text] The latest edition of the newsletter from the Minister of Transpor- -
tation contains an editorial on the theme: freedom to transport and passen-
ger safety. Referring to air transportation problems, the minister notea
that his ministry's activity takes place in an area which, in international -
matters, is characterized by deregulation and by the rise in fuel costs. -
Referring to the offensive by certain countries in favor of /deregulation on
international lines/, the minister declares that: "We should not, in the
name of principle, however praiseworthy, favor an evolution of which we would
be the first victima. The miniatry's attitude has thus conaisted of defend-
ing the purauit of international traffic in an organized frataework, all the
while urging the national company toward a pulicy of low tariffs for certain
_ flights and for cert~in categories of passengers. The contract with Air
France permiitted this attitude; the results obtained are encouraging and in
1979 do not indicate (as a matter of fact, they indicate the contrary) a de-
terioration of results, while at the same time the statements of many com-
panies give reason for concern." This assessment does aot exclude changes
- here and there. In support of this remark, the minister cited the case of
Strasbourg, declared an "open city" in the area of traffic dues.
"But it is in the area of /unscheduled flights/ that the development has
probably been felt most strongly. The governmental attitude toward inter-
mediate-distance carriers has gradually been fully liberalized: several
companies have been or are to be authorized to equip themselves to suit the
devQlopment of tourism and permit a reconquest of a market too largely aban- -
doned to foreign competition. For the long-distance carriera the develop-
ment has to be more gradual: following total liberalization of flighte to
the Antilles, similar measures have been initiated for the Pacific zone. -
Great attention is paid to the consequences on the economy of regulax car-
riers, who must not be put out of business; this would be contrary to the
sought-after result. The development thus engendered is nevertheless irre-
versible and it will be extended to other areas each time that the market
structure permits." -
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The minister notes further that for /domestic traffic/ the restraints of
- ~he international ~phere do not exist. The government has cancel~d the
convention with Ai.r Inter in order to be free to define the applicable rules
from 1981 on. "I declare, although the definitive decision has not yet been
� made, that I am not convinced of the neceseity of continuing a necessarily
restrictive conventional framework. The ob~ect, for Air Inter as for Air
France, must be full administrative reaponsibility: the development of Air
France within the framework of its contract--we are dealing with a contract
and not a convention--has proved the ~ustifiability of such a policy. The
same principles hold for third-level transport, over which I refuse to exe.r-
cise any special governmental controls; the government's role should, in the
_ matter, be limited to verifying that safety conditions are co;~rectly ful-
filled. The problem of /unscheduled flights/ finally presents itself in
terms comparable to those of international transport: the ob~ect should be
to favor the development of tourism and the seasonal demand, while limiting
_ damage to regular lines. In this spirit, domestic charters have been liber-
alized during vacation periods."
The minister obaerves that "in conclusion, we can note that our air trans-
port has for the past several months been initiating /a more profound de-
velopment than it would appear/. The regulatory framework has not had to be
reformed here. The civil aviation code furnished an elastic framework. The
practicea, rather than the regulations as written, were modified. Simulta-
neously, efforts for eafety have again been increased. The air navigation
serviceb are being progreeaively endowed with additional meana. Supervision
of operstion is incre~sed by developing toward control of the ob~ectives and
organization of safety in the companies, rather than toward controlling the
, execution of the tasks. The will to improve existing conditiona cannot be
doubted by anyone."
COPYRIGHT: Air & Cosmos, Paris, 1980
5586 i
CSO: 3102
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i
~
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ITALY
NEW NATIONAL, INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER AT TRIESTE
Milan CORRIERE DELLA SERA in Italian 5 Jan 80 p 9
[Article by F. Cianf.: "Scientif ic Center at Trieste for Solar and Wind
- Energy"]
[Text] The exploitation of solar and wind energy and app lied technological
and scientific research in many sectors make up the work programs of the
new consortium being established in Trieste. The initiative is being under-
taken by the county, the province, the region, the university and the Mira-
mare Center for Phyeical Theory in addition to the induatries present in
that regional territory.
The long-range plan ie to develop, i.n the territory of Trieste, a scientif-
ic research capability able to satiafy the region's industrial needs and
_ at the same time capable of having an impar_t at an international level.
At Banne, on 170 hectares located on a plateau 10 kilometers from downtown,
a scientif ic and technological research center will be build which will
affect the collective community.
"This is not a new institute which devises research pro~ects on its own," _
explained Prof Giampaolo De Fera, dean of the University of Trieste who,
together with the Nobel laureate Prof Salam of the Miramare Theoretical
Physics Center, has created the statute for the new organization.
- "The idea" continued the dean, "is not new. In 1967, 13 years ago, a group
- of professors in the science department worked on a pro~ect for a scientif-
ic research zone. This pro~ect was amended and modified several times and
following necessary bureaucratic steps to set up the financial-administra-
tive section, the center for technological and scientific research was ap-
proved by legislation with a decree which calls for the instituting of a
_ nonoptional consortium to manage it.
The drawn out starting-up activities will begin soon, with the institution -
of a center for advanced calculus thus providing an archive for answera to
many questions. The main preoccupation of the organizers is to avoid use-
less and costly duplication while developing original trends~ The task of
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rvn vrri~ir~i, u~c, V1vt,I
the "advanced data base" will be that of allowing access to the state of
the art of researches on any given topic anywhere in the world.
The calculus center is already, in effect, an embryo. It will involve the
transfer to Banne of a nucleus which hae been functioning for aeveral yeare -
at the local engineering department, which wi11 mean atrengthening it and
transforming it.
"It is our intent" atated professor Mario Policastro, who is in charge of
sutomatic controls, "to undertake collabaration efforts in order to support
computer aseiated instruction because nowadays in that field it is possible
to turn out new methods able to provide highly specialized learning tech-
niques. This is the case for the Plato, a sophisticated system of assisted
- inetruction which could easily serve to further develop technicians involved
- in research."
While waiting to be definitely "on the map," the research department of the
University of Trieste encourages links abroad, which are very active. Be-
= cause of its favorable geographical position, Trieste could be viewed as
Mitteleuropa's natural outlet to the sea. For that reason, perhaps, cul-
tural exchanges with Eastern Europe are particularly well developed. Third
World countries also look to Trieste and, following a collaboration agree-
ment with the Uni~versity of Ife (Nigeria), a consurting contract is being
negotiated with the University of Lagos.
The Nigerians' problem consiats in creating a managerial group. With this
in mind, the University of Ife requeated a collaboration with tha University
of Trieste in those matters dealing with management of the environment and
architecture. Specific programs to teach the Nigeriana these sub~ects have
been organized, and in exchange the Univereity of Trieste will receive a
modeat sum of hard esrned foreign currency.
This sort of cooperation with developing countries can be effectively pur-
sued in the soon-to-be research department, as is presently the case with
the Theoretical Physics Center of Miramare. In this institute, periodic
seminars on new sources of alternative energy are held. These seminars are
also attended by numerous students and technicians of Arab countries which
possesa not only oil wells but also dispose of a potential capacity f or
solar eneroy collection. -
- It is a matter of snlving problems which, because of their nature, are with-
out boundaries. With the institution of the research department, the city
of Trieste will be able to effectively give stimulus to its own cultural
and intellectual life. ~
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Editoriale del "Corriere del~a Sera" s.a.s.
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ITALY
CENTF.R FOR SOLAR SYSTEMS MANUFACTURE, R&D, IN FRIULI
Milan CORRIERE DELLA SERA in Italian 13 Jan 80 p 6 _
[Article by Enrj.co Negretti: "The Sun University Is Born in Friuli"]
[Text] Cordenons (Pordenone). In this "big box" that rises amid greenery ~
and stands out against the harsh sides of the Massiccio del Cavallo, about
50 workers will set up, in about 20 days, solar panels and will be able to
wash and warm themaelves thanks to the sun's energy. It will be the first
plant in Europe which will be equipped with these very sophisticated units
and which, above all, provide a concrete answer to the grave energy prob-
lems.
The device, which standa out, in crimson, over the black roof of the plant,
made up of 324 s~uare meters of solar panels with a 60 degree slant pointing
South, says everything: "Sunlife, making use of solar energy."
They are the ones who will use it first. However, the Friuli enterprise,
a leader in research in this field, has already built over 1,000 soi.ar plants -
and in rhe new plant not only those which are commonly called "panels" are -
produced, but also, for example, those instruments necessary for the plan-
ning of solar manufacturing plants. Here too, as commercial director Giu-
seppe Bearzi explained, e?ery three months seminars are held for planners
and installers who deal with helio technology. That is to say: this is
_ the university of the stin. Anyone who comes here will learn all there is
_ to know about how best to exploit its energy, how to capture it, package it
= and redistribute it.
"A new plant," said Bearzi, "but also a new method of working. Our workers
_ will not stand at the assembly line: they will be divided into samll groups
of 5 or 6 persons who will produce together a unit from A to Z."
The manufacturing plant, between production sections and administrative of-
fices, is spread over 1,360 covered square meters. Around the building, are
900 square meters of landscaping and over 2,000 of parking spacea and roads.
The plant itself is futuristic, as is the large range of products it will
turn out. They are anticrisis (oil, of course) products.
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"Imagine that this concept," continued Bearzi, "is that which inspirea the
builder of a sailboat: the sails, blown by the wind, and small auxiliary
motor for when the wind is down and it is still necessary to travel. There
we are: with the sun, it's like thie: one must use its energy with the
- eame conditions that one uses ite light: when it's there. At night we use
- light bulbs, right? But during the daytime we don't. We must think of do- -
ing the same thing with solar energy: when the sun is therz, capture it~
exploit it. At night, as the hours go by, we can no longer cou~.t on the
warmth produced by the sun during the day and therefore, if necessary, we
make use of an 'auxiliary motor,' namely an integration with the more tra-
- ditional systems. The plant, in fact, calls for a small oil heater."
The innovation is important. The Sunlife heating system, explained in lay-
man's terms, in addition to solar panels on the "South Wall," consists of
a hothouse roof. T`wo thermo-ventilating exchanges with 10,000 liter accum-
_ ulation systems (not of water but a sort of automobile antifreeze), pumps to
channel the hot liquid through the coils, air circulating in ducts heated
by the coils, hot water tanks for mess halls and showers are included in
r.his system. A congenial and clean plant, but above all, an economic one
they said. This is because it is sufficient for the solar panels to reach
temperatures of 60-70 degrees, as is now the case in the middle of winter
in order to attain 20 degree centigrade hot air in the plant.
"However, if the temperature does not go that high" said Bearzi, "a tempo-
rary integrative use of the heater will be sufficient: one thing is to
sr.art at 10 degrees and bring the water up to 50, and another to bring it
up to this temperature starting from 20-23 degrees."
The heat developed under the hothouse roof, which is an interesting archi-
tectural structure, is exploited in the winter by fans that channel the
hot air in the premises. During the summer, on the other hand, use is made
of the "Trombe Michel" effect, Michael's trumpet, named for French resear-
cher who first observed the phenomenon. Basically what occurs is that very
hich temperatures are formed under the roof while in the premises below the
- heat reaches, let us say, 25 degrees: as in a chimney, air rises from he- _
low, creating continuous ventilation.
Solar panels, according to recent studies, are the most immediate and econ-
omic answer to low temperature heat demands. On the open market a complete
unit costs about 200,000 lire per square meter: in a country like Italy,
solar panels should sprout like mushrooms. It would bring about great sav-
ings and oil could be used for medium and high temperatures. To burn oil ,
i.n order to obtain a temperature of 20 degrees (and this 1,000 degrees in
the burner), an expert wrote, ie like heating by setting great master's
paintings on fire.
Forty sensors, distributed in the new plant at Cordenons continuously trans-
mit data to a computer. "This," said the Sunlife director, "is a cotmnon
patrimony, which we set aside for those who work in this sector." -
Perhaps we have lost time with the sun, but judging by apartment heating
bills alone, without bothering economists, it might be good to think of
imitating this example from Friuli.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Editor.iale del "Corriere della Sera" s,a.s.
25
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UNTTED KINGDOM
kOLLS-ROYCE RB 211-535C STATUS REPORT
Paris AIR & COSM(7S in French 23 Feb 80 p 14
[Passages enclosed in slantlines published in boldface]
~ [Text~ As of 13 February, six RB 211-535C turbo3et engines developed by
Rolls Royce had been tested for /more than 700 hours/. It will be recalled
that the RB 211-535C is destined for the B-757 program and that the total `
number of firm orders and options by Eastern Airlines and Brit3sh Airways
for this sircraft thus equipped with engines is up to /82/. Derived from ~
the RB 211-22B, the 535C version delivers a thrust of 37,400 pounds (1b,965
kg) siid, according to its builder, will permit a fuel saving of 40 percent
per passenger over the Boeing 727. The first prototype of this engine went
through a bench teat on 16 April 1979 and the second on 12 June 1979. A
total of /3,000 hours of tests/ wi11 be required before certification, ex-
pected in mid-1981, when the first deliveries should be made to Boeing for
the beginning of flight testa in the B-757. The engine will then have to
- undergo /7,000 hours of tests/ in the aircraft before being put in service
in 1983.
Among the five development engines, one accomplished test cycles equivalent
to /1,500 flights in regular use/, i.e., four f.lights a day for a year. ~
Completely disassembled, all the components of this engine were acrupulously
checked; they were found to be in excellent condition and were delivered for
examination by Boeing, Eastern and British Airways engineers. Two other
prototypes were sub~ected to more special uses, one for operational tests
in the NGTE [expansion not known] altitude chamber,the other for tests of
take-off and behavior under artifical sub-sea-level conditions.
Pnoto Caption
Left, the prototype of the RB 211-535C turbojet engine, which has accomplish-
ed test cycles equivalent to ~,500 flights, is being disassembled.
Right, all parts of the same engine are shown.
COPYRIGHT: Air & Cosmos, Paris, 1980
5586 END �
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