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JPRS ID: 9160 USSR REPORT CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY

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APPROVE~ FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-R~P82-00850R000200060046-3 ~ IIIRS 27 MARCH 1988 CFOUO 5r80) 1 aF 2 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY JPRS L/9005 - 27 March 1980 USS~ R~ ort . ; ~ o. - MILITARY AFFAIRS - CFOVO 5I80~ ~ FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE FOR OFFICIAL U5E ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 ~ NOTE JPRS publications contain information primarily from fereign newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language sources are translated; those from English-language sources are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and other characCeristics retained. Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets are supplied by JPRS. Processing indic~tors such as [iextl or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or �uilowing the last line of a brief, indicate how the original infflrmation was processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the inf~z- mation was summarized or extracted. Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded b~ a ques- ~ tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the original b:it liave been supplied as appropriate in context. Other unattributed parenth~tical notes with in tYte body of an item originate with the source. Times within ~.tems are as - givetz by source . The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government. For further information on report c~ntent call !703) 351-2938 (ecnnomic); 3468 ' (political, sociological, military); 2726 (life sciences); 2725 (physical sciences). COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION OF THIS PUBLICA'TION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY. APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY JPRS L/9005 27 March 1980 ~ USSR REPORT MILITARY AFFAIRS (FOUO 5/80) CON7ENTS PAGE ' . Book Excerpts: Study on War and the Armed Forces ~ (D. A. Volkogonov, et al.; VOYNA I ARMIYA--FIZOSOFSKO- ~ - SOTSIOLOGZCHESKIY OCFiERK, 1977) 1 Book Di~cusses Army as Indoctrination School _ ( N. 0. Shchukin; SOVETSKAYA ARNLTYA--SHKOLA VOSPI'I'AN1YA, 1977) 27 _ Book Exc~,rpts: Political Textbook for Civilian Schools (P. I. Karpenko; PARTIYNO-POLITICHESKAYA RABpTA V SOVETSKIKFI VOORU~HENNYKEI SILAI4i, 1.978 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Book Excerpts: Individual Approach to Indoctrination (V. V. Strezhnev; INDNIDUAL'NYY PODKHOD V VOSPITANII - vozNOV, 1978) 59 Book Excerpts: Legal Indoctrination in Military Units (Just S. S. Maksimov; ORGANIZATSIYA PRAVOGO VOSPITANIYA - i' V VOTNSKOY CHASTI; V POMOSHCH' KOMANDIRAM I POLITRABOTNIKAM, ~ 1979) 68 - Book Excerpts: Army Staff Officerts Memoirs (I. S. Katyshkin; SLUZHILI MY V SHTABE ARNl~,'YSKOM, 1979)����� 96 ' a' IIII - U5S R- 4 FOUOJ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 . FpRrfi~'F'ICIAL USE ONLY BOOK EXCERPTS: STUDY ON WAR A1VD THE ARMED FORCES Moscow VOYI3A I ARMIYA--FILOSOFSKO-SOTSIOLOGICHESKIY OCHERK in Russian 1977 pp 1-6, 402-415 [Book edi~ed by D. A. Volkogonov, A. S. Milovidov, and S. A. Tyushkevich] [Excerpts] Title Page: Title: VOYNA I ARMIYA--FILOSOFSK~-SOTSIOLOGICHESKIY OCHERK (War and the Army--A Philosophical and Sociological Study) Editors: D. A. Volkogonov, A. S. Milovidov, S. A. Tyushk~vich - Pub~isher: Voyenizdat ' Place and year of publication: Moscow, 1977 Signed to Press Date: 17 November 1977 Number of Copies Published: 100,000 Number of Pages: 1,215 Information on Authors This book was prepared by an author collective m~.de up of: Candidate of - Philosophical Sciences Colonel V. M. Bondarenko CChapter XI), Doctor of ~ Philosophical Sciences Major General D. A. Volkogonov (chapters II and XIII), Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Colonel (Reserve) Ya. S. Dzyuba (Chapter V), Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Colonel A. P. Dmitriyev (Cl~apter XXI), Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Major General V. G. Kozlov (chapters I, XVI, and XVII), Candidate ot Philosophical Sciences Colonel T. R. Kondratkov (Chapter IV), Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Colonel G. G. Lukava ' (Chapter X), Candidate of Philosophical Sciences Major General S. G. Lakonin (Chapter VII), Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Major General A. S. Milovidov--Chairman of the Author Collective (chapters VI and XV), Candidate of Philosophical Sciences Colonel (Reserve) V. I. Morozov (Chapter XII), Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Major C;eizeral V. F. Samoylenko (Chapter XX):,: Doctor of Philosc~phical Sciences Colonel (Reserve) I. A. Seleznev (Chaptex XIV), Candidate of Philoso~hical Sciences Colonel 1 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 K. V. Spirov (ChaFter XVIII), Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Colonel N. D. Tabunov (Chapter IV), Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Colonel A. A. Timorin (Chapter XIX), Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Major _ General S. A. Tyushkevich (chapters VIII and IX), Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Major General M. I. Yasyukov (Chapter III). Annotation This work examines the pressing problems of the Marxist-Leninist teaching ' on war and the army. The collective that created this book txied to make broad use of the rich theoretical legacy left by the classicists of Marxism-Leninism, decisions and documents of the CPSU, and the entire world communist movement, to reflect more fully the tremendous experience - our party has had in leadership of military dPvelopment and armed defense of the socialist fatherland, and to account for recent advances enjoyed by the Marxist-Leninst teaching on war and the army. Antiscientific bourgeois conceptions and the viewpoints of rightist and "leftist!' revisionists are unmasked. The book is intended for a broad range of readers interested in the Marxist- Leninist teaching on war and the army. It is recommended as a training aid in Marxist-Leninist training afforded to officers and to students of militaxy educational institutions. Table of Contents Page - IntrodLrtion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Part One ' WAR AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON Chapter I. Arisal and llevelopment of the Marxist-Leninist Teaching on War and the Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1. Problems Concerning War.and the Army in Pre-Marxist Philosophy and Sociology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2. The Revolutionary Turnabout Made by K. Marx and F. Engels in Viewpoints on War and the Army 17 3. The Leninist Phase in the Development of the Teaching , on War and the Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Chapter II. The Origin and Social Essence of Wars 34 1. The Origin and Causes of Arisal of Wars . . . . . . . . . . . - 2. The Social Essence of Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ~ 3. A Critici~,m of Bourgeois and Oportunist Conceptions Concerning the Origin, Causes, and Essence of ti9ars 49 Chapter III. War and Other Forms of Anned Coer ~i.on 59 1. The Role and Place o~' Armed Coercion in Social Coercion - 2. The Forms of Reactionary Arme3 Coercion . . . . . . . ~ . . . 63 3. The Forms of Revolutionary Armed Coercion of Laborers 67 4. Society in a State of War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Chapter IV. Types and Social Nature of Wars in the Modern Era 78 1. Methodology Behind Classification of Wars . . . . . . . . � � - _ ~ 2. Types of Wars in the Modern Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3. The Social Nature of Wars in the Modern Era 87 Chapter V. Nature and Basic Traits of Wars Fought in Defense of the Socialist Fatherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 1. The Nature of Wars Fought in Defense of the Socialist Fatherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - " 2. The Wars Fought in Defense of the Socialist Fatherland 98 3. The Communist Party--Organizer and Leader of tl-~e Defense of the Socialist Fatherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Chapter VI. War and Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 1. War and Revolution as Social Phenomena of - Different Natures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , � � 2. The Mutual Influence or War and Revolution . . . . . . . . . . 12~ ~ Chapter VII. War and Social Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 1. The Criteria of Social Progress. A Criticism of Anti- scientific Viewpoints on the Role of War in Social Development. - 2. Effect of Different Wars on the Nature and Rate of Social Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Part ~vo ~ bfATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL FACTORS OF MODERN WAR Chapter VIII. Laws Governing the Arisal, Course, and Outcome of Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 1. Essence and FPatures of the Laws of Wars . . . . . . . . . . - " 2. Classification of the Laws Governing the Arisal, Course, and Outcome of Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 ' 3. The Dependence of the Laws of War on History 160 Chapter IX. A State's Military Power, and Its Material and Spiritual Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 1. The Essence and Purpose of a State's Military Power - 2. The Structure of Military Power, and the Dialectics of Its Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Chapter X. The Material Factor and Its Role in War 180 1. The Economics and Material Needs of War . . . . . . . . . . . - 2. Economic Potential and Its Role in the Course and Outcome of a War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 3. Economic Potential and Economic Preparedness . . . . . . . . . 190 Chapter XI. Modern Scientific-Technical Progress and Its Influence Upon War and Military Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 1. Unique Features and Ways of Influence of Scientific- Technical Progress Upon War and Military Affairs - 2, Scier.tific-Technical Progress--One of the Sources of the Modern Revolution in Military Affairs . . . . . . . . . . 201 3. War as an Element of the Military Power of the State and as a Factor of Victory in War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2~7 ~ ~ 3 I+'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 ~ Chapter XII. Military Science as a Factor of War 214 1. The Dependence of the Role of Military Science Upon the Nature of Social Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2. Role of Soviet M.ilitary Science in Defense of Socialism Against Imperialist Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 _ Chapter XIII. The Spiritual Factor in War . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 1. The Essence, Structure, and Functions of the Spiritual Factor in War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2. The Spiritual Factor in World War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 3. Unique Features in Expression of the Spiritual ~ Factor in Modern Local Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Chapter XIV. The Role of Ideology in War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 1. The Ideological Weapon in the Struggle Between Classes - 2. Ideology and War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 3. The Ideological Weapon in Wars Fought by Imperialist States . 265 4. The Ideological Weapon iz~ Wars Fought in Defense of Socialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Chapter XV. The Role of the Masses and the Personality in War 276 1. The Masses in Modern War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2. The Role of Military Leaders in Attainment of Victory . 284 Part Three _ THE ARMY AND ITS SOCIAL FUNCTIONS Chapter XVI. The Origin of the Army and Its Place in the Society's Political Organization. Types of Modern Armies 290 1. The Army--An Implement of Policy . . . . . . . . . e . . . . - 2. Historical Types of Armies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 ~ 3. Laws Governing Development of An Army . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Chapter XVII. The Reactionary Essence of Imperialist Armies 307 ~ 1. The Antipopular Sociopolitical Content of Imperialist Axmies. - 2. The Class Orientation of the Manning and Indoctrination of Imperialist :irmies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31~'. 3. A Criticism of the Modern-Day Apol.ogia of Imperialist Armies. 317 Chapter XVIII. The Armies of Liberated Cauntries . . . . . . . . . . 325 1. The Role of Armies in the Social Life of Liberated Countries. - 2. Tna Armies of Liberated Countries With a ' Socialist Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 3. The Armies of Countries Developing on the Capitalist Road 340 Chapter XIX. Tl:e Sociopoliti~al Nature and Purpose of - Socialist Armies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 1. The Social Nature of the Socialist Army . . . . . . . . . . . - 2. The Historical Purpose of the Socialist Army 351 3. A Criticism of Bourgeois Conceptions on the Social Nature and Purpose of the Socialist Arm,y . . . . . . . . . . 357 ~F - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY _ _ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FdR OF'FICIAL US~ ONLY Chapter XX. Military Cooperation Among Socialist Countries 362 l. The Objective Necessity and Foundations of Military Unity of Socialist Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2. The Principles of Military Cooperation and the Functions of the Warsaw Pact Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Chapter XXI. Methodological Functions of the Marxist-Leninist Teaching on War and the ~rmy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 1. Theo.retical Fundamentals and Methodological Resources of the Marxist-Leninist Teaching on War and Army - ~ 2. The Marxist-Leninist Teaching on War and the Azmy--the Immediate Methodological Foundation o� War poctrine and ~ Military Science of the Socialist State . . . . . . . . . . . 389 3. The Significance of the Marxist-Leninist Teaching on War and the Army to Practical Troop Command and Control and to the Training and Indoctrination of Soldiers. . 397 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 A Short Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Introduction _ History is proceeding on a relentless course of revolutionary transformation - of the world, initiated by the Great October Socialist Revolution. The internatinnal positions of socialism are growing stronger and expanding with every year. The successes of the national liberation movement are increasing. The laborers are intensifying the class struggle against the oppression of monopoly, and against regimes of exploitation. The revolu- tionary-democratic, an~i-imperialist movement is acquiring ever-increasing scope. More and more millions of people on our planet are becomin~ con- scious of the ideals of Great October. "Not a single event in world history," said CPSU Central Committee General Secretary, Chairman of the PreSidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev in a report at a joint solemn meeting of the CPSU Central Committee, the USSR Supreme Soviet, and the RSFSR Supreme~Soviet dedicated to the SOth anniversary of Great October, "has ever had such profound, far-reaching consequences to mankind as did the Great October 5ocialist Revolution. The brilliance of the October thunderbolt lit the way to the future for the peoples of'many countries. History began marching forward in giant steps."* Peace is an important prerequisite of mankind's progress. Nations have always dreamed of a secure, just peace, a peace devoid of social and _ national oppression; but throughout the centuries and millenia, wars have flared up on Earth one after another--social forces opposing the aggressive polici~es of the classes of exploitation were a little too weak and * PRFIVDA, 3 November 1977. 5 FOR OF'FICL~L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 disorganized. In our time, peace has acquired a dependable support--the power, unity, an3 activity of world socialism, and its ever-stronger union with all progressive and peace-laving forces. Faithful to the principle of socialist internationalism, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union is doing everything possible to insure the conditions for peaceful development in our country and in other countries of the socialist fraternity, and to insure peace and security of all nations. The main result of its foreign policy, notes the Accountability Report of the Central Committee to the 25th CPSU Congress, is that "the international position of the Soviet Union is now stronger than ever before. This is our fourth decade of peace. The positions or socialism have grown stronger. Relaxation of tension nas become a dominant trend."* At the same time the congress emphasized the need for high alertness, and the importance of maintaining the energetic activities and units of all forces of peace and good will. The opponents of relaxation and disarmament have many resou~ces at their disposal. Attempting to adapt themselves to new international cenditions, these reactionary forces are displayinq aggressiveness, they are utilizing various forms of a.ctivities, and they are attacking peace from different directions. We cannot forget for a single day that although the possibilities enjoyed by imperialism for - aggressive actions are now significantly limited, the nature of imperialism has not changed. The question of ~~ar and peace remains the muin question of modern times. In the present struggle between opposing social systems in the international arena, the problem of war and peace is being solved in all spheres of social . life and activity--in economics, politics, ideology, and culture. Ex- periencing serious setbacks and failures in domestic and foreign policy, and bridled by the row~rful revolutionary forces of modern times, im- perialism is laying special hopes ~n ideological sabotage, and it is mobilizing the forces and resources of ideological disorientation of the masses to an increasing degree. Marxism-Leninism provides the sole workable solution to the problem of war and peace. Deeply revealing the laws governing society's development and revealing the reactionary social essence and scientific groundlessness of various bourgeois and revisionist viewpoints on war and peace, it serces as a dependable foundation for development of correct strategy and tactics in the struggle for peace, for preven~ion of war, and for inter- national security. Marxism-Leninism also provides the sole workable solution to the problems of war and armies inseparably associated with a more-general problem--the - problem of war and peace. The Marxist-Leninist teaching on war and armies *"Materialy XXV s"yezda KPSS" [Proceedings of the 25th CPSU Congress], Moscow, 1976, p 34. . , 6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY makes up a system of viewpoints on these problems, and its premises are based upon fundamental conclusions of dielectic and historical materialism, political economics, and scientific communism. The teaching on war and the army is an organic part of the Marxist-Leninist - teact:ing on society. Utilizing the categories and concepts of dielectic and historical materialism, the Marxist-Leninist teaching on war and the army studies the most general, fundamental problems of the essence of war as a social phenomenon, the origin and class nature of war and the army, ~ the relationship between war and palitics, the mutual relationship of the economic, scientific, sociopalitical, and moral-political factors of war, the social nature and types of wars, the role of the masses and the personality in war, the role of ideology in war, and other issues. Being - � the most general and profo;and, the premises of historical materialism per- ~ form an integrative function within the entire structure of sociopolitical knowledge of war and the army, thus permitting us to view them in their dialectic unity with different elements of the structure's foundation and superstructure. In addition the teaching on war and the army makes use of the categories ~ ~ and concepts of political economics, scientific communism, and other _ sciences. These are used in the anaiysis of the economic dependence of war and the army, the role of the economic factor in war, the relationship be- tween war anc: the society's economic life, and the economic principles of a state's military power. Nlpreover the teaching on war and the army examines, in the sociopolitical aspect, the relationship between war and revolution, armed defense of the socialist fatherland, the essence and laws qoverning development of the army, unique features associated with scientific co~nand and control in military affairs, and so on. All of these problems are naturally not divorced from one another. In their sum tot~l and in their dielectic interaction, they represent a single, integral Marxist-Leninist teaching on war and the anny. - The Marxist-Leninist teaching on war and the army has a creative nature. It is constantly developing, and assuming new content. Using the ideo- logical-theoretical legacy of Marx, Engels, and Lenin as the basis, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and other fraternal communist and workers parties are consistently and persistently enriching this teaching with new premises and conclusions in correspondence with changes occurring in the conditions, the relationship of forces in different stages of society's development, and objective trends in the historical process. One of the most important prerequisites of scientific leadership of the troops and of improving the work styles of our regular military personnel is to deeply master the entire siun of knowledge contained in the Marxist- - Leninist teaching on war and the army, and to learn to vtilize it compe- _ tently in practice. This task has acquired special urgency in the present - stage of development of the Soviet Armed Forces, a stage of swift develop- ment of military science, and a deepening process of differentiation and, concurrently with this, integration of military knowledge. _ 7 FOR OF'F'ICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 - Preparing this book, the author collective tried to make the fullest possib le use of the rich ideologic al-theoretical legacy ieft by Marx, . Engels, and Lenin, decisions and documents of the CPSU, and the entire _ - world communist movement, to more fully reflect the tremendous experience our party has acquired in leadership of Soviet military development and , armed defense of the socialist fatherland, and to account for all recent advances enjoyed by the Marxist-Leninist teaching on war and the army. The structure of the book reflects the Marxist-Leninist approach t~ inte- grated analysis of the problems of war and the army. The book c onsists of three parts. The first part analyzes fundamental issues of the teaching on war and - presents the Marxist-Leninist interpretation of war, its sources, and its essence a.nd place in the historical process. The second part of the work reveals the mutual relationships and interaction of material and spiritual forces in war, and it characterizes the military power of the state and the basic laws governing the course and outcome of wars, the mechanism of their action, and their utilization by social forces. The th ird part of the book examines the origin, essence, and laws qoverning development of the army, its place and role in social life and in the state of war and peace, and the nature of modern armies and military alliances. The concluding chapter illum~.nates the methodological functions of the � Marxist-Leninist teaching on war and the army. The book devotes a significant amount of room to criticizing the anti- scientific bourgeois and revisionist viewpoints on the causes, nature, and _ social consequences of war, and on the social nature and purpose of the army. The author collective expresses the hope that this work, which is dedicated to systematizzd presentation of the fundamental premises of the Marxist- - Leninist teaching on war and the army, will ~e of assistance to our regular military personnel in improving their theoretical training and in their practical activity aimed at completing the tasks associated with persistently incre asing combat readiness, posed by the 25th CPSU Congress to the Soviet Armed Forces and spelled out in the new USSR Constitution. . Conclusion A theoretical analysis of the fundamental problems of the Marxist-Leninist teachinq on war and the army and of its methodological functions permits us to make a number of general conclusions. Arisal of the Marxist-Leninist teaching on war and the army was a natural conse quence of the revolution made by Marxism in philosophy, economic and r~olitical thought, and military theory. The works of Marx and Engels on � 8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ military issues, development of their ideas by V. I. Lenin, and his thorough and profound analysis of tne problems of war and the army ir. a nev~ historical era made up the fundamental content of this teaching. It enjoyed furtk~er development in subsequent years, and it continues to undergo creative de- velopment by the CoII�nunist Party of the Soviet Union, by other fraternal communist parties, and by Marxist scholars with a consideration for socio- political changes occurring in the modern world and the deep transformations occurring in military affairs. The laws governing arisal and development of war and armies and the class-- political content of these phenomena are the subject of the Marxist-Leninist teaching c~n war and the army. As the classicists of Marxism-Leninism show~d, profound analysis of such an important subject is possible only if a comprehensive, i.ntegrated approach is taken to it. The Marxist-Leninist _ teaching on war and the army is a result of such a comprehensive, integrated - analysis of the fundamental problems of war, armies, and military affairs through the resources of mainly dialPCtic and historical materialism, as - well as Marxist political economics and scientific communism, with the achievements of historical and other sciences being utilized as well. ` The truth of the Marxist-Leninist teaching on war and the army has been confirmed by sociohistorical practice. It has been demonstrated especially clearly and persuasively by the victorious outcome of many revolutionary - wars of the proletariat and the masses against imperialism, in behalf of socialism, and in defense of its achievements, by the worla-historic victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, and by the successes of national wars of liberation ag~inst colonialism. It has been confirmed by the inviolability of the defensive gower of the socialist fraternity, and by the effectiveness of the political and military support it gives tA nations fighting for national independence and social progress. Creative, Marxist-Leninist arialysis of problems associated with war and armies is especially necessary today, in the conti.nuing struggle of pro- gressive forces for peace and international cooperation, and for the liberty and independence of nations. It is especially necessary, first of all, if we are to make an objective scienti~ic analysis, from par~y positions, of the modern sources of wars and the military danger, the aggressiv~ nature, _ and the essence of militarism, the fund~mental types of wars in the modern era, and their role in the historic process, and secondly if we are to develop a corr?ct relationship to these phenomena in the working class and ~ among all laboring masses, and substantiate the grounds for the policy _ followed by the communist parties in relation to the problems of war. and peace, military construction, and military defense of socialism. ~ Marching forward from thE positions of proletarian internaticnalism and constantly accounting for the interests of the laboring masses and the prospects of social development, the CPSU and ~ther fraternal parties ~ resclutely condemn imperialist , predatory, ~.u~.just wars and firmly stand 9 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R004200060046-3 ~ : on the pos.iti~ns of an active struggle for peace and social progress. The - positiun of abstract pacifism is alien to communists. They believe it to be their international duty to halt all transgressions up~n the achievements of socialism and upon the unity and inteqrity of the socialist fraternity, and to provide all possible support to the just struggle of peoples for national liberation, for democracy and socialism, against imperialism, and against all forms o~ exploitation and appr.ess?on. , Analyziny the laws governing the arisal ancl development of the army, its place in the political superstructure above the economic foundation, and its r.a~ture, features, and functions, the Marxist-Leninist teaching on war , and the army defines the ideological-theoretical fundamentals of socialist military development. The fundamental principle of the 5oviet military development is leadership of the armed forces by the Communist Party, and augmentation of the role and influence of party organizations in the army ` and navy. The guiding role of the party in military development is being ' continually raised together with growth in the scale and complexity of the ' tasksassociated with defending the achievements of socialism against the aggressive intrigues of its enemies. Basing themselves on the concrete conditions of the present historical era ' and the achievements of scientific-technical progress, the Communist Party oi the Soviet Union and its Central Committee are doing everything necessary _ to constantly strengthen our country's defense capability arid improve its ~ armed forces. The availability of modern weapons and military equipment in the armed forces is improving continuously, and the quality of combat tr.aining and ideological in~octrination of the personnel is rising. As ' L. I. Brezhnev emphasized in the Accountabili~y Report of the Party Central Committee to the 25th CPSU Congress, "...the Soviet people may be assured ~ that the fruits of their creative labor are dependably protected." * The Soviet Armed Forces are performing their international missions in a common formation with armies of the fraternal socialist countries. Ideo- Logical, sociopolitical, economic, and military unity of socialist coopera- tion serves as the foundation of their power and invincibility. Growth in the strength of mutual relationships and the gradual convergent growth of socialist countries are a law of their development. One of the important forms of cooperation among fraternal socialist countries is the Warsaw Pact. It dependably serves the interestsof peace and socialism. The armed forces of the allied states are in a high state of combat readiness, able to quarantee the peaceful labor of fraternal peoples. ' ~ Tne Marxist-Leninist teaching on war and the army is the immediate methodo- ln9ical base of the socialist state's military doctrine and military science. '1'he essence of its laws, cateqories, and fundamental premises are an imple- ment for formation and scientific substantiation first of all of the political * "Materialy'XXV s"yezda KPSS," p 83. _ 10 _ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 ~ FOR OFFICI'AL USE ONLY - content of military doctrine, and it indirectly influences its special, military elements. Marxism-Leninism and its teaching on war and the army direct the ideological and methodological development of socialist military science, impart to it a class-proletarian party nature, stimulate a creative approach to solving pressing problems, and strengthen its ties with revolu- tionary practice. Military science of the socialist state, which analyzes tkie specific laws of conducting and supporting wars, development of ~rmed f.orces, and the means of warfare, accounts for the action of economic, political, ideological, and moral-psychological factors, and when it analyzes these factors it relies upon the conclusions and methodological principles of the Marxist-Leninist teaching on war and the army. Aggravation of the ideological struggle in the international arena, caused on one hand by the deepening general crisis of capitalism and, on the other hand, by the successes of socialism and the entire world revolutionary process, embraces all spheres of ideological and social psychology. The ~ ideological struggle is being waged in relation to fundamental issues of T social development, to include the problems of war and peace, war and revolution, and the role of military coercion in tize historical process. Marxist-Leninist teaching on war and the army is our effective weapon in the present ideological struggle. It is able to reveal the reactionary essence of the ideology and practice of militarism, and its main force--the reactionary imperialist circles of the USA. 7'he teaching on war and the army is used as the framework for analyzing and criticizing class, ideo- logical-theoretical, and methodological foundations of the military doctrine and military-political conceptions of imperialism, bourgeois military science, the militarist ideas of the Maoists, and other opportunist distortions of Marxist-Leninist premises concerning war, armies, and development of military - affairs. Considering the unceasing military adventures of imperialism, the Communist Party and its Central Committee have i.mposed an important and honorable task upon the Soviet Union's military personnel--supporting the high combat readiness of the armed forces. Performing tliis tas;c, regular officers and all personnel of our armed forces are doing a tremendous amount of hard work. The Marxist-Leninist teaching on war and the army plays a large role in ideological and methodological support to this work. It actively partici- pates in the formation of the Soviet soldier's viewpoints, convictions, and ideological-political countenance, it promotPS a deep understandin~ of the essence and significance of military service in the army of a socialist state, and it arms military personnel with the most important principles and premises directly guiding their concrete practical activities. Per- sistent study and creative application of Marxism-Leninism and its teaching on war and the army is a guarantee of further successes in all areas of military science and practice. 11 FOR OF'FICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 , A Short Bibliography WORKS OF THE CLASSICISTS OF MARXISM-LENINISM* 1. Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Feyerbakh. Protivopoloahnost' materiali- sticheskogo i idealisticheskogo vozzreniy" [Feuerbach. The opposition ~ of the Materialist and Idealist Viewpoints] (a new edition of the first chapter of "German Ideology"), Moscow, 1966. 2. Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "The Civil War in America; the Situation in the American Theatre of War," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch." [Works], Vol 15. 3. Marks, K., "Hired Labor and Capital. (Chapter) III," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch.;"Vol 6. 4. Marks, K., "The Class Struggle in France From 1848 to 1850," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch.," Vol 7. 5. Marks, K., "The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch.," Vol 8. 6. Marks, K., "Economic Manuscripts of 1857-1859. (The initial version of 'Das Kapital'). Forms Preceding Capitalist Production," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch.," Vol 46, Part I. 7. Marks, K., "Das Kapital. A Criticism of Political Economics. Volume One, Chapter Twenty-Four. The So-Called First Attempt," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch.," Vol 23. 8. Marks, K., "The First Convocation of the General Council of the Inter- national Workers Fellowship on the Franco-Prussian War. To the Members of the International Workers Fellowship in Europe and the United States; ' _ Second Convocation of the General Council of the International Workers Fellowship on the Fr~nco-Prussian L9ar. To the Members of the Inter- national Workers Fellowship in Europe and the United States; the Civil War in France. Convocation of the General Council of the International Workers Fellowship. To All Members of the Fellowship in Europe and _ the United States," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch.," Vol 17. 9. ~ngel's, F., "The War in Italy and Hungary; the Prussian Army and the Revolutionary Uprising of the People; the Revolutionary Uprising in ~ the Pfalz and Baden," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch.," Vol 6. 10. Engel's., F., "The German Campaign for an Imperial Constitution. ' Rhineland Prussia. To Die for the Republic:; the Present War in ~ - Germany (Chapter) II; the Possibilities and Prospects of the War of * The works of K. Marx, F. Engels, and V. I. Lenin are presented in the chronological order of their publication. ~ 12 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY . APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ZheHoly Alliance Against France in 1852," in Marks, K. , and F:ngel's, F. , "Soch.," Vol 7. ~ 11. Engel's, F., "The Army," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch.," Vol 14. 12. Engel's, F., "The Military Questiori in Prussia and the German Workers ~ Party; Notes on tr.e War in Germany," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., - "Soch.," Vol 16. 13. Engel's, F., "On Proudhon. Commentary to Proudhon's Book 'War and _ Peace'; Contributions to the History of F'rance and Germany. Notes on Germany. 1789-1873," in "Arkhiv Marksa i Engel'sa" [Marx and Engels Archives], Vol 10, Moscow, 1948. 14. Engel's, F., "Anti-Duhring. Part Twu, (Sections) II-IV. The Theory of - Coeraion; the Dialectics of Nature. Contributions to 'Anti-Duhring'. From Works Preparatory to 'Anti-Duhrinq'. Infantry Tactics and Their Material Fundamentals," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch.," Vol 20. 15. Engel's, F., "The Origin of the Family, Private Ownership, and the State; On the History of the Communist Union; Introduction to (Borkkheym's) Pamphlet 'In the Memory of the Hurrah Patriot of 1806-1807"; the Rnle of Coercion in History; an Outline of the Fa~reword to the Pamphlet 'The Role of Coercion in History'," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch.," Vol 21. 16. Engel's, F., "Contributions to the History of France and Germany. _ Materials Preparatory to the Pamphlet 'The Role of Coercion in History'," in "Arkhiv Marksa i Engel'sa," Vol 10, Moscow, 1948. 17. Engel's, F., "A Response to the Reverend Giovanni Bovio: Can Europe Be Destroyed?; Introduction to K. Marx' Work 'The Class Struggle in France From 1848 to 1850'," in Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch.," Vo1 22. 18. Lenin, V. I., "The Tasks of Russian Social Democrats," in "Poln. sobr. ~ - soch." [Complete Collected Works], Vol 2. 19. Lenin, V. I., "Students Join the 183d as Soldiers," in "Poln. sobr. soch. , " Vo~. 4. , 20. Lenin, V. I., "Where Do We Begin?; a New Slaughter," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 5. 21. Leni.n, V. I., "On World Poverty. Explanation to Peasants as to What the Social Democrats Want," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 7. ~ ' 22. Lenin, V. I., "On the Russian Proletariat; the First of May," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 8. 23. Lenin, V. I., "The Fall of Port Arthur; Revolutionary Days; New Tasks and New Forces; On the Street Fight (Advice Fram a Cammine General)," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 9. 13 FOR OFFICIAL T7SE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 24. Lenin, V. I., "The Revolutionary Army and the Revolutionary Government," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 10. - 25. Lenin, V. I., "The Tasks of Revolutionary Army Detachments," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 11. 26. Lenin, V. I., "Troops and the Revolution," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 12. 27. Lenin, V. I., "The Lessons of the Moscow Uprising," in "Poln. sobr. soch., " Vol 13. 28. Lenin, V. I., "The Partisan War; Foreword to the Russian Translation of K. Marx' Letters to (L. Kugel'man),~~'in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 14. 29. Lenin, V. I., "The International Socialist Congress in gtuttgart; Anti- militarist Propaganda and the Union of Socialist vouth Workers; ~he - Lessons of the Commune," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 16. 30. Lenin, V. I., "Warring Militarism and the Antimilitarist Tactics o= the Social-Democrats," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 17. 31. Lenin, V. I., "'Advantageous to Whom?'; the Bourgeoisie and Peace; ; Armaments and Capitalism; Capitalists and Armament," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 23. 32. Lenin, V. I., "War and Russian Social-Democracy; Abstract of 'Prole- tariat and War', 1(14) October J.914. Newspaper Report; Under a Foreign Flag; the Fall of the Second Internationale. (Chapters II,III; Draft Resolution of Leftist Social-Democrats for the First International Socialist Conference; On the Defeat of our Government in the Imperial- , ist War; Socialism and War (Relationship of the Russian Social-Democrat , Workers Party to the War). Chapter I. The Principles of Socialism ' and War, 1914-1915," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 26. 33. Lenin, V. I., "Excerpts and Commentary to Clausewitz' Book 'Om,War , and Warfare'," in Leninskiy sbornik XII" [Lenin Anthology XII], Moscow, Leningrad, 1931. , 34. Lenin, V. I., "On Yunius' Pamphlet; Response to P. Kiyevskiy (Yu. Pyatakov); On the Character of Marxism and on 'Imperialist Economism'. 1. The Marxist Relationship to Wars and to 'Defense of the Fatherland'; The Military Program of the Proletarian Revolution; On the'Disarmament' ~ Slogan; Open Letter to Boris Suvarin," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 30. , 35. Lenin, V. I., "To G. Ye. Zinov'yev (in (Gertenshteyn), Switzerland), August 1916; I. F. Armand, 7(20) November 1916, 17(30) November 1916, 6(19) January 1917," in "Poln, sobr. soch.," Vol 49. _ ; l~+ ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ; ; APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 36. Lenin, V. I., "The Tasks uf the Proletariat in the Present Revolu- tion; the Tasks of the Proletariat in our Revolution; the Sev~enth - (April) All-Russian Conference of the RSDRP(b) [Russian Social- Demacratic Workera Party (of Bolehevika)j, 24-29 April.(7-12 May) 1917. Speech in Defense of the 27 April (10 May) ibesolution on the War," ~ in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 31. 37. Lenin, V. I., "War and Revolution. Lecture, 14(27) May 1917; First r All-Russian Congress of the Soviets o" Labor and Soldier Deputies, 3-24 June (16 June-7 July) 1917. Speech on the War, 9(22) June," in "Poln. sobr. soch_," Vol 32. 38. Lenin, V. I., "The State and Revolution. The Teaching of Marxism un the State, and the Tasks of the Proletariat in the Revolution. Ckiapter I. Class Society and the State," i.n "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 33. 39. Lenin, V. I., "The Impending Catastrophe and How to Fight It; Marxism and the Upsising. Letter to the Central Cot~�nittee of the RSDRP(b); Concerning Re-examination of the Party Program. (Chapter) IV," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 34. 40. Lenin; V. I., "The Second All-Russian Congress of the Soviets of Labor and Soldier Deputies, 25-26 October ;7-8 November) 1917; Speech to the Departing First Echelons of' the Socialist Ar~y, 1(14) January 1918. Short Newspaper Reports; Speech at the 18 February 1918 Meeting of the RSDRP(b) Central Committee (Evening). Mir~utes; the Socialist Fatherland - is in Danger:; the Positions of the Central Co~ittee of the RSDRP (of Bolsheviks) in Relation to a Separate and AnnexationaZ Peace; a Hard ' But Necessary Lesson; on Fertile Soil," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," p 35. 41. Lenin, V. I., "Seventh Emergency Congress of the RIQ~(b) [Russian Con�nunist Party (of Bolsheviks)], 6-8 March 1918. l. Political Report of the Central Coaeni.ttee, 7 March. 3. Resolution on War and Peace; the Main Task of Our Days; On 'Leftist' Childishness and on Petty Bourgeoisie Philosophy; Theses on the Present Politica]. Situation. (chapters) IV, V; Prophetic Words," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol-36. 42. Leni.n, V. I., "Speech to the First All-Russian Congress on Education, 28 August Z918; Joint Session of the VTsIK [All-Russian Central Execu- tive Commi.ttee], the I~foscow Soviet, the Factory-Plant Co~mittees, and - the Trade Unions, 22 October 1918. l. Report; the Proletarian Revolu- tion and the Renegade Kautskiy. (Section) What is Internationalism?," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 37. 43. Lenin, V. I., "Draft RI~(b) Program. 7. Introduction of a Military Clause Into the Program; Eighth Congress of the RI~(b), 18-23 March 1919. 2. Report of the Central Comani.ttee, 18 March; Speeches Recorded on Phono~raph Records. 4. Appeal to the Red Army; Speech to the Con- ference of Railroaders cf the Moscora Termi.nal, 16 April 1919; First ~5 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 i All-Russian Congress on Extracurricular Education, 6-19 May 1919. 2. Speech on Deception of the People by Slogans of Liberty and Equality, 19 May; Draft Directives of the Central Committee on Military Unity," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 38. . 44. Lenin, V. I., "The Present Situation and the Immediate Tasks of Soviet I Rule. Report to the Joint Session of the VTsIK, the Moscow Soviet of t Labor and Red Army Deputies, the All-Russian Council of Trade Unions, and Representatives of Moscow Factory-Plant Commi.ttees,4 July 1919; Everything for the Struggle Against Denikin! (Letter From the RKP(b) Central Committee to Party Organizations); Letter to Workers and Peasants Concerning the Victory 0-~er Kolchak; Results of Party Week in Moscow, and Our Tasks; Speech to Students of Sverdlovsk University - Departing for the Front, 24 October 1919; Report to the Second All- Russian Conqress of Communist Organizations of Eastern Peoples, ~ 22 November 1919; Eighth All-Russian Conference of the RI~(b), 2-4 December 1919," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 39. 45. Lenin, V. I., "Elections in the Constituent Assembly and Dictatorship of the Proletariat;~ Letter to Workers and Peasants of the Ukraine Concerning the Victory Over Denikin; Speech to the Fourth Conference of Province Extraordinary Commissions, 6 February 1920; Report to the First All-Russian Congress of Working Cossacks, 1 March 1920," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 40. 46. Lenin, V. I., "Speech to the Joint Session of the VTsIK, the Moscow Soviet, the Trade Unions, and the Factory-Plant Committees, 5 May 1920; . Speech to an Extended W~rkers-Red Army ~Conference in Rogozhsko- ' Simonovskiy Rayon, 13 May 1920;" in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 41. 47. Lenin, V. I., "On the Fourth Anniversary of the October Revolution; ~ the Seventh Moscow Province Party Conference, 29-31 October 1921. 2. Concluding Remarks, 29 October," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 44. 48. Lenin, V. I., "llth Congress of the RKP(b), 27 March-2 April 1922. 2. Political Report of the RKP(b) Central Committee, 27 March," in , "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 45. ~ 49. Lenin, V. I., "Notes on the Tasks of Our Delegation in The Hague," in "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 45. 50. Lenin, V. I., "O voyne, armii i voyennoy nauke" [On War, the Army, and Military Science] (an anthology), Moscow, 1965. ~ 51. Lenin, V. I., "Voyennaya ,perepiska 1917-1922 gg." [Military Corres- pondence of 1917-1922] (an anthology), Moscow, 1966. 52. Lenin, V. I., "0 zashchite sotsialisticheskogo Otechestva" [On Defense of the Socialist Fatherland] (an anthology), Moscow, 1975. ~ 16 FOR OFFICL4L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY DOCUMENTS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF Tf~s SOVIr~T UNION AND Tf~ INTERNATIONAL CONSNiUNIST MOVEMENT 53. "Eighth RI~(b) Congress. Moscow. 18-23 March 1919. The Proqram of the Russian Cosmnunist Party (of Bolsheviks)," in "Koaamunisticheskaya � partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza v rezolyutsiyakh i r~esheniyakh s"yezdov, konferentsiy i plenumov TsK" [Z'he Comm?unist Party of the Soviet Union ~ in Resolutions and Decisions of Congresses, Conferences, and Plen~s of the Central Committee], 8th Edi.tion, Vol 2, Moscow, 1970. 54. "lOth~FtKP~b) Congress. I~bscow. 8-16 March 1921," in "Kosmunistiches- ~ kaya partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza v rezoZyutsiyakh i resheniyakh s"yezdov, _ konferentsiy i plenumov TsK," 8th Edition, Vol 2, Nbsc~w, 1970. 55. "llth RI~(b) Congress. Moscow. 27 March-2 April 1922," in "Ko~rmunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza v rezolyutsiyakh i , resheniyakh s"yezdov, konferentsiy i plenumov TsK," 8th Edition, Vol 2, Moscow, 1970. 56. "14th VKP(b) [All-Union Coa~nunist Party (of Bolsheviks)] Congress. Moscow. 18-31 December 1925," in "Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza v rez~lyutisiyakh i resheniyakh s"yezdov, ~ konferentskiy i plenumov TsK," 8th Edition, Vol 3, Moscow, 1970. 57. "15th Vt~(b) Congress. Moscow. 2-19 December b927," in "Kanmunisti- cheskaya partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza v rezolyutsiyakh i resheniyakh s"yezdov, konferentsiy i plenwnov TsK," 8th Edition, Vol 4, Moscow, 1970. - 58. "18th VKP(b) Congress. Moscow. 10-21 March 1939," in "Ko~unisti- cheskaya partiya Sowetskogo Soyuza v rezolyutsiyakh i resheniyakh _ s"yezdov, konferentsiy i plenumov TsK," Sth Edition, Vol 5, Moscow. 1971. 59. "20th CP5U Congress. Moscow. 14-25 February 1956," in "Kommunisti- cheskaya partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza v rezolyutsiyakh i resheniyakh s"yezdov, konferentsiy i plenumov TsK," 8th Edition, Vol 7, Moscow, 1971. 60. "Materialy vneocherednogo XXI s"yezda KPSS" [Proceedi.ngs of the Extra- ordinary 21st CPSU Congress], Moscow, 1959~ 61. "Materialy XXII s"yez3a KPSS" [proceedings of the 22d CPSU Congress], ~ Moscos, 1961. 62. "Progra~a Kanmunisticheskoy partii Sovetskogo.Soyuza" [Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union], Moscow, 1961-1976. 63. "Materialy XXIZI s"yezda KPSS" [Proceedings of the 23d CPSU Congress], Moscow, 1966. ' 64. "Materialy XXIV s"yezda It~SS" [Proceedings of the 24th CPSU Conqress], - Moscaw, 1971. 17 FOR 0~'F'ICTAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 , L' VL~ V111VLaLl V1JL V19JJi 65. "Materialy XXV s"yezda KPSS" [Proceedings of the 25th CPSU Congress], Moscow, 1976. 66. "K 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya Vladimi.ra Il'icha Lenina. Tezisy TsK KPSS" [On the 100th Birthday of Vladima.r I1'ich Lenin. Theses - of the CPSU Central Committee], Moscow, 1969. 67. "50 let Velikoy Oktyabr'skoy sotsialisticheskoy revolyutsii. Tezisy TsK KPSS" LFifty Years After the Great October Socialist Revolution. Theses of the CP~U Central Co~nittee], Moscow, 1967. 68. "0 60-y godovshchir..e Velikoy Oktyabr'skoy sotsialisticheskoy revolyutsii. ~ Postanovlenye Tsk KPSS ot 31 yanvarya 1977 goda" [On the 60th Anniver- ' - sary of =he Great October Socialist Revolution. CPSU Central Committee Decree, 31 January 1977], Moscow, 1977. _ 69. "KPSS o Vooruzhennykh Silakh Sovetskogo Soyuza. Dokumenty 1917-1968" [The CPSU on the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. Documents of - 1917�-1968], Moscow, 1969. 70. "Kommunisticheskaya partiya v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne (Iyun' ~ 1941 g.--1945 g.) Dokumenty ~i materialy" [The Communist Party in the Great Patriotic War (June 1941-1945). Documents and Materials], Moscow, 1970. 71. "Tridtsatiletiye Pobedy sovetskogo naroda v Velikoy Otechestvenn~y voyne. Dokumenty i materialy" [Thirty Years After the Victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War. Doctunents and Materials], - Moscow, 1975. - 72. "Ob ideologicheskoy rabote KPSS. Sb. dok." [On Ideological Work of the CPSU. Collection of DocumentsJ, Moscow, 1977. 73. "Programmnyye dokumenty bor'by. za mir, demokratiyu i sotsialism," [Program Documents Concerning the Struggle for Peace, Democracy, and Socialism], Moscoe, 1964. . ' . . 74. "Mezhdunarodnoye Soveshchaniye kommunisticheskikh i rabochikh partiy. ~ Dokumenty i materialy. Moskva, 5-17 iyunya 1969 g." [International ~ Conference of Communist and Workers Parties. Documents and Materials. Moscow, 5-17 June 1969], Moscow, 1969. ; 75. "Za mir, bezopasnost', sotrudnichestvo i sotsial'nyy progress v Yevrope. K itogam Konferentsii kotmnunisticheskikh i rabochikli partiy Yevropy. berlin, 29-30 iyunya 1976 goda." [For Peace, Security, Cooperation, and Soci~l Progress in Europe. On the Results of the . Conference of Communist and Workers Parties of Europe. Berlin, 29-30 June 1976], Moscow, 1976. , 18 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ SPEECHES AND WORKS BY EXECUTIVES UF _ THE CPSU AND FOREIGN COMMUNIST PARTIES 76. Brezhnev, L. I., "Velikaya pobeda sovetskogo naroda" [The Great Victory of the Soviet People], Moscow, 1965. 77. Brezhnev, L. I., "50 let velikikh pobed sotsializma" [Fifty Years of Socialism's Great Victories], Moscow, 1967. 7$. Brezhnev, L. I., "Delo Lenina zhivet i pobezhdayet" [Lenin's Work Lives and Vanquishes], Moscow, 1970. 79. Brezhnev, L. I., "O pyatidesyatiletii Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisti- cheskikh Respublik" [The SOth Anniversary of the Union of Saviet Socialist Republics],Moscow, 1972. 80. Brezhnev, L. I., "O proyekte Konstitutsii (Osnovnogo Zakona) Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskiy Respublik i itogakh yego vsenarodnogo - obsuzhdeniya" [The Draft Consi~ution (Fundamental Law) of. the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Results of Its Nationwide Discussion], Moscow, 1977. 81. Brezhnev, L. I., "Velikiy Oktyabr' i progress chelovechestva" [Great October and the Progress of Mankind], Moscow, 1977. 82. Voroshilov, K. Ye.~ "S'tdt~l 1 r@C1'll" [ArtlCle3 and Speeches]~ M03COW~ 1936. . 83. Dimitrov, G., "Fascism's Offensive and the Tasks of the Coffiunist Interna~ionale in the Struggle for Unity of the Working Class and Against Fascism," in "Izbr. proizv." [Selected Works], Vol. 1, Moscow, 1957. 84. Kalinin, M. I., "O kommunisticheskom vospitanii i voinskom c~olge. Sbornik rechey, dokladov, statey" [Communist Indoctrination and Military Duty. Collection of speeches, reports, and articles], Moscow, 1967; "O vospitanii sovetskikh voinov. Stat'i, rechi, doklady" [Indoctrination of Soviet Soldiers. Articles, speeches, and Reports], Moscow, 1975. 85. Stalin, I. V., "O Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne Sovetskogo Soyuza" : [The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union], tioscow, 1953. 86. Tol'yatti, P., "The Tasks of the Cammunist Internationale in Conne~tion With ~he preparations Being Made by Imperialists for a New World War," in "Izbrannyye stat'i i rechi" [Selected Articles and Speeches], Moscow, Vol 1, 1965. ~ ~9 FOR OFFIG'IAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 _ 87. Ustinov, D. F., "The Guardsmen of Peaceful Labor, the Bulwark of Universal Peace," KONII~IUNIST, No 3, 1977; "On Guard Over Revolutionary Achievements," KOMNfiJNIST VOORUZHENNYKh SIL, No 21, 1977. 88. Frunze, M. V., "Izbrannyye proizvedeniya" [5elected Works], Moscow, 1977. WORKS BY SOVIET AUTHORS . 89. Azovtsev, N. N., "V. I. Lenin i sovetskaya voyennaya nauka" [V. I. . Lenin and Soviet Military Science], Moscow, 1971; "Voyennyye voprosy v trudkh V. I. Leninao Annotirovannyy ukazatel' proizvedeniy i vyskazyvaniy V. I. Lenina po vazhneyshim voprosam voyny, armii i voyennoy nauki" [Military Issues in the Works of V. I..Lenin. Annotated Index of the Works and Statements of V. I. Lenin on the Most Important Problems of War, the Army, and Military Science], Moscow, 1972. - 90. "Antivoyennyye traditsii mezhdunarodnogo rabochego dvizheniya" [Anti- military mraditions of the International Workers Movement], Moscow, 1972. ' 91. "Armii stran NATO. (Voyenno-noliticheskiy ocherk)" [Armies of the NATO Countries. (Military-Political Essay)], Moscow, 1974. 92. Babin, A. I., "F. Engel's--vydayushchiysya voyennyy teoretik rabochego ~klassa" [F. Engels--An Outstanding Military Theorist of the Working ' Class], Moscow, 1970; "Formirovaniye i razvitiye voyenno-teoreticheskikh vzglyadov F. Engel'sa" [Formation and Development of the Military- - Theoretical Viewpoints of F. Engels], Moscow, 1975. _ 93. Bartenev, S. A., "Ekonomika--tyl i froizt~sovremennoy voyny" [Economics-- the Rear and Front of the Modern War], Moscow, 1971. 94. Belashchenko, T. K., "SShA: 200 let--200 voyn" [The USA: 200 Years-- 200 WarsJ, Moscow, 1976. 95. "Boyevoye sodruzhestvo brats~ikh narodov i armiy" [Military Cooperation Among Fraternal Nations and Armies], Moscow, 1975. ~ 96. Bokarev, V. A.,�Ki.bernetika i voyen~~oye delo. Filosofskiy ocherk" ; [Cybernetics and Military Affairs. Philisophical Essay], Moscow, 1969. 97. "Bol'shaya lozh' o voyne. Kritika noveyshey burzhuaznoy istoriografiy ~ vtoroy mirovoy voyny" [The Great Lie About War. A Criticism of the ~Latest Bourgeois Historiography of the Second World War], Moscow, 1971. i 98. Borisov, V. V., "Pentagon i nauka" [The Pentagon and Science], Moscow, i 1975. ' ~ . 20 ' FOR OFFICL4L USE ONLY ' ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 99. Bondarenko, V. M., "Sovremennaya nauka i razvitiye voyenncgo dela (Voyenno-sotsiologicheskiye aspekty problemy)" [Modern Science and Develop~ent of Military Affairs (Military-Socioloqical Aspe~ts of ~ the Problem)], Moscow, 1976. 100. Bochkarev, K., Prusanov, I., and Babakov, A., "Progranm~a I~SS o ` zashchite sotsialisticheskogo Otechestva" [The CPSU Program on Defense of the Socialist Fatherland], Moscow, 1965. 101. "Velikaya Otechestvennaya voyna Sovetskogo Soyuza 1941-1945. Kratkaya ~ istoriya" [The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-1945. A Short History], Moscow, 1970.. _ 102. "Velikaya Pobeda sovetskogo naroda 194T-19~5. Materialy nauchnoy konferentsii, pos~yashchennoy 30-letiyu Pobedy sovetskogo naroda v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne 1941-1945 gg." [The Great Victory of the Soviet People 1941-1945. Contributions to a Scientific Conference Dedicated to the 30th Anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet People E~ in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945], Moscow, 1976. ~ - 103. "V. I. Lenin i voyennaya istoriya" [V. I. Lenin and Irii.litary History], - Moscow, 1970. , 104. "V. I. Lenin i Sovetskiye Vooruzhennyye Sily" [V. I. I,enin and the Soviet Armed Forces], Moscow 1969. - 105. "Voyenno-ekonomicheskiye voprosy v kurse politekonomii" [Military- Economic Problems in a Course on Political Econamics], Moscow, 1968. ~ 106. "Voyna, istoriya, ideologiya (Burzhuaznaya voyennaya istoriya na sluzhbe militarizma)" [W~r, History, Ideology (Bourgeois Military History in the Service of Militarism)], I~scow 1974. ' 107. Vlas'yevich, Yu. Ye., "Vo chto obkhodyatsya narodam imperialisticheskiye voyny" [What Imperialist Wars Cost the PeopleJ, Moscow, 1971. 108. Volkogonov, D. A., "Etika sovetskogo ofitsera" [The Ethi.cs of a Soviet Officer], Moscow, 1973; "Voinskaya etika" [Military Ethics], Moscow, 1976. , 109. "Voprosy nauchnogo rukovodstva v Sovetskikh Vooruzhennykh Silakh" [Problems of Scientific Leadership in the Soviet Armed Forces], Moscow, 1973. - 110. "Vsemirno-istoricheskaya pobeda sovetsk~oqo naroda 1941-1945 gg. Materialy nauchnoy konfereritsii, posvyashchennoy 25-letiyu pobedy nad fashistskoy Germaniyey I~e World-Historic Victory of t:~e Soviet - ~ People 1941-1945. Contributi~ns to a Scientific Conference Dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory Over Fascist Germany], Moscow, ~ 1971. . 21 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 1' Vil Vl'1' 1V1L'~L VU1J V1YL1 111. Grigor'yev,B. G., "Ekonomicheskiy i moral'nyy potentsialy v sovremennoy voyne" [Economic and Moral Potential in Modern Warfare], Moscow, 1970. . 112. Gromov, L. M., and Faramazyan, R. A., "Voyennaya ekonomika sovremennogo kapitalizma" [The War Economy of Modern Capitalism), Moscow, 1975. 113. Grudinin, I. A., "Dialektika i sovremennoye voyennoye delo" [Dialectics and Modern Military Affairs], Moscow, 1971. 114. Dolgopolov, Ye. I., "Natsional'no-osvoboditel'nyye voyny na sovremennom etape" [National Wars of Liberation in the Present Era], Moscow, 1977. 115. Yepishev, A. A., Mogucheye oruzhiye partii" (A Mighty Weapon of the Party], Moscow, 1973; "Ideologicheskaya bor'ba po voyennym voprosam" [The Ideological Struggle in Military Affairs], Moscow, 1974; "Nekotoryye voprosy ideologicheskoy raboty v Sovetskikh Vooruzhennykh Silakh [Some Problems Concerning Ideological Work ir~ the Soviet Armed Forues], Moscow, 1975; "Partiya--arganizator nashikh pobe~" [The Party--the Organizer of our Victories], Moscow, 1976. 116. Zhilin, P. A., "Problemy voyennoy istorii" [Problems of Military History] , b;oscow, 1975. 117. I1'in, S. K., "Moral'nyy~faktor v sovremennoy voyne" [The Moral Factor in Modern Warfare], Moscow, 1969. 118. "Istoriya Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny Sovetskogo Soyuza 1941-1945. V shesti tomakh" [History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-1945. In Six Volumes], Moscow, 1963-1965. 119. Istoriya vtoroy r~irovoy voyny 1939-1945. V dvenadtsati tomakh" "[History of the Second Tnlorld War 1939-1945. In Twelve Volumes], Vol 1-8, Moscow, 1973-1977. 120. I storiya Kommunisticheskoy partii Sovetskogo Soyuza" [History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union], Moscow, 1976. . 121. "Istoriya Kommunisticheskoy partii Sovetskogo Soyuz~.. V shes~i - tomalch" [History of the Communist Party of the Sovi~:t Union. In S ix Volumes), Vol 3,4,5, Moscow, 1967, 1970. 122. Ivanov, S. P., "O nauchnykh osnovakh upravleniya voyskami" [The ~ Scientific Fundamentals of Troop Com�nand and Control], Moscow, 1975. 123. Iovlev, A. M., ''Deyatel'nost' KPSS po podgotovke voyennykh kadrov" [The CP5U's Activity Concerned With Training Military Personnel], Moscow, 1976, 22 FOR OF'F'ICIAL USE ONLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY _ 124. Kameriev, S. S. "Zapiski o grazhdanskoy voyne i voyennom stroitel'stve" [Notes on the Civil War and Military Development], Moscow, 1953. 125. "Karl Marks i voyennaya istoriya" [Karl Marx and Military History], _ Moscow, 1969. 126. Kozlov, N. L., and Zaytsev, A. D., "Srazhayushchayasya partiya" [The Warring Party], Moscow, 1975. - 127. Konoplev, V. K., "Nauchnoye predvideniye v voy~ennom dele" [Scientific - Forecasting in Military Affair.s], Moscow, 1974. 128. Korablev, Yu. I., "V. I. Lenin i sozdaniye Krasnoy Armii" [V. I. Lenin and Creation of the Red Army], Moscow, 1970. - 129. "KPSS i stroitel'stvo Sovetskikh Vooruzhennykh Sil" [The CPSU and Development of the Soviet Armed Forces], Moscow, 1967. 130. "KPSS---organizator zashchity sotsialisticheskogo Otechestva" [The CPSU--the Organizer of the Socialist Fatherland's Defense], Moscow, 1974. 131. Kulakov, V. M., "Ideologiya agressii" [ThE Ideology of Aggression], Moscow, 1970. - 132. Lagovskii, A. N., "V. I. Lenin ob ekonon~ichfskom obespechenii oborony strany" (V. I. Lenin on Economic Support to the Country's DePense], Moscow, 1976. 133. rfakeyev, N. ,"N. G. Chernyshevski y--redaktor ' Voy~nnogo ~bornika [N. G. Chernyshevskiy--Editor of the "Military Review"], Moscow, 1950. 134. "Marksizm-leninizm o voyne i armii" [Marxism-Leninism ori War and the Army], Moscow, 1968. _ 135. "Marksistsko-leninskaya metodologiya voyennoy istorii" [Marxist- Leninist Methodology in Military History], Moscow, 1376. 136. "Metodologiya voyenno-nauchnogo poznaniya" [The Methodology of _ Military-Scientific Cognition], Moscow, 1977. 137. "Metodologicheskiye problemy voyennoy teorii i praktiki" [Methodo- _ logical Problems of Military Theory and Practice~, Moscow, 1969. 138. Meshcheryakov, G. P., "Russkaya vayezuiaya mysl' v XIX veke" _ [Russian Military Thought in the 19th Century], Moscow, 1973. - 139. Migolat'yev,A. A., "Eskalatsiya',,militarizma" [Escalation of Militarism], Moscow, ~970. 23 FOR OF'FICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R004200060046-3 _ _ i 140. Milovidov, A. S., "Kommunisticheskaya moral' i voinskiy dolg" - [Communist Morale and Military Duty], Moscow, 1971. 141. Mirsk~y, G. I., "'Tretiy mir': obshchestvo, vlast', armiya" ["The Third World": Society, Power, the Army], Moscow, 1976. 142. "Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy grogress i revolyutsiya v voyennom dele" [Scientific-Technical ~rogress and the Revolution in Military Affairs], Moscow, 1973. 143. "0 Voyenno-teoreticheskom nasledii V. I. Lenina" [The Military- ~Theoretical Legacy of V. I. Lenin~, Moscow, 1964. 144. "0 sovetskog voyennoy nauke" [Soviet Military Science], Moscow, 1964. ; 145. "Ocherki sovetskoy voyennoy istoriografii" [Notes on Soviet Military Historiography], Moscow, 1974. ' ~ 146. "Problemy voyny i mira. Kritika so~~remennykh burzhuaznykh sotsial'no- filosofskikh kontseptsii" [Problems of War and Peace. A Criticism of Modern Bourgeois Social and Philosophical Conceptions], Moscow, 1967. 147. "Problems of War and Peace in Modern Conditions, and Reinforcing the Defer.sive Power of Socialist Countries; Protection of the Achieve- ments of Socialism--a General Law of Communist Development; the Army , Within the System of the Society's Political Organization," in ~ "Nauchnyy'kommunizm" [Scientific Communism], Moscow, 1973. ~ ~ 148. Pupko, A. B., "Sistema: chelovek i voyennaya tekhnika (filosofsko- sotsiologicheskiy ochesk)" [The Man-Military Technology System (Philosophical-Sociological Essay)], Moscov~, 1976. 149. Pyadyshev, B. D., "Voyenno-promyshlennyy kompleks SShA" [The Military- Industrial Complex of the USA], Moscow, 1974. 150. "50 let Vooruzhennykh sil SSSR" [The 50th Anniversary of the US5R Armed Forces], Moscow, 1968. 151. Rzheshevskiy, O. A., "Voyna i istoriya (Burzhuaznaya~istor�iografiya SShA o vtoroy mirovoy voyne)" [War and History (USA Bourgeois Historiography on the Second World War)], Moscow, 1976. 152. Rybkin, Ye. I., "Voyna i politika v sovremennuyu epokhy" [War and Politics in the Modern Era], Moscow, 1973. ! 153. S~kistov, V. A., "Voyna i politika" (War and Politics], Moscow, 1970. 24 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ' APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 154. Seleznev, I. A., "Voyna i ideologicheskaya bor'ba" [War and the Ideological Struggle], Moscow, 1974. 155. Serebryannikov, V. V., and Yasyukov, M. I., "Initsiativa i tvorchestvo v voyennom dele" [Initiative and Creativity in Military Affairs] Moscow, 1976. 156. Simonyan, R. G., "Voyennyye bloki imperializma" [The Military Blocs of Imperialism], Moscow, 1976. 157. "Souetskaya Voyennaya Entsiklopediya" [Soviet Military Encyclopedia], .Vol 1, 2, 3, Moscow, 1976, 1977. 158. "Sovetskaya ekonomika v period Velikoy Otechestvennsy voyny 1941-1945 gg." [The Soviet Economy During the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945], Moscow, 1970. 159. Strokov, A. A., "V. I. Lenin o voyne i voyennom iskusstve" [V. I. Lenin on War and the Art of War], Moscow, 1971. 160. Tabunov, N. D., "Kategorii etiki i vospitaniye voinov" [The Categories of Ethics and Indoctrination of Soldiers], Moscow, 1966. 161. Timorin, A. A., "Armiya i sotsialisticheskoye obshchestvo" [The Army and Socialist Society], Moscow, 1972. 162. Trofimenko, G. A., "SShA: politika, voyna, ideologiya" [The USA: - Politics, War, Ideology~, Moscow, 1976. 163. Tuk~iachevskiy, M. N., "Izbrannyye proizvedennya. V dvukh tomakh" [Selected Works. In Two Volumes], Moscow, 1964. 164. Tyutyukin, S. V., "Voyna, mir, revolyutsiya. Ideynaya bor'ba v rabochemdvizhenii Rossii 1914-1917 gg." [War, Peace, Revolution. The~2deological Struggle in the Russian Workers Movement of 1914-1917], Moscow, 1972. 165. Tyushkevich, S. A., "Neobkhodimost' i sluchaynost' v voyne" [Necessity and Chance in War], Moscow, 1962; F~ilosofiya i voyennaya - teoriya" [Philosophy and Military Theory], Moscow, 1975. 166. "Filosofskoye naslediye V. I. Lenina i;problemy sovremennoy voyny" - [The Philosophical Legacy of V. I. Lenin and the Problems of Modern Warfare], Moscow, 1972. 25 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 167. "Philosophical Problems of War and the Army," in "Kurs marksistsko- leninskoy filosofii" [A Course of Marxist-Leninist Philosophy], Moscow, 1974. 168. "Fridrikh Engel's i voyennaya istoriya" [Fiedrich Engels and Military ~ History], Moscow, 1972. 169. Shaposhnikov, B. M., "Vospominaniya. Voyenno-nauchnyye trudy" [Memoirs. Military-Scientific Works],Moscow, 1974. . This bibliography was prepared by Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Assistant Professor Colonel 1~. I. Dyrin COPYRIGHT: Voyenizdat, 1977 11009 CSO: 1801 ~ ~ ~ ! i ~ ' , , ~ i 26 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY BOOK DISCTJSSES ARMY AS INDOCTRINATION SCHOOL ~ Tashkent SOVETSKAYA ARMIYA SHKOLA VOSPITANIYA in Russian 1977 signed to press ~.0 Oct 77 pp 1-2, 108, 3-5, 29-37, 107 [Annotation, table of contents, Introduction, second chapter and Conclusion of book by N. 0. Shchukin] [Excerpts] Title P age: Title: SOVETSKAYA ARMIYA SHKOLA VOSPITANIYA (The Soviet Army A School of Indoctrination) Publisher: Izdatel'stvo Uzbekistan Pl~,ce and ypar of publication: Tashkent, 1977 Signed to Press Date: 10 October 1977 Number of Copies Published: 10,000 Number of Pages: 108 Brief Description: This book discusses the establishment ~nd development of the Soviet Armed Forces, the troops of the Red-Banner Turkestan Military Diatrict in partic- ular, and the principles of Soviet military organizational development. Special a~.tention is focused on the most important of these principles Communist Party leadership of army and navy. The author comprehensively discusses ttte role of the USSR Armed Forces as a school fo~ instilling in young people excellent moral-fighting, ideological- poli~ical gualities, as a school of life and maturation. This book is intended for a broad readership. Table of Contents Introduction 3 ~ ~7 FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Engendered by the Great October Revolution 5 " Foundations and Principles of Soviet Military Organizational ~ Development 29 - The Communist~Party Organizer and Leader of the Soviet A~ed Forces ...............................o...................... 37 School of Combat Skill, Ideological and Physical Conditioning, . ; School of Life 67 - Conclusion 107 Introduction The Soviet Army, engendered by the Great October Revol~tion to defend the ; young Soviet Republic and the cause of the workers and peasants, was and remains the flesh and blood of our people. The Soviet Army occupies an ' important place in this country's affairs, in its history, in the spiritual ~ world of the Soviet citizen. It covered itself with unfading glory during the years of civil war and the struggle against i.mperialist intervention and displayed examples of unprecedented heroism of millions of fighting , men, cou~anders and political workers during the years of the Great Patriotic War. Our Army en~oys the deep trust of the to3.lers and the sincere love of the ; people. The source of the army's strength and invincibility lies in a growing unity between the Soviet Army and the people. ; For Soviet citizens service in the military has been and remains a produc- , tive school of courage and acquisition of excellent moral qualities, a , school of skill, ideological and physical conditioning, discipline and ; organization. Soviet fighting men are indoctrinated in a spirit of inter- nationalism, brotherhood, solidarity and mutual respect of all nationali- ties and ethnic groups of the Soviet Union. Our Armed Forces constitute a united amicable family, a living embodiment of socialist internationalism. : CPSU Central Committee General Secretary L. I. Brezhnev emphasized in his ; ~ Report to the 25th CPSU Congress the enormous role played by our military ~ in indoctrinating Soviet citizens: "Young boys enter the military family ~ lacking life exp~rience. But they return from the military as men, who ' ' have gone through the school of self-mastery and discipline, who have ~ acquired technical, professional knowledge and political training."* ~ I Young people also go through a fine school of indoctrination in the troops ~ of the Red-Banner Turkestan Military District. � , *"Materialy X7~V s"yezda KPSS" [Proceedings of the 25th CPSU Congress], ~ Moscow, Politizdat, 1976, pp.75-76. 28 ~ FOR OFFICIti:. USE ONLY , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY . _ The fighting men of the Turkestan District, ~ust as all personnel of the Soviet Army and Navy, inspired by the outstanding achievements of the Soviet people in implementing the resolutions of the 25th CPSU Congress and achieving the targets of the lOth Five-Year Plan, are carrying out their duty to the homeland with even greater self-sacrifice. They are con- tinuing to redouble their efforts in military labor in order to honor 1977 the year marking the 60th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolu- tion with achievement of new and higher performance results in training and service, and increased combat readiness. The history of the Red-Banner Turkestan Military District, an integral part . of the valiant USSR Armed Forces, is the history of the heroic military labor of all generations of Turkestan fighting men: those who pounded the interventionists and Basmaks in the mountains and arid deserts, those who ~ fought~fearlessly against the fascist invaders during the trying years of the Great Patriotic War, and those who vigilantly guarded this country's southeastern.borders in the postwar period. It is also being written by the present generation of Turkestan fighting men, who guard our homeland's - southern borders. The Communist Party devotes considerable attention to the ideological- political conditioning of toilers, especially you~h, and their indoctrina- tion in the revolutionary, fighting and labor traditions of the people. It was noted at the 25th CPSU Congress: "Establishment in the consciousness of the toilers, and particularly the younger generation, of the ideas of Soviet patriotism and socialist internationalism, pride in the Land of the Soviets, in our homeland, willingness and readiness to come to the defense of the achievements of socialism has been and remains one of the party's most important tasks."* Especially.,favorable conditions are being created today for successful ac- complishment of this task, when the country is making preparations to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution and the 60th anniversary of the Soviet Armed Forces. ~ _ One of the.:most important factors in strengthening the military-patriotic _ indoctrination of this republic's toilers is the enlistment for this work of persons who have gone through military service and reference to the heroic history of the Soviet people and the glorious fighting history of the USSR Armed Forces, including the troops of the Red-Banner Turkestan Military I~ist~ict, which wi11 celebrate its 60th anniversary on 4 May 1978. Turkestan fighting men are vigilantly guarding the southern borders of the - Land of the Soviets and are tirelessly strengthening the indestructible friendship with the toilers of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, on the soil of which they are performing their honorable and difficult service. * Ibid., page 75. 29 FOR OF~+'ICIAL USIp OtJLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Foundations and Principles of Soviet Military Organizational Development The entire heroic path trod by the USSR Armed Forces convincingly attests to the ract that Chey possess unshakable foundations, that the party and Soviet Government adhere to solid principlea in military organizational development. The Soviet Army and Navy, as an instrument of the socialist state, have evolved together with the entire nation, passing through two very important stages in this process. The first stage is connected with the socialist . state of dictatorship of the proletariat, and the second with transforma- � tion of this state into a state of all the people, with the worker class playing a leadership role. The present, second stage of development of the Soviet Armed Forces is rooted in the past. Also inherent in it, however, are specific features dictated by important changes in the sociopolitical nature, designation and functions of the Soviet military organization and a sharp increase in its military might. In the process of building a new life in our country, important changes . have taken place in the social and governmental structure. The complete and final victory of socialism has been achieved in our country. The Soviet people, guided by the party, have proceeded w.tti~ b~l~g ti~e second phase of the Communist society. Important changes in the socioeconomic area have evoked profound changes in sociopolitical affairs, which have found summary expression in development of the state of dictatorship of - the proletariat into a socialist state of all the people. All this.of , _ course has affected the Soviet Army and Navy. They have been transformed from an instrument of the dictatorship of the - proletariat into an instrument of a state of all the people. ~ The truly popular character of the Soviet Armed Forces under present-day conditions is expressed in the fact that defense of the socialist homeland and service in the Armed Forces is the sacred duty of all Soviet citizens, regardless of their social status, national and other features and dif- ferences. _ Important changes, caused by the profound sociopolitical changes in our country, have taken place not only in the social nature of the Soviet Army and Navy but also in their function and ~eatures. - With the total and f inal victory of socialism in the USSR, the Soviet ; Armed Forces no longer perform the role of one of the regulators of rela- tions between classes, that is, they have lost their internal function, which was characteristic of them in the past. At the present time their entire might is directed outward, against the imperialist aggressors and their insidiuus intrigues against the Soviet Union, the world socialist 30 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY . APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY system and the national liberation movement of peoples. Only the army of a socialist state is capable of losing its internal function at a certain stage of i~s development. The next important change in the functio~ of the Soviet Army and Navy is connected with the fact that our nation and its Armed Forces must today ~ perform broader and more complex tasks in the interr~ational arena thau prior to establishment of a world socialist system. In the past defense ' of the socialist homeland was limited to the borders of the Land o: Soviats. Today it extends to the entire socialist community. And since the USSR is the mightiest socialist power, the Soviet Army and Navy ~atural- ly comprise the principal military strength of the entire world socialist system and the main obstacle in the path of the aggressive aspirations of the U.S. and other imperialists. Our party and the Soviet state are carrying out military organizational development on the specific foundations and principles articulated in the ~ writings of V. I. Lenin and in CPSU documents. Under present-day condi- tions they have experienced further development in. the Party Program,.ir. the resolutions of the 22d, 23d, 24th, and 25th CPSU congresses, and in ~ the new Law on Universal Military Service Obligation. The fundamentals of Soviet military organizational development are aspects of life in our society which decisive"ly affect the USSR Armed Forces, their social nature and function. The sc~cialist mode of production and the socialist economic system form the - economic foundation of Soviet military organizational development. - The sc~~{alist s~cietal and governmental system, the alliance of the worker class and'peasantry, the sociopolitical and ideological unity of society, and t:he friendship among the peoples of the USSR comprise the sociopoliti- cal foundatiou. ~ Marxism-Leninism constitutes the ideological-theoretical foundation of Soviet military organizational development. Also proceeding from the foundations of Soviet military organizational development are its principles the basic ideas or theses which guide the _ party and Soviet Government in th~ir military policy aud Armed Forces orga- nizational development, as well as all agencies of the Ministry of Defense, commanders, and army and navy party organizations. These principles, which are inseparably.l.inked with the general principles of governmental and party organizational development, divide into three groups: sociopolitical, organizational, and principles of training and indoctrination of personnel. Refle~ted in sociopolitical principles are the most important aspects of the character and function of the Soviet Army and Navy, the main directions and areas of link between the Armed Forces and this country's societal af- fairs, and the root,foundations of the Soviet socialist system. The most 31 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ important of these principles is the principle of ~arty direction of the Armed Forces. The class principle is an important principle of Soviet military organiza- tional development. Today it has lost its significance in the sense of domestic army and navy manpower acquisition based on class selection, for the Soviet Armed Forces have become an organization of all the people. . The class grinciple is still implemented today, however, in political and military indoctrination of personnel. Only its thrust is focused outward, against imperialism and bourgeois ideology. Unity of army and people comprises the following principle of orga~iza- _ tional development of the Soviet Armed Forces. In contrast to bourgeois armies, which are separated from tihe people and placed in opposition to the people, the military organization of the world's first socialist state is closely linked with the toiler masses and reliably defends their in- terests. The principle of internationalism plays an enormous role in Soviet military orgar_izational development. It is eml~odied in the fact that all nationali- ties and ethnic groups in the USSR possess a unified military organization _ - the multinational Armed Forces, that all citizens of this country, regard- ~ less of their nationality, possess equal rights and duties to defend the ~ socialist hvmeland, that arm}~ and navy personrel are indoctrinated in a ~ sp:[rit of friendship of the peoples of the USSR, in a spirit of brother- _ hood with the peoples of the socialist nations and a fighting alliance with , their armies, and in a spirit of deep respect for all people of labor and awareness of their international duty to the toilers of the entire world. - The principle of internationalism also ex~resses today the fighting al- liance of armies of the socialist nations and Cheir joint defense of ' the achievements of socialism against imperialist aggression. It is orga- nizationaliy embodied in the Warsaw Defense Pact,.which was signed in May 1955 in the capital of the Polish People's Republic by almost all European ~ socialist countries. _ This treaty spells out the mutual obligations of the parties to the pact in case of an armed aggressor attack on a country or group of countries - which are signateries to the pact. If such an attack occurs, all members of the pact will offer the allied country immediate assistance with all ' means, including employment of military force. In the process of cognition by Soviet military science of the laws govern- ing and patterns of armed struggle, synthesis of our country's military experience and utilization of everything of value from the practical ex- perience of organization of the armies of other nations, the principles of organizational development of the USSR Armed Forces were formed. The sub- - stance of one of these principles consists in conformity between the form of military organization and the cnncrete historical conditions and tasks ~32 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY which the s*_:uy and navy will be performing in a future war if the im- ~ perialists initiate one. The principle of maintaining a cadre regular army proceeds from application of this more general principle in the present-day situation. So long as the imperialist nations possesa powerful regular armed forces and re~ect - complete and universal disarmament, the aocialiet countries are forced to maintain and improve their cadre armies. The principle of continuous improvement of the organizational structure of army and navy and harmonious development of al~ services and arms con- tinues to ,retain its significance. The principle of centralism plays an exceptionally important role in Soviet military organizational development. Its unflinching implementation is especially important today, when the army and navy are equipped with . nuclear missile weapons and when there continues to be a threat of sneak attack by the imperialist aggressors with employment of weapons of mass destruction. The essence and substance of this principle lies in the fact that all units, with their headquarters and other control entities, are most rigorously subordinated to the central governmental agencies and to the unified Supreme High Command. Lower echelons are accountable to higher echelons in all matters and activities and unswervingly carry out their orders, directives, and instructions. The principle of centralism is ensured by exterritorial unit formation, designation of top-echelon command personnel by government agencies, and corresponding command and verification of execution proceeding in a down- ward direction. The CPSU Program states that one-man command is a most important principle of organizational development of the Soviet Armed Forces and is inseparably linked with centralism. The essence of one-man command lies first and fore- most in the fact that the commander bears full responsibility for the con- dition and status of the unit or combined unit entrusted to him and for the combat and political training of personnel. All the commander's orders and instructions shall be executed by his subordinates unquestioningly and immediate],y. The role of one-man command has increased to an even greater extent today, for contemporary war, especially with employment of nuclear weapons, will. be distinguished by an unprecedently dynamic character and by swift situa-. tion change. Essential today more than at any time in the past is an ef- ficient commander of strong will and invested with full authority. One-man command in the Soviet Armed Forces is organized on a party basis. This means that commanders function as implementers of party policy in the army and navy, that in their work they rely on the support of party and Komsomol organizations and work in constant contact with political ageacies 33 FOR OFFICIAE. USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY and political workers. The principle of conscious military discipline is closely linked to the principle of one-man command. No army can exist witliout diecipline. But in contrast to bourgeois armies, where discipline - is based on class supremacy and coercion, military discipline in the armed forces of socialist nations is basecl on the conscientiousness of military personnel and on the common interests of commanders and their subordinates in ensuring the security of the socialist homeland. Of course reliance ~r. conscientiousness in strengthening military dis- cipline does not exclude the employment of ineasures of coercion on military personnel who are remiss in performance of their military duty. In connection with the development of nuclear missile weapons and other ~ modPrn armament, the role of military discipline has increased immensely. The organizational principle of continuous and constant combat readiness by our Armed Forces has become particularly important today. - Training and indoctrination of Soviet Army and Navy personnel are also or- ganized on certain principles. What are these principles? Comm~.st i~logy ~d party-mindedness in the training and indoctrination of personnel define the general political thrust and class character of the process of spiritual and intellectual shaping of military personnel and all training and indoctrination work in the army and navy. Communist purpose- fulness, political awareness, and ideological staunchness, expressed in ; unwavering dedication to the cause of the party and the interests of the 5oviet people and our socialist homeland, form the foundation of the moral- fighting qualities of our military personnel and comprise the most impor- ~ tant motivation in the service and combat activity of personnel of the Soviet Armed Forces. The principle of unity of training and indoctrination predetermines the indissolubility of the process of spiritual-intellectual shaping of the fighting man and arming him with requisite military and technical knowledge, ' skills, and combat proficiency. "Indoctrinate in training and train in in- doctrinating" profound pedagogic significance is contained in this for- mula of organization of the training and indoctrination process in the army. The principle of teaching troops what is essential in war and in conditions maximally approaching actual combat expresses the practical thrust of the entire training and i.ndoctrination process in the army and navy and determines the principal objective of combat training of personnel. Under present-day conditions the concrete content of this principle has become more profound 3nd diversified than in the past. The principle of conscientiousness and activeness of personnel in training and indoctrination defines a braad group of demands on organization 3~+ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY and methods of the training and indoctrinatian process in the troops. It consists essentially in all-out stimulation of personnel training and ser- vice activities and in developing in personnel a profoundly aware, produc- tive attitude toward mastering military affairs and combat specialties. The principle of systematic, sequential training and indoctrination reflects the general structure of the training-indoctrination process in the subu.n~tt and unit and applies both to its planning and organization as a whole and to each training class and the training of each individual specialist. The principle of individual approach with reliance on the collective characterizes the sociomethodological thrust in forming and shaping each man individually and the mil.itary collective as a whole. This principle is grounded on respect for the individual, his aspirations and interests, - characteristic of our society, while at the same time a spirit of collectiv- ism, comradeship and mutual assistance is expressed in it, a spirit which is so characteristic of the people of our socialist system. The individ- ual approach enables an officer more deeply and comFrehensively to study each one of his subordinates, his character and personality, views and interests, to determine his strong and weak points, and to awaken in him an inner drive and energy essential for successful mastery of military affairs. The great advantages of the socialist system constitute powerful sources of the strength and in~incibility of the Soviet Army and Navy. The principles of training and indoctrination of military personnel we have examined here, reflecting the objective patterns of the training and in- doctrination process in the army, create the requisite foundation for ~ - scientif ic organization of military labor. Mere theoretical knowledge of these princ~ples is insufficient, however. .The ability innovatively to , put them into practice is essential. Conclusion ~ The Soviet Armed Forces have had a heroic history. Created and indoctri- nated by V. I. Lenin and the Communist Party for defense of the achieve- ments of the Great October Revolution, and warmed by the affection of all the people, they wa~chfully and vigilantly performed and continue to per-. form honorable military service. ` In numerous battles with o~r foes, the Soviet people and their ~lrmed Forces have not only defended the honor, freedom and independence of their socialist.homeland but have alao continuously rendered fraternal interna- tionalist assistance to the toilers of other countries in their struggle for social and national liberation from the fetters of capitalist slavery and fascism. Our army and.navy have always constituted a powerful factor in preserving and consolidating peace and in preventing wars initiated by imperialist 35 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE OA1LY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY aggressors. They are continuing to perform this noble mission today as well, vigilantly guarding, together with the armies of the nations of the socialist community, th? grandeur of the achievementa of socialiam. Soviet military personnel, including those of the Red-Banner Turkestan Military District, sacredly honor the instructiona of the 25th CPSU Con- - gress: "Guard the peaceful labor of the Soviet people and serve as a bulwark of world peace." COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "UZBEKISTAN," 1977 ` 3024 CSO: 1801 36 ; FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ' APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY I BOOK EXCERPTS: POLTTICAL TEXTBOOK FOR CIVILIAN SCHOOLS Moscow PARTIYNO-POLITICHESKAYA RABOTA V SOVETSKTHIi VOORUZHENNYKH SILAKH in Russian 1978 pp 1-11, 276-295 [Book edited by Maj Gen P. I. Karpenko,2d Edition, revised and supplemented] [Excerpts] Title Page: Title: PARTIYNO-POLITICHESKAYA RABOTA V SOVETSKIKH VOORUZHENNYKH SILAKH (Party-Political Work in the Soviet Armed Forces) Editor: Maj Gen P. I. Karpenko Publisher: Voyenizdat Place and year of publication: Moscow, 1978 Signed to Press Date: 30 November 1977 Number of Copies Published: 100,000 Number of Pages: 295 Information on Authors ~ This book was written by a collective of authors: Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assistant Professor, Major General Ye. F. Yevstratov (Chapter XI); Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assistant Professor, Major General I. I. Karpenko, Author Collective Director (Introduction, Chapter III, ~ 3 of Chapter IV, chapters VI and VIII) ; Candidate ofHistorical Sciences, Assistant Professor, Major General N. D. Kozlov (chapt~rs I and II); Major General of Aviation V. I. Korolenko 2 and 3 of Chapter VII); Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assistant Professor, Golonel V. K. Mikhaylov 1 of Chapter VII); Candidate of Historical Sciences, Colonel I. F. Uvcharov (Chapter X); Candidate of Historical Sciences, Colonel N. Ya. Popov (Chapter V); Doctor of Historical Sciences, Captain lst Rank M. V. Ruban 1, 2, and 5 of Chapter IV: ~ 4 of Chapter VII); Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assistant Professor, Colonel V. V: Serebryannikov _ (Chapter IX); Candidate of Historical Sciences, Colonel I. F. Forofonov 4, 6, and 7 of Chapter IV). 37 rOR OFFICTAL USE ONLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R004200060046-3 This work was edited by Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assistant Professor, Major General P. I. Karpenko. Annotation 2'his textbook presents the miasions, content, forms, and methods of party- political work in the Soviet Armed Forces. The discussion centers on the work of commanders, political workers, and paz�ty.and Komsomol~organizations aimed at raising the combat readiness of units, Ghips, and subunits, com- ~ pleting the tasks of combat and political training, and nurturing ideologi- _ cally persuaded, disciplined, competent, and courageous defenders of the motherland. The unique features of party-political work in a combat situation are also illumi.nated. The book is intended for students of civilian WZ's. Table of Contents Page . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . Chapter I. The Communist Party--Organizer, Leader, and Indoctrinator - of the Soviet Armed Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ~ 1. The Purpose and Nature of the Soviet Armed Forces. Principles of Their ;!evelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. The Main Source of the Power of the Armed Forces Lies in Party Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 - _ 3. Party-Political Work--An Inseparable Part of the Party's . . Leadership of the Armed Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Chapter II. One-Man Command in the Soviet Arined Forces 30 1. Regular Officers--The Backbone of the Armed Forces - l. Growth in the Requirements Imposed on Regular Officers in the Present 5tage of Military Development . . . . . . . . . . 34 3. Essence and Significance of One-Man Command in the Soviet Army and Navy, and the Ways for Reinforcing Them 38 _ Chapter III. Politi~al Organs, the Party-Political Machinery, and the Party and Komsomol Organizations of the Soviet Army and Navy. 44 1. Political Organs, Their Tasks, and the Structure and Nature of Their Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ~ 2. Political Workers--The Immediate Organizers of Party- ~ Political W~rk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3. Army and Navy Party Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 ; 4. Army and Navy Komsomol Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 _ Chapter IV. Ideological Work in the Army and Navy . . . . . . . . . . 92 ~ l. Essence and Tasks of Ideological Work . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2. Marxist-'Leninist Training for Officers . . . . . . . . . . 99 3. Political Training for Warrant Officers . . . . . . . . . . . 103 - 4. Political Lessons With Privates, Seamen, 5ergeants, ~ , and Petty Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ~ ~ 38 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY = 5. Party Traininq . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6. Agitation and Propaganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7. Cultural Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Chapter V. Soviet Military Discipli.ne and the Ways of _ Reinforcing It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 1. Essence and Significance of Soviet Military Discipline - 2. Fundamental Directions, Forms, and Methods of Work Aimed at Reinforcing Military Discipline . . . . . . . . . . 136 Chapter VI. Party-Political Work Aified at Insuri.ng Constant Combat Readiness and Completion of Training Missians 148 - 1. The Need for Constant Combat Readiness of the Army and Navy, and the R~equirements Imposed On It . . . . . . o . . . - 2. Party-Political Work Associated With the Study, Operation, and Maintenance of Combat Equipment and Weapons 152 3. Measures Aimed at Insuring Completion of G~nnery and Special Training Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 160 4. Mobilization of the Personnel to Improve Their Field Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 5. Party-Political Work in the Course of Internal, Patrol, and Garrison Duty of the Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Chapter VII. Some Problems Concerning Party-Political Work , Related to Combat Training in Different Branches of the Armed Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 1. In the Strategic Missile Troops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ 2. In the National Air Defense Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 3. In the Air Units and Subunits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 ~ 4. Aboard Ships of the Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Chapter VIII. Socialist Competition in the Soviet Army and Navy 221 _ 1. V. I. Lenin and the CPS~J on the Essence of Socialist Competition and the Pri.nciples of Its Organization a - . 2. Competition in Subunits, Units, and Aboard Ships, and Its Role in Raising Combat Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 3. Experience of Organizing Socialist Competition in Subunits, Units, and Aboard Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Chapter-IX:: Mora'l, Political, and psychological Training.of Soldiers in Modern Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 1. Content and Tasks of Moral and.Political Training 240 2. Psychological Training of Soviet Soldiers 247 Chapter X. Party-Political Work in Subunits and Units and Aboard Ships in a Combat Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 ~ 1. The Role of the Morale of the Troops in Attaining ~ Victory iri Modern Combat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2. Paxty-Political Work in Offensive Combat . . . . . . . . . . 255 3. Development of the Pe~sonnel's Steadfastness and ~ , - Aggressiveness in Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 ` 39 _ FOR OF'FICTAI~ USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 ~ ~ 1'vt~ v~:1 iv1Fl.L.t VVL' VLYL1 ' Chapter XI. Party-Political Work Aimed at Strengthening Combat CoopeLation With Soldiers of the Armies of Socialist Countries 276 1. Essence and Fundamentals of Combat Cooperation Among , Armies of the Socialist Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 2. Fundamental Directions of Work Aimed at Reinforcing Combat Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Introduction The great people of the Country of the Soviets are building mankind's first communist society. They are performing this world-historical revolutionary deed under the guidance of their tested organizer and leader--the Leninist party. "Armed with Marxist-Leninst doctrine," states Article 6 of the USSR Constitution, "the Communist Party defines the general prospects of the society's development and the USSR's domestic and foreign policy line, it guides the g*-eat creative activity of the Soviet people, and it imparts a planned, scientifically grounded nature to their stn:~gle for the victory of communism. " Under the diverse influence of the ideas and decisi,ons of the 25th CPSU Congress, we are working in all areas of communist development on a scale of grandiose srope and diversity. The political wisdom and foresightedness of the party of Lenin, the deeply sc.ientific grounds of its decisions, the - active party organizational and ideological v.~ork being done by party organs - and all communists, their personal example, and the selfless, creative labor of the Soviet people are insuring continuous growth of the country's economic, scientific-technical, and spiritual potentials, improvement of socialist social relations, and our successful progress toward communism. Adoption of the new USSR Constitution, which is an extremely important landmark in the history of our Soviet m~otherland, was an outstanding contri- ~ bution by the party to communist development. The new Fundamental Law is ~ the result of a tremendous amount of work, of analysis and generalization ~ of the profound changes which have occurred in Soviet society in the 40 years following adoption of the 1936 Constitution, and of the constitutional experience of the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. The grandiose achievements of the Soviet people are having a revolutionary influence upon world events, and they are strengthening the positions of real socialism, and the forc~s of peac~ and progress. It is in the name of. this humanitarian goal that the Cor.ununist Party and Soviet government are implem~nting their foreign policy course. The success we have been able to achieve in relax4tion. of international tansion has dispelled the immediate threat of a nuclear conflict. However, the danger of war has not been eliminated completely. "...the present ~hase of world development," states the CPSU Central Committee decree "On the 60th Anniversary o:~ the Great October Socialist Revolution"~ "is typified by greater intensity of the class struggle in the international arena. Aggressive imperialist forces 40 . FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ' are spurring on the arms race, which is a serious threat to the peace and security of nations, and they are trying to do everythinq possible to hinder relaxation of tension. Reactior~ary circles are orqanizing ideological sabotaqe against the Soviet Union and other socialist countries, as well as slanderous anti-Soviet and anticommunist campaiqns= they are also tryinq to intervene in the internal affairs of socialiat and other countries."* ~ Under these conditions the Communist Party and the Soviet qovernment are successively, constantly, and per~istently implementing a policy of re- straining the forces of war and agression, they are actively fighting to . consolidate peace on earth, and they are taking all necessary steps to reinforce the defense capabilities of the Soviet Union and the entire socialist fraternity. And although the Central Committee faces many im- portant and unpostponable matters concerning management of the national ' economy and sociopolitical development and concerninq international relations, all issues pertaining to the country's defense are under its unweakening - attention~. Recent important evidence of this can be found in the addition, to the Fundamental Law of the USSR, of a special article declaring defense of the socialist fatherland to be the most important function of the state, and an affair of all the people. Personnel of the Soviet Armed Forces sense the firm leadership and guiding role of the Communist Party every day, and they are responding to its attention and concern by selfless military labor directed at raising coanbat readiness. The oath of the Soviet soldiers, given to delegates of the 25th CPSU Congress, to selflessly serve the Co~unist Party and the Soviet people, to be forever in high combat readi.ness, and to fulfill any order of the be- . loved motherland to protect its sacred borders** is a battle program of life and activity of the troops and naval forces. The Conm?unist Party's activities in managing military development are multifaceted. The party defines the military policy of the Soviet state, ~ develops the scientific fundamentals of organizing and developing the armed forces, concerns itself with providing modern equipment and weapons to the army and 'navy, selects, places, and educates personnel, and directs the - personnel's effarts at completing the task of protecti.nq the peaceful labor of the Soviet people. Party-pol"itical work in the Soviet Azmed Forces is an i.nseparable part of the Communist Party's xevolutionary transforming activity. Throughout the ' entire history of Soviet military development, it has been an efficient means of implementation of the CPSU's policy in the axmed forces, in creatior~ of the moral and political foundation of their fighting power and *"O 60-y godovshchine Velikoy Oktyabr'skoy sotsialisticheskoy revolyutsii. Postanovleniye TsK I~SS ot 31 yanvarya 1977" [On the 60th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. CPSU Central - Committee decree, 31 January 1977], Moscow, 1977, p 20. ~ See "XXV s'~ezd Komeaunisticheskoy partii Sovetskogo Soyuza. 24 Fevralya-- 5.marta 1976 goda. Stenograficheskiy otchet" [Twenty-fifth Congress of the Coaimunist Party of the Soviet Union. 24 February--5 March 1976. Minutes] Vol l, Moscow, 1976, p 433. ,41 - ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 1' V11 Vl' 1' 1V.Lt1L UUL' V1YLl combat readiness, and in exercise of party influence upon the military - masses; party-political work is one of the indispensable conditions of attaining victory over enemies of the Soviet motherland. Party-political work insures maintenance of a political approach to the execution of missions, it imparts profound ideological content to all activities of privates, seamen, sergeants, petty officers, warrant officers, officers, generals, and admirals, it imparts a conscious, active, and purposeful nature to this activity, it forms high moral, political, and combat qualities in the personnel, and it mobilizes Soviet soldiers to successfully complete the missions facing the Soviet Army and Navy in peacetime and wartime. V. I. Lenin viewed political work to be one of the most important foundations , of Soviet military development, and a mandatory prerequisite of high combat readiness and battleworthiness of the army and navy. He saw a direct de- pendence between the morale of the troops, their combat proficiency, and victory over the enemy on one hand and the effectiveness of party-political work on the other: "...wherever...political work is conducted in the troops with the greatest concern..., there one will find no laxity in the army, there its bearing and morale are better, and there the victories are more ~ fr^quent."* The leader af the party was constantly concerned about the quality of political work, he personally participated in its organization and conduct, he shflw2d a constant interest in the state of political work in the troops, and he patiently taught commanders and political workers the art of indoc- ' trinating and mobilizing the masses for successful completion of missions. ; He demanded from his military workers that they never weaken political work, that they constantly monitor it, that they raise its efficiency, and that they deeply study and master the advanced skills associated with . sociopolitical practice.** M. V. Frunze, an outstanding Soviet army organizer and troop commander, and one of V. I. Lenin's students and colleagues, placed a high valuation on - the role of party-political work. "Political work," he said,."has been and will always be the foundation of our military development. The party has played and will continue to play a guiding role in all of our military policies. We cannot imagine strengthening the military power of our country and strengthening the power, internal cohesion, unity,.and disci- pline of our Red Army apart from such party work."*** He treated political work as a special sort of weapon which would have the decisive significance ~ in certain situations. * Lenin, V. I., "Poln. sobr. soch." [Complete Collected Works],~Vol 39, p 56. See Lenin, V. I., "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 50, pp 271,328,348; Vol 51, pp 4-5. . Frunze, M. V., "Izbrannyye proizvedeniya" [Selected Works], Moscow, 1965, p 250. ~+2 FOR OF'FICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICI'AL USE ONLY CPSU Central Couunittee General Secretary, Chairman of the Presidium of the - USSR Supreme Soviet Comrade L. I. Brezhnev pointed out the tremendous significance of party-political work m~r?y times. Discussing fundamental changes occurring in the military equipment avail~ble to the troops and ~ naval forces, the changes in the nature and means of combat activitiea, - and the growing requirements imposed on the moral and political training ~ of the personnel, he emphasized: "Party-political work with the personnel, and their ideological development have always been and continue to be a mighty weapon of our army. The power of this weapon has been tested in the fire of combat. It continues to strike fear in our enemies today."* Following Lenin'~ commandments, the Comonunist Party takes care to see that ~ the party-political work would undergo constant improvement in the Soviet Azmed Forces, that it would be purposeful and effective, and that it would satisfy modern requirements. The goal and content of party-political work in the army and navy, and the principles of its organization are spelled out in Lenin's teaching on the party and on defense of the socialist fatherland, by the CPSU Program and Charter, by decisions of the party congresses and plenwns of its Central Committee, by CPSU Central Comanittee decrees, by statutes and instructions approved by the party Central Com~nittee, and by orders and directives of the i3SSR Mi.nister of Defense and the ch~ef of the Soviet Axmy and Navy Main Politi:cal Directorate. The CPSU Central Committee has adopted special decrees on the fundamental issues of party-political work. Taking account of the greater requirements iunposed on the morals and political training of the personnel, and the new tasks, the concrete conditions, experience, and practice, these decrees have spell~d out the content, forms, and methods of the work done by mili- tary councils, commanders, political organs, and party organizations to implement party policy in the Soviet Armed Forces, co~tmvnist indoctrination of soldiers, maintenance of troops and naval forces in constant combat readiness, and assurance of successful completion of training missions and combat missions in the most diverse situations. The CPSU Central Committee 21 January 1967 decree "On Measures to Improve Party-Political Work in the Soviet Axmy and Navy"**, documents of the all- army conferences of party and Komsomol organization secretaries and of ideological workers, and a scientific-practical conference of army and navy political executives, and the new edition of the Statute on Political Organs and the instructions to CPSU organizations in the Soviet Army and ~ Navy, approv~ed by the CPSU~Central Committee in 1973, are fundamentally * Brezhnev, L. I., "Leninskim kursom. Rechi i stat'i" [Following Lenin's Course. Speeches and Articles], Vol 2, Moscow 1970, p 51. See "KPSS o Vooruzhennykh Silakh Sovetskogo Soyuza. Dokumenty 1917-1968" ~ [The CPSU on the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. Documents of 1917- 1968], Moscow, 1969, pp 414-418. ~ ~+3 FOR OFFICIA.L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 ! in~portant to reinforcement of the party's guiding roi.e in tt~e 5owiet:. ~rr~~~_~_ Forces, to improving party development, to expanding the spY?ere of pa.rty influence upon a11 aspects of the activities of the troops ar,d na~r.~1 for~~e:, and to strengthening their battleworthiness. These documents deeply anaiy�r.~= the state of party-political work, give a scientific definition of the - concrete steps to be taken to improve this work, spell out the tasks of military councils, commanders, political organs, and party and Komsomol organizations today, and recommend the most suitable forms and methods oi ; completing these tasks. The general ~rientation of party-political work in the Sovi~t Armed Eorces ' in the next few years is defined by documents of the 25th CPSU Congress. The party's course aimed at raising the effectiveness and quality of its influ~nce in all spheres of activity, the high evaluation given to the' army's educational role by the congress, the justification giver. for the _ need for taking an integrated approach to all matters having to do with indoctrination, and tne tasks associated with developing, in every Soviet individual, an active life position and a Se~ toward further improvemenL , of the 5oviet Armed r^orces and augmentation of their combat readiness are the fundamental factors associated with the planning and organization of party-political work at all army and navy levels. To coriduct pari:y-political work in the spirit~of the requirements of the 25th CPSU Congress means to organize it on a scientific basi.s and account for the military-political situation, the nature of modern warfare, the - tasks associated with improving the quality of the armed forces and in- suring its constant combat readiness, and satisfaction of the high require- ' ments imposed on the combat skills, discipline, and moral, political, and ; - psychological i:raining of the personnel, associated, with the appearance of fundamentally new types of weapons. This also means persistently improving the style and methods of the work done by comnanders, political organs, political workers, military engineers, and party and Komsomol organizations, ~ insuring an integrated approach to troop training and indoctr~.nation, and ; a~taining high effectiveness in the measures implemented. ~ i The main tasks of party-political work are: deep analysis and implementa- ~ tion of the 25th CPSU Congress's decision and the party's directives,on strengthening the country's defense capabilities and improving the armed ~orces; instilling, in the personnel, high political awareness, and unifying the personnel about the Communist Party; fighting to complete the plans of comoat and political training, to attain a high level of field, aerial, ~ naval, and special skills, and to master, in short time, new combat equip- i _ ment entering thE services; maintaining exemplary order, organization, and ~ ~ military discipline in a3.1 units and subunits and aboard all shi.ps; shapin.g ; excellent moral, political, and combat qualities in the soldiers, and ; � raising the unity of military collectives; reinforcing party influence upon all aspects of the life and activities of troops and naval forces, ~ ~-uid insuring the unity of ideological-political, military and moral � indoctrination. If we fail to arm the commanders, political workers, - ; 44 FOR OF'FICTAL USE ONLY ' APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY engineers, and technicians with the necessary theoretical knowledge and advanced skills in personnel indoctrination and in developing their practi- cal habits, successful completion of these tasks would be unimaqinrtble. - No matter what sort of officer is involved--be he a conmander or political - worker, erigineer or a technician--party-political work is an inseparable component of his official duties. This is why all military training insti- tutions and civilian WZ's offer courses in the reserve officer training program and why in addition to other social, special, and military sciences, the course "Party-Political Work in the Soviet Armed Forces" is studied. The goal of this training discipline is to arm future officers with a deep knowledge of the premises of Lenin's teaching on the party, the pri.nciples of party leadership of the armed forces, the content and tasks of party- political work in the army and navy, and the methods of its conduct in the units,aboard ships, and in the subunits; to develop habits and abilities the officers would need in organizing practical functions associated with _ political, military, and moral indoctrination of the personnel; to teach them to conduct party-political work aimed at completing concrete trai.ning and combat missions i.n peacetime and in wartime; to rely in their activity on party and K~?somoi organizations, and on the military collective. As with any scientific discipline, the party-political work course has its own object. The object of study includes one of the aspects of the Comnu- nist Partp's activity--organizational, party, and ideological work in the Soviet Amied Forces. The course reveals the scientific fundamentals, the principles of organization, and the method followed i.n the practical activities of co~ananders, political organs, party-political machinery, and party and Komsomol organizations in peacetime and wartime, ai.med at successfully implementing party policy in the army and navy, and insuring the battleworthiness and combat readiness of troops, and attainment of victory i~n combat. The course devotes a significant ataount of room to concrete experience of party-political work, to scientific generalization of the experience of the best commanders, political workers, military engineers, and technicians, and to development of a creative approach to ; communist indoctrination and military training of Soviet soldiers. The problems contained within the course on party-political work are presented with a consideration for the premises and conclusions of military science, military psychology, and pedagogics. A knowledge of military psychology and reliance upon its premises help coumianders, political workers, military engineers, and technicians to deeply understand the personality of the Soviet soldier, his internal life, and the motives of his behavior, and on this basis to organize political indoctrination of the personnel more concretely and fruitfully, to shape exemplary mutual relationships within military collectives, and to instill high moral, political, and combat qualities xn subordina�tes. Military pedagogics arms officers with a knowledge of the principles of military training and in- doctrination, and it teaches them how to best influence development of combat proficiency and political awareness in the soldiers. 45 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 The principal literary sources associated with the course on party-political work include the work of the founders of scientific communism--Marx, Engels, and z,enin, the CPSU Program and Charter, decisions of party congresses, party conferences, and CPSU Central Committee plenums, CPSU Central Committee decrees, the Statute on Political Organs, the Instructions to CPSU Organi- zations in the Soviet Army and Navy, and the military regulations. Tlie experience of party-political work accumulated in the troops and the con- _ clusions arrived at in a scientific analysis of this experience are contained in directives of the USSR minister of defense and the chief of the Soviet ' Army and Navy Main Political Directorate. It is important for the future specialist to know these documents as well, and to use them creatively in his practical activities. As is the case with other disciplines, the training offered in this course involves a diversity of forms and methods. Broad use is made of lectures, seminars, practical drills, consultations, discussions, course projects, and essays. But the main method used in the course work is independent work, coupled with active student participation in sociopolitical activities. It is only through independent work that students acquire deep and sound knowledge. ~ Party-political work is undergoing improvement constantly. Its content is growing richer, and the tasks are growing more complex. Constant im- provements are being made in the oxganizational structure, forms, and methods of the work of political organs, the party-political machinery, and the party and Komsomol organizations. Thus if the serviceman is to master the = methods of organizing party-political work, it would be important for him = to deeply understand its scientific groundsand the objective laws governing _ development of the processes occurring within it under the influence of ~ changes in the international and domestic situation of the country, and � qualitative i.mprovement in the troops and naval forces. This training manual has the purpose of helping students df institutions of higher education to acquire the necessary knowledge and recommendations associated with party-political work with personnel of the Soviet Armed Forces. ~ Chapter XI. Party-Political Work Aimed at Strengthening Combat Cooperation ' With Soldiers of the Armies of Socialist Countries The positions of the socialist system, v~hich is having a tremendous in- fluence upon the course of world development, are growing stronger with " every year. To progressive mankind, the miqhty strides being made by the countries of socialism in their confident movement toward a developed - socialist society, toward communism, is clear evidence of the limitless possibilities offered by the new socioeconomic formation, and of its historical superiority over capitalism. Besides the constant growth we witness in every socialist country, the mutual relations among them are be- coming ever closer, and their unity, solidarity, and multifaceted coopera- tion are growing stronger. This premise is doctunented by Article 30 of the 4'0 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Soviet Constitution. "The USSR," it states, "being aninherent part o~ the world socialist system, of the socialist fraternity, is developing and strengthening friendship, cooperation, and coomradely mutual assistance among socialist countries, on the basis of the principle of socialist internationalism, and it is actively participating in economic integration, . and in international socialist divislon of labor." The CPSU devotes constant attention to strengthening the unity and develop- ing cooperation among fxaternal countries, and to strengthening the general international positions of socialist states in the world arena. This co- , operation is being achieved successfully in all areas--i.n economics, politics, and ideology. The interests of peace~and socialism, of depend- ~ _ able protection of the security of fraternal countries against the aggres- sive intrigues of imperialist reaction are served by the Warsaw Pact Organi- zation. "We are resolute opponents of both division of the world into opposing warring blocs, and the arms race..." noted Comrade L. I. Brezhnev at the 25th garty congress. "However, I must make it quite clear that as long as the NATO bloc persists, as long as militarist circles promote the arms race, our country and other participants of the Warsaw Pact will strengthen its tnilitary-political union."* 1. Essence and Fundamentals of Cotnbat Cooperation Among Armies of the Socialist Countries Military cooperation among the fraternal countries is one of the impartant areas of their multifaceted and constantly growing ties. As with all other areas of joint effort, military cooperation is based on the inviolable combat union of the communist parties of ~che socialist countries. The - socialist means of productian, dominance of public ownership of the re- sources of production, and socialist production relations are the economic foundation of the unity of countries in the socialist fraternity. The uni- formity of state and social structure, the comnonness of social structure, and rule by laborers led by the working class make up the sociopolitical - foundations of the fraternal union of these countries. Marxism-Leninism and proletarian internationalism make up the ideological foundation of co- operation among the ~raternal nations and armies. V. I. Lenin pointed out many times that people who have assumed a course of socialist development "mandatorily require a close military and economic union, since otherwise capitalists...would crush and strangle us one at a time."** Resolutely criticizing those who during the Civil War, when the Soviet republics had still not formed into a single state, attempted to violate their military union, he gave the justifications for the need of *"Matesialy XXV s"yezda KPSS" (Proceedings of the 25th CPSU Congress], p 8. Lenin, V: I., "Poln. sobr. soch." [Complete Collected Works], Vol 40, 47 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 i vi~ vi a ~.v.uw .~uL va~i.i ' collective protection of revolutionary achievements. "...standir,g in che - face of the tremendous front of imperialist powers, sai& V, T. Lenin, "we, fighting against imperialism, are a union requiring close militarX cohesion, and we view all attempts at violating thia cohesion as tota3.ly , impermissible phenomena, as violation of the interests of the struggle : against international imperialism.... We say that we need unity in the armed forces, and that deviation from this unity is impermissible."* Following these directives, the communist and workers parties of the socialist countries are closely coordinating their political, economic, and military effort in behalf of further reinforcement of the defense capabilities of each socialist state individually, and the entire frater- ' nity as a whole. "The Soviet Union," states the CPSU Program, "believes it to be its international obligation to insure, together with other socialist countries, dependable protection and security of the entir~ socialist camp."** Military cooperation among the socialist countries and cooperation of the~r armies in combat are important inherent components of the international solidarity of the fraternal nations, and a clear embodiment of Lenin's ideas about proletarian internationalism, and about the need for unity and ~ cohesion among the forces of socialism in their struggle against imperi- alist reaction and aggression. The combat union of the fraternal nations - and armies reflects common understanding, by the civilians of countries in the socialist fraternity, of their national and international tasks. The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance signed in May 1955 in an effort to oppose the aggressive i.mperialist blocs, and the Warsaw Pact Organization created on its basis have no purpose other than to provide collective protection to socialist achievements and peace. Prior to this, there never had been such a military-political union which was ai.med at maintaining and strengthening international security, and insuring favorable foreign political conditions for peaceful development of social- ism and communism. The fundamental difference between the socialist military union and the agggressive military blocs of the imperialist states stems - from the nature of socialism and its armed forces, from the goals and tasks of military cooperation amonq fraternal nations and armies, and from the progressive role of cooperation among socialist countries in the world revolutionary process. Military friendship among the peoples of the fraternal socialist countries has its origins back in the Civil War, when many foreign civilians, who for one reason or another found themselves on Russian territory at that time, took an active part in tl~e fight against the interventionists and the White Guards on the Red Army's side. This friendship developed and grew * Lenin, V. I., "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 40, pp 98-99. "Programma Kommunisticheskoy partii Sovetskogo Soyuza" [Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union], p 111. ~ ~+8 FOR OFFICI'AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY stronqer in joint battles against.~ascism and imperialist aggression. Thirty-five thousand internationalist soldiers �rom ~ifty-four countries of the worl.d, including the Soviet Union and other coun~ries presently in the socialist fraternity, fouqht heroical�ly in 1936-1939 under the ba-?ner of the Spanish Republic. Defeat of Japeneae agqresaors in 1939 ~ at the Khalkhin-Gol River was a clear exaanple of cooperation in combat ` between the peoples F~nd armies of the USSR and Monqolia. The Great Patriotic War became an important staqe in the development and improvement of combat cooperation among~fraternal nations and armies. The ~ Soviet people and their armed forces made the decisive contribution to the defeat of Hitle~'s Germany and militarist Japan. Patriots of Yugoslavia, Poland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary, and German anti- fascist patriots fought together with the Soviet people against fascism. The total strength of foreign units and subunits armed and trained by the ~ So~viet Union was more than 55,000 men by the end of the war. Soldiers of the Polish`Army, the Czechoslovak Army Corps, the Bulgarian lst Army, the Rpmanian T. Vladimiresku Division, and Hungarian formations fou3ht the _ enemy courageously on the Soviet-German ~ront. The M~ngolian Peoples Army took an active part in the defeat of the Japanese invaders in Manchuria. ' The Soviet Armed Forces proved themselves in joint battles during the war as faithful comrades in arms, forever ready to come to-the aid of thei.r friends. ~ After the socialist system was formed, military cooperation among the fraternal peoples and armies entered a qualitatively new phase. Its develop- ment traveled a path from bilateral treaties of friendship and mutual ~ assistance to multilateral agreements, and in the end led to close military _ unity within the framework of the Warsaw Pact Organization. During the time of the Warsaw Pact's existence, its participants did a great deal~to oppose the aggressive plans of imperialism, States of the socialist fraternity provided effective help to the peoples of Vietnam and ' other countries of Southeast Asia in the struggle against agqression. They ~ assumed a fundamental position of supporting the just struqgle of liberation of the Angolan people against foreign interventionist~ and their accomplices; ' � they have been and continue to be proponents of a sound and just peace in ~ the Near East. i The present members of the Warsaw Pact include Bulgaria, Hunqary, the GDR, ' Poland, Ro~nania, the USSR, and Czechoslovakia. The treaty mutual relation- ; ships between them and the entire system of the pact are structured upon ' the principles of totally.voluntazy membership, equal rights, and fraternal ~ ' friendship. The Warsaw Pact Organization is headed by the Political Consultative Committee (PIQC), in which all countries in the orqanizatiion are represented ' equitably. The most important problems associated with strengthening the ' defense capabilities of pact countries and fulfilli.ng the responsibilities 4g ' FOR OFF'ICIAL U5E ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 associated with joint defense are examined and collective ciecisions on international problems are worked out at meetings of the PKK. As was noted in the Accountability Report of the CPSU Centra'1 Committee ta the 25th Cp~U Congress, many initiatives which the Political Consultative Committee for- warded ir, recent years were placed at the basis of decisions made by . - major international forums, or they were reflected in a number of im- portant bilateral interstate acts.* The Committee of Ministers of Defense, which produces joint recommendations~and proposals concerning improvement of the defense capabilities of the allied countries and augmentation of the co~r~bat readiness of theix armies, al~o plays an important role in the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw Pact member countries created the Combined Axmed Forces with the purpose of insuring an effective defense; these forces include the ground troops, air and naval forces, and air defense troops. Their composition consists of troop formation and units, control organs, and rear services contributed by decisian of the government of each country. The Combined Armed Forces are led and their activities are coordinated by the commander , in chief and by the military control organs of the Warsaw Pact Organization-- the Combined Command, the Military Council, and the Headquarters. A con- vention signed by the governments of all Warsaw Pact countries established ~ that Moscow is to be the seat of the Combined Armed Forces Headquarters. Common principles and methods of training and indoctrination underlie the combat and political training of personnel in the Combined Armed Forces. A proper level of combat capability is insured in these forces mainly by the high political awareness of the soldiers, who are indoctrinated in the spirit of Marxism-Leninism, socialist patriotism, and internationalism. ~ Troops assigned to the Combined Armed Forces, and all personnel o� the fraternal armies, engage in combat and politiaal training every day in accordance with the plans of the national commands. In addition to this, much significance is attached to practicing joint actions in accordance ~ with plans of the Combined Command. An important role belongs in this to troop and naval exercises, as well as special and command-and-staff exercises. In these exercises, problems concerning control and combat coordination are worked out, the abilxties and habits of joint work of the commanders, staffs, and political organs are improved, and the military - proficiency of the personnel is raised. Joint exercises are in addition a good school of international combat con~radeship, of strong fraternal friendship among.soldiers ef the socialist ~ countries. This is precisely the nature of the exercises Shumava (1968), ~ Odra-Nisa (1969), Brotherhood in Arms .(1970), Shchit-72 (1972), Shchit-76 (1976), and some others. ~ * See "Materialy XXV s"yezda KPSS," p 8. 50 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-00850R040240060046-3 ~ ` FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY During the years of the Warsaw Pact's existence, owing to the untiring - concern of�the coaanunist and workers parties and the qovernments of the ' socialist countries, the defense capab~lities af the allied states grew ~ significantly stronger. The quality of combat skills and the level of ~ ideoloqical maturity of the personnel of both�uF.its and fonuations in the ~ Combined Armed Forces and in each fraternal army as a whole improved. Today they are outfitted with top-class arma*.~!ent and combat equipment: rocket weapons, tanks, artillery, air defense resources, modern airplanes, ~ surface and sub~arine warships, and the latest electronic equipment. The arnties of the socialist countries, including troops within the compcsition ~ of the Combined Armed Forces, possess everythi.ng necessary to dependably ' protect the peaceful labor of the peoples of the socialist fraternity. . ; . Military cooperation among Warsaw Pact countries enjoyed further develop- ment, and the forms and methods of this cooperation broadened and grew richer. This development is directed at raising the combat readi.ness of the allied , armies, and providing mutual assistance in outfitting them with the latest ; military equipanent, at unifying efforts to develop military theory, at ; dev,?oping and introducing the most sophisticated methods of troop training j and indoctrination. ~ The coordinated activities of all military organs of the Warsaw Pact - Organization is one of the manifestations of the growing strength of military cooperation. Representatives from all fraternal allied armies are working together in the Comm~?ittee of the Ministers of Defense, the Mili~tary Council, the Headquart~rs and other organs of the Combined Armed Forces. Their efforts are aimed at solving ~.ong-range and current problem~, and at developing the most effective forms of cooperation in mi.litary affairs. They organize~. research on and generalization and dissemination of advanced skills in troop traxning ~nd indoctrination, they prepare. joint exercises, rallies, and scientific conferences, and they perform other funetions. Party-political work is a powerful resource through which the communist and. workers parties exert their daily influence upon the life and activities of the armed forces of the allied states. Party-political work in fraternal armies does not differ significantly in terms of its content and orientation from that conducted i.n the ^aoviet Armed Forces. The unity of its _deological conten~ is~a product of the common ideologies and policies of the Marxist- Leninist parties, and the com~on~goals and tasks of the peoples af socialist countries, and their armed forces. Differences mainly involve the organiza- ' tional aspect, particularly the structur.e of political organs and party organizations, as hell as the forms and me~hods of personnel political and ~ military indoctrination. ~ The system of ideological and political traininq for servicemen is basically F the same in all allied armies. Officer training is organized as a rule as Marxist-Leninist training groups, theoretical.seminars, study circles, and party schools and evening universities of k.arxism-Leninism. Poli~ical lessons are regularly held for enlisted men ~*~d sergeants. I 51 FOR OFFECIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060046-3 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000240060046-3 1 Vll Vi�1'lvtt?l.l UUL' VlYLl ~ At the same time in addition to forms and method~ common to all Warsaw Pact armies, those inherent to just the given army alone are employed in mass agitation. Thus the Bulgarian Peoples Army holds i5-minute political briefringa every day, and once a week it organizes more-substantial reviewa - of political information lasting an hour. Moremver the "Da~an of Triumph", dedicated to the mem~~ry of patriot~ who 1-,ad given their lives in the - struggle against fa
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