JPRS ID: 8980 EAST EUROPE REPORT SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200060021-0
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• Document Page Count: 50
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• Sequence Number: 21
• Content Type: REPORTS

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18 MRRCH 1980
~ Hi- ~
(FOUO ar$e)
1 aF 1
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JPRS L/8980
18 March 1980
- East Europe Report -
SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS
(FOUO 4/80)
,
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/8980
18 March 1980
EAST EUROPE REPORT
$CIENTIFIC AFFAIRS
(FOUO 4/80)
CONTENTS
PAsE
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Impact of NC, Microprocessor Technology on Machine Tool
Industry '
(Ivan Krsiak, STROJIRENSKA VYROBA,
various dates) 1
Digital Semiconductor Technology
� Machine Tool Industry Microprocessor
- Applications ~
Control Systems in CSSR, CEMA
- a - [IiI - EE - 65 FOUO]
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CZECHOSLWAKIA
IMPACT OF NC, MICROPROCESSOR TECHNOLCGY ON MACHINE TOOL INDUSTRY
Digital Semiconductor Zechnology
Prague STROJIRENSKA JYROBA in Czech No 8, Aug 79 pp 633-639
[Article by Ivan Krsiak, Research Institute for Machine Tools and
Machining Processes, Prague: "Progress in Digital Microelectronics
and Its Impact on Machine Tcols Automation"(part 1)]
[Text] For the past 20 years numerically controlled (NC) machines have
been used for the automatian of small-scale and intermediate-scale mass
production. But up until recently NC machines accounted for only a small
percentage of the total output of machine tools. But in conjunction with
the strides that have been made in the development and application of
microprocessor technology we are now witnessing a real boom in the produc-
tion and installation of NC machines. It is to be expected that during
the 1980's the application of microprocessors will play a crucial role in
determining the technical quality, utility and marketability of most
machine tools.
This three-part article is intended to serve as an i.ntroductory discussion
of the development of digital microelectronics and their impact on the
- automation of machine tools. In part one we will be talking about current
trends in the devFlopment df digital semiconductor technology with special
reference to microprocessors and memory units. Part two will give an
account of the impact of th$s technology on the machine tools industry,
and part thrF-e will be devoted to a discussion of the current state-of-the
art in the ~ievelopment of CNC systems and microprocessors in che CEMA
countries snd the CSSR.
The Development of Digital 3emiconductor Technology
The development of semicondur_tor technology got under way in 1948 when
the three inventors Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain published their find-
ings on the theory and design of the type-A transistor. This work laid
the groundwork for the development of transistors, which eventually _
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replaced the vacuum electron tube. The results of research work in the
' field of solid-state physics and the opPortunities opened up by develop-
ments in precision mechanics, optics and photochemistry paved the way for
the transition to a new and qualitatively nigher stage in the field of
electronics, i.e., the emergence of the science of microelectronics. The
first digital integrated circuits were introduced in 1961. These circuits
_ combined several transistors (now numbering in the thousands) on a single
silicon chip. The discovery of the multiemitter transistor structure in
1965 and its use in the design of TTL-type integrated circuits opened the
way for the rapid development of the microelectronics field and led to the
production of increasingly more complex integrated circuits. While the
SSI (small-scale integration) integrated circuits developed during the
period 1965-1970 made it possible to mount, say, a counter or adder on a
single board, the development of MSI (medium-scale intPgration) circuits
made it possible to mount a simplified processor on a single board. LSI
(large-scale integration) circuits, which went into production starting
in 1974, make it possible tc :iount an entire computer, including a micro-
processor, memory unit and input/output circuits, on the same board. Cur-
rent development work has brought things to the point where it is possible
to incorporate all of these circuits into a single integrated circuit,
the so-called single-chip microcomputer. These efforts have culminated in
the development of VLSI (very-large-scale integration) circuits.
_ The growth in the scale of circuit integration together with the
refinements that have been made in the physical properties of integrated
circuits is illustrated in Table l.
Table 1. Advances in the Level of Integration of Digital Circuits
1;
4',
~ 1950-1965 I 1965-1970 I 1970-1971 1974-1978 I dallt vyvoJ
I
Stupe7i integrace
`
disouEbskretni stky 5 I
/
~
S51 I M51 I LSI
VLSI
Potae tranzldor3
h
t
6~
t~2mm~

8 1~~~
) 5-10 mm=
9) 1000-1mm~
20-0 l
10) >
ipu
a
Ploc
SouESstka
odpory
hrodla
bitata
mikroprxewry
mlkropodttale
konden:btory
invertory
registry
L51 pamitl
diody
klopne obvody
4bitov6 sEitaeka
tronziatory
sesilovaae
Key: 1) Scale of integration
2) Number of transistors
3) Surface area of chip
4) Component
5) Discrete components
6) resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors
7) gates, inverters, flip-flop circuits, amplifiers
8) counters, registers, 4-bit adders
9) microprocessors, LSI memory units
10) microcomputers
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These rapid strides that were made in the development of semiconductor
technolog;, are largely attributable to the dev2lopment of the technology
required for the production of integrated ci.rcuits. Table 2 gives a com-
parative breakdown of the characteristics of the most important technolo-
gies developed in recent years.
'1'able 2. Quality Ratings of t}ie Characteristics of the Most ImportaA~
Technologies tised in the Production o� Integrated Circuits
])Technologle -
g IPoibrnr 9) unipoiarnr
I
Vlastnost
TTL
ECL
Itl
P-MOS N�MOS C�MQS
Hustota
2
I
integrace
3
1
2
2 1 2
Rychlost 3~
2
1
2
4 J 3
SpotFaba
anergis
J
4
2
2 2 1
Odolnost protl
ruieni ~
3
4
3
2 2 1
Vjrrobni ndkl dy
3
3
2
i 2 2
v/
1 valmi dobrd].o)TTL @ TranzisWr - Tran:istor -
Logic
2 dobrd l~ ECL = Emitter Coupled Logle
3 uspokojiv 2~ I=L = Integrated InJectlon Loyle
1 ipatn6 13 P-MOS = P- Channal MOS
N�MOS = N - Channal MOS
C-MOS = Complementary MOS
� Key:
1) Characteristic 8) bipolar
2) Integration density 9) unipolar
3) Speed 10) 1-- very good
4) Energy consumption 11) 2-- good
5) Reliability 12) 3-- satisfactory
6) Production costs 13) 4-- poor
- 7) Technology
- Depending on the transistors that are used, the production technologies
are classified basically as being either bipolar (TTL, ECL, I2L) or uni-
polar (PMOS, NMOS, CMOS). While in the case of bipolar transistors the
current is shared by carriers of both polarities (negative electrons and
positive holes), in unipolar transistors the current is generated by
charges of only one polarity (positive holes in PMOS and faster negative
electrons in NMOS). Bipolar integrated circuits are characterized by a
higher function performance speed, whereas unipolar MOS circuits can be
manufactured more easily and permit extremely high integration densities.
In most cases LSI circuits (microprocessors, RAM and ROM memory units and
- input-output circuits) are still being manufactured by means of the PMOS
and NMOS technology, and in this connection the NMOS technology is now
most prevalPnt due to its higher speed of function.
The CMOS technology, as a special case represented by the combination of
the PMOS and NMOS technologies, is marked by a high interf erence resis-
tance rating an3 by an extremely low power consumption rate, even chough
relatively few LSI circuits are now being produced using this technology.
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~
= The most advanced technology cited in Table 2 is _he I'"L technology,
which combines the advantages of the TTL (high speed) and MOS (easier
production and high integration density) technologies and which is there-
fore considered to be very pmnistng.
The increased density of integration has been accompanied by faster func-
tional speeds, a development which is mainly attributable to the reduction
of parasite capacities and the shortening of signal paths as a result of
the smaller geometric dime-.isions of the component parts. GivPn the
- smaller dimensions of transistors and their connecting wires, the size and
width of which naw vary on the order of micromillimeters, light diffraction
problems naw have to be taken inCo account during exposure. 7'his is wliy
exposure to electron or X-ray beams is now being used more and more fre-
quently for the production of VLSI circuits. Beam lithography is making
it possible to manufacture structures that are smaller than 1 micromilli-
meter. It goes without saying that Che transition from photolithography
to beam lithography will fo?-ce components manufacturers to make consider-
able capital outlays amounting to milliotis of U.S. dollars.
Since the development of integrated circuit production technologies has
been accompanied by a steady increase in chip surface area, it can reason-
ably be expected that the predictions will come true which hold that by
1980 the density of integration per chip will amount to 106 transistors,
by 1990--108 transistors per chip, and by 200.0--1010 transistors per chip.
In the future this scale of integration will make it possible to design
complex computational and control systems which by virtue of the func-
tions they can perf orm will begin to approximate the complexity of ths
functions performed by the human brain. Even though we do not necessarily
agree with thQSe bold predictions, it is certainly to be expected that in
the not too distant future it will be possible to construct an entire con-
trol system for a machine-too.t consisting of a few command-controlled inte-
grated circuits supplemented by appropriate control and readout elements.
In the next section of this article we wi11 give a more detalled descrip-
tion of the two most important categories of LSI and VLSI circuits, i.e.,
memory units and microprocessors.
Memory Units
The first breakthrough involved the integration of more than 1,000 tran-
sistors on a single silicon chip in memory circuits (see Figure 1) with
uniform structures and requiring relatively few housing leads. This re-
sulted in the development of the first random access memory units (RAM)
which were manufactured according to either unipolar or bipolar engineer-
_ , ing designs. One disadvantage of the RAM memory unit is that information
is lost when the power feed is shut off. A little bit later on atatic
memory units (ROM-read-only memories) were developed with an unalterable
data store which can only be read, but these memory units did not lose
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recorded informatinn when the pawer is removed from the system. For this
reason ROM-type memories are used as ma:.ories for discrete and unalterable
control programs, while RAM-type memories are used as memories for the
storage of data which needs to be altered. In the control syste.ms of
machine tools RAM memories are used, for example, to insert programs for
the kinds of pieces to be machined, for tool adjustment values, for start-
ing-point adjustments, and so on, while RGM memories are used tc set up
control programs for system operating modes, for determining the way in
which workpiece machining programs are Lo be edited, for position plotting,
for controlling feed drive, and so on.
Every RAM meinory consists of a series of individual memory elements which
, assume a position of either logic-0 or logic-1. Depending on the design
used, memories are distinguished by the time it takes to access informa-
tion and by the density of inemory-element integration, which in 1978
reached the point of 64k memory word locations (1k=1,024). The evolution
of access time, integration density and relative costs per memory bit is
described in Figures 2, 3 and 4.
/
' Figure 1. Chip microstructure of an Intel 2107 dynamic RAM memory
with a capacity of 4,096 x 1 bit. In 1974 this memory virtually
brought the era of ferrite memories to an end.
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5M,
.101,~n:�.'1 ~
~ Jk I
~
-2114 - -
4k
~ fA7j- - -
~ ~k 2115
~ Sp 15 Key: 1) data access time [ns]
Ik
~ 10 - -
Sk
1) ~ 2i
r9in n x 76 2 v
Figure 2. Evolution of data access time in static RAM memories
g
~ Key: 1,1 number of transistors
~ per chip
~ 2) (chip surface area)
Wal
24
1
Figure 3. Evolution of integration density in dynamic memories
Key: relative costs per bit
Figure 4. Evolution of relative costs per bit of inemory unit
capacity
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RAM memory units are classified as being either static or dyniimic memorieti.
While the memory element of a static memory unit conslsts of rit least two
transistors, which form a flip-flop circuit (normally comprising 4 tran-
sistors and 2 resistors or 6 transistors), all that is needed to create a
dynanic memory is a single transistor which is energized by a charged or
discharged capacitor. For this reason, a dynamic memory unit is character-
ized by a higher degree of integration density and a lower power consumption
rate; but one disadvantage of these kinds of inemory units is that they have
to be periodically refreshed in order to retain information stored in the
capacitor (e.g., every 2 ms).
RAM-type CMOS memory units have recently appeared on the market that have
extremely low power input requirements (usually on the order of microamperes
per memory element). T.n the event of a power loss these memory units can
be energized by batteries which can comperisate for a power outage over a
_ period of several days without any loss of recorded information.
ROM memory units are programmed by the manufacturer to suit the applica-
tion needs of the customer during the actual productian.procP.s (as a rule
by using the so-called final mask). Programmable ROM memor units can be
programmed one time by the user, e.g., by "blowing" the bridge link in a
given memory element by means of current impulses of sufficient magnitude.
Both types of inemory units cannot be reprogrammed.
In order to be ab le to do this it is necessary to have an Erasable Pro-
grammable Read Only Memory unit (EPROM) whose information content can b e
erased, after the link is placed into an open condition, by means of
ultraviolet light irradiation within a few minutes and then reprogrammed.
The use of an ROM memory unit is advisable only when a larger number of
pieces (more than 1,000) are being produced, for only then does it become
economical to fabricate the relatively expensive mask which is used to
determine the amount of information to be recorded.
When a smaller number of pieces are being produced it becomes convenient
to use PROM or, more often, EPROM memory units, whose principal advan-
tages are related to the alleviation of the programming workload.
An innovdL-on in the field of static memory units is represented by the
development of Electrically Alterable PROM memory units (EAPROM), which
without being removed from the board can be first erased and then repro-
grammed by means of an electric signal. The entire function lasts just
a few ms. Insofar as the user is not concerned about this relatively
long time span, EAPROM memories combine the advantages of RAM and ROM
memory units (the feasibility of on-board reprogramming and the retention
of information in the event of a power loss).
As is shown by Figures 2, 3 and 4 the evolution of semiconductor memory
circuits is headed toward a further increase in integration density and,
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therefore, toward an i.mprovement in their parameters. In 1978 the VLSI
threshold was crossed with the development of a dynamic RAM memory unit
w ith a capacity of 64k bits (the Texas Instruments TMS 4164 memory).
Using this memory unit it is possible to mount an operational memory
w ith a storage capacity of 1MB (8 x 106 bits) on a single cirruit board
costing anywhere from 20,000 to 28,000 dollars. In order to build an
o perational memory unit with this capacity rating it was necessary up
until very recently to make room, say, in an IBM 360 computer for sev-
eral fer.rite-core memory boxes with substantial?y inferior functional
p roperties.
Microprocessors
In the wake of the successe5 that were scored in the development of tech- "
nologies for the production of semiconductor memories leading manufactur-
ers were attracted by the idea of starting with the large-scale integration
- of arithmetic and control circuits which heretofore had been realized in
the form of small- and medium-scale integration circuits in the central
processing units of computers.
The first microprocessor was developed in 1971 as a byproduct of the
unsuccessful development ot a circuit for computer imaging units. It was
a t that tim e that the still not-so-well-known firm Intel introduced the
world's first four-bit microprocessor onto the market. Since 1971 the
d evelopment of microprocessors has moved ahead by leaps and bounds, many
n ew manufacturers have entered the market, new technologies have been
d eveloped, and word-position length has been lengthened from 4 to 16 bits,
even though the Intel firm still outranks all other manufacturers as the
world's leading producer in this field.
The development of microprocessors was made possible above all by the
development of new MOS-type technologies which are needed for the pro-
duction of high-capacity semiconductor memory circuits and more complex
types of calculators. I t was on this basis that it proved to be possible
to design a universal computing system which affords a broader range of _
application potential than even the most refined calculator. In the case
of microprocessors it proved to be possible to transfer the basic opera-
tional principles of relatiyely larger computers onto the small surface
area of a silicon chip no larger than several square millimeters. But
at this point it needs to be pointed out that there is a major difference
between a microprocessor and a microcomputer. A microprocessor (see
F igure 5) is merely the primary unit of a microcomputer that is incapable
of functioning as an independent unit. It takes the place of what is known
as the central Frocessing unit (CPU) in computers. They always contain
an arithmetic logic unit, various working registers and control circuits
(see Figure 6). A microcomputer on the other hand is a complete computing
system which can perform predetermined (programmed) functions such as
numerical calculations, control calculations and so on. A microcomputer -
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Figure 5.
'
%
AT
r
~
i nejs~ ablova
oadroJOrri sWrnico
 i
,
_ 2)
1 vs u~ rys u
- q)
9)
P/1p9/17/1bY
a
~
MS /1'/ I
PC
foc
islr /R
5~
3)
10
ahs~or
deko ~r
'sfi'
y
instrukci
6
dato
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7)
.a
sfibdoc~

12)
8
',S
F
pamocne
l
i
rey
ry
s
~'~;I>. ~~~jI I
~
Key:
1) outside data and address buses
2) input-output circuits
3) inside data bus
4) program counter
5) address reigster
6) data register
7) accumulator
8) arithmetic-logic unit
9) instruction register
10) instruction decoder
11) con trol signals
12) auxiliary registers
Figure 6. General scheme of a microprocessor
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is a combination of subassemblies consisting of the microprocessor, memory
unit, control circuits for the synchronization and generation of control
r;ignals (the read-write memory and peripheral equipment), input-output
circuits for entering data into the system and retrieving data from the
system, and interrupt circuits that enable the microprocessor to be con-
trolled from ;he outside when necessary (see Figure 7).
r_
Figure 7.
~ - - - - - - - -I
7vc . 1- I
I ~
~~r� I
I 5~ mikiqa'xrsar dol I
fRON) (RAMI
I I
I _ 0 PlSO AIC[
I
I genertilor hodin 9 ~
- - - - - -
General scheme of a microcomputer
Key:
1) peripherals
2) input-output circuits
3) interrupt circuits
4) data bus
5) microprocessor (CPU)
6) program memory (ROM)
7) data memory (RAM)
8) address bus
9) clock pulse generator
The operation of a microprocessor is determined by a sequence of instruc-
tions which comprise the program. The instructions of a given program are
entered consecutively into the ROM memory from a selected address so that
the lowest address contains the first instruction which is the f irst to
be executed, while the higher addresses contain the following instructions.
At the start of every program the address of the first instruction is
placed into the program counter (PC). The microprocessor retrieves the
instruction from the memory and places it into the instruction register
(IR). The instruction decoder decodes the instruction and then executes
it. Even before the completion of any instruction phase the microprocessor
increments the PC (i.e., it increases its information content by 1) and
thereby locates the address for the next instruction. This sequential
retrieval of instructions can be interrupted by a special jump instruction
whereby the microprocessor replaces the PC informat4 on content with the
address contained in the jump instruction. In this way the ROM instruc-
tion jumps over to another section of the memory unit.
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i
-
i

, -
1
II~
,
,
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The PMUS technology was used to produce the first 4-bit and the later
8-bit microprocessors (e.g., the Intel 4004 and 8008). These micropro-
cessors are characterized by an instruction-cycle period (the time it
takes to retrieve and execute instructions) ranging between 10 and 30
microseconds, a housing with less than 20 outlets, and a not overly
ref ined set of elements comprising the microcomputer hardware.
The second-generation microprocessors are distinguished by the use of the
NMOS technology. Typical representatives of this generation are the 8-bit
Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800 microprocessors introduced in 1974. Second-
- generation microprocessors have a more advanced structure and, correspond- _
ingly, housings with 40 outlets. The second-generation microprocessors
represent a major step forward in terms of operational speed, functional
properties, differential circuits and the ref inement of software. The
_ instruction-cycle time amounts to about 2 microseconds. The structure of
the Intel 8080A microprocessor is shown in Figure 9.
f r4slr iq5//7/kCi . .
Figure 9. Microstructure of the Intel 8080A microprocessor. There are
more than 5,000 transistors on this one chip.
Key: 1) instruction register 3) ALU
2) registers f ield 4) I/0 circuits
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~ pde ~rgist~u 6ritmetiCka - 64,r~upn~ %ryslu;.~r,r
7'rko~eJ~cl~u obvody
~ 10

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In the course of executing instructions the microprocessor uses addi-
tional registers (data and address registers) or tlie so-call.ed accumti-
lator and the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU). The accumulator is a central
_ register in which one of the ALU operands is always stored and which
_ usually also records the result of an operation.
The arithmetic-l)gic unit performs all arithmetic and logic operations
(addition and sultraction in binary or decimal arithmetic, rotations,
moves, and so on). The address register holds the a3dress of the memory
location of the RAM memory or the address of the input or output port
= of the peripheral equipment. This means that the address register con-
tains the address of the loc.ation inside the microprocessor which is
designated by a given instruction for the processing of data. Finally,
the data register provides for the temporary memory storage of data
thereby eliminating utmecessary contact with the main memory and speeding
up the operation of the microcomputer.
Connection between the individual registers of the microprocessor and the
ALU is accomplished by the internal data bus. The number of carriers on
a bus exactly matches the number of bits contained in one microprocessor
word. The number of bits in a word is usually 4, 8 or 16. The micropro-
- cessor is linked to the other microprocessor circuits by means of an
input-output circuit which is connected to an external bidirectional data
bus. Some older types of microprocessors use this bus to transmit the
addresses of inemory units or external devices, but the newer microproces-
sors with 40 outlets have an address bus with a separate outlet.
Even though th,e history of the production of microprocessors only spans
a period of 6 years, some authors have already identif ied three separate
generation classes in their development based on the technologies used for
their manufacture. The evolutionary stages in the development of micro-
processors is shown in Figure 8.
4
F

'a
0
.,72 dtuti I
i/
tos ~ , .
!bd'lri ~ ~ a^u'~
BOB6
73mvn'
104
~ d
~r ~E17BO1Bmm'
f0~ 1074 ~~_a~n cipu 2
t970 ~ 71 74 6 78 BO 82 A
F igure 8. Evolutionary stages in the development of microprocessors
Key: 1) number of transistors per chip
2) (chiF surface area)
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In 1975 the Intel firm introduced the bipolar "bit-slice" microprocessor -
series 3000. This paved the way f or the development of a special cate-
_ gory oF multichip microprocessors. In view of the fact that the bipolar
technology does not permit a very high integration density, the bipolar
microprocessors consist of two or four 2- or 4-bit slices which by means
of a cascading arrangement can be used to assemble a microprocessor of
indeterminate word length. The larger number of integrated circuits is
offset by the extremely high speed at which operations can be performed,
since the instruction-cycle time of these mlcroprocessors drops to a leve.l
as low as 100 nanoseconds. Not even the fastest minicomputer could possi-
bly match this speed of operation. The further development of the I 3000
bipolar microprocessor system is also under way in Czechoslovakia at the
TESLA n.p. [national enterprise] in Roznov.
The professional literature indicates that at the present time there are
more than 50 manufacturers engaged in the production of around 80 differ-
ent types of microprocessors. The most prominent manufacturers of micro-
processors include the firms Intel, Motorola, National Semiconductor,
Texas Instruments, Advanced Micro Devices, Rockwell, Signetics, Fair- _
child, Western Digital, Toshiba, Nippon Electric, Fijitsu and Hitachi.
Among the various European manufacturers of microprocessors we should
mention Siemens (under the terms of a joint-venture agreement w9.th
Intel), AEG-Telefunken, and Philips (under the terms of a joint-venture
agreement with Signetics). The most widely used microprocessors include
the Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800 models, the production of which has also
been taken over by other manufactuers (e.g., the 8080 is being manufactured
by Texas Instruments, Signetics, Advanct.L' Mi_cro Devices, National Semi-
conductor, NEC, and Siemens).
However, the development of microprocessors has not come to a halt. This
development work is continuing both at Intel and at other companies. In
addition to the CPU, all of these manufacturers are trying to combine
other circuits as well into a,ingle housing and thereby reduce , the
necessary number of in tegrated, circuits in a microcomputer to a minimum.
The ultimate design goal is to build an entire microcomputer cezsisting
of a single integrated circuit. Indications of the feasibility of this
goal have been provided, once again, by the Intel company which has intro-
duced a single-chip-type microcomputer model 8748/8048, which consists of
an 8-bit microcomputer with an electrically (8748) or mask (8048) pro-
grammed ROM memory with a capacity of 8k bits, an RAM memory with a capa-
city of 64 x 9 bits, and built in input-output circuits. This single-
chip microcomputer is designed to serve primarily as a control element
for various kinds of tern,'.nals, e.g., for printing machines, cash regis-
ters, automobile instrument panels, and so on. It is certain that we
will not have to wait very long before we witness the development of
more advanced types of microcomputers with larger memory-storage capa-
cities that can also be used for a.nstrument control purposes. -
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The new, third generation microprocessors came onto the scene in 1978-
1979 with the development of the Intel 8086, Zilog 8000 and Motorola MC
68000 16-bit models. In many respects these microprocessors have sur-
passed the performance ratings of the MSI minicomputers (e.g., the PDP
11/40 minicomputer). Moreover, the MC 68000 microprocessor has an
internal data ttiroughput capacity of 32 bits, a system of 32-bit opera-
tions, and a set of i6 registers with a 32-bit capacity. In addition,
these third-generation microprocessors are much cheaper than the earlier
a models.
A comparative breakdown of the first-, second- and third-generation micro-
processors manufactured by Intel is shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Three Generations of Microprocessors (A Comparative Survey of
Basic Parameters)
11)1. yonerace 1971 1
12 2. ysnerace 1974 j 3)3. 9sneraes 1978
wpg
epep I
8086
Uchnologi�
P�MOS
N-MOS
H�MOS
PoL'at :ouL'Gst(
3000
10 000
30000
16
Potst bitu
Ro:sah adnsy
e
11 bttG 14)
e
16 blt8
20 bitu
D61ka eyklu
. 20 Vs
2 �s
015 Vs
Pofat Instrukcf
5yriim piarutani
IE
1 Interrupt
7e
matkovan$ 16)
vaktorovy ~.7~
Hodinov6 trekvencs
Na djsn(
0,3 MHs I
S V, -9 V
2 MHz
5 V, - 12 V
4-8 MHz
S V
Pouidro 1
16 vjrvod8 1.5 )
10 vyvod'u
10, 18, 64 vyvodS
i
Key:
1)
Technology
10)
2)
Number of components
11)
3)
Number of bits
12)
4)
Address range
13)
5)
Instruction-cycle time
14)
6)
Number of instructions
15)
7)
Interrupt system
16)
8)
Clock frequency
17)
9)
Power
Conclusion
In part 1 of this article we have reviewed development trends in the field
of digital microelectronics which culminated in the production of VLSI
circuits, including in particular 16-bit microprocessors and 64k-bit semi-
conductor memory units. We can only hope that microprocessors and their
related circuitry will soon be put to full-scale use in Czechoslovakia as
well both for the con trol of machine tools and in other branches of our
machine-building industry. The applications of microprocessor technology
in the machine tools industry will. be discussed in parts 2 and 3 of this
article.
Housing
First-generation 1971
Second-generation 1974
Third generation 1978
bits
lines
masked
vectored
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Binder, D., and Worn, H. "The Development of Digital Semiconductor
Technology and Its Impact on Process Automation in the Mechanical
I:nfiineering Tnduatry," K()NSTRUKTIQN, Vol 29, No 6, 1977, Pp 219-226.
- 2. Weinerth, H. "Microelectronics in the 1980s," ELEKTRONIK, No 1, 1979,
pp 33-37.
3. Schoppnies, E. "Submicrostructures for Large-scale Integration Cir-
cuits," RADIO-FERNSEHEN-ELEKTRONIK, Vol 28, No 1, 1979, pp 8-11.
4. Klaeger, S., and Mangelsdorf, R. "State-of the-Art and Emerging
Trends in CNC Control Technology," FERTIGUNGSTECHNIK UND BETRIEB,
Vol 28, No 8, 1978, pp 498-501.
5. Lyman, J. "Lithography Chases the Incredible Shrinking Line,"
ELECTRONICS, 12 April 1979, pg 105-116.
6. Losch, F. "The Single-chip Microcomputer; a Standard Component of
the Future," ELEKTRONIK, No 7, 1979, pp 79-80.
7. Shima, M. "Tao Versions of the 16-bit Chip Span Microprocessor,
Minicomputer Needs," ELECTRONICS, 21 December 1978, pp 81-88.
_ 8. Valasek, P. "Trends in the Development of Microcomputers and Their
Impact on the Future Development of Automation Technology"; collection
of papers read at a seminar organized by the Machine Tools Research
InsCitute in May 1979.
9. Kolinsky, J. "Plans for the Development of LSI Circuits at TESLA
n.p. Rosnov and the Prospects for International Cooperation";
collection of papers read at a seminar organized by the Machine Tools
~ Research Institute in May 1979.
10. Mirtes, B. "New Trends in the Development af Computer Technology
Devices With Decentralized Control Applications"; collection of
papers read at a seminar organized by the Machine Tools Research
Institute in May 1979.
11. Sobotka, Z. "The Nlicrocomputer; Its Subassemblies and Functions,"
SDELOVACI TECHNIKA, No 1979, pp 177-184.
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Machine Tool Industry Microprocessor Applications
Prague STROJIRENSICA VYROBA in Czech No 9, 1979 pp 706-712
' [Article by Ivan Krsiak, Research InsLitute for Machine Tools and
Machining Processes: "Progress in Digital Microelectronics and Its Impact
on Machine Tools Automation" (part 2)]
[Text] It is a generally well-known fact, sufficiently substantiated by
recent world exhibitions of machine tools, that the current state-of-the-
art in the development of machine tools control technology is attributable
to the use of large-scale integration integrated circuits, including in
particular microprocessors and semiconductor memory units.
We gave an account of state-of-the-art developments in the field of digi-
tal semiconductor technology in part one of this three-part article. In
part two we will be discussing the applications of microprocessor technology
in the machine tools industry. We will b e citing specific examples in
order to show how the use of microprocessors has altered the structure
of control systems and how currant developments in the field of micro-
electronics are beginning to have an impact on the machine tools industry
as a whole.
Evolutionary Stages in the Development of Control Systems
Before we proceed to discuss microprocessor equipped control systems we will
give a brief account of the previous stages in the development of machine
tools control technology.
As was similarly the case with most other electronic devices the develop-
ment of machine tools control systems also went through several distinct
generational phases which can be summarized as follows:
_ --First generation (vacuum tubes)--used to control workpiece path geo-
metrics and feed-motion speed;
-�-Second generation (transistors)--standard block program format used to
perform linear and circular interpolations, to adjust the length and
diameter of tool pieces and to control auxiliary functions;
--Third generation (integrated circuits)--used for absolute and incre-
mental programming, reducing the magnitude of programming and calibra-
tion increments from 0.01 mm to 0.001 mm, and increasing the number of
feed passes;
--Fourth generation (computers)--used to store a complete program for one
or several workpieces in the memory unit, to eliminate the punch-tape
reader from the recycling process, to edit the program stored in the
memory unit, to record the edited program on punch-tape or magnetic tape,
to store and activate various repetitive subprograms, and to perform
troubleshooting tasks.
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41
c
~
- Z
-
1
The time scale spanned by the development of machine tools NC systems in
the CSSR is shown in Figure 1.
2)1955 1965 1970 1975
1 ~ 9rm+ree NC a~Crlenru _
,
! AI! ~ li!
6)
poc~tace
4)
'"49~ �b''�dY
NS 500
3)
erorvlory
N 100
Ns soo
elelrbl*
AW
htS 100
IYS 700
PPJ
~ 300
SRF
IFS
NS 400
Key:
1) NC system generations
2) development of NC technology
3) vacuum tubes
4) transistors
5) integrated circuits
6) computers
Figure 1. The development af NC systems in the CSSR (dates indicate the
start of work on the development of indiv idual NC system generations in
the CSSR)
Machine tools control systems can ncna be classified as belonging to the
following basic categories (see Figure 2):
--control of process functions,
--digital control,
--direct computer control.
1 ) i Hzc,i obrabicich ,rlVjii
2) ~IIIdR lECI~naI. fY/1kCt j 3) 1 c<'64 1 t, )
~r ) vx 5 a~ cne m 1~�~ 8) r0 CNral"o
PC r
C m 9)
DNC
Figure 2. Machine tool control systems
Key :
1)
machine tools con trol systems
6)
program controlled/PC
2)
process control
7)
fixed connection/conventional NC
3)
digiCal control
8)
program controlled/CNC
4)
computer control
9)
program controlled/DNC
5)
fixed connection/conventional
process
control
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While in the case of process control systems there has been a clear ten-
dency to move away from fixed-logic relay boxes toward programmable auto-
mata (PC--programmable controllers), the development of digital control
systems has been marked by a tendency to move away from so-called fixed-
logic NC control systems of the third generation Coward CNC (Computer
Ni:merical Control) "computerized" systems with built-in minicomputers or
microcomputers. Direct computer control systems (or DNC--Direct Numerical
Control) are being used for the control of entire production systems
(consolidated production departments and flexible production systems).
In this article we will be focusing exclusively on digital control systems
for machine tools. The other cldsses of control equipment exceed the scope
of this article.
Microprocessor Equipped Control Systems
The last 5 years have witnessed and are continuing to witness the develop-
ment of many kinds of micropracessor-equipped control systems in various
categories ranging from the simplest kinds of inemory-equipped position-
indicator control systems to the most complex multiprocessor systems that
control intricate centering machines and also the adjustment of workpieces
and toollieads. What is the biggest benefit resulting from the application
of microprocessors in the machine tools industry? The most important gain
resulting from the advent of microprocessors should not be viewed as con-
sisting in the development of complex computer systems stored on a single
- silicon chip, i.e., in the density of elements per chip in relation to the
chip dimensions. Identical or even greater densities were achieved in
~ earlier years in the case of semiconductor memory units and calculators.
- The main contribution of microprocessors to the machine tools industry
consists in the fact that these components have made it possible for manu-
facturers of control systems and, more and more often, even the manufac-
turers of the actual machine tools to take systematic advantage of the
opportunities opened up by computer technology.
Attempts to put the camputer to work for the control of machine tools
were in evidence at the very start of work on the development of NS
systems, but at that time the utilization of computers was still too
expensive. This situation was changed to some extent with the advent of
minicomputers at the start of the 1970s. The relatively low cost of mini-
computers made it possible to harness these devices for certain, more
complex applications. 3ut it still needs to be said that minicomputers
are not now so affordable so as to permit a general shift away from the
use of fixed-logic systems (i.e., systems with unalterable logic func-
tions) and toward the use of computerized systems (CNC systems). This
transition is just now getting under way thanks to the development of
microprocessors and microcomputers. The first CNC systems equipped with
minicomputers appeared on the market as far back as 1970. The following
systems are among the most noteworthy in this category:
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--the Dynapath CNC System 5 manufactured by Bendix,
--the Adapt-a-path system manufactured by General Automation,
--the Series 8300 manufactured by Allen-Bradley,
--the Acramatic CNC system manufactured by Cincinnati Milacron.
But it was not until after 1974, when microprocessor equipped CNC sys-
tems began to show up on the market, that computerized control systems
began to be used on a much larger scale. This trend is illustrated by
Figure 3, which shows the percentage breakdown of fixed-logic NC systems
and computerized CNC systems displayed at leading world exhibits of machine
tools.
VD %

~
u

~
~
~
a mikroproces�ry
~
u
` 1%
~
~
/
S
1 0 /
I.f
I /
~
~

74 75
72 1J
~ e $ S z u
c
Figure 3. Share of CNC systesns in the total number of exhibited systems
Key:
1) breakdown of exhibited systems 3) CNC systems with minicomputers
2) fixed-logic NC systems 4) CNC systems with microprocessors
, The increase in the number of exhibited CNC systems after 1974 was
attributable to the launching of the production of CNC systems equipped
with microprocessors. Thus, for example, at the Second EMO Exhibition of
Machine Tools held in Hanover in 1977 out of a total of 345 exhibited NC
machines 221 machines, or two-thirds, were CNC systems equipped with
microprocessors. This ratio is even more marked in the case of lathes,
since out of a total of 156 exhibited NC lathes three-fourths were con-
trolled by CNC systems equipped with microprocessors. The year 1978
witnessed a further intensif ication of development work on microprocessor-
equipped CNC systems, while work on the development of fixed-logic NC and
CNC systems equipped with minicomputers leveled off or declined.
' CNC systems with microprocessors can, depending on their structure, be
, classified as belonging to basically three categories which correspond
_ to the classes of machines which they are designed to serve. These cate-
gories are dQSCrlbed below.
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.NC syslemy
cHC ,,y~
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1. Systems With a Fast 16-Bit Microprocessor or Multiple Microprocessors "
Used for Large-Scale and Complex riachines
1'hese systems are desiRned to control machines with five or more coordi-
nates and their characteristics enable them to perform the sams kind5 of
- functions as the most advanced CNC systems equipped with minicomputers,
ttie only difference being that the number of active components in these
systems has b een reduced by as much as 60 percent and that they are
roughly 30 percent cheaper. In order to make it easier to operate these
machines and to edit programs these systems are equipped with an alpha-
numeric CRT or semiconductor display device, have a well-developed error-
detection regime, and with the aid of various subprograms and modular and
fixed cycles can simplify the programming of workpieces.
In view of the fact that standard microprocessors manufactured by means of
the MOS technology usually have a longer computing cycle time than fast
minicomputers and a shorter word length (8 bits in contrast to the most
often used 16-bit word length in minicomputers), with the result that a
s;ngle 8-bit microprocessor would not be able to handle all of the tasks
that complex systems are designed to perform, it was necessary to compen-
sate for this deficiency. This was accomplished by using a fast bipolar
microprocessor, making provisions for longer word lengths, and building
multiprocesso.r systems.
Some of the most noteworthy systems in this category are as follows:
--the Mark Century 1050 manufactured by General Electric,
--the Sinumerik 7- System 7 manufactured by Siemens-Fanuc,
--and the Actrion III manufactured by McDonnell Douglas Corp.
_ The Intel 3000 bipolar cascaded microprocessor with a word length of
- 16 bits was f irst used by Siemens in its Sinumerik 7 and Sprint systems.
On the other hand, the multiprocessor structure was chosen by firms such
as General Electric for its 1050 system, McDonnell Douglas Corp and
AEG for the Actrion III system, Gildemeister for its Eltropilot-M system
(designed to be used with a dual-spindle facing lathe) and other manu-
facturers of NC technology.
In the Actrion III system, a block diagram of which is shown in figure
4, three comp atible microcomputers, which share a common data memory,
operate in a multiprocessor mode. The microcomputers are linked up with
this memory on an alternating basis. One microcomputer is designed to
process input and output data, the second one is used to compute the
continuous f eed path, and the third one operates as a central position
control unit. All of the processors are ::ardware compatible, each one is
mounted on its own board, and they differ only in terms of the content
of the EPRON :nemory which contains the standard routines. Another advan-
tage of the system is that it has a built-in CRT display device, and a
programmable automaton for controlling machine mechanical functions can
also be placed in the system console.
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.si~ 4)
~rr.spbN7 5)
Figure 4. Block schematic of the Actrion III system
Key:
1) microcomputer No 2 7) microcomputer No 1
(interpolator) (data input and output)
2) common ~ata memory 8) programmable interface
3) microcomputer No 3 9) control panel
(position control) 10) CRT display
4) calibration 11) output ports to machine
S) power unit 12) feedback ports from machine
6) punch reader
The Actrion III system is designed for the continuous-path control of
machines with up to 5 coordinates and equipped with DC power~-units.
For example, this system is being used for the control of Beohringer,
H.E.S., Heylingenstaedt, Index, Newall and other machines.
In Western Europe the Actrion III system is being sold by AEG under the
trademark Numerous System III (see Figure 5).
Figure 5. Panel of the Actrion III - Numeric System III system
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The General Electric 1050 system (see Figure 6) uses a separate Toshiba
12-bit microprocessor to control all machine coordinates and also to com-
pute interpolations. Overriding the coordinates microprocessors is a so-
called look-ahead microprocessor which is used to control tranafers of
data on the universal bus and to proceas the system's input and output
data.
Figure 6. The General Electric 1050 system
The General Electric 1050 is designed for the continuous-path control
of machines with up to 6 coordinates and equipped with DC power units.
Calibration is accompl ished by means of selsyn or indoctosyn systems.
For example, the General Electric 1050 system is used for machines manu-
factured by the firms Burgmaster, Defum, Excello, Mandelli, Monarch, SHW,
Wanderer, Churchill, Lodge-Shipley, Warner-Swasey, Sheldon, Wiclanan,
Brown-Sharpe, Hunger and others.
The Sinumerik 7-System 7 manufactured by Siemens-Fanuc is designed to be
used for the continuous-path control of machines with as many as four
coordinates and equipped with DC power units. Calibration is performed
by means of selsyn or inductosyn systems. This system is used for
machines manufactured by the firms Bohner-Kohle, Burkhard-Weber, Cit Alcatel,
Droop-Rein, Jungenthal, Mandelli, Oerlikon, and Wyssbrod. It uses only one
very fast Intel 3000 16-bit microprocessor.
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In multiprocessor systems the various digital control functions are shared
by several microprocessor units. This functional breakdown of micropro-
cessor tasks permits a clear and well-arranged control structure from the
standpoint of both hardware and sof tware. Due to this parallel data pro-
cessing arrangement the system can also be programmed to perform other
auxiliary functions, e.g., the control of workpiece handling and trans-
port. This design is compatible with current trends in the development
of numerically controlled engineering processes, which are characterized
by a considerable degree of structural decentralization, and so it there-
fore appears to have a very bright future.
2. Systems With a Single 8-Bit Microprocessor for Medium-Complex Machinea
At the present time this category of systems is most prevalent, since it
is designed to accommodate the widest range of machine tools equipped with
from two to four coordinates. We have selected the Philips Series 6600
system, a block schematic of which is shown in Figure 7, as a typical
example of the ar chitecture of these syst ens. The Philips 6600 system
is organized around an 8-bit microcomputer equipped w ith an Intel 8080
microprocessor which is modularly linked by means of Interface boards to
all input and output devices. Interface boards are used in a similar way
to link the microcomputer with the machine, in which case the interpola-
tion function is taken care of by an auxiliary arithmetic unit. This
architecture makes maximum use of all the advantages of 8-bit micropro-
- cessors and permits the total modular construction of the system in accord-
ance with user requirements. The Philips 6600 system is designed for the
point-to-point and continuous-path control of machines with as many as
f our coordinates. For example, this system is used with machines manu-
f artured by the firms Bohner-Kohle, EMAG, Pittler, and Schmarmann. It is
s}tawn in Figure 8 with a Maho milling machine.
4
Figure 8. Control panel of the Philips 6600 system together with a Maho
milling machine
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7 ) MY`" $ ) ,rtnj
j ) kazelavy ma9n.
3) wGisoct
2) � ~ 4).~ 5)~ 6 18) 9)
d rikior
10 1 12 134 1
9^� ~OJ PJPbM RAM #4 P ,terro fni
� ic ice
adresovn akrmcs
Figure 7. Block schematic of the Philips 6600 system
- Key:
1)
cassette magnetic tap.e
11)
transmitter-receiver
- 2)
sequence transfer
12)
PRO1�1 memory
3)
control panel
13)
RAM memory
4)
machine commands
14)
output
5)
f eedback
15)
input
6)
power unit cables
16)
power output
- 7)
power unit housing
17)
calibration module
8)
mach ine
18)
data bus
9)
calibration cables
19)
control bus `
10)
magnetic tape control
20)
address bus
Some of the most we11-known systems
in this category, designed along -
similar lines as the Philips 6600,
include the following:
--System 5-Sinumerik 5 manufactured by Fanuc-Siemens,
--NUCON 400 manufactured by ASEA,
--and the RUSC system manufactured by Plessey.
A distinguishing f eature of the System 5-Sinumerik 5 system is that, in
addition to a Motorola (Fujitsu) 6800 microprocessor and LSI memory unit, -
it uses additional command LSI circuits for interpolation and position
calibration. The System 5-3inumerik 5, just like the System 7-Sinumerik 7,
was developed in cooperation with the f irms Fujitsu and Fanuc-Sienens.
It is uesigned for the.continuous-path control of machines with as many as
four coordinates and equipped with DC power units. The machine is cali-
brated by means of a rotary pulse reader. This system is used with machines
manufactured by such firms as Chiron, Heidenreich-Harbeck, Hitachi-Seiki,
Deckel, Scharmann, Schaublin, American Tools, H.E.S., and Dunhan Tool.
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The NUCON 400 system manufactured by ASEA is designed for the continuous-
path control of machines with as many as five coordinates and equipped with
DC power units. These machines are calibrated by means of a rotary pulse
reader or inductosyn systems. This system 3s used with machines manufac-
tured by firms such as Dorries, Georg Fischer, Pedersen, and SKF Machine
Tools. The system uses multiple processors whose functions are controlled
by an Intel 8080A microprocessor. The NUCON 400 system is also produced
under license by the Polish enterprise MERA.
The RUSC system manufactured by Plessey is designed for the point-to-point
or continuous-path control of machines with as many as four coordinates and
equipped with DC, hydraulic or stepping motor power units. Thase machines
are calibrated by means of rotary pulse readers, selsyn systems, or induc-
tosyn systems. Inte? 8080A microprocessors are used in this systEm.
3. Simplified Systems With Manual Input for the Automation cf Conventional
Machines
The utilization of microeleFtronics in the machine tools industry has made
it possible to develop a n ew category of control sys+cems, i.e., manual
data input systems which are often referred to as HNC (Hand NC, Handeingabe
- NC) systems. These systems are compact enough so that they can often be
installed directly in the machine control panel (see Figure 9). They are
also inexpensive and very dependable. With the aid of a pushbutton key-
board they can be used to insert and alter the program for a machined
, companent while it is still on the machine. These systems are very
popular and the number of users of these systems is growing ever larger.
Since they are very simple to manufacture owing to the use of microcompu-
ter technology (most of the problems associated with the manufacture of
these systems have naw shifted into the sof tware area), these systems are
now being manufactured more and more often directly by the manufacturers
of machine tools who can do the best job of adapting them to machine
requirements with respect to control modes, installation on the machine,
and hookup with power unit housings (see Figure 10). And it is certainly
trn_a that marketing questions and simplified servicing also come into.
consideration in this regarii.
Figure 9. The Gildemeister N.E.F. 480 universal lathe with a Fanuc memory
system built into the machine support platform.
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Figure 10. ACU-RITE digitalposition readout device with memory capacity
for 100 coordinate positions manufactured by Bausch and Lomb with built-in -
calculator: 1)--readout cancel; 2)--coordinate readout; 3)--memory
erase; 4)--coordinate callup; 5)--digital keyboard; 6)--coordinate
add/subtract; 7)--inch/mm converter switch; 8)--on-off switch.
The following are some of the most well-lmown syste9ns in this category:
--Fanuc Mate-Sinumerik Mate manufactured by Fanuc-Siemens,
--Mark Century 1050 HL manufactured by General Electric,
--7100 CNC manufactured by Allen-Bradley,
--and the TNC 121 manufactured by Heidenhain.
The Fanuc Mate-Sinumerik Mate aysten manufactured by Fanuc-Siemens (see
Figure 11) is designed for the continuous-path control of DC powered
machines with two or three coordinates. The machines are calibrated by
means of a rotary pulse reader. This system uses a Motorola 6800 (Fujitsu
ME 6800) microprocessor.
Figure 11. The Sinumerik-Mate system manufactured by Fanuc-Siemens
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The latest model of the Mate TG has an interactive graphic display _
device for monitoring the programmed path of the workpiece and a simpli-
fied programming system using coded repeat cycles.
The General Electric 1050 HL system is designed for the continuous-path
control of DC powered lathes with two coordinates. It is a scaled down
version of the GE 1050 system. It uses Toshiba microprocessors.
The Allen Bradley 7100 CNC system is designed for the continuous-path
control of DC powered machines with 2 or 3 coordinates. It consists of
three sections, i.e., the control panel, electronic circuits, and power
supply unit.
The Heidenhain TNC 121 system is designed for the point-to-point control
of machines hooked up to central power supplies with 3 coordinates. This
system is used most often with machines manufactured by Matio. Machines
are calibrated by means of linear or rotary pulse readers. The system uses
an Intel 4040 microprocessor.
- In addition to these examples, there are a number of other manual input
systems (and other categories as well) which are produced directly by
machine tool manufacturers. Among others, we should at least mention the -
firms Deckel, Klopp, Gildemeister, Pittler, G. Fischer, Schaublin (see
Figure 12), Oerlikon, Wotan, Dorries, Scheller, Heckler and Koch, Fehl-
mann, SIP, Giddings-Lewis, Cincinnati Milacron, Kearney Trecker, Scheiss-
Froriep, and Heiligenstaedt.
Figure 12.
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Conclusion
In part 2 of this article we have described haw over the past few years
' many new microprocessor control systens have been developed in various
categories ranging from the simplest memory-equipped position readout
devices to the most complex multiprocessor systems used to control com-
plex centering machines and to handle both workpieces and machine tool-
heads. At the same time it is important to remember that microprocessor-
based electronic control technology is beginning to have an impact on the
machine tools industry as a whole, since, in addition to NC machine con-
trol applications, this technology is also being put to work on an increas-
ingly larger scale for the control of principal machine tool classes, i.e.,
so-called conventional or hand-controlled machines. These machines are
being adapted to incorporate elements and circuitry of NC machines and are
in fact being transformed into NC machine tools controlled by microproces-
sor control systems.
The progress of the structural shift away from the use of conventional
machines and toward the use of NC machines varies from one machine class
to another. Perhaps the most dramatic progress has been made in the case
of universal semiautomatic lathes, which in recent years have b een manu-
factured almost exclusively in accordance with NC design parameters.
Noticeable progress has also been made in the application of NC technology
to milling machines, horizontal boring and milling machines, drills'and up-
right lathes, but this technology is also beginning to be applied to other
classes of machines such as grinders, gear making machines, and automatic
lathes.
At the close of part 2 of this article it can be said that the sharp de-
cline in the cost of NC systems together with the improvements that have
been made in their functional characteristics make it reasonable to expect
that even before the end of the 1980s microprocessor applications will
p}.ay a crucial role in determining the technical quality of machine tools,
their utility, and, hence, their marketability.
In the third and final part of this article we will discuss the progress
that has been made to date in the CSSR and the other CEMA countries with.
regard to finding applications for microprocessor technology in the machine
tools industry.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Pressman, R.S., and Williams, J.E. "Numerical Control and Computer-
aided Manufacturing, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1977.
2. Vlach, B. "Technologie obrabeni na cislicove rizenych strojich"
[Machining Technologies Using Numerically Controlled Machines],
Prague, SNTL and Alfa, 1978.
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3. Mathes, H.,and Schiffelmann, H. "NC Controls for Machine Tools,"
ZwF, Vol 72, No 12, 1977, pp 625-633.
4. Klose, G. "A Control Unit for the Automation of Conventional
Machine Tools," Wt-Z ind. FERTIG., Vol 67, 1977, pp 579-580.
5. Mikulaschek, E., and Rauh, G. "The Microprofessor as a Basis for
Numerical Control," MASCHINENMARKT, Wurzburg, Vol 83, No 85, 1977,
pp 1,680-1,682. ,
6. Gossler, R. "The Role of the Microcomputer in the Control of
Machine Tools," F?.FKTRONIK, No 12, 1977, pp 48-50.
7. "CNC Dominates American Machine Tool Progress," MACHINERY AND PRODUC-
TION ENGINEERING, 30 March 1977, p 300.
8. Gehrels, J. "New Microprocessor-CNC-Controls," ZwF, Vol 72, No 11,
1977, pp 566-568.
9. Brodowski, W. "Problems Associated with the Introduction and -
Applications Potential*of CNC Controls," MASCHINEMARKT, Wurzburg,
Vol 84, No 28, 1978, pp 516-520.
10. Klaeger, S., and Mangelsdorf, R. "Current Status and Development
- Trends in the Field of CNC Control Technology," FERTIGNUNGSTECHNIK
UND BETRIEB, No 28, 1978, pp 498-501.
11. Krsiak, I. "Mikroprocesory v obrabecich strojich" [Microprocessors
in Machine Tools], Prague, UTRIN, 1979.
12. Niesyt, G. "The Impact of Microprocessor Technology on the Future
Development of the Machine Tools Industry," collection of papers
read at a seminar organized by the Machine Tools Research Institute
in 1979.
Control Systems in CSSR, CEMA
Prague STROJIRENSKA VYROBA in Czech No 10, 1979 pp 783-791
[Article by Ivan Krsiak, Research Institute for Machine Tools and Machining
- Processes: "Progress in Digital Microelectronics and Its Impact on
Machine Tools Automation" (part 3)]
~
[Text] In an effort to keep pace with worldwide trends in the development
of NC technology most of the CEMA countries, including the CSSR, have
started work on the development of microprocessor CNC systems. In the f inal
part of this article we will show where the development of microprocessor
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control systems is heading i*_: the individual socialist countries while
paying special attention to development wurk in this field in Czechoslo-
vakia.
State-of-the-Art Microprocessor CNC Systems in the CEMA Countries
~ Responding to the task set forth by the CEMA Executive Committee calling
for the start-up of the production af advanced NC machines and NC systems
by the end of 1979, most of the CEMA countries have started work on the
development of microprocessor CNC systems. In order to be able to meet the
tight deadline set by the Executive Committee work on the development of
class 1 CNC systems has been proceeding thus far on the basis of thE
national economic plans of the member countries, and in this connection
the necessary coordination of this work is being taken care of by the NC
Systems Task Force which was set up under the terms of the CEMA Countries
Agreement on the Joint Planning of Develogment Work on Selected Machine
Tools.
The industrial production of microprocessor systems has already gotten
under way in most of the socialist countries. Among the systens that are '
naw in production we should mention the Soviet 1M22 and 2U22 systems
equipped with a microcomputer and the Elektronika 60 and 2U32 systems
equipped with a NC03T microcomputer, the Hungarian Unimerik 200 and 700
systems equipped with a Texas Instruments 9900 microprocessor, the Dialog
system equipped with a Motorola 6800 microprocessor and the Hunor PNC 712
manual data input system equipped with an Intel 8080A microprocessor, the
GDR NC 621 and CNC 600 systems equipped with the domestically manufactured
- microprocessors U 808D (similar to the Intel 8008) and U 880 (similar to
the Zilog Z80), and the Polish MERA NUCON 400 systen equipped with an
_ Intel 8080A microprocessor manufactured under a license procured from the
Swedish firm ASEA. Most of these systems were on display at the CEMA
Machine Tools Exhibition held in Brno in Novemb er 1978.
Table 1 shows a survey of the basic data in microprocessor CNC systems
which are under development or already in production in the socialist
- countries.
We will now examine at least some of the systems mentioned in Table 1
in greater detail.
The Soviet 2U32 system is manufactured by the LEMZ Association of
Leningrad. It is designed for the control of NC milling machines, drill-
ing machines and boring and drilling machin es. Using this system it is
possible to insert a part program either by means of punch tape or by
_ ad,justing the machine directly from the control panel, which can also be
used to edit programs. The part program memory has a capacity of 8,000
symbols and it can b e expanded to a capacity of 16,000 symbols. The sys-
tem is organized around a Soviet NC 03T microcomputer which is fabricated
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, Table 1. Microprocessor CNC Systems in the Socialist Countries
Pol.
Typ
2sm3
Pro stroja Pout
P(oyram.
Ryehlopmuv
Rozmiry
Ukonteni Pozn6mka
1)
2)
9) 1u6)_ le ~17a 18) 19)
:ifojerrQ~1MP eoi )2~

1
z
3�
� s
e
7
e
9
10
1.
Propramma
B1R
soustruhy 2
0,01 mm
10 mlmin
1950
syslim t ruln(m

_3 ~
lo ~
v'tupem, MP Mota
l
6e
ro
a
00 221_
2.
Hunor PNC MLR
soustruhy 2
0,001/
0025
/0
10120 mlmin
vostavn6
prov~do ni
1979
fy~tim s rutn(m
v:tup-m, MP 1njl
712
`
4
~
,
X2oo
eooX2eo
eoeoA 1.i
3.
Unimult
MLR
soustruhy 2/3
� 0,01 mm
6 mlmin
300X64OX1320
1979
MP Texas Instru-
200
Iri:ky 11)
ments TMS 9900
4.
Unlmorle
M! R
soustruhy
0,001 mm
10 m/min
6EOX640X1s2o
1919
vfee MP Terai
700
fri:ky
.
Iumenb T
4
.
obr. pndo 12 )
2
)
S.
Dlalop
MLR
soustruhy 2-i
0,002 mm
10 m/min
600X60OX1600
1979
MP Motorola 680D
hi:ky
~
obr. nntra
6.
NC 621
NDR soustruhy ]
O,OOS
10 m/min
600x400X1600
1978
vatup Intormace 2 5
5)
pravo(ihly
13)
0,001 mm
ZO m/min
,
kullt. krokovjrm bu-
btnksm, MP UEOED
7.
CNC 600
NDR
soustruhy 6
0,001 mm
10 mfirin
60oX60OX1000
1979
vice MP UEeO
fri:ky
(Zilap EO) 26)
obr. anua
f
�
MERA CNC Pl
soustruhy S
0,001 mm
15 m/min
750X75OX1970
1979-
MP Intel EOEOA
NUCON

}r6=ky
1980
100
obr. eontro
9.
NUME-
KSR
tauabuhr 3
0,001 mm
JO/e m/min
1980
ROM 140
}ri:ky
7)
obr. centra
10.
21.122
SSSR
soustruhy 2
0,001 mm
15 m/min
700X700X1dS0
1979
po vypnutf t(ti27)
8)
100 h bo: :trdryr in�
formace, mikropo8l-
taf Elsklronika 60
11
172
21
SSSR
3
0.001 mm
15 m/mIn
700X700X16S0
1979
Po vyPnutf tttd2$)
.
.
14~
100 h bo: :er6ty llh
farmace, mlkropob(�
tat NC 03T
IZ,
Ip122
SSSR
spee. stroje 2
0,0005 mm
210 mm/min
60p)(65Ox1650
1979
pro krokovi motory.
(slektro-
15)
mikropo8ita8 Eisi�
ike 60 29L
t
Iitkrov8)
ron
Key:
1)
type of system
17)
programming unit
2)
country
18)
feed speed
3)
Bulgaria
19)
dimensions
4)
Hungary
20)
date machine testing completed
5)
GDR
21)
comments (PiP = microprocessor)
6)
Poland
22)
HNC system, MP Motorola 6800
7)
Romania
23)
HNC system, MP Intel 8080A
8)
USSR
24)
multiple MP, Texas Instruments TMS 9900
- 9)
types of machines
25)
data input by cylindrical sprocket drum,
10)
lathes
MP U808D
11)
milling machines
26)
multiple MP U880 (Zilog 80)
12)
machinery centers
27)
no loss of information after 100-hour
13)
point-to-point
power loss, Elektronika 60 microcomputer
14)
drills
28)
no loss of information after 100-hour
15)
specialty machines
power loss, NC 03T microcomputer
electrospark)
29)
used with stepping motors,
16)
number of coordinates
Elektronika 60 microcomputer
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out of LSI integrated CMOS-technology circuits (series K 587). The error-
detection programs make it easy to rectify prob?ems. The system is
designed to control DC electrical feed drives and to calibrate positions
it uses either a linear inductosyn or a resolver system. A block diagram
of the 2U32 system is shown in Figure 1.
1 ~pPita~ NC OJT
~ 4) ~ cPU )5
~ .
1 ~

'10)
12 A nseai nrropdronri I J1r1Avn; tevbiMl. Ifvmki` I' or/ddod pnnr! s)(inw
Ar rtroji
Figure 1. Block diagram of the Soviet 2U32 system
Key:
1) NC 03T microcomputer 8) punch interface
2) reader 9) microcomputer buses
3) punch 10) bus matching
4) CPU (microprocQSSOr) 11) NC system buses
5) RAM, PROM memories 12) power unit control
6) microcomputer panel 13) process control
7) reader interf ace 14) system control panel
15) to machine
The Hungarian manual data input Hunor PNC 712 system, which is manufac-
tured by the EMG measurement instrumentat3ariplant, was displayed at the
machine tools exhibition in Brno in November 1978 in conjunction with an
- EEN 630 universal lathe (see Figure 2) and it attracted a great deal of
attention among the visitors to the exhibition. The system is built into
a portable console located as close as possible to the machine operator.
The system's control panel (see Figure 3), which consists of a compact
module comprising the system's electronic circuitry, is very well
designed, and the programning of parts on the machine can be learned in
just a few hours. The systpm does not have a console with its own cooling
.cycle, so the machine manufacturer has to take care of building the system
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21 cfc& 131 aowr
-
7~~~M 8 ~ - - - - - ;I .

r
I
I
- - - - - - - J
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Figure 2. The Hungarian EEN 630 lathe together with the Hunor PNC 712
- system built into the machine`s retractable cabinet cover
Figure 3. Control panel of the Hunor PNC 712 system
into the machine and providing it with a cooling cycle. The heart of the
system is the Intel 8080A microprocessor, the 16k-byte capacity of the
PROM memory, and the up to $k-byte (cca 8,000 symbols) capacity of the
part program RAM memory. Urcular interpolation is taken care of by the
system's hardware. The component program can also be entered into the
system's memory by means of a cassette magnetic tape. The magnetic tape
can be prepared externally on a separate Hunor 716 programming machine to
which a printer and drafting table can be hooked up to monitor the writing
of the program.
The Polish MERA CNC NUCON 400 system is manufactured in the Warsaw divi-
sion of the MERA enterprise under a license from the Swedish firm ASEA.
At first the system was merely assembled from imported parts, but this
year the plant started producing the entire system on its own. The sys-
tem is designed to control machines with up to S coordinates. In addition
to its other functions, the system makes it possible to perform spatial
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6)
f'~1 RIN~iPOM aM'roti1' ~
I /i'u,rai +r". twnk( I
g) prsdfiirc~ 9) oilddoti pand sy~trmiv Q rnrCe a~ dnic '
12) 13 14) 15)
.~~a.~~�~ ~ _ r!.~ � ,
Figure 4. Block diagram of the Polish MERA CNC NUCON 400 systenn
Key :
1) CPU (Intel 8080A--8 bits)
2) computer f or calculating
center path (24 b its)
3) RAM, PROM memories
4) reader and punch
5) CRT
6) DNC connection
7) microcomputer buses
8) bus matching
9) system control panel
10) coordinate bus es
11) process control
12) interpolation computer
(16 bits)
13) control for one coordinate
14) control for five coordinates
15) spindle control
interpolations and to program the f inal shape of the workpiece (the center
path of the toolhead, including angular approximations, is computed by the
system itself). A block diagram of the system is shown in Figure 4. The
system is con trolled by an Intel 8080A microprocessor. In addition to the
microprocessor, the system is made up of two other f ixed-logic cumputing
units, one fo r the computation of the toolhead center path (with a word
length of 24 bits) and one for the computation of interpolation (with a
word length of 16 bits).
The interesting CNC 600 system from the GDR, which is manufactured by
the Karl-Marx-Stadt division of the VEB Numerik "Karl Marx," was exhibited
at this year's Leipzig spring fair. The CNC 600 system (see Figure 5)
employs a multiprocessor structure based on the use of U880 microprocessors
manufactured in the GDR (analogous to the Zilog 80 microprocessor). The
block diagram (see Figure 6) shows that each system comprises four basic
microcomputers (a control computer, a control panel computer, an interpola-
tions computer, and a proceos control computer). For every coordinate these
computers are backed up by An additional computer designed to control
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. avlddd r ,rhnjt
3) g) 4)
1~~ 6~ 2J7
fhf~n ~ 9)
io)
pendu
.cpejovati sddrnite 17)
d 4
18 19 iatapro '
s*Wce f 20) s'd'r,~rce 2 21)
S-9
3.
1.
~ l
1
, ..w.. , _ r.~~:
`ZZ}r 23 25 26)
~ Figure 5. The multiprocessor
27) 8) 29) CNC 600 system manufactured by
ky~,"konovd od od,k'ovon kp~ol~ona~, puu~i the Numerik "Karl Marx"
� fo ~ s!%'s enterprise
Figure 6. Block diagram of the CNC 600 systea
Key:
1) main computer 16) control computer
2) machine control (exteMal) 17) connecting bus
3) punch 18) machine process computer
4) teleprinter 19) interpolatian computer
5) reader 20) bus No 1
6) control panel 21) bus No 2
7) machine control (external) 22) CMOS RAM or PROM memory
8) CRT 23) I/0 control
9) panel computer 24) calibration interface
10) RAM, PROM menories 25) digital-to-analog converter
11) programnable interface 26) position computer
12) panel interface 27) to machine output sections
13) CRT interface 28) calibration feedback
14) sequence interface 29) to feed drives
15) control compu ter bus
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workpiece positions. So when the system is built to accommodate the
maximum load of f ive coordinates it will consist of nine microcomputers
with U880 microprocessors. The system comes with an alphanumeric CRT
display device which makes the programming of components much easier.
The capacity of the part programming memory ranges as high as 32k bytes
(in modules of 8k bytes each). It is also important to note that the
system contains machine and process control adapter circuits.
In closing it can be said that the CEMA countries are now beginning to
offer a wide selection of microprocessor CNC systems that run the gamut
_ from the Hungarian PNC 712 Hunor system with manual data input for con-
ventional machines, through the Soviet 2U22 and 2U32 systems for medium-
camplex NC machines, to the Polish MERA CNC NUCON 400 system and the GDR
_ CNC 600 system wh ich are used in conjunction with the most advanced f ive-
coordinate machini.ng centers.
State-of-the Art Microprocessor CNC Systems in the CSSR
In the CSSR work is under way on the development of microprocessor CNC
systems at the TESLA and ZAVT [expansion unlmown] VHJs.
The TESLA-Kolin n.p. has been working on the development of a microcom-
puter system ever since 1975. In view of the unavailability of certain
microprocessor circuits this development work has been carried out using
components obtainable within the CSSR. But this work has been proceeding
in such a way so that the central unit is completely interchangeable with
th e Intel 3000 assemb ly or, f or simpler applications, with the Intel 8080A _
asse.^bly. At the present time the TESLA-Kolin n.p. is wrapping up its
development work and has started the production of the NS 660 systen which
is designed for the continuous-path control of lathe machines. The TESLA-
Kolin n.p. is also working on the development of the NS 670 system which
is designed for mare exacting applications (centering machines, continuous
milling). In the cas e of both systems it is poss ible to install a program-
mable NS 900 series automaton for machine process control in a console
with dimensions of 600 x 1,800 x 600 mm. The TELSA-Kolin n.p. is working ~
with the Research Institute for Machine Tools and Machining Processes in
Prague and the TESLA WST [expansion unlaiown] on the development of soft-
ware for both systems.
On 1 January 1977 the ZPA-Kosir [Instrumentation and Automation Plants in
Kosir] n.p., working together with the WOSO [Research Institute for
- Machines Tools and Machining Processes] in Prague, started work on the
development of the po int-to-point systems NS 632 f or drills, NS 633 f or
m illing machines, and the continuous NS 642 system for lathes.
Th is development work is b eing carried out on the basis of the imported
Intel 8080A microprocessor assembly and CMOS-type manory units with
battery-backup power systems. Tests of the f irst system in this series,
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the NS 633, were successfully completed in conjunction with an FCR 50 NC
milling machine manufacture3 by the TOS [Machine Toals Factories] n.p.
in Kurim. The production of these systems is slated to get under way at
the ZPA Kosir in 1980.
The HNC NS 560-570 systems which were developed by the TESIA-Kolin n.p.
are scaled down versions of the NS 660-670 systems. Working together
with W+DSO, the ZPA-Kosir n.p. also developed the HNC systems NS 510 (for
lathes) and NS 520 (for milling and drilling machines).
A survey of the basic specifications of the microprocessor CNC systems
developed by the TESLA-Kolin and ZPA-Kosir national enterprises is shown
in Table 2.
Table 2. Microprocessor CNC Systems Deve?oped in the CSSR
Po~� Trv
Vjrrobce
Pro itroJ* Potet
souF.
Program.
j*dnotka
Rpehlo-
posuv
Ro:miry
12)
Ukonten Po=Mmka
Prxeiorj'
ikoulek
m
t
1)
2)
3)
s}
9)
11~
18
$t 1
~
l7 )
o~m
~ z
3
4 ~
6
7
e
o to
NS 510
ZPA
soustruhy 2
0A7 mm
15 m/min
restaveni 13)
1979- systim t nutnlm
I
Koi(}~
4
)
(dElko
prowdsnl
1980 rstupom
nbrmoef 19)
MP I
t
l I0l
1 prBmbrZ1
0)
IOOX20OX250
n
e
OA
NS 320
ZPA
Koitie
M+b ~
vto81ry 6
0,01 mm
13 m/min
restov*ni
19l0 syitfm s evgnlm
In
1n
e(
)
IOOXZOOX20 ~
MP
bl
lO~OA
NS 360
TESLA
soustruhr 2
0,00?/
01
21 m/min
eIektroniko 14)
I0OX190X230
odvo:en od N5660,
modulov6 proved*n(2O)
Kolfn
mm
10,0
,
15)pond 190x320

NS 570 TESLA Irhky
Kolin vRafiry
4 O.OOQ/ ZI m/min aIektraniko od+ro:en 5670.
modulov~ provedent21J
.j9�
/D,OGI mm ~
X~
n
S. NS 6J2 ZPA wrtatiry
3 0.001 mm 16 m/min 600X6WX1" 1980 MP Inhl l01p/
pravouhli 22)
Koft1*
6, NS 633 ZPA Irdziry
3 0.01 mm 6 m/mIq 6~idroJ~c pon~l im ~a~io~~ pB0~o�,,:a.~~23)
1
Koifie
�omostotni
sowtruhq
7. NS 642 K
R 0.001 mm ib m/mie 600X60CX1Ed1 1980 MP intel QOlpA
; t,
a NS 660 TESLA ioustruhy
oi 4 O,OOQ/ 24 m/min 600X60OX1E00 1919
10
001
Koltn
.
V
U
NS 670 KU
n
~
~ m/min QOOX600XiE00 1900
b
~
s
.
~
ho
n
0
01
/
Key
:
1)
type of system
13) built-in single-module design
2)
manufacturer
14) electronic circuitry module
3)
type of machine
15) panel module
4)
lathes
16) cassettes, power and panel modules
5)
milling machines
designed as discrete units
6)
drills
17) date machine testing completed
7)
centering machines
18) comments (MP = microprocessor)
8)
number of coordinates 19) HNC system, MP Intel 8080A
9)
programming unit
20) based on design of NS 660 system,
10)
length and diameter
modular design
11)
feed velocity
21) based on design of NS 670 system,
12)
dimensions
modular design
22) MP Intel 8080A, rectangular
23) MP Intel 8080A, modular design
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Let us now proceed to discuss the individual series of systems developed
in the CSSR in somewhat greater detail.
_ The NS 510 and NS 520 systems are designed for the control of simpler,
so-called conventional machine tools, i.e., the NS 510 is designed for
use with lathes with 2 coordinates and the NS 520 is designed to be used
with milling machines with 3 coordinates. These systems are classified
as HNC systems and are similar to such systems as the Fanuc Mate and Hunor -
PNC 712. These systems allow for the easy ope.�ration and manual control of
machines and make it possible to insert compc.tent programs for batches of
up to 100 units. They are designed to contro.l machines equipped with
"Mezomatic" automatic feed drive mechanisms manufactured by MEZ [Moravian-
Silesian Electrical Engineering Plants] Brno with pulsed data input (one
input pulse corresponds to a movement of 0.001 mm). It is also possible
to use stepping motors or hydraulic cylinders with closed-position coup-
lings, e.g., by means of a linear inductosyn system whenever these drive
mechanisms have pulsed data input.
_ Both systems are designed to be self-contained units with a panel (see
Figure 7) that comprises control and imaging elements. The dimensions of
the system including the panel are approximately 420 x 250 x 200 mm. The
system is designed to be installed in a built-in mode, e.g., into the con-
trol panel of a machine. The system must be mounted in a dust-free
receptacle rvith an internal cooling mechanism (provided by the machine -
manufacturer).
11 indiRaa pun~ql~ a slnvd VP
= Xe o 0 0 0 0 0' o
U Au
Ye a r~rj n
"I
ABS !NK
o 0 0
e i~ tr i~ ~r r.~ ~l
9 9 .9
N G f X Y Z M 5 T P 10~" lNS N~
I ~0
~ ~ 6o a7 7 B 9 O
/ / 117 4 S 6
_ ~ =110
0 ~ 0. �-f~io 1 2 3 O O
A'w o a Figure 7. 1he control panel of an HNC NS 510-NS 520 system
Key:
1) trouble and status readouts
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The NS 510 and NS 520 systems are assembled from the following functional
units which are mounted on four separate large-scale printed-circuit
- boards:
--the microcomputer (comprising the CPU and RAM and EPROM memories),
--path generation system (contains the velocity control unit and a linear
and loop DDA [digital differential analyzer] iaterpolator),
--input-output cor.trol system (contains the necessary machine-system
connecting circuits; galvanic separation is perforr.ed by DIL language converters which are controlled by Intel 8212 circuits),
--panel unit (contains command and readout elements including a dial for
manual feed control), �
--power unit.
The individual units are linked by buses. The buses are connected and
controlled in accordance with the recommendations of the firm Intel-
Multibus. The systems control microcomputer uses an Intel 8080A micro-
processor. Thirty-two Intersil IM 6508 circuits (static CMOS memory unit
wiCh a 1,024 x 1 bit organization) were used for the P.AM memory unit with
a c.3paciLy of 4k bytes. The data stored in this memory (the part program ,
and the machine constants) are protected against loss of power for a
period of at least 72 hours by a VARTA nickel-cadmium battery with sintered _
electrodes that permits a steady flow of power into the system. The EPROM
memory with a capacity of 8k bytes, whici is also mounted an the micro-
computer board, consists of 8 Intel 2708 circuits (an EPROPi memory with
an organization of 1,024 x 8 bits).
- Ever since May 1978 VUOSO in Prague has been collaborating with ZFA-Kosir
- on the development of the NS 510 and NS 520 systems. At the present time
~ two working models have been built that have been tested together with
models of the Mezomatic autonomous drive mechanism at WOSO in Prague. At
the end of 1979 work will begin on the testing of the SKI 16 machine at
the TOS n.p. at Hulin.
The NS 632, NS 633 and NS 642 systems are designed to be used for the
control of moderately advanced machines. Namely, the NS 632 system is
to be used for the control of drilling machines with 2 or 3 coordinates,
the NS 633 system--for the control of 3-coordinate milling m3chines
equipped with central feed drives or with electromagnetic couplings, and
the NS 642 system--for the control of lathe machines with 2 coordinates.
The functional parameters of these systems are approximately the same as
- those of such systems as the Philips 6600 or the Plessey RUSC.
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The NS 632, NS 633 and NS 642 systems are installed either in a large
console with an FS 330 photoelectric reader or in a small console with-
out a photoelectric reader (in which case an FS 751 tabletop photoelec-
tric reader can be used) or they are designed as built-in units with
separate control panels.
The NS 632 and NS 633 are point-to-point control systems, and the NS 642
is a continuous-path control system in which the interpolation function
is taken care of by an auxiliary arithmetic unit. The development of
these systems is geared primarily toward engender9ng innovations within
the existing third-generation NS 316, NS 320 and NS 421 systems manufac-
tured by ZPA-Kosir. The new systems offer a number of advantages both for
the user and for the manufacturer. Let us list at least some of these
advantages:
--the ability to write and edit a program directly on the machine,
--the ability to record a used program on a punch tape by means of a
portable punch or to record the program on a cassette magnetic tape,
--the elimination of the punch-tape reader from the recycling process
(i.e., the workpiece is machined according to the instructions in the
program stored in the system me:nory),
--easier programming and the abbreviation of part programs by means of
parametric subprograms,
--the modular construction of individual system types (i.e., systems for
drilling machines, milling machines and lathes will be assembled for the
most part from identical modules),
--the utilization of LSI circuits (a reduction in the number of components
which thereby enhances dependability),
--the simplification of servicing (the utilization of troubleshooting
techniques tested by digital computers).
The general block diagram architecture that is common to all ZPA systems
fn the NS 600 series is shown in Figure 9[i.e., Figure 8; typographic error].
Not all of the modules can be used in any single system type at the present
time. Thus, for example, a given system will be equipped with either
binary inputs and outputs for the control of machine processes or with an
interface for a programmable automaton. Similarly, these systems will
operate either with punch tape or with cassette magnetic tape depending
on the preferences of the user. This is the standard practice among most
foreign manufacturers of CNC systems.
All of the electronic modules shown in the block diagram are mounted on
modular circuit boards used in third-generation ADP devices (URS), i.e.,
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L _ ~ I
~2) 3)
~
1
rd'e allicl~
L----J
~
i�
I
ronr~..__J
Figure 8. Block diagram of the NS 632, NS 633 and NS 642 systems
~
Key:
1) control panel 13) interface for control computer
2) reader 14) arithmetic logic unit
3) punch 15) spindLe control
4) cassette magnetic tape 16) differential link for feed
_ 5) CPU 8080A 17) IRC calibration 6) EPROM memory 18) outputs to machine
- 7) RAM memory 19) inputs to machine
8) panel interface 20) interface for programQnable
9) reader and punch interface robot
10) cassette magnetic tape interface 21) error-detection devices
11) address, data and control buses 22) to computer
12) interface for error detection 23) controlled machine
devices 24) programmable automaton
according to the traditional modular design of NC systems. When it came
time to select the components base a decision was made to use circuits
manufactured by Intel together with the Intel 8080A microprocessor supple-
mented by an Intersil IM 6508 CMOS-type RAM memory. It is anticipated
that all of these circuits will soon be produced by the CEMA countries,
so they will be gradually replaced by equivalent circuits manufactured by
these countries.
The basic type of calibration mechanism used in the NS 632, NS 633 and
NS 642 systems is incremental calibration with IRC 110 rotary photoelec-
tric readers. Whenever phased calibration is used (resolver or inductosyn
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systems) the feed phase is converted into impulses that match the im-
pulses of the incremental reader. The further processing of calibra-
tion impulses is identical to that which takes place in the case of
incremental calibration. The increment of calibration and programming
in the NS 633 system amounts to 0.01 mm and to 0.001 mm in the NS 632
and NS 642 systems.
The NS 632, NS 633 and NS 642 systems are being developed at the ZPA-
Kosir n.p. in cooperation with VUOSO Prague. Thanks to the generosity
oE the workers at the SKLOSTROJ n.p. in Turnov who let the engineering
team have one of their machines on loan, the first working model of the
NS 633 system was successfully tested with a FCR 50NC milling machine
(see Figure 9). The NS 632 system is being prepared for test runs with
a VR 5NA drilling machine. The NS 642 system will be tested in 1980.
The mass production of these new systems will get under way in 1981.
Figure 9. Testing of the NS 633 system with a FCR 50 NC milling machine
The NS 660 and NS 670 systems are designed to be used for the contral of
more advanced machines. Namely, the NS 660 system (see Figure 10) is
designed to be used for the control of lathes with as many as 4 coordi-
nates, while the NS 670 system is designed to be used for the control of
milling machines or centering machines with as many as 5 coordinates.
These systems permit linear and circular interpolation, thread cutting,
the control of constant cutting speed, and limited-path adaptive control.
They are equipped with a program memory with a maximum content of up to
64k bytes. They make it possible to completely override a part program
and call up subprograms or specific cycles including repeat cycles.
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Figure 10. The NS 660 System
The heart of the NS 660 and NS 670 systems as they are presently designed
is the 8-bit processor unit which consists of three 220 x 170 mm units
with integrated circuits, most of which are in the MSI category. The
processor unit developed by TELSA-Kolin is based on the in:ytruction set
of the Intel 8080A microprocessor, the only difference being that the gap `
of the instruction code of the 8080A was used to fill in several additional
instructions that are useful for purposes of numerical control.
But the design of the processor unit itself is only one of the problems
that had to be resolved. No less important are the memory units, buC due
to their size they posed a much greater problem. In the opening phase of
the development work tests were conducted using so-called filament memories
in which cata are recorded on thin sheets of magnetic material. These tests
showed that these memories possess certain advantages such as the ability
to retain information in spite of power losses.
But it is by now quite clear that current trends are headed toward the
universal acceptance of semiconductor memories, the properties of which
are constantly being refined and the cost of which is rapidly declining.
Hence, systems are being designed so as to permit the use of various types
of inemories without altering the internal structure of central processing
units.
At the present time work on the testing of a prototype version of the
NS 660 system with an SPT 16NC lathe is nearing completion and the
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production of pilot series is already under way. TESLA-Kolin plans to
gradually extend the modular compatibility of the NS 660 and NS 670
systems to other types of machines, e.g., shaping machines, gearing
machines, electrospark machine tools, and automata.
Figure 11. A Tektronix logic analyzer Figure 12. An Intel development
which makes it possible to monitor as system useful for software
many as 16 operations on buses development
The NS 560 and NS 570 systems are conceptually derived from the NS 660
anti NS 670 system series. But in view of the fact that they are designed
for the control of less complex machines they are characterized by a
different architecture, certain func�tional simplifications, and a reduc-
tion in the number of controlled coordinates. The systems are designed
to be built into the machine's matching circuits in 19-point holding
frames. The approximately 490 x 320 mm panel can be mounted, for example,
in the machine control panei. Those elements which play an important
role in the manual operation of the machine are located in a highly visi-
ble position on the control panel. The NS 560 and NS 570 systems will go
into production af ter the testing of the NS 660 and NS 670 systems has
been completed. _
The main problem associated with the production of microprocessor CNC
systems in the CSSR is the shortage of su!table microelectronic circuits,
including microprocessors in particular, btt also semiconductor memories
and other LSI circuits, most of which atill have to be imported from the
capitalist countries. This situation will improve during the period 1980-
1982 after the production of certain types of necessary circuits gets under
way in the CSSR. In addition, it will be necessary to speed up efforta
geared taward the importation of needed circuits from the CEMA countries,
especially from the USSR and the GDR which have made the greatest progress
- in this area.
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Another major problem associated with the production of microproceseor
CNC systems involves the procurement of the necessary kinds of instru-
mentation hardware which is specifically required for the construcCion
of microprocessor systems (logic analyzers, error-detection inatruments
and, most importantly, development systems for the creation of eoftwnre).
Furthermore, an effort must be made to develop the manpower reaources
that are required for the manufacture of CNC systems, especially when it
- comes to workers who have been trained in the development of sof tware
for microprocessor technology.
In this three-part article we have outlined state-of-the-art trends in
the development of digital semiconductor technology, shown how these
development trends have had an impact on the machine tools industry, and
reported on the progress that has been made to date in the develupment
of microprocessor technology in the CSSR and in the other CEMA countries.
It is apparent that in the years that lie im:nediately ahead the applica-
tion of advanced electronic components will result in a major acceleration
of the development of numerically controlled machine tools. The share of
NC machines in the total output of machine tools will continue to increase
and by the end of the 1980s, at the very latest, it is to be expected that
the volume of NC machines manufactured in the advanced industrial countries
will surpass the production volume of all other categories of machine
tools. If we are going to keep pace with all of the developments implicit
in this assumption, we rnust immediately take whatever steps are necessary
so as to insure that we will be prepared for this change in the output
structure of the machine toqls industry.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Smirnov, J.A. and Jakunin, V.A. "The Development of NC Systems with
Fixed Algorithms for Lathe, Milling and Drilling-Boring Machines,"
article published in the anthology "Cislicovo riadene obrabac3e
stroje z clenskych statov RVHP" [NC Machine Tools from the CEMA
Member Countries], Dom techniky CSVTS [Houae of Technology of the
Czechoslovak Science and Technology Society], Bratislava, November
1978.
2. Vasek, K.; Slomcinski, E.; and Morawski, J. "The Development of NC
Systems from the Standpoint of Their Logic Structure; the MERA CNC
NUCON 400 System--An Example of an Advanced NC Machine Tool System,"
article published in the anthology "Cislicovo riadene obrabacie stroje
z clenskych statov RVHP," Dom techniky CSVTS, Bratislava, November 1978. -
3. Nemes, L. "Recent Successes in the Development of NC Machine Tools
in Hungary," article published in the anthology "Cislicovo riadene
obrabacie stroje z clengkych statov RVHP," Dom Techniky CSVTS, Bratis-
lava, Nuvember 1978.
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4. Hlubocky, J. "Plans for a New Series of NC Systelns," collection af
papers presented on the occasion of "New Technology Days," TELSA-Kolin,
November 1978.
5. Dolezal, L. "NS-500 and NS-600 Series Microprocessor Control Systems,"
collection of papers presented at a seminar organized by WOSO in
May 1979.
6. Kapralek, A., and Nejepsa, P. "The NS 510 and NS 520 HNC Systems
for Conventional Machine Tools," collection of papers presented at a
seminar organized by WOSO in May 1979.
7. Klimes, M. and Bloch, P. "Circuitry Design of the NS 532, NS 633 and
NS 642 Microprocessor Systems," collection of papers presented at a
seminar organized by WOSO in May 1979.
8. Kondr, J. and Beran, V. "Programming of the NS 632, NS 633 and NS 642
Microprocessor Systems," collection of papers presented at a seminar
organized by WOSO in May 1979.
COPYRIGHT: SNTL n.p., Praha 1979
11813
CSO: 2402 END
~
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