JPRS ID: 9189 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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JPRS L/9027
9 April 1980
USSR R~ ort -
- ~
- EPlERGY
~ -
' CFOU~J 3/80)
- FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVIC~
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~ va~ Vl 1' ll.1t'~L U?7~ VLVL1
JPRS L/9Q27
- 9 April 1980
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
- (FOUO 3/80)
- CONTENTS PAGE
ELF,CTR IC POWF~
Yru~rrr:,~ M~~,~ie ait Hydroe:lectric Power P1ant Construct-i.on
~.i Lc~s
(GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE 5rR0ITEL'STVO, No 11, 1979)��� 1
For~;inE;-SLamp.iri~ Producti on of Atomic Energy Machinc:-
T3u.iJ rii rif;
(Ye. N. Moshnin, S~ A~ Yeletskiy;
- ENEftGOMASHINOSTR0YEIVIYE, Jan 80) 3
Contribution of Energy Tool Construction to Fuel-Energy
Complex of USSR
,
( V. V. Krotov; ENERGOMASHINOSTROYENIY~;, Jan 80) 8
Improvirig Production Efficiency With Hydromete~rological
D~.tt~.
(I;. Monokrovich; VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, Jan 80) 16
C]~,rifier Assembly Techniques Described
( D. B. Budovslciy; ENERGETIG'HE�~KOYE STROITF'i,' STVO,
Dec 79) ............o.......o 25
- New Techn.ique of Boiler Construction
(V. Ya. Slagoda, Yu. M. Ma,rder; ENERGETICHESKOYE
STROITEL'STVO, Dec 79) ..,,..o 28
P'iJFL i \
F.ixed Rental P~a;~men~s in the Oil Industry
(A. Bozhedomov; VOPROSY EKONOMCKI, Jan 80) 3(
' a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUOJ
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I:LEC'('RIC PUWLR
t
1'ROCRL55 M11llE A'L' HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLA.'~T CONSTRUCTION SITES
' Mosc~w GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 11, 1979 p 48~-49
[Ex~ertps from "Construction and Operation Newsletter"]
[Excertps] In August work was done on the roof and the right bank facing �
wall of the machine room near tne first three units at the Kegumskaya GES
~I~ydroelectric power plant], Support 4tructure installation is being
completed on the tail race side. BricH:~aork on the upper mill race side !
near tl~e first hydraulic turbir.e has been finished.
At tl~e Nizhnekamskaya GES construction site the roof of the volute chamber
- of hydraul.ic turbine No 2 is being concreted. Installati~n of the rotor
and stator have begun. Installation of the generator stator was started
at the end of August. The tr.ansformer has been manufactured and is in
storage. The stator of hydraulic turbine No 3 has been completely
installed. Concreting of the volute housing has begun.
Construction has been started on the high-voltage electric: power line which
will transmit current from the 7.eysk.aya GE5 to the Baykal-Amur Mainline
project. The 220 kw electric power transmiss:Lon line is ai~out 190 km long.
The first kilometers of right-of-way have been cleared over a spur of the -
Soktakhan ridge, The builders will have to erect hundreds of poles on the
rocky spurs and in swampy marshes and suspend from them a cable through
which electric power will go to the new region under development to the
north of Priamur'ya.
_ Construction has begun on a high-voltage electric power transmission line
from the Chirk~yskaya GES to Ordzhonidze, The new line will be 214 km long. ~
It will traverse the territories of three autonomous republics of the
Northern Caucasus. The first reinforced concrete supports have been placed -
along the Caspian coast in the Derbent-Khaehmas area. The 330 kw line
joins the Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasus systems. Electrification is
making rapid progress in Dagestan. Even the outermost auls have been linked
to the state systems. In recent years a 10,000 km electric power network
has been installed under the challenging conditions of impassable roads and
across turbulent rivers and deep ravines. The additional electric current .
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,
~ i~as acc.c:le.rated the growth of new settlements and industrial and agricultural
C,~cilities. In addition, the hydroelectric power plant construction ~rojects
- have become reliable regu]3tors of runoff from mountain rivers. T'}iie hae
made it possible to increase the area under irrigation and to include large _
new tracts of land in crop rotation.
I.n Belorussia there are plans to construct a deep-lying underground pumped
storag+~ plant. Its power will exceed a million kilowatts. Such plants
aid in successfully accomplishing the task of inereasing electric power
production durina peak hours and consuming its surplu~ in the power system
during the night. Pumped storage plants are promoting an increase in the
efficiency of atomic and thermal power plant operation so that they operate
whenever possible in a constant, more advantageous and efficient mode.
- 'I'he ZaQorskaya pumped storage plant with a 1.2 million kilowatt capacity is
- tinder construction near Moscow, Its first phase will go on line at the end
_ of the current five-year plan.
'I'he Kayshyadorsl:aya pumped storage plant with a 1~6 million kilowatt
capacity is being buiit in Latvia.
, There are plans ro build pumped stora~e plants with 2 million kilowatt
r_apacities on the Dnestr River. Sites i'or approximately 10 pumped storage
_ plants liave already been selected. Some of the plants will be part of
large-scale power systems.
All dams larger than 30 km on the banics of the Amu-Dar'ya at the access to
- the Tuyamuyunskiy hydrosystem in Uzbekistan are heing raised to a planned
height of up to 10 meters. This will make it possible to prevent river
- Elooding when its level is raised after damming. The damming is scheduled
for October, '~he Tuyamuyunsk~.y hydrosystem will provide the potential for
re~;ulating tlie Elow of rhe Amu-Dar'ya during low periods and irrigating
l~iindreds of thousands of hectares of arid land.
COPYRIGHT: Isdatel'stvo "Energiya," "Gidroteknicheskoye stroitel'stvo,"
1979
H945
(;SO; 1822
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IiI.ECTRIC NQhER
'r~RGING-STAMPING FRODUGTION OF ATOMIC ENERGY MACHINE-BUILDIIdG
- ~1oscow IiNt:RGO~-1ASfI1NOSTROYENIYE in Russian No 1, Jan 80 pp 36-3LF
~Articlc by Uoctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor Ye. N. btoshnin and
fingineer S. A. Yeletskiy] ~
~Text] The containers of AES units, which are cylindrical high-pressure
vessels, are most laborious and difficult to manufacture. The rigid
rec~uirements on reliability and durability and the great size of the "
vessels dictate that they be manufactured by stamping and welding or �orging
and welding.
'I'he production technology of atomic power plant containers is determined to
a considerable extent by foundry technology. Mechanical processing,
_ assembly and welding of sectional assemblies in the floor, made of several
elements welded together, are eliminated by the construction of individual
large scale elements, for example one-piece forged floors. The total labor
cost :.:d AES construction time can be reduced substantially by using more
~~ro~;ressive hcavy-sheet forging technology.
IixP:~n~ion of scrics production of AES, the construction of special atomic
- m;ict~ine-huilding factories, equipped with heavy technological machinery,
including forges, will facilitate the extensive adoption of progressive
forging technology in the atomic machine-building industry. The construc-
tion of reactor containers from large forged blanks meets the requirements
of high reliability and durability of AES.
The blanks of cylindrical containers are most effectively made of heavy
sheet rolled stock with a flexible course of cylindrical sections and a
forged bottom, if there are no restrictive requirements, for instance welds
prohibited in the zone o� strong ionizing radiation of the reactor housing.
Construction on a special press by rolling of cylindrical hollow blanks,
made by open forging, is a competitive method of building large courses.
~ f~owever, this method of making courses has not yet been adopted by the
industry.
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The cylindrical and spherical parts of fittings
_ _ - and bra;~ch pipes for connecting various pipes sub- -
stantially complicate housing l~roduction technology.
Typical designs of certain AES units are shown in
~r4350 zeo Figures 1-3. The least reliable parts of forged -
and welded container constructions are the weld
- _ seams and near-seam zones, particularly when the
_ welds represent a corner weld, for example where
branch pipes are welded to the container. The
" manufacture of branch pipes as a one-piece forged
- Figure 1. Container element along with the container undoubtedly is the
of type VVF.R reactor. most progressive technique in terms of structural
strength and reduction of labor cost and shortening
of production time.
(:crtain guidelines should be followed in consideration of a combination of
striictural and technological requirements during the design of AES and
search for production technology: make billets of large-scale elements of
forged housings as one-piece forged assemblies for the purpnse of r~?inimiz-
ing the number of welds; the shape of forged elements, where welds are in
least stressed areas, and shapes convenient for the application of auto-
matic methods of welding and subsequent testing of seams by physical
mcthods, in particular edges of billets to be welded, should be straight
li~ie or annular; reduce the volume of inechanical processing by increasing
t}ie precisi.on of forged billets, particularly in places to be butted with
other billets, by using mechanized dressing operations after forging, weld-
ing and heat treatment, using mechanical treatment on original blanks with `
a simpler shape (flat plate forgings, rectilinear profiles), rather than
forged blanks.
't'he above-listed reyuirements are also applicable to the production
technology of in-container systems and pipe fittings. Attempts are being
maclc to design even a forged and welded main AES pump housing, which is
extremely com~licated in shape for making in forged and weldea execution.
'1'}~e forgi.ng of large complex blanks (often extremely heavy-wall) $timu- '
lated the search for more complex technological heavy-wall forging pro-
- cesses. These processes include primarily those that involve operations
rerformed by combining several kinds of deformation.
NPO [Nongovernmental organization] TsNIITmash [Central Scientific Research
Institute of Fieavy MachineryJ recently developed and adopted into produc-
tioii sev~ral combined technological processes that produce whole-forged
blanks of the most important elements of AES, specifically: extrusion and
processing ~f branch pipes and fittings on thick-wall courses, including a
reactor course (Frgures 4, 5); nonuniform drawing and finishing of non-
radial branch pipes on steam generator courses; transverse swaging and
finishing of T-pieces with a tall branch pipe; bending and longitudinal
swaging and subsequent heating with HF current (HFC) of bent sections of
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pipes without thinning the outer wall, i.e., with uniformly strong
straight sections; longitudinal swaging, closed ladling and upsetting of
blanks c~ casings of large fittings with a two-way branch pipe; bending
and transverse swaging~of sharp-corner branrh pipes including branch pipes
- of main AES pipelines. The branches have straight end parts, by virtue of
which welded seams are icept away from a bent section.
~ _ ~
o -
- - - - - o ' _
~
g
, -
- - f5600- - - - - -
~igure 2. Case of PGV steam generator.
75~ Vi7B9
~L..J_
i_Z. _.I_~=t _J~=1 70 ~ -
? ~ ~9p~
~ _ - - -
_ . _ _
e
-f--_ �
~ ~3100 t~752
Figure 3. Manifold course.
- ~ c a~o ~ ~ ~o
-
_ 470 i ~ ~
/ ~ /i ~
~ ii/
l~igure 4. Reactor housing branch Figure 5. Nozzle of thick-wall ~
PiP~� course. ~
7'he use of combined operations will make it possible to achieve a sub-
stantially greater technological effect than the utilization of the same
kinds of deformation one at a time. However, even the step by step applica-
tion of simple operations, but done in the same die, with the blank located
in it just one time, will bring about a substantial reduction of labor cost
and production time. This will eliminate tne need for repeated heating of
the blank and subsequent adjustment and centering of the blank in the die,
7'hese operations are laborious and difficult, since the blanks are large
and heavy and are heated to high temperatures.
The combining of operations or the successive completion of several opera-
tions in the same die requires dies of complex construction with moving
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~r?rts. In their design special attention must be devoted to the analysis
of uncvcn heating of die clements and the existence of scale that falls
from the blank.
Cold forging is findi.ng increasing applicativn for shaping thick-wall
blanks. Cold bending on sheet bending roll machines is being used today
to make large-diameter blanks with a thickness of up to 15~-200 mm, which
eliminates hPating of the blank and inconveniences related co the hot
=.,rging of large blanks. The use of cold forging in many cases will make
it ~~ossible to prepare edges for welding on the original flat blank, which
is substantially simpler than doing this operation on a bent blank in view
of i.ts great size and distortions of shape out-of-round and other geo-
metric defects.
I
~
i !
I
. i
t~j~` ~ ;~,5;';,ti- -----r,iu,i i~-~ t~ ~
I - ----1~`'v1~.~ � r,-~S:_ r-
=_s_ _~1'~I I I I ~ I
. I - _ d l~l I$ ~ ~I I~ h~ I
t _ 5/' ~ I II 'i ~ l T ~ I
` ~ y ~ _ ; I ~ ~ ` \ \ I
I'~l `~i~-'-'-1 =
_
_ =~F - - ~ I
. ~i r--------~- 1-----~
t
i i
~~__1~_~ J
Figure 6. Sheet bending machine with 6,300 ton-
force or'to; ~~ller.
(:old forging is beginning to be used for heavy-wall blanks, deformed with
~onsi.derable degrees of deformation, for example for forging bottoms and
other such parts. Up to 50 mm thick bottoms are being forged 'or cold-
rolled, and eleme~;ts o� large spherical vessels of even substantially
greater thickness are being made in this fashion.
In view of the great rigidity of forged blanks of tihick-wall products,
reactor containers in particular, alignment of their elements during
assembly for welding by means o� simple tools (clamps and wedges) is an _
extremely difficult task. Therefore it becomes necessary to make large
thick-wall forged blanks of increased precision. The use of independent
calibration and straightening operations greatly increases production costs.
The use of technological processes, whereby it is possible to perform
simultaneously shaping and straightening and calibration of an entire
forged blank or of individual parts thereof, is an especially effective
_ means of m,anufacturing rather high-precision large forged blanks. NPO
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- '['sNIlTmash has de~eloped and adopted a method of forging large-diameter
- branch pipes on a large course. In this process out-of-roundness is -
corrected and the blank is calibrated in the zone where the branch pipe is
- formed, i.e., distortions of the shape of the course, which occur during
- tihaJ~i.ng of the branch pipe, are corrected, in the final stage of deforma-
tion. In forging prc*cesses developed by the institute, using large tubular _
blanks of T-pieces and branch pipes (up to 850 mm in diameter), the outer
surfaces of a forged blank are calibrated at the end of the press travel
stroke.
Many technological processes that have been adopted by the Soviet atomic
machine-building industry, including the PO "Izhorskiy Zavod," are being -
used for the first time in world history. These processes include the
forging of branch pipes on reactor and steam generator courses, forging of
sharP-corner or large-diameter branch pipes, etc. These technological
clevelopments are attracting considerable attention from foreign companies
in relation to the purchasing of licenses.
'fhe effectiveness of progressive forging technology brought about a need in
- the atomic machine-building industry for unique foundry equipment. The
atomic machine-building industry t~ses 8,000-12,000 ton-force sheet stamping
presses, up to 45,000 ton-force sheet bending presses and sheet bending
machines with 9,OU0 tons of force on the top roller.
Atommash [Atomic machine-building industryJ is equipped with the necessary =
heavy technological equipment, including forging equipment. With a 15,000
- ton dual-action sheet stamping press it is possible to stamp bottoms and
make one-piece forged branch pipes on courses with an inside diameter of up
to 6,400 mm. The press has a column center distance (span) of 10,500 mm,
the greatest distance between the bench and slides is 10,000 mm, the slide
stroke is 5,200 mm, and bench area is 9,000 x 9,000 mm. The bench is
movable. Mechanical clamping systems, driven by an auxiliary hydraulic
_ drivc system, are provided for fastening dies to the drawing and pressure -
slide. .
With the largest three-roll sheet bending machine (Figure 6) it is possible
to bend course blanks in the cold state to 150-200 mm and in the hot state
to 350-420 mm using a 3,200-4,500 mm wide blank.
The feasibility of making large housings of AES products is also attributed
, to the availability of welding, heat treatment, metal milling and other
equipment. For this reason the Soviet atomic machine-building industry is
now taking a big step forward, not only quantitatively, but qualitatively
as well.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", "Energomashinostroyeniye",
1980
- 7872
CSO: 1822
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- L;LCCTRIC I~OWER
CONTRIBUTION OF ENERGY TOOL CONSTRUCTION TO FUEL-ENERGY COMPLEX OF USSR
Moscow ENERGOhfASHINOSTROYENIYE in Russian No 1,Jan 80 pp Z-5 -
[Article by V. V. Krotov, Minister of USSR Power Engineering h9achine-
Bui lding]
~'I'ext) Thc workers of our sector, along with the entire Soviet nation,
have en tered the concluding year of the lOth Five-Year Plan, a year in
which the Soviet nation and all progressive peoples will celebrate the 110th
birthday of V. I. Lenin, founder of the Communist Party and of the Soviet
government. This is a precongressional year, when the results o� completion
of the program adopted by the 25th Party Congress, drafted and developed by
resolutions of subsequent plenums of the Central Committee of our party and
_ in addresses by General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman
= of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, _
will be published. The distinguishing feature of 1980 is the fact that the
resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of 6linisters
_ "Improvement of Planning and Reinforcement of the Economic Mecha^~.sm to
Improve Labor Productivity and Quality," will begin to be implementea
immediately. This fact must be taken into consideration for organizing the
com~~letion of the state plan of economic and social development of 1980 and -
durinb tne drafting of the llth Five-Year Plan.
- 'fhe 25th Party Congres~ assigried important~tasks to the energy machine
builders. Reactor machinery for breeder power plants and turbine units for
them, with a unit capacity of at ?east a million kilowatts, had to go into
series production during the lOth Five-Year Plan, unified machinery had to
be developed, and its production for breeder AES units with a capacity of ~
ur to 1.5 million kilowatts had to begin. The 25th Party Congress called
_ for speeding up the development of atomic machine-building on the basis of
the complete utilization of capacities and reconstruction of existing and
construction of new plants and extensive cooperation in the production of -
individual units with other sectors of industry and with CEMA member -
countries.
This is the main task of the fuel-energy system (TEK) of the country and -
i.t is being completed. The production of steam turbines for AES more than
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doubled during the first 3 years of the current S-year plan in camparison
k~ith the same period of the 9r_h :ive-Year Plan. Minenergomash [Mir~istry ~
of Power Engincering Machine-Building] enterprises built several 500 MW
~ high-speed turbine units for 1,000 MW canal type reactor power plants.
Quiet-running turbines with a u.nit capacity of 1,000 MW are being built,
'I"ne VVl;lt-10U0 earthquake-proof installatian, the ~ontrol and safety system
of which has fewer drives (there are no main gates), is being made ready
for series production. This original and courageous ~ngineering achieve-
ment will significantly improve the technical-economic indices and reli-
ability of the reactor installation. However, the adoption of the new main ~
circulation pump design, the GTsN-325, and of a vertical steam generator,
which would provide an opporfiunity to build the promising WER-1000 unit in
a v~ry short time, is lagging.
Gfforts continue on the development of highly effi~ient AES equipment for
fu~ure 800 MW canal reactor breeder units and atomic heating plants, which
are being pi�epared for series production. A 1 million kW high-speed tur-
hine, specifi.cally designed for atomic power engineering, is being -
- develoi~ed. Soviet atomic machine-building is naw on the ris~. -
' 7'he industrial association "Izharskiy Zavod" imeni A. A. Zhdanov and
Atommash, which is now building the second unit of the enterprise, are
making new capacities available, a team of industrial workers is being
ass~mbled and work has started on the construction of the first 1 million
_ kW reactor, which will assure future progress in the production of AES
machinery. At the same time we must implement urgent measures to develop
capacities for the production of turbines for AES at the industrial turbine
building associations "Khar'kov Turbine Plant" imeni S. M. Kirov and
the "L~ningrad Metal Mill," to increase the production of heat exchange
machinery by the industrial association "Krasnyy Kotel'shchik," pipes and ~
fittings at the Belgorod and Chekhov po?~er engineering machine-building
plants, and development of capacities at the Podol'sk machine-building
plant imeni Ordzhonikidze and SZEM [not further identified]. -
7'hus, our sector is building new industrial capacities, gaining experience
~ in the construction of AES machinery and training qualified staffs oi
specialists, which will facilitate the solution of ~ur country's f~ael- -
energy problem.
In the 1980's we wili have to complete delivery of power engineering -
machinery for units with the WER-440 reactors the Rovensk3ya and
Kol'skaya AES and for export equipment for units with the WER-1000
reactors Yuzhno-Ukrainskaya and Kalininskaya AES; for units with the
RBMK rea~tors Smolenskaya and Chernobyl'slcaya ~ES; we must begin build-
ing the first 1,500 MW unit for the Ignalinskaya AES and thus a~sure the
completion of the assignments of the lOth Five-Year Plan on the construc- _
tion of machinery for atomic power plants. That is our main task. It is '
an ambitious program, but it is a realistic one.
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- '['he production of the most economical 50U and 800 MW units for t}iermal
pc�wer ;~lants will continue in 1980 and the future. Scientific-research
organ~zations, design and technological services of associations and
Plants will have to design machinery for these units and improve its reli-
- ability in consideration of the fact that its production will increase
with each passing year, especially for use in such giant fuel-energy com- _
~ ~lexc~ as Kansko-Achinski.y and Pavlodaro-Ekibastuzskiy.
~
VVork must continue on the development of special, including fluidized bed
t,oiler units and small vortex-stoked units, which reduce specific metal
con5umption, for the efficient utilization of Siberian coals, which have
f~ibh ash and moisture content. The extensive ~:tilization of small boiler
t~nit5 in the future will provide an opportunity to reduce capital invest-
ments and cut CRES construction time in approximately half, which is -
csPecially important in regions east of the Urals.
'I'he distinguishing feature of Soviet hydroelectric turbine construction is
aur co~stant effort to develop efficient, highly reliable units in applica-
tion to specific hydroiogical conditions. Power piants have been equipped
- with Su~~erior hydroelectric units, built by the people of the industrial
tiirbine construction associations "Leningrad Metal Mill" and "Khar'kov
- "I't~rl~ine Plant" imeni S. M. Kirov, in each'stage of development of Soviet
- }~ydro~ower engineering. Late last year General Secretary of the CPSU -
Central Comm~ttee, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
- l!SSR, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, congratulated builders, assembly workers,
- operators, machine builders, planners and all participants in the construc-
tion of the Nurekskaya GCS on their noteworthy labor victory they
' I~ro~ight the energy giant on the Vakhsh up to its rated on-line power of
- 2.7 million kW. "It once again convincingly proved," Comrade L. I. Brezhnev
~:tre5seci, "tlle powerful force of socialist competition, during the course of
which, for achieving our objective, the hydroelectric power plant builders
c~fi '1'adzhikistan, machine builders of the Ukraine, Leningrad and the Urals ~
.1J1(~ workers of other industrial centers throughout the country combined
fc~rces. 'Che '[,abor relay race' that was born here on your construction
sirc has bcen adoi~tcc3 hy many labor organizations."
'f~day the entire country is carefully watching the progress.of work on one
of` the greatest power plant construction projects of the lOth and llth Five-
Yc~ar Plans the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES. The third unit, built by the .
i1~d~i~trial turbine-building association "Leningrad Metal Mill," has already
I)('CIl placed in operation at the Karlov Stvor construction site. Equipment
_ will continue to be delivered in 1980 not only to the Yenisey, but also to
_ tt~c Zeyskaya, Nizhne-Kamskaya, Cheboksarskaya and Yuzhkozerskaya hydroelec-
- tri.c power plants, Vartsikhi and Inguri GES, and also abroad. Hydroelectric
ur~it5 will begi.n to be unloaded at the Tyuya-Muyunskaya, Kurpsayskaya and
~lndizhanskaya GES. This will be a concrete contribution by our sector to .
the soluti.on of pr.oblems of the fuel-energy system of our country.
The Minenergomash associations have designed and built prototypes of new,
more efficient 16 and 25 h1W gas pumping units. They still have to undergo
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inclu~:triril tests, on the basis of the results of which they will be
~lcl~u~;~;cci and m;iac rc;icly for scrics ~~roduction. As regards future develop-
ments, work will continue ori the development o� the PGU-250, PGU-500, and
then t}?e PGU-1000 closed cycle solid fuel gassification plants. The '
latter will be teamed up with an 800 h1W steam turbine unit and a 200 MW
gas turhine unit.
Along with bui.lding machinery for AES, GES and GRES, the associations and
enterprises of the industry will have to build new types of emits of
increased factory completion for industrial power engineering in order to
elevate the level of assembly and quality. It is essential to increase the
engineering level and economic efficiency of thermal power units for
industry and agriculture and to meet the day to day neEds of the population.
More work will have to be done on the development of efficient utilizer
_ equipment, so that secondary energy resources can be used more efficiently
and Power en~;ineering technological reprocessing of fuel can be adopted on
a large scale.
ln 198U and.in future years we will }iave to concentrate our efforts on the
continued development of the capacities of the industrial turbine-building
association "Khar'kov Turbine Plant" imeni S. M. Kirov, the "Energomash-
spetsstal"' plant in Kramatorsk, which is a member of that association, on
si~eeding up production of turbine blades at the planning department of the
industrial association "Lenir;grad Metal Mill," on the continuation of the -
construction of the Volgodonskoye industrial association of atomic power
machine-building, on the development of new capabilities at the industrial
associations "Izhorskiy Zavod" imeni A. A. Zhdanov, "Krasnyy Kotel'shchik,"
"Turbomotornyy Zavod" imeni K. Ye. Voroshilov, Podol'sk machine-building
i ~lant i.meni ardzhonikidze, Belgorod and Chekhov power engineering machine- -
_ building plants and other enterprises of our sector. Particular attention
must be paid to speeding up the development of the metallurgical base of
our sector, which must provide the builders of energy-generating machinery -
with high-quality semifir.ished products.
- 7'his can be done as soon as work on the construction and special outfittirig
of the Kramatorsk "Energomashspetsstal"' plant, assembly and delivery.of a
- 15,U00-ton force press to Atommasl~, r�econstruction of a 12,000-ton force
press and delivery of the "5000" mill to the industrial association
"I2horskiy Zavod" imeni A. A. Zhdanov, is complete. � -
. _
1'o speed up the reconstruction and assembly of existing SoviPt and import
equipment extensive use will hav~ to b;: made of economical construction
techniques, and special ~onstriiction-~_:;~ernbly subdivisions will have to be -
established for that purpose for associa~ions and enterprises that do not
_ have them, and at facilities where they do exist they must be reinforced
and their efforts must be focused on the technical retooling of enterprises
of the sector. -
All these important tasks can be completed successfully through the
effective, well coordinated efforts of all links of the sector, improved
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a sense of respunsibility for high-quality equipment and its safe and
~ dependable c~peration, especially machinery for AES. A quality control
system must be developed and adopted by enterprises of the sector, in all
of its li.nks: from the development of technical documentation to the -
delivery of a generating unit. -
In 198Q and the ensuing years we must implement a system of ineasures that
will breathe life into the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and
USSR Council of Niinisters "On Improvement of Planning ar_d Strengthening of ~
the Fcoi~omic Mechanism for Impr~ving Labor Prod~.~ctivity and Quality," to
effectively utilize the economic lf~vers provided ~herein, to complete
assignments of the government plan of economic and social development,
especially the nomenclature plan and contract obligations.
It is imi~ortant to note that some of the measures specified by that resolu-
tion have already been adopted by our sector. In particular, we have con- _
verted to the Planning and evaluation of the activities of associations and
enterprises on thc basis of the ~~ure production criterion. The volume of
j~roduction, rate of growth of labor productivity, the specific fraction of
~~roducts of the high-quality category, material incentives funds and other
indices ~re determined on the basis of that criterion. The pure production
criterion is a means of correctly evaluating the direct contribution of a
labor force to the completion of assignments of the governme;it plan of
economic and social development. This crite.rion eliminates unprofitable
purcha5e orders and makes possible the orderly calculation of labor pro-
~ ductivity and of its growth rates. It replaced the gross production index
and has begun to more objectively disclose the labor costs of each labor
organi.zation during the course of its industrial activity.
_ Our sector has.adopted the standard overtime payment planning method, a new
system for planning, financing and stimulating work on new technology, and
- the ministry is assured of receiving an overall standard profit, which
r�cm:~ins at its disposal. However, this has not yet yielded the desired
results an~ is not having a significant influence on the completion of
nomenclature and fulfillment of government plans in volumetric indices,
either by individt:al enterprises, or by the ministry as a whole.
The perfection of the economic mechanism, style and methods of surervision
of the industrial activities of our sector depends largely on the condition
of' the organizational strucrure, discipline and sense of responsibility.
The organizational structure of the Industrial Administration of the
ministry is being re-examined at the present time in accordance with a
resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers.
Its distinguishing feature is the fact that the chief curator engineer
supervises and renders assistance in the production of an entire complex of
machinery, manufactured by sector enterprises, and supervises its delivery
;.o the client.
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'I'lie rcorganization of the activity of the Industrial Administration will
muke ~u~ssihle more concrete su~ervision of ~roduction, will provide more
ohjective information about the status of the production af machinery,
- esnecially for startup facilities, will provide an opportunity to make
necessary managerial decisions promptly, will permit operational maneuver-
ing of industrial capabilities and will enable assistance measures to be -
taken promptly.
Thc industri~l associations and enterprises must also take measures this -
year to further perfect thF organization of industry and its technology,
bearing in mind a reduction of inetal consumption, manual labor and labor
- intensity: It is important to consider here that complications may arise
in the llth and 12th Five-Year Plans with the enlistment of new labor .
resources into production. Therefore it is essential right now to work out
ways of improving productivity through mechanization and intensification of
labor and extensive utilization of the achievements of inventers, effriciency
analysts and industrial innovators. Another effective approach is the com-
prehensive development of the business activity of scientific organization
of labor services, the adoption of ineasures developed by them, including _
measures ta increase the coverage of labor forces by labor organization
r~;�ms (75-800 of the laborers of our sector must be covered by them by the
_ end of the llth Five-Year Plan). The scope of standardization of labor
should be expanded and the proportion of technicallY sound standards of _
output should be increased.
During approval of the procedure whereby material incentive funds are
allocated it is essential that rewards be given to supervisors, engineering
technicians and workers of associa.tions and enterprises of the sector in
direct proportion to the labor contribution of the labor force and of each
worker.
- Scientific-industrial associations, technological and planning organizations
must continue to work in 1980 and in the ensuing years on the development of
scientific-technical inventory stockpiles and active utilization of the
results of scientific developments at enterprises of our sector. To do this -
it will be necessary~ to develop industrial scientific-research, design and
technological bases for our asso~iations and enterprises. Top priority must
- be given to the development of test stands at NPO [Nongovernmental organiza-
tions] TsKTI [Central Scientific Research, Planning and Design Boiler and ~ -
'I'urbine Institute imeni I. I. P~lzunov], NPO TsNIITmash [Central Scientific
Research Institute of Heavy Machinery] and VNIIAM [not further identi�ied)
for conducting full-scale tests of machinery and individual parts.
To further elevate the engineering level and quality of production~the .
associations and enterprises must implement a number of ineasures aimed at
_ improving labor skill, the planning and construction of new and~expansion
and reconstruction of existing enterprises on the basis of highly effective .
technology and the use of the latest technology, which at new plants would
assure the production of machinery as good as or better than the best .
Soviet and foreign counterparts in terms of engineering level.
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_ ~
T}ie associations and enterprises must analyze bottlenecks in the manu-
facture and loading of machinery, expose deficient equipment, determine
how effectively planning is coordinated with mater~al-technzcal support, ,
liow funds are being spent and standards on material resources are being
observed, which is necessary for the rhythmic functioning of an enterprise. '
To do this industrial leaders will have to more actively attract experts -
from scientific-research ordanizations. NIIEinformenexgomash must perform ~
to the fullest extent its functions as the leading organization in the '
field of information, analyze the economic aspects of industrial activity
~~nd off.er suggestior~s on how to further improve economic work at associa-
tions and enterprises and analyze how these suggestions are being imple-
mented.
'I'he associations and enterprises of our sector, in implementing the resolu- ,
tions of the 25th Party Congress, exerted labor initiatives in the lOth
Five-Year Plan: "Work without laggards," "Labor relay ra~es," etc. The
' iundamental principles of the "Labor relay race" are being utilized
effectively in organizing machinery exhit~.tions for the Sayno-Shushenskaya ~
GES, and at the Atommash construction site. Meanwhi.le the valuable and
promising initiativp of the "Krasnyy Kotel'shchik" industrial association
"Work wit}iout laggards," embraced and developed in Rostovskaya Oblast, is
suffering inadequate development in our sector. Supervisors and social '
organizations of associations and enterprises are not working actively and
- vigorously enough to organize socialist competition under the slogan "Work
without laggards." However, if this initiative were adopted by every
enterprise in consideration of the nature of production, it could play an
important role in the mobilization of labor forces toward the completion of
planned assignments in volume and nomenclature.
Based on the principles of perfection of the economic mechanism set forth '
in the resolution, attention must be devoted to the education of each
labo.rer of the sector, irrespective of his job and the role that he plays
in that mechanism, the Lenin style of management and attitude to hard work,
= thrifty attitude toward all material resources, high executive discipline .
and desire to continuously improve one's skills.
An active, vital position, intolerance for waste and violations of planning,
~ labor and technological displicine, disorganization, lack of discipline, ~
losses of work time and antisocial behaviox must be instilled in each
worker. The resolution of the CPSU Central Committee "On Further Improve- ,
ment of Ideological and Political Education Work" should be the foundation
of this important routine activity.
"Power engineering machine builders build excellent machinery" is the main 1~
motto of the workers of our sector. -
The successes of the national struggle for socialism an~l communism in all ~
stages of the glorious history of our Soviet government are assured by the
wise leadership of the Communist Party and by its wisdom to promptly
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predict and to correctly solve unforeseen problems. The resolution pf the
CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers +'On Improvement of
Planning and Reinforcement of the Economic Mechanism to Improve Industrial
Efficiency and Labor Quality" is bringing to bear considerable theoretical -
and practical activity on the part of our Party on economic construction.
- The objective of our sector and of each of its workers is to devote all
efforts, knowledge, experience and energy to the vitalization of the ec~=
nomic policies of the Party and to the solution of problems of the fuel-
energy system of our country.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", "Energomashinostroyeniye",
1980
7872
CSO: 1822 '
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rux urrt~tA1, U~L UNLY .
ELECTRIC POWER
- IMPROVING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY WITH HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 1, Jan 80 pp 132-137
[Article by E. Monolcrovich, Alma-Ata: "Utilization of Hydrometeorological
Information to Raise Production Efficiency"]
[Text] Modern scientific and technological advances enable mankind to feel
increasingly protected against the forces of nature. In spite of this
fact, interest in the atate of the atmospherQ and the ocean. and in weather
and river water flow forecasts is constantly increasing. The social role -
of the hydrometeorological service is also correspondingly growing. The -
principal purpose of its activities is to ensure people's safety on thE
sea, lanc~ and in the air. Therefore, as stated in the resolutions of 25th
CPSU Congress, achievement of "further elaboration of inethods of forecast-
ing weather and natural disasters" constitutes an important task.
In the last decade there has been a sharp increase in the role of hydro-
meteorological information for monitoring.environmental pollution and for
taking measures to reduce losses from adverse weather conditions ir. a num- ~
ber of sectore of the economy. A network of air, water and soil pollution -
monitoring stations has been established in this courtry and is in opera-
tion. Information from these stations is taken into account in planning
and designing new industrial and other facilities, as well as in day-to-
day management of enterprise operations. _
Growth and development of an observation network and technical equipping of
the hydrometeorological service (employment of weather satellites, weather
ships, weather radars, atmosphere probing with rockets, etc) has been ac-
companied by a sharp increase in the cost of operating this service. Its
"return" should increase correspondingly, by utilizing hydrometeorological �
information to raise production efficiency.
The dependence of production processes in many branches and sectors on the
state of the weather is still quite substantial. In addition, demande on -
volume and quality of hydrometeorological information by users of this in-
formation are steadily increasing. In our opinion this is determined by
ttaree factors. In the first place, by construction of capital-3ntensive
facilities and transport-production complexes in areas with harsh climatic
conditions (the northern part of Western Siberia, the Baikal-Amur Mainline _
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zone, Mangyahlak). With a lack of reliable climatological data, newly-
built facilities prove to be either unwarrantedly c~stly or insufficien��-
ly sturdy (or inadequately insulated). For example, in the winter of
1968/69 the water pipeline to the town of Novyy Uzen' went out of com-
- miseion because the pipe had been buried too ahallow, a c:onsequence of
inaccurate information on ~he depth of ground freezing in that region.
Secondly, by increasing complexity of equipment and increas~d volume of
_ information required for its operation. In the past, for example, com-
paratively simple and inexpensive information on the state of tiie at-
mosphere up to an al.titude of 10 kilometers was required far aviation,
while now it is necessary to determine with a high degree of accuracy
figures on temperature, h~idity, wind, and turbulence up to an altitude
of 30 kilometers, the physical properties of clouds, data on cosmic radia-
tion and ozone concentrations (which present a hazard to passengers and
aircrews, e.~pecially at the time of solar flares). It is quite expensive
to obtain such data. -
Thirdly, by boosting the organizational level af production management. -
Hydrometeorological data are being increasingly utilized as initial
_ parameters in modeling production processes and in planning the operations
of entire branches and aectors of the economy (primarily "nature-intenaive"
= sectors). As it is not possible within the limits of a single article to
ahow all the areas and results of utilization of various hydrometeorologi-
cal materials in many branches and sectors of the economy, we shall cite
_ only a few typical examples. In the spring of 1977, according to the in-
formation of local hydrometeorological service agencies, soil moisture
was considerably below normal at planting time in a number of rayons in
Northern Kazakhstan. On the basis of this information it was decided to
reduce seeding to 20 l~g/ha for spring crops in an area of 5 million hec-
tares. This resulted in saving 100,000 tons of seed, worth 14 million
~ rubles. (That year adverse weather conditions prevailed in Razakhs~an, -
and the spring crop harvest was poor. If seeding ffgures had not been _
reduced, losses would have been greater, since the plants would have had
even less available soil moistur~).
Weather service spring frost warnings and forecasts make it possible to
_ save a considerable quantity of vegetable and industrial crop seedlings,
while autumn freeze warnings make it possible to take measuies to speed up
the harvesting of ripe ~ruits and vegetables and their hauling into
storage. The economic effect of these warnings totals tems of millions
of rubles each year. Weather service warnings of dangerous weather
phenomena are also essential to stoclcmen, such as warnings of temperature
drops ae sheep dipping and shearing ti.me. On a sovkhoz in Alma-
- Atinskaya Oblast, for example, failt~~e to heed a weather forecast led to ~
the death of 200 slieep. Thts occurred because, in spite of a warning of
_ a sharp ternperature plunge, the sheep were dipped. When hail, heavy
frost and blizzard warnings are received, herds are driven into shelters,
where feed has been stocked in advance.
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- In management of hydroelectric power stations with large reservoirs, every -
apring a determination must be made on how much water to release before _
the spring floode. If one bases the decision on average reservoir fillup
volume over a period of many years, during the flood period it may either
be necessary to spiil water (if inflow is above average), or at the end
of the spring floode the reservoir water level ma.y be down (if inflow is
below normal). In both cases energy lossea will oc~ur. For this reason
today volume of preflood drawdown ie determined on the basis of a long~
range inflow forecast. Such hydrological fore~asts (they average 85 per-
cent correct) produce conaiderable economic and ecological effect, aince
an increase in hydroelectric power generation means a corresponding
decrease in power generated by thermal electric power stations and con-
sequently fuel savings and reduced air pollution by stack gases and par- -
ticulates and soil pollution with boiler slag.
Heavy winds, ice storms and wet snow cause damage to power transmission
lines. When warnings of such impending weather conditions are received,
all emergency repair crews are placed on alert, which makes it possible to -
cut emergency repair time and to reduce power outages to the customer
(loss due to a power supgly interruption frequently is many times more
expensive than the cost of power-line repairs). Special power line opera-
ting conditions are employed to melt ice on the wires, which require tem-
porary disconnection of power customers. Therefore prompc information on `
the probability of icing is important.
With change in temperature and wind velocity not only the thermal but
also electric power load on power systems changes. When a warming trend is
�orecast the power system load dispatcher, foreseeing a decrease in loads,
shuts down the least economical boilers and turbines, which results in
fuel savings equivalent to the energy consumption of this equipment operat-
ing under no-load conditions. In large power systems this means saving
thousands of tons of fuel. On the other hand, when a cooling trend is
expected and a consequent increase in loads, the load dispatcher takes -
- steps to put standby equipment on-line in order to increase reliability
of power supply to the customers.
Weather information is even more important for aviation. Consideration of
forecasted weather at an aircraft's destination promotes not only air
safety but also economy. Disregarding weather forecasts frequently leads
to the necessity of flying on to alCernate airports, and the cost of this
is three to five times as much as that of delaying the flight. Figuring
en route wind directions and velocity enables the flight engineer-
navigator to determine the optia~al fuel load to carry. According to our
calculations, this makes it possible to save approximately 3 percent of
costly aviation fuel.
Similar information is also essential to other modes of transportation.
Wind, fog, heavy seas, and floating ice hinder the operations of the com-
mercial fishing fleet and slow the progress of passenger and cargo ships
when plying the traditional routes. Navigating vessels on ocean routes
" ]_S
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selected on the basis of weather forecasts and aea conditions boosts the
operating efficiency of the transport and fishing fleet. At the present
time the USSR Hydrometeorological Center, the Arctic and Antarctic Institute,
as well as other establishments provide specialized forecasts on a daily
basis to more than 3000 vessels belonging to the USSR Ministry of the
Maritime Fleet and Ministry of Fish Zndustry, as well as the People's _
Republic of Bulgaria and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Annual
savings from running vessels on recommended routes total 3.0-3.5 millior.
rubles. In the last 10 years this service has been provided to 20,300
vessels, resulting in 21.6 million rubles.
~ Rap~d growth in the volume of Arctic maritime shipping requires that the
- cost of these operations be reduced. Especially effec:tive in this
regard are long-range ice forecasts, consideration of which leads to time
- savings and reduced wear and tear on icebreakers and transporr vessels,
- fewer emergency situations, and savings in fuel and other materials. Ex-
tending the navigation season in the Arctic and in non-Arctic ports which ~
freeze over in the winter is of prime importance for the economy of this -
country's northern regions. Scientif~_c research and experience in
- providing ice navigation services in the Barents Sea, White Sea and other
seas have made it possible to provide hydrometeorological substantiation
and calculations for organizing winter hauling of cargo to the coast of
the Nenets National District, where considerable oil and gas exploration
activity is in progress. In April 1975 equipment, machinery and other
cargo for the Varandeyskaya m1 explorati~on expedit~n was off-loaded for the
first time ever onto annual shelf ice and hauled across the ice to shore.
- These operations, dubbed by the press "Ice Docking," continued the follow-
ing year (these operations were provided support service by the Northern
Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service). These operations
resulted principally in discovery of four fields and accomplishment one
year ahead of schedule of the planned target for increasing proven oil
and gas reserves. A coordinated effort by seamen, geological and _
hydrometeorologists made it possible to double the period of navigation,
[o employ motor ships, and to work out improved off-loading procedures
(previously cargo had been transferred from motor ships to small vessels,
operations of which were frequently hindered by fog, wind, and heavy
seas).
In 1978 vessels carrying cargo fpr Noril'sk were brought across the Arctic
seas and down Yenisey Bay unusually early in the season. These ships
delivered 12,000 tons of cargo for a metallurgical plant under construc-
- tion, and on the return trip these ships carried copper and nickel out
3 months ahead of schedule. This has demonstrated the possibility of
year-round navigation in the Arctic on the Murmansk-Dudinka route. An
even more complex task is being accomplished at the present time ~
early navigation along the entire Arctic Ship Route. As we know, cargo
- ~ shipped to the Chukchi Peninsula and to other northeastern regions is
subjected a large number of transshipments, often lying idle en route for
long periods of time. Everywhere warehouses and manpower are required -
. fvr these tratsshipments. Direct transport co~unication by Arctic Ocean
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route will greatly facilitate and reduce the cost of shipment of goods to
~ these regions.
While various weather forecasts are being increasingly more widely
utilized for day-to-day production management, climatic and hydrologic
characteristics, determined from data gathered by an observation network,
are absolutely essential for capital construction and design. Climatic
data are also needed for various zonal divisi~ning of regions (agroclimatic, ~
balneological). Utilization of such data in construction design makes it
possible to achieve an annual savings of approximately 100 million rubles
on a nationwidE scale, money which would have to be spent on requisite
surveys and studies.
Considerable savings in construction are obtained by utilization of hydro-
logic research of a computational-reference nature performed by the State
Hydrological Institute and other agencies. As indicated by calculations
made by Lengiprogor, employment of the new method of determining the
maximum water level on river floodplains, elaborated at GGI [State Hydro-
logical Institute] and incorporated in construction standards, has made it
possible to reduce costs by 10.3 million rubles in designing protective
structures (against flooding) in the c:i.C.i.cs of. Vc:ll.ki,y Uet;yu~, Vc+].o~d~,,
Tobol'sk, Kurgan, and Tyumen'. Employment of the new GGI method to cal-
ctilate maximum snowmelt and rain runoff will save a minimum of 13.5 mil-
lion rubles per year just in transport construction (by reducing the
cost of culverts in road embankments).
Speaking of the economic effectiveness of hydrometeorological service ac-
tivities, one should take into consideration the fact that in spite of im-
provement in equipment, it is not a capital-intensive branch. In the ~
Kazakh SSR Hydrometeorological Service Administration, for example, the
capital-lahor ratio is approximately 2,500 rubles per person, that is,
]_ess than in a number of other sectors. The economic effect from utiliza-
tion of hydrometeorological information in the nation's economy in the -
Ninth Five-Year Plan totaled approximately 5 billion rubles.l But this
figure, which characterizes actually obtained savings and prevented losses,
is much smaller than the savings which could be achieved by optimal
utilization of forecast and condition information.
Hydrometeorological science cannot yet provide accurate and reliable fore-
casts at the present time. Aviation weather forecasts (3-6 hour fore-
casts) prove 95 percent correct, 24-hour forecasts prove 90-92 percent
- correct, while 10-day forecasts are considerably less accurate, and month- -
ly and seasonal forecasts even less accurate. The situation is partic-
ularly poor at the present time as regards long-range weather forecasts.
These forecasts could play an important role in government planning, dis-
tribution of resources (fuel and seed, for example), and organization of
major seasonal operations. At the present time, however, they are not
sufficiently accurate or proyided sufficiently in advance to satisfy
either users or meteorologists. Hydrological and agrometeorological fore-
casts also must be improved.
20
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Depending on degree of satisfaction with the quality of forecasts and
the specific features of production, users select a strategy of either
complete confidence in forecasts or disregard of forecasts; in the latter
case one usually employs the average value of a meteorological element
over a period of many years.2 L. Gandin (Main Geophysical Obaervatory _
imeni A. I. Voyeykov) and Ye. Zhukovskiy (Agrophysical Institute of the
All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni V. I. Lenin), however,
have demonstrbced that in most cases neither strategy is the best. Inas-
much as detriment to the user as a rule also varies with deviations of
a meteorological element from nurmal in different directions, it is
more advantageous to focus not on the standard but on a certain meteorologi-
cal element value which is displaced relative to the normal figure. One
can fully trust a forecast only when there is a very high degree of
reliability; more frequently one should figure not on~the predicted value
of the element but rather on a corrected value relative to the forecast.
_ When employing alternative (containing prediction of occurrence or non-
occurrence of any meteorological phenomenor., without indication of
quantitative characteristics) and phase forecasts (which indicate an-
ticipated gradation of the element "above normal," "below normal,"
"within normal limits"), in many instances the strategy of partial faith
in the forecast proves to be optimal. For example, top-dressing applica- ~
tion of mineral f ertilizers under moisture conditions which are average
for the non-Chernozem zone produces a yield increase in ~the order of 3
quintals per hectare for spring crops. Additional prof~t averages 18.4
rubles per hectare. With excess~ve moisture top dressing causes plants
to lodge and development of weeds, while insufficient moisture also has
an adverse effect on crop yield. In both instances economic effect is -
negative (9.7 and 16.7 rubles per hectare respectively). ,
Farms receive pttase forecasts, with a qualitative description of these
forecasts as follows: when below-normal moisture is predicted, dry cond~tims
are 90 percent probable and normal moisture probability is 10 percent; with a
forecast of average conditions, the probability of excessively'dry condi-
tions is 17 percent, with an 83 percent probability of normal conditions;
when above-normal moisture is predicted (a more frequent prediction)
probability of excessively dry conditions is 1.5 percent, normal 65 per-
cent, and excessive moisture 33.SY. As indicated by the calculations
of A. Fedoseyev, with the cl.imatic recurrence of weather phases character-
istic of a given zone, annual top-dressing application will produce an a
average gain of 7 rubles per hectare (strategy of total disregard of fore-
casts). With complete confidence in forecasts, top-dressing applications
are made only in those years when average moisture is forecast, which will
result in an average gain of only 2.8 rubles per hec*_are. The most ad-
visable is the strategy of partia]. confidence in forecasts: top-dressing
- application should not be performed cahen drought is predicted, but top-
dressing should be performed with a forecast both of average weather con-
ditions and excessive moisture (for probability of average moisture is =
high in the latter case). The average gain corresponding to this optimal
strategy is 8.5 rubles per hectare. With the vast acreage planted to
~ 21
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spring crops, employment of an optimal strategy will make it possible to
obtain a larger additional quantity of grain.
For optimal urilization of forecas~ and condition materials, operatior~s
research methods, matrix games, conetruction of economic-atatistical models,
linear and dynamic programming, theory ofgraphs, etc have been increasingly
more extensively utilized in recent years as one type of. inpu[ information
for solving pr~blems of branch economica. Optimal aolving of a branch
problem can minimize detriment from adverse weather (or hydrological) con-
ditions, and on the contrary maximum profit can be obtained under favorable ~
conditions. Unfortunately in practice optimal economic management deci-
sions are not always made, even when obtaining sufficiently reliable
hydrumeteorological information. For example, upon receiving a forecast
which indicates that river flow will be below normal, local water manage-
ment agencies cut the water limits for individual irrigation systems and
farms according to the principle of "offend nobody." The same principle
of uniform undersupply is observed on farms in distributing water among _
brigades. And yet the relationship between yield of different crops and
volume of water applied is not linear. By reason of this fact alone the
above-mentioned principle does not produce an optimal solution. According
to our calculation employment of mathematical methods to obtain optimal
distribution of water for irrigation promotes an approximately 10% in-
crease in profit per hectare. For practical implementation of such methods,
tiowever, it is initially necessary appropriately to change the system of
labor remuneration currently employed on farms. Thus we see "feedback":
taking hydrometeorological information into account improves production
management; boosting the organizational level of management promotes
greater effectiveness in taking this information into account.
Another way to improve production efficiency is close cooperation between
enterprise and farm management and hydrometeorologists. Frequently the 1-
former do not understand the actua~ capabilities of the latter, while the
latter possess inadequate knowledge of the technology of the enterprises
to which they provide service. For example, today almost everywhere
heating system temperature conditions are adjusted on the basis of 24-hour
weatlier forecasts. But the thermal inertia of municipal heat supply
systems does not as a rule exceed 4-6 hours. Therefore it is quite suffi-
cient to have a 6-8 hour temperature and wind forecast to adjust delivery
- of heat. Such forecasts can easily be obtained at any local forecasting
agency (weather bureau, aviation weather station)', and their reliability
is considerably greater than 24-hour forecasts. Transition to utilization
of more frequent forecasts in Alma-Ata, Ust'-Kamenogorsk, and Kustanay,
for example, made it possible to improve the quality of heat supply and to
obtain considerable fuel savings. Recently this heating system weather
service arrangement has been adopted in such large cities as Leningrad and
Riga.
Unfortunately at the present time all possibilities are not being utilized
to strengthen contacts between users and weather forecasters. For
e;cample, the above-mentioned arrangements based on selection of optimal
management strategies taking weather forecasts into account have appeared .
only in the publications of institutes and other specialized public.ations
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and for this reason remain unknown to many enterprise economic and tech- .
nical managerial officials.
- The results of utilization of hydrometeorological information depend in
large measure on whether usera possess effective meane of protect~_on
against harmful weather phenomena. For example, hail forecasting be-
_ came effective only after technical mEans were developed to seed clouds
for the purpose of preventing hail. Today measures to protect against
hail damage are being per.formed in the Transcaucasus, in the Norther~
Caucasus, Moldavia, Central Asia, and other regions. There are as yet
no effective means of protecting orchards and vineyards from frosts.
And in many parts of the country losses from this phenomenon are quite
substantial even with adequate warning. Attempts are presently being
undertaken to develop frost-protection installations utilizing retired
aircraft motors. � ~
In view of the great socioeconomic importance of protection against
natural disasters, large-scale projects to combat such disaters are being
carried out in this country. For example, a dam zrected in the Malaya
Almaatinka River valley saved the capital of Kazakhstan in 1973 from
- an enormous mudflow. In August 1979 the CPSU Central Committee and USSR
Council of Ministers issued a decree entitled "On Construction of
Facilities to Protect Leningrad from Floods." Leningrad, Kronshtadt,
Petrodvorets, Lomonosov and other cities will be protected from flooding
caused by wind-boosted abnormally high tides, which cause enormous
damage. Large flood control f.acilities will be constructed in 1980- -
1990 for this purpose a 25.4 Icm levee, as well as two structures for
passing ships and water discharge. A number of important jobs have
already been completed, including determination of the maximum water
= level occurring once in 10,000 years, a figure used to determine the
dimensions of the protective structurES. Problems pertaining to operation
and maintenance of these structures as we11 as prediction of hydrochemical
conditions and water quality in the Neva have been solved. ~
Further development of the hydrometeorological service in this country is
continuing successfully. There is increasing scientific and technical
cooperation with other countries, facilities and technical base are im-
proving, as are quaiifications of pe:sonnel. There is no doubt that
the quality of hydrometeorological services performed for this nation's
economy will steadily improve. Correct, extensive utilization of
~ hydrs~~meteorological information is one of the ways to improve the ef-
ficiency of societal production.
FUOTNOTES
_ 1. Yu. A. Izrael', "Principal Tasks of the USSR Hydrometeorological Ser-
~ vice and Its Dewelopment Prospects" (METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA, No 7,
1976, pp 3-11).
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2. Defined as total precipitation within a specif ied period, average
- temperature, river discharge, ice thickness, soil moisture, etc
during that period. .
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1980
3024
CSO: 1822
24 -
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F;I,ECTRIC POWER
UDC 621.181.002.72
CLARIFIER ASSEMBLY T~CHNIQUES DESCRIBED -
Moscow ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 12, Dec 79 pp 7-8
[Article by D. B. Budovskiy: "Large Unit Assembly of the VTI-1000IM Clarifier
at the Rostov Thermal ETectric Power Plant"]
[Text) The Kharkov branch of the Energomontazhproyekt Institute has developed
a technology for large-unit assembly of the main specimens of the VTI-1000IM
supply water illu~:,inators, using a DEK-50 caterpillar crane.
The clarifier (Figure 1) is a steel reservoir consisting of a cylindrical shell
which torms the housing. The cone rests by means of a support beam on the
_ reinforced concrete columns of the pedestal base. Inside the housing, to whose
lower part is welded the mixing chamber, is situated the internal housin~ .w~.th
its welded sludge-compactor floor. '~he outer surface of the reservoir is coated
with a layer of thermal insulation with a decorative metallic sheathing on top
of it. For protection against sludge, a screen is set over the clarifier (Figure ~
2), consisting of walls, a rotunda and cover shields resting on the clarifier
housing. '
The clarifier arrived at the assembly area from the Kharkov Boiler Machine
Plant in separate parts consisting mainly of sheet metal. About 500 meters of
welds had to 6~e made to connect the parts together. _
In conformity with the production schediile, there are two versions of large-unit
_ assembly. In the first version, the clarifier and the cover above it are
assembled by the DEK-50 crane in the boom and tower-boom mode; in the
second version, the clarifier $nd its cover are assembled bythe DEK-50 crane
- in the tower-boom mode.
In both versions the mechanization arrar~gements carry out large unit assembly.
Their characteristics (in the first version) are given in the table. In the second
- version there is an increase in the number of cone, shell and internal housing -
units (by one, two and one units, respectively).
Enlargement of plant procurement elements in assembly units is accomplished
- near the installation site so each unit is within the operational zone of the
proper capacity DEK-50 during assembly and fitting.
25
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_ _
About 250 meters of welded joints of thin sheet metal are used in assembly of
the units, small parts and hooks for attachment of thermal insulation are welded
thereto.
The clarifier elements are assembled in the following sequence: pedestal
columns, support beam, mixing chamber (in temporary position at the zero
mark), housing cone, mixing chamber (in planned position), sludge compactor
floor, internal housing, shell, illuminator cover and parts supplied in bulk.
� weight, kg
=i units no. of units one unit total
Mixing chamber 1 9500 9500
Sludge compactor floor 1 5300 5300
Support beam 2 11,900 23,800
Housing cone 3 10,800 32,400
Iriternal housing 1 10,800 10,800
Sk~ell 2 9400 18,800
Total 10 100,600
When the cover is assembled over the clarifier *.he wall units are first
set into place and then the rotunda and cover shield; the thermal insulation and
bulk parts are then assembled.
Tt~e units are slung iap on assembly loops and other sling devices welded to the
units (tie beams, connecting pieces, etc.), while the rotunda (diameter of about
19 meters) is slung up by the central pipe step (Figure 2).
I ~
II
.dl ~
Fl1d000
~~soa
17, B7
_.L
6 -
_ S_ . l
9, k0 a~ ~ Y. ' y
~ 4 _ -
Zr I
~-~~-i ~ ~ .
0 00 _
~ Ql1J000
Figure 1. VTI-1000IM clarifier, 1-mixing chamber; 2--sludge compactor floor;
3-housicg cone; 4-support beam; 5-shell; 6-internal housing; ?-caterpillar
crane DEK-50 (in boom mode); I, II, III-crane radius 11; 19.4; 28.5 meters; load
capacity is 15; 8.3 and 3.5 tons, respectively.
26 -
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~
I
I
~ 6 7
S _
y ' - -
J _
~ , .
2
1- i
8
~ I
I I
~
Figure 2. Assembly of clarifier cover.
1-- clarifier; 2-prop timbers; 3-assembly strut; 4-cover walls; 5-rotunda; 6-
-covering shield; 7-sling; 8-DEK-50 crane (30 meter boom, 10 meter bucket).
The first VTI-1000IM clarifier was assembled by the Rostov Assembly
Administration of the Teploenergomontazh Association. Practice showed the
advisability of large-unit assembly using standard DEK-50 caterpillar cranes
which exist at virtually all facilities. Transfer to the asseenbly site of most of
the assembly and welding work done at elevated levels reduced the la- -
bor-intensiveness of this work by 15 to 20 percent.
The incorporation oi safety techniques guaranteed the conditions necessary for
elevated work outside and inside the clarifier as well as f~r assembly of the
cover. .
Conclusions
1. Further development of the large-unit assembly t~ehnology for similar
clarifiers will make it possible to elaborate a standard plan and PPR for
~ repeated application at large thermal electric power plants and GRES.
. 2. Solution of questions of delivery of clarifier units in rolls will reduce the
amount of welding operations done at the assembly site.
COPYRI~HT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Energsticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1979
(166-8�t7~
27 _
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CS0:1822
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I
- ~ va Lvlcu, ~IJU v1~L<
ELE~TRIC POWER
UDC 621.311.22.002.51
NEW TECHNIQUE OI~ BOILER CONSTRUCTION
Moscow ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 12, Dec 79
pp30-34
[Article by V. Ya. Slagoda and Yu. M. Marder: "Assembly of Technological
' Equipment of the Severodvinsk TETs-2"]
- (Text] The plan of the gas and fuel oil TETs-2 has been accomplished by the
_ Riga division of the Teploelektroproyekt institute. A distinetive feature of the
plan is the combined main housing (OGK) in which are placed the chemical water
purification unit, reagent supply, purification devices, water heating boiler and
central repair shops, in a~dition to the energy units (Fig. 1).
'Che electric power plant is modular in design. The turbines are ~ositioned
cross-wise.
The main steam conduit of the Sverodvinsk thermal electric central station is
made of 15Kh1M1F steel; the feeder pipeline is made of 15GS steel. They are
of unifilar design. Elimination of cross steam connections and feed water
between adjacent units reduced the length of the pipelines and the amount of
reinforcement, and thus the cost of the equipment.
In the machine hall there are two bridge cranes with a capacity of 50/10 tons
each, serving both the machine hall and the chemical water purification unit
(KhVO). The region of energy and water heating boilers is serviced by two
bridge cranes with capacity of 30/5 tons; the exhaust section has a half-gantry
crane with 20 ton capacity. In the deaeration section there are two electrical
_ beam cranes with capacity of 5 tons each. -
The electric power plant building has no basement. The condensation floor of
_ the machine hall and the floor of the boiler section are situated at the ~ero
level. The roof of the turbine service is at the 12.00 meter mark. In the
_ auxiliary section, water heating boilers are pla~ed on metal structures with the
upper mark of 8.50 meters. '
Chemical water purification of the TETs consists of the folowing devices:
thermal desalinization, purification of condensate returned from � fuel oil
management; purification of condensate returned from steam users; and feeding
of the heating network.
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Fuel oil management consists of a standard receiver and pouring device,
two-stage fuel oil pump connected to the oil equipment, three metal reservoirs
and e fuel oil depot. The fuel oil pumping room contains a sludge pump.
~ 7 -7
~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ -
4~ oo ,~o 00 0 00 0
_ ~ ~ ~ ~
s 9 -~~v~ -~-~Z
_
- ~
- Z N M
. , ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ N ~ _
Fi~Fi 1-1~N M N 1-1 p..~
IH
- ~ 1J
~ Figure l. Arrangement of equipment of combined main housing. 1-water
_ heating boiler; 2-technological tank, capacity 400 cubic meters; 3--clarifier
~ 4-f iltration hall; 5-reagent supply; 6-type ~ ROU-U-B-VAZ rapid reduction and
cooling unit; 7-turbine unit; 8-low pressure preheaters; 9-high pressure
preheaters; 10-feeder pump; 11-modular control panel; 12--deaerator; 13-
steam boiler.
The reagent discharge section, compressor, electr~~lyzer, and supply rooms are
situated in t~ie auxiliary service unit (BVS).
In the central pumping station (TsNS) are situate~l the OPV-2-110-KE pumps.
The plan of the Severodvinsk TETs-2 is based on conditions of organization of
- standard TETs construction: ~
complete modularity of all buildings and structures (except for the smokestack)
based on delivery to the construction site of reinforced assembly units of
structures with complete plant readiness;
high degree of plant readiness of equipment, pipelines and block delivery;
~9 -
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Lvi~ V~~llul[1L UJG V1VLI
Z J
J4~ S
, ~
, ~
~ ' ~
~ ~ I
position 3
~r, ~ ~ I I I/ ~ _
position II I t ' /IOAGAYPNU.�pr
~ . I ~ \ I , ~ I I ~ I ,p 6
~ I: ~UO 29,JO L ~ Z9~U~nin I- i''
� ~ ~ ~ t_ r,..~
a~ position II ~
~ I i, ~ I position 4 f~C4,~
~ I
/~I I ~ ~
~
k ! I ~ position 5 ~
a~ ' I ~ ~ I i
. ~ I
I ~ ~ ~ .
. I I 1 _
I ,s ~ I
~ , , i I ~ I
_~I , I i I i t-
-�s I
I I , ~ ,
~ i ~ ~
_ ~ i
~ I
~ I ~ i
~ I ~ li . i position 2
� I j ~
I ~ I
' ~ I
I I ~ -
~ I I
_ I I I ~
I I
I I
_ ~ I I
I ~
~ ~ -
I ~
~ I
~ y I i ,
I y
I
position I ~ ' position ~1 position N ~ ~ ~ ~ ,
I ~ ~ position V
~ I
~ ~ / I . I~u' Y I
~ ~ L I ' _
I n , I
JI00 J10U
70J0 ~ J100
^ 7050 . 7050 _ I
-s~
Figure 2. Boiler drum lifted by two cranes using counterweight. -
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centralized repair of equipment and consequently, reduced number and sizes of
auxiliary TETs management. _
The Arkhangel'sk ass~mbly section of the Sevzapenergomontazh associr~tion
received aid in assembling the thermomechanical equipment of the first energy
unit from the Kol'sk, Ukhtinsk and Kotlassk assembly sections. The Arkhangel'sk
_ assembly section, which carried out most of the work, was the general
contractor. The Kol'sk section had an independent agreement with the
construction administration of the Severodvinsk TETs-2. The Ukhtinsk and
Kotlassk, assembly sections were subcontractors of the Arkhangel'sk seetion.
The volume of work was distributed among the sections as follows: assembly of
- equipment and pipelines of the deaeration level was done by the Kol'sk assembly
section; equipment, metal structures and pipelines of the auxiliary section of the
turbine division of the OGK-by the Ukhtinsk section.
To carry out assembly and reinforcing work and store equipment in the
construction site, a modular area 400 x 42 meters was built with ascending rail .
tracks to the machine hall and boiler division. Furthermore, the area across the
rail tracks of the construction site emerged near row G(rail entry at axes 1-
2). The rail track to the exhaust division laid in the plan by the Orgenergostroy
institute was accomplished for the second TETs energy unit.
In the wQrk production schedule for the assembly site there was planned the
installation of two gantry cranes with capacity of 50/10 tons each, span of 42
meters. But only one crane was specified. As a result the section had to set ~
_ up a gantry crane unassembled from the assembly area of the Arkhangel'sk TETs
with a capacity of 30 tons, span of 32 meters, leading to a considerable
reduction in usable area.
The PPR contained a complex of temporary structures and was accomplished by
the section during full scale preparations for assembly.
To assure oxygen welding work an oxygen-gasification station was set up
consisting of un 8G-513 well for storage of liquid oxygen and a stock oxygen
distributor (IKRU-80), receiving and gasification (AGU-2M) devices. Oxygen was
- fed to work sites in the assembly area and the OGK from centralized locations.
The supply of propane and butane was done individually for the OGK and
assembly area. Eaeh system consisted of dispensing (15 tanks) and gas
_ distributors. Furthermore, there were centralized power outlets in the main
_ housing and assembly area for electrical instruments and welding apparatus.
During the work production preparation period, the engineering and technical
- staff took a trip to the Rostov TETs-2 to study assembly experience. Members
of the Arkhangel'sk assembly sectio~ repeatedly visited planning organizations
(Riga divi~ion of TEP, Energomontazhproyekt) where they got to know technical
documentation, OGK mockups, solved several questions of PPR elaboration. The
work volumes and labor expenditures were determined, manpower graphs were
plotted, and mechanism, instrumentation and material graphs were drawn up.
3~
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I
~ -
. o~
~ ~
~
~1 ~
~
~ ~
~ . \ ~ ~ J .
. ~ ~ , � -
. .
- -
Figure 3. Installation of tanks by a single crane using a special adapter. 1-
saddle; 2--rib; 3-rotary pipe; 4-guide supports; 5-sheet packing; 6-base made
of #40 I-beams ; 7-prups made of 273 x 7 pipes; 8-foundation made of #30
channels.
It should be noted that engineering developments were hindered by late
publication of the planning esimates. ~
In view of the brief directional periods of assembly of energy unit number 1,
organizational and teci~nical steps were elaborated for assembling the wa- _
ter-heating boiler and the energy unit atself which specified:
acceleration of delivery of bridge cranes and other hoisting mechanisms;
strict observance of technological assembly sequences for fuel oil management, -
exterior scaffolding, technical water supply systems, equipment and pipelines of
the auxiliary OGK section and electrical equipment;
assembly of construction eranes of the deaerators, exhaust pipeilnes of reagent !
storage tanks, network pipelines of the deaerator level;
strict observance of the auxiliary boiler equipment and technology delivery
scheduule;
lifting of the drum using counterweights, assembly of the 20,000 cubic meter
tank using one DEK-25 crane, and KhVO filters in reinforced units; ~ ~ ~
modular assembly of the general station equipment and pipelines.
An important element in the engineering preparation was the elaboraxion of a
reinforced assembly production schedule for all work in the startup complex.
The schedule was drawn up based on data obtained from the general contractor ;
concerning construction readiness and deliveries of primary and axuiliary '
equipment, pipelines and metal structures. In elaborating the schedule, it was ~ _
found necessary to employ the assembly site for receiving equipment early in the -
year, in accordance with the planned technological sequence of assembly work;
to accelerate delivery of bridge cranes; and to obtain pTanning estimates on
time.
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The solution of these questions and the accomplishment of organizational and
- technical steps made it possible to arrange rhythmic work patterns and reduce
labor expenditures in assembly by 2300 man-days.
A temporary bridge was used with a slide bloek mounted on a column in row B
of the building and frontal columns of the boiler frame at mark 34.50 meters
was used to lift the 90 ton drum with two 30 ton bridge cranes and a 40 ton
- counterweight (Figure 2).
The 40 ton counterweight (1) was set in position I on the rail platform and was -
slung onto hooks of two 30 tons bridge cranes and raised into position II; it was _
suspended by truss (2) to the bridge beam (3) at position 34.50 meters. After
relieving the cranes without unhooking the hooks, safe performance of this work -
was assured when the boiler drum was slung up.
The drum and its 100 ton capacity cross piece (4) were moved to position The
loop of the traction cable was attached to the cross rod. Then the
. counterweight was raised by the bridge cranes to 100-200 meters, the truss (2)
was removed and the ends of the traction cable (5) were put in its place; then -
the counterweight was lowered and its load was transmitted to the traction
cable. The bottom of the counterweight must be no lower than marker 29.00
meters.
The crane hooks were removed from the counterweight by the pre-positioned guy
wires.
Ordinary jacks advanced the slide block and counterweight to position III. Then
the boiler drum was slung onto the brdige crane hooks and was raised through -
. intermeidate position (2) to position 93), while the counterweight dropped to
position N during this time. Then the drum and counterwight moved to position
4 and V, respectively.
After installing the drum in planned position (5), the counterweight was dropped
to the platform, the rigging, cross piece and traction cable was removed, and the
temporary bridge and slide block were disassembled.
- Assembly of the drum using a counterweight reduced labor expenditures for
_ installation of additional rigging devices, mounting hardware for winches and
pulleys, and also saved traction cable and metal for production of the temporary
adapters.
To assembly the 20,000 cubic meter tanks with one 25 ton crane, a special
adapter was used (Figure 3). On the lower end of the roller was markd a groove
at a height equal to that of the adapter (about 4,000 millimeters); then the 25
ton crane with its 14 meter boom raised the lower end of the roller and lifted
- the adapter towards it to the marking with the aid of a bulldozer.
The roller was lowered onto the saddle of the rotary pipe and was attached to
- it by welding using gussets to avoid sliding when the upper end of the roller was
raised. Then the upper end was raised by the same crane with an 18 meter
boom.
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cvi~ vrrtvtnl, uJG U1VL1
When the upper end of the roller is raised, the pipe rotates around its axis and
_ generates two forces (counterweight), one of which acts downward (lower end of
roller), while the other acts upward (upper end of the roller raised by the crane).
Thus the weight is easily set in a vertical position. Then the gussets were cut
off and the adapter was removed from th~ tank.
This method of manipulating the rollers of a 12 meters high tank weighing up -
to 55 tons with a single DEK-25 crane is very simple and requires no great
expenditure of labor for the preparatory work.
The adapter can be used for assembly of several tanks at one facility; it can be
moved to another facility on a regular trailer.
By analyzing the flow of assembly work on the basis of planned measures, the
follov~ing factors must be stated.
_ Leading assembly could not be done in its full volume in fuel oil management
because of a three month delay in deliveries of pipelines of the fuel oil pumping
room and, scaffolding; in chemical purification and the water-heating boiler
rooms because of late delivery (in April-May) of pipelines by the KVOiT plant,
- and the bridge cranes as we1L
It was also impossible to assemble such equipment as exhaust and network
pipelines and reagent storage tanks with the construction crane in the process
of erecting the main housing. This was caused by the late delivery of said
equipment by the Ivangorod plant. For assembly of tanks of the reagent storage
depot, the covering had to be dismounted at marks 12.00 and 7.00 and the tanks
- had to be dragged to the installation site using winches. ~
_ Measures were fully successful in hoisting the drum using the counterweight and -
_ assembly of the 20,000 cubic meter tank with a single crane.
A basic reduction in labor expenditures (1,600 man-days) was planned for
assembly of large units manufactured in the Ivangorod KVOiT plant.
The pipeline units were to have been manufactured in three types: complex,
_ paeket and single.
The complex blocks contained equpment and pipelines for delivery by different
plants. The bulk of the low pressure pipelines was supplied by the Ivangorod
KVOiT plant, while equipment (pump heat exchangers) generally came from -
plants of other ministries.
The packet blocks included only pipelines and metal structures mainly supplied
by the Ivangorod plant. Of the total number of planned packet units, only about
50 percent were manufactured and delivered. These u*~its, however, were
delivered late and were incomplete. For this reason much additional work had
to be done during assembly to eliminate defects and make up complete sets. In ~
some cases, because of' late deliveries, some packet units had to be cannibalized
to guarantee the planned assembly technology. In addition, because of break-
dcwns in delivery of the units, the major portion of assembly work was shifted
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to the startup period, leading to an in.~rease in the number of workers, causing
hardships in their living accomodations and difficulties in providing them with
small tools and instruments. -
As a result of performance of assembly operations within compressed time
periods, the section was still able to achieve the planned reduetion of labor _
expenditures.
Conclusions
1. The planning of the Severodvinsk TETs-2 can be considered promising as
far~ as assuring minimal labor expenditures for assembly of the thermo-
meehanical eQuipment. New planning solutions developed for modular
auxiliary facilities of the TETs and modular assembly make it possible to
achieve a considerable reduction in labor intensiveness and reduce the
duration of assembly work.
2. For further improvement of organization of assembly work in standard `
thermoelectric power plants of increased plant readiness, the following
requirements are made:
output of technical paperwork by planning organizations no later than September
1 of the year prior to startup;
placing of orders at plants of the Teploenergooborudovaniye (thermal energy
equipment) association and coordination of delivery schedules with them no
later than December 1 of the year prior to startup;
elaboration of planning organization of the material and equipment requirements
plan and coordination with the plant suppliers before the start of constructiun;
output of PPR no later than January 1 of the startup year;
elaboration of POS with participation of inembers of the Energomontazhproyekt
institute and assembly organizations to include processes in the construction
work schedule which are performed by assembly organizations using construction
hoisting mechanisms;
assurance of leading delivery of ~quipment making up complex units to the
plants and bases manufacturing these units;
strict observance of equipment and pipeline delivery schedules by plants of the
Teploenergooborudoaniye association and imposition of stri~t economic sanetions
for non-observance of periods and makeup of deliveries;
assurance of 100 percent plant readiness of units by plant manfaeturing plants
(including hydraulic testing and verification of assembly of units to be
interconnected).
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1979
[166-8617]
8617
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FUELS
FIXED RENTAL PAYMENTS IN THE OIL INDLISTRY
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 1, Jan 80 pp 128-132
[Article by A. Bozhedomov, Groznyy: "Fixed Rental Payments in the Oil ~
Induetry"]
[TextJ The economic function of fixed payments in the oil induatry is
- to serve as a means of centralized removal to the budget of surplus rent '
profit with a natural basis obtained by production associations at de-
posits with average and optimal natural conditions.l Rent payments col-
lected by the atate neutralize the impact of natural factors on the
economic accountability activity of associations and even out the condi-
t iona o f the ir economic act ivity .
The system of rent paymenta for petroleum and gas is defined in the
"Statut e on Fixed Payments t~ the Budget," which was ratified on
11 November 1966. This statute observes that "fixed payments are estab-
lished for enterprises which, owing to especially favorable natural and `
_ transportation conditiona, accumulate differential net income." On
1 July 1967 differentiated rent payments per ton of oil extracted and
sold an d per thousand cubic meters of gas were inatituted in the
petroleum extraction regions of the country for field enterprises ex-
ploiting depoeits with different natural productivity ar.d situation.
Until 1 969 the rates of rent payments were calculated by aectorial plan-
ning agencies and delivered directly to each enterprise and oil f ield
administration. From 1969 until 1975 the ratea of rent payments were ,
worked out and delivered to the production association, which then dif - -
ferentiated them by petroleum and gas extraction administrations belong-
ing to the association. In 1976 uniform rates of fixed rent payments ;
were instituted for each associat ion.2
However, such a system of rent payments, where contributions to the bud-
get are figured on the basis of volume of finished (extracted) output, ~
do not simulate rational use of oil and gas reserves. For a small pay-
ment the associations now receive explored natural reaources from the
state for exploitation, and the prime cost of petroleum and gas
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extraction includes only an insignif icant part of expenditures related
to oil prospecting and exploration. The existing f ixed rental payments
in the oil induatry do not give a good picture of the full cost of oil
and gas extraction. Aa a reault of this, significant oil �nd gas loeses
occur az the fields and petroleum resaurces are not fully extracted. In
the 1960's and 1970's the degree of extraction of petroleum resources
from the interior averaged 40-50 percent for the country. It is no more
- than 50 percent today.3 The remaining petroleum is not recovered, even
though the percentage of extraction could, as observed by N. Baybakov,
chairman of USSR Gosplan, be raised to 90 percent given current ad-
vanced technology and equipment.4 The efficiency of use of resources of
by-product petroleum gae averaged 60-70 percent in the country between -
1970 and 1978. The remaining gas is irretrievably lost, burned off in
flares. These losses are es~ecially great in new petroleum regibns,
where they reach 80 percent.
The fixed rental payments to the budgets made by oil field enterprisea
in reality put them in a favorable situation. TIie associations have
virtually no intereat in enlarging new explored oil and gas reserves and
direct capital investment chiefly to increasing petroleum extraction
from sitea in operation devoting little attention to rational exploi-
tation of the interior.~
The most important question in the problem of fixed rental payments in
- the oil industry is the method of distribution and withdrawing part of
the oil "rent" to centralized state income. This is a timely question, _
for one, because the fixed oil payments form a significant and steadily ~
growing part of budget income and, for two, because shaping the opti- F
mal structure of the country's fuel balance and rational use of natural
resourcea depend directly on solving this problem.
The problem of withdrawing surplus rental profit to the state budget con-
- cerna all sectors of extracting industry, in particular fuels. The works
of Academician S. Strumilin, Academician N. Fedorenko, and Academician
T. Khachaturov were the first to make suggestions on improving the
mechanism of collecting fixed payments in the mining aector, and theae
may be applied fully to the petroleum extraction industry as we11.~
N. Fedorenko and T. Khachaturov proposed basing rent payments in the
mining sectors not on the unit of output extracted but rather on the
unit of natural resources contained in the interior, explored and pre-
pared for industrial exploitation.
In application to the oil industry V. Kozyrev proposed a technique of _
. calculating oil "rent."e He wrote,"Because the oil industry is not
_ yet ready to calculate rent per hectare of oil-bearing area, rent pay-
_ ments could be calculated per ton of petrole~}m reaerves and cubic meter
of by-product gas extracted. This would make it possible not only to
centralize differential land income and even out conditions of economic
activity, but also, and this is especially important, to make the
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withdrawal of this income dependent on the amount of oil res~rves, on
the volume and quality of natural resources. This would encourage enter-
prises to extract hydrocarbon reaerves more fully because they would have ~ -
tu pay for induetxial reaerves left in the earth even though the oil (and
by-product gas) had not been extracted.i9
_ In fact, petroleum and gas extraction production associations today do not
have a cost assessment of the deposits they are exploiting on their bal-
ances. There is no such assessmQnt in sector plans or in the uniform
national economic plan either. "This causes great harm to the national
economy," N. Feytel'man observes. "Losses of useful minerals during their
extraction and procesaing are not take~ into account in plan calculations
of the economic efficiency of capital investment,"10
- After acknowledging the advisability of collecting fixed petroleum rental
payments per unit of natural resources deposited in one hectare of a site,
not per unit of output extracted, nonetheless it should be observed that
the prime cost of extracting a ton of petro~eum and a cubic meter of by-
product gas must be taken into account i~z astablishing the 1FVe1 of pay-
ments. In many cases geologists, drilling experts, and operations work-
ers are inaccurate in their determinations of the reliability ot
extractable (industrial) oil and gas reserves in the earth's interior.
- Induatrial oil reaerves per hectare of area are not the only, and aome-
- timea not the determining, factor affecting the value of petroleum
posits in terms of natural productivity. Deposits with equal industrial
reserves of oil ir, different geological conditions will have a signif i-
cant difference in the prime cost of extraction a~d also, consequently,
- a different surplus rent profit on a natural basis, which is the material
- basis of the fixed payment. Oil deposits also differ significantly in
~their structure and spatial extent, the thickness and layering of pools,
- volumes and degree of saturation of rock with oil, layer preasure, de-
gree of flooding, specific proportion of oil, and *_he like.17 Qnly when
all these factors are taken into account is it possible to give a com-
plete evaluation of deposits with respect to productivity and determine
the conditions of formation and level of surplus profits. Although it
- is very difficult to take these factora into account, it is possible.
Their influence on the results of production at each deposit are ul~i-
m~tely reflected in i.he individual cost of production (prime cost of
output) exactly ~alc~:lated for production associations and the petroleum
and gas extraction a~iminiatrationa subordinate to them. .
Unlike the exploitation of reserves of solid mi.nerals, exploitation of
petroleum deposits causes not only extraction of industrial oil re-
aerves but also ma~or changes in the geological condition of occurrence
of. the remaining oil. These changes in natural factors have a signif i-
cant effect on the production process and, ther~sore, also on the
mechanism of formation and the level of differential "rent.i12 Thus,
= fluctuations in well yield also depend on the appearance of new natural
factors that come into play during exploitation of oil fields. The
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impact of these factors can also be taken into account because they are
reflected in riaing prcduction costs.
Different forms of occurrence of oil in layers leave their inark on the
production process. The petroleum in the horizon is usually in contact
with water and by-product gas, which plays the part of the working agent
(force) that moves oi1 toward the face of the well under preseure. Be-
cause layer pressure diminiahes as exploitation of the field progresses,
the flow of oil to the well also decreases. At the same time the annual
extraction from the deposit drops, which leads to a significant increa~e
in the coste of production associations. The difference in natural layer
pr.~seure at depoaita and change in this pressure as exploitation of de-
popits proceeds have a significant impact on the output of layera and,
conaequently, the evaluation of deposits with respect to productivity.
Because the level of natural well productivity resulting from differences
in layer pressure varies several-fold for deposits with equal oil re-
serves, the level of differential rent I fluctuates within roughly th~
same limita.
But layer pressure is not the only factor that influences well yield and
the level of oil differential "rent" I. Equal layer preaeure in oil
pools with identical induatrial oil reservea per hactare of area (and
equal capital investment) still does not signify equal natural produc-
tivit; from the earth. It may be greatly affected by a natural factor
such as the coefficient of oil yield of the layers which depends on the
. physical properties of the collector (layer), its porosity and permea-
_ bility, and the characteristics of petroleum migration in the horizon.
A great difference in production cost is observed at deposits with dif-
ferent collector properties, and this means a difference in surplus rent
income on a natural basis, Therefore, this natural factor too has a
ma~or impact on the formation and level of differential "oil rent" I.
The exploitation of petroleum pools leads to flooding with water. The
" degree of flooding determines the enormous difference in useful yield =
of wells. The value of petroleum deposits with respect to productivity
and the level of surplus rent profit depends, in turn, on this.
The presance of by-product gas in petroleum pools in the form of a gas
cap and gae disaolved in the oil under high pressure also has an enor-
mous~influence on the qualitative evaluation of deposits with respe~t
to natural productivity, which therefore influences the magnitude of
rent income received by the associations.
The level of differential oil "rent" I also depends on the physico- .
chemical properties of the petroleum. When thP industrial reserves of
oil in pools per hectare of area are the same but the quality of the oil
is different (with other production conditions being equal), the yieid
of each well and extraction for the entire deposit are conditioned by -
the viacosity of the oil and the quantity of harmful imparities it
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~
~ vr~ v~ a av~caa~ V JL Vi~Ll
contains. The greater the viscosity is and the more harmful impurities
there are, the lower extraction will be and the higher production costs -
will be. This means that surplus rent income on a natural basis will be
leas.
The temperature of the oil is one more natural factor that affects the
value of depoeits with respect to productivity. The higher the tempera-
ture is, the more intensive oil movement toward the well face will be. As
_ temperature rises the effect of those natural factors which hamper oil
movement in collectors diminishes. As a result, well productivity in- -
creases and surplus rent profit is greater.
Dietinctive characterietice of the formation of differentfal "rent" I
- in petroleum extraction are also seen in the different order of opening
up different sections of deposits. In the mining sector the time that
� different sections are brought into operation does not affect their
natural productivity. In petroleum extraction, however, the natural
productivity will differ depending on the time and place that wells are -
set up at the same pool, which means that surplus rent income on a
natural basis will also differ. The reason for this is the unique mi-
gratiQn of oil, gas, and water in the pool as a single hydrodynamic
" system.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the above. In the first
place, when assessing petroleum deposits with respect to natural produc- `
tivity and ~evel of "rent," one must begin from the aggregate of all
natural factors, not ~ust the amount of industrial oil reserves and
volume per hectare of area.
In the second place, fixed rent payments in the oil industry s~ould be
collected per ton nf induetrial (recoverable) oil reserves in the earth, _
but with due regard for the prime cost of extraction at each deposit be- ~
cause the costa of petroleum and gas extracting associations are the ~
- most approximate generalizing index of the value of oil deposits with
respect to natural productivity.
We believe that it is possible to establish a differential scale of pay-
ment for useful minerals on the bas~_s of consideration of industrial oil
- reserves in the interior with a correction for the prime cost of extrac-
tion of a unit of output. Under these conditions the payment will have ~
a rent basis, which is very important. Otherwise the surplus profit
taken from production associations may have been attained by improving
their economic accountability activities or may evEn be profit which did
not have a rent basis. This has a negative effect on the economic ac-
, countability i.zterest of production associa~ions. The CPSU Central ~
_ Committee and USSR Council of Ministers Decree entitled "Improving
- Planning and Strengthening the Influence of the Economic Mechanism on =
Raising Froduction Efficiency and Work Quality" says that it is essen-
tial "to insure further development of economic accountability at
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production associations (enterprises)...on the basis of the assign-
ments of the five-year plan and long-range economic norms that guarantee
- an increase in the resources put at their disposal, depending on improve-
ment in the final results of economic activity."
The apecific impact of natural factora in petroleum recovery on the
formation of surplus rent profit on a natural basis should be carefully
considered by planning and economic agencies using production costs and
the structure and elements of them. This must be done when computing
the level of f~ed rent payments. Natural factors and the economic ac-
countability activity of associations should be defined and considered
aeparately, which is entirely within the capabilities of associations
and their economic services. This will make it possible to create
greater incentive to improve the quality indexes of the work of associ-
ations and petroleum and gas extraction administrations.
The theoretical aspects considered here of collecting fixed rent payments
from industrial oil reserves in the earth illustrate the difficulties of
- calculating these payments per ton of oil contained in the layers for
each production association. Nonetheless there are already examples
where rent paymenta are charged on the basis of natural resources used,
not per unit of output produced. In the "Statute on Fixed Payment to
the Budget" mentioned above, rent payments (so-called stumpage) for the
forest 3ndust-ry are set per cubic meter of wood in a calculated cutting
area, not per cubic meter of cut and yarded timber. This principle can
also be used in the oil industry, needless to say taking into account
its specific characteristics. The technique of calculating the stump-
age payment may be useful to some extent in working out a technique for
determining oil rent payment.
FOOTNOTES
1. We adhere to the point of view which holds that in econoniea where
a monopoly on the land as an ob~ect of ownerehip and ob3 ect of
~ economic activity is concentrated in the hands of the state alone
there cannot be pure rent relationships. In this case "rent" as-
sumes the form of differential surplus income or differential sur-
.plus profit, on the basis of which the oil rent fixed payments are
formed.
2. See NEFTYANOYE KHOZYAYSTVO No 10, 1977, p 47.
3. See NEFfYANOYE KHO~YAYSTVO No 7, 1974, p 3; No 5, 1975, p 8; No 10, -
1977, p 4; No 1,.1979, pp 6-7.
4, See N. K. Baybakov, "A Problem of National Economic Importance"
~ (NEFTXANOYE KEiOZYAYSTVO No 7, 1974, p 5.).
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. .~vaa~u vuu va~uL
5. See PLANOVOYE KHOZYAYSTVO No 6, 19.75, p 59; EKONOMIKA NEFTYANOY
PROMYSHLENNOSTI No 1, 1976, p 4; NEFTYANOYE KHOZYAYSTVO No 2,
1977, pp 3, 9; No 10 p 14; AZERBAYDZHANSKOYE NEFTYANOYE KHOZYAYSTVO
No 4, 1979 p 72; PRAVDA 26 June 1979. '
6. See Baybakov, op. cit.
7. See S. G. Strumilin, "The Price of 'Nature's Gifts (VOPROSY
EKONOMIKI No 8, 1967); N. P. Fedorenko, "Economic Evaluation.of
- Natural Resources" (VOPROSY EKONOMIKI No 3, 1968); T. S. -
Khachaturov, "Economic Evaluation of Natural Resources" (VOPROSY
EKONOMIKI No 1, 1969).
8. See V. M. Kozyrev, "Renta, Tsena, Khozraschet v Neftyanoy
Promyahlennoati" [Rent, Price, and Economic Accountability in the
_ Petrol~um InduetryJ, Izdatel'stvo Nedra, 1972; V. M. Kozyrev,
"Dobavochnaya Pribyl' v Neftyanoy Promyshlennosti" [Surplus Profit
in the Petroleum Zndustry], Izdatel'stvo Nedra, 1975.
9. Kozyrev, V. M., "Dobavochnaya Pribyl'..." op. cit., p 89.
10. EKONOMICHESKIYE NAUKI No 11, 1977, p 54. -
11. The conditions under review are typical of all deposits, but we
h~ve in mind only fields with average and good productivity, be-
or,ly there is surplus rent profit on a natural basis created.
12. In this article we are abstracting from differential "rent" by
location of the selling market, so in what follows we will use
_ the term differential "rent" I for differential "rent" based on
productivity. , -
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1980 -
11,176
CSO: 1822 END ~
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