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i
~ ~ ~
EFFECTS OF NON I ON I Z I NG ELECTROMRGNET I C RAD I AT I O N
8 FEBRURRY ~980 CFOUO 1r80) 1 OF 1
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JPRS L/8912
~ 8 February 1980 _
~ SSR Re ort
p
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
CFOUO 1 /80) -
Effects o~ Nonionizing Electroma~gnetic Radiation
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JPRS L/8912
8 February 1980
.
USS R REPO RT
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORFiL SCIENCES
(FOUO 1/80)
EFFECTS OF (~ONIONIZING
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
- This serial publication contains articles, abstracts of articl~s and news
items fron USSR scientific and technical journals on the specific subjects
reflected in the table of contents.
P'hotoduplications of foreign-language sources may be obtained from the
P'hotoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D,C. 20540.
Requests should provide adequate identification both as to the source and
the individual article(s) desired. ;
I
~
~
CONT~NTS PAGE
~
~
P:~::s~r?e Mec?;a_~~'.arr.s Beb_._~~. the B~_~effects os L~w Fr�ec~~ienc;.~ ~
Electroma~net i c F' ~lc]s
(G. I. Y~~~rt~;she'zko, F. A. Kolodub; VOZMOZ~INYYE MEKHANI7MY ~
BIOEFFEKTOV ELEKTROMAGNITNYKfi POLE7C NIZKIKH CHASTOT, 1~;+79 I
f3ioeffects in Response to a L~ia lntensity Pulsed 9,l+00 MHz
- Microw~,v~~ Electromagnetic Fie1d~
(Yu. D. iJum~.nsk;.y, et al.; I~IOE~F'EK'I~' 3?RI DEYSTVII ~
MALIOIVTEPISIVP10G0 IMPUL' SNOGO ELEKTROMAGNITNOGO POLYA ~
MIKHOVOLN CHAS'I'OTOY 9400 MGTs, -~979) 5
I
Pio]_ogic~.l Acti_,~n ~f an Industri~.l Frequeric;y~ (50 Hz) ~l.ectric i
Field 1
(M. G. Sh~,ndal_a, et al.; BIOLOGIC~IESKOYE DEYSTVIYE ~
ELEI~I'RICIIESKOGO POLYA PROMYSHLEPTfdOY CHASTOTY ( 50 GTs ) 1979 lr~
i
Immuno:)_o~;ical Effects of Lc��~r Microwa.ve Exposure
(M. G. Shandala, et al.; IMM[INOLOGICHESKIYE EFFEKTY i
~ VOZDEYSTVIYA MALIOP]'I'ENSIVNOGO MIKROVOLNOCTOGO OBLUCHEl`TIYA, 1,y79 ) 26 ~
- a- [IIi - U55R - 21A S&T F~UOj
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CONTENTS ~ Contin~?�~? ~ ~ge
D,yn~.rr,i.cs of Changes in an Organism's Behavioral Reactions
Ici~iiicc~d. by M:~r.ruwave Radiation
(M. I. Rudnc,v, M. I. Navak~~Li.k,yan; DIIVAMIKA iZ1~NENIY
POVEDENCHESKIKH REAI~['SIY ORGANIZMA, INDiTrSIROjIANNYKH
MIKROVOLNOVOY RADIATSIYEV, 1979) 31
The Effects of Injury and Restoration of the Organism of Rats _
Under Microwave Irradiation (2400 MHz)
(V. S. Tikhonchuk; BYLTLLETEN' EKSPERIMENTAL'NOY BIOLOGII
I MEDITSINY, No 7~ 1979).va.eve>...e 41
Kinematic Description of a Helical Frame of Reference System
in the Special Theory of Relativity 46
Relativistic Kinematic Equations and the Theory of Continuous
' Media 47
- b -
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POSSIBLE MECHANISMS BEHIND THE BIOEFFECTS OF LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS
?1~known VOZMOZHNYYE MEKHANIZMY BIOEFFEKTOV ELEKTROMAGNITNYKH POLEY NIZKIKH
i:[iASTOT in Russian 1979 pp 1-6
[Preprint of article by G. 2. Yevtushenko and F. A. Kolodub, Khar'kov Scientific
_ R?search Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases]
[Text] The biological activity of solenoid-generated low frequency (7 and 70
kHz) and industrial frequency (50 Hz) elec'comagnetic f~alds (LF and IF EMF's)
of different intensities (10-72,000 amps;'~�:ter), exposure times (up to 6 months)
_ .~;id generation modes (continuous~ pulsed) was studied in experiments on male
while rats.
It was established that at certain EMF intensities and exposure times, depending
upon freque:ncy and generation mode, distinct changes arise in the functional
state of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Morpr,ological
changes develop in the CNS, the heart, the liver, the kidneys, and ~ndo-
crine glands (adenohypophysis, adrenal glands, thyroid, testes), and the
morphological blood picture and the body's immunobiological reactivity change.
The observed functional and morphological chanqes are the product of 3issoci-
ation of carbohydrate-energy, nitrogen, dnd nuclein metabolism.
The ~requency characteristics of the EMF and its generation mode have ar~
effect on the direction taken by the changes. Thus a decline in the inten-
sity of anaerobic glycolysis was typical of the continuous generation mode,
while its activation was typical of the pulsed mode. Pul~ed EMF's al.so
cause more expressive changes in nitroqen and nuclein metabolism.
The question arises as to what is responsible fa-r these differences.
It appears that they lie in the different influences EMF's have on the kinetics
- of enzymatic reactions catalyzing individual links of the metabolic processes.
It should be kept in mind that the activity of an enzyme is governed by many
factors, and that it depends on the quantity of the enzymatic protein itself
1
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and on presence of factors altering the rate of the enzymatic reaction
(substrates, coenzymes, activators, inhibitors, apoenzyme conformatic^., and
so on). In our research, we observed a decli.ne in the quantity of amide and ,
sulfhydryl groups in the protein molecules in response to an, LF EMF. It
may be hypothesized that one of the possible causes of change in enzyme
activity might be change in conformation of some enzymatic proteins. -
Changes in the ratio of free to bound wa.ter in organs and tissues play a
certain role in alteration of the catalytic activity of enzymes; evidence
of this was found in change in the dietectric permeability of tissues.
Change in the structural rigidity of intracellular water could be elicited by
change in the kinetics of different enzymatic reactions, and it could cause
conformational changes in a number of proteins and enzymes. These circum- -
stances could be responsible for the numerous deviations noted in enzymatic
activity under the influence of LF EI~''s in continuous and pulsed generation
modes. EMF's play the role of activators in relation to some enzymes (cardiac
hexokinase, hepatic and cardiac glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, cerebral,
hepatic, cardiac, and muscle adenylate deaminase, cerebral ribonuclease and
adenosine triphosphatase, and hepatic and testicular deox.yribonuclease).
They are unique inhibitors in relation to other enzymes (hepatic glutamate
dehydrogenase, and cerebral cytochrome oxidase, creatine kinase, glutamine
synthetase, and deoxyribonuclease). EMF's do not generally have a significant
influence on the activity of enzymes such as cerebral, hepatic, and testicular
lactate dehydrogenase, cerebral hexokinase, hepatic cytochrome oxidase, and =
_ cerebral and hepatic glutaminase.
[One line nct reproduced] (for example glutamate dehydrogenase, cytochrome
oxidase, glutamine synthetase, and deoxyribonuclease) EMF's varied in their
- influence depending on the organ to which the enzyme belonged. There should
- be no difficulties in explaining this fact, since we know that enzymes catalyzing
the same reaction but located in different organs often differ in ar.?in~~ acid
comoosition. These differences are governed by optimum medium pH and other
factors. Hence it becomes clear that when t'r.e state of free water chan~~s by
ti~P ~ame order of magnitude, the degree of changes in enzymatic activity and
t:-?eir direction would vary, due to a difference in the degree of confoYmational
changes in enzyme proteins.
' A typical feature of the action of EMF's of the studied frequency ranges is
their capability for changing the intensity of oxidative processes. Pulsed
7 kHz EMF's and c~ntinuous and pulsed 50 Hz fields altered the degree to which
oxidation and phosphorylation were linked. A consequence of this was a
' decline in the level of macroergic canpounds in the tissues (ATP and crea~ine
phosphate), and change in the ratio of the oxidized and re~3uced forms of
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavoproteins.
It would be difficult to unambiguously answer the question as to what sort
of concrete mechanisms are responsible for dissociation of oxidation and
phosphorylation in response to EMF's. It follows from~ the provisions of
2
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ctuantum mechanics that the energy of a low frequency EMF is insufficient to
c~ause any sor~ of molecular alteration, even at the :~ighest intensities we
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14
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state of which was assessed from the quantitative concentration of
- cat2cholamines (epinephrine and norephinephrine) in the adrenal glandsand in
brain tissue, from the activity of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in
blood plasma, and from the concentration of ascorbic acid in the adrenal
glancls. The research results showed that microwave EMF's (40-25 uw/cm2)
caused an increase in the epinephrine level in cerebral tissues and the
adrenal glands after 120 days.
In this case the ACTH activity of plasma and the ascorbic acid level did not
differ significantly from the control values. Such a response by the body
attests to participation of the hypophyseoadrenal system, with specific
humoral links taking part.
We ;urned a certain amount of attention in our experimental research to an
- integ;al index of the body's functional state--immunological reactivity,
which was evaluated on the basis of som~ nonspecific and specific immunity
reactions. The results of this research showed that under the influence
of a microwave EMF (with a PFD of 115 uw/cm2), the complement activity of _
biood serum in experim2ntal animals exhibited phasal changes--stimulation of
function alternated with its inhibition, which may be an indication of a
certain functional stress placed upon the humoral link of natural immunity.
The simultaneous increase in basophil degranulation and plaque formation
(see Table 6) permits the hypothesis that a microwave EMF with a frequency
of 9,~00 MHz has a sensitizing action on the body, resulting from ~evelopment
of autoallergic processes. Of special interest in this case is the earlier
de~>elopment of autoallergy in animals exposed to a]ow intensity EMF
(40 uw/cm2). The biological experiment ended with pathomorphologicG? analysis
of internal organs; the results revealed insignificant changes in tre
- microstructure of some organs in response to microwaves with a Pr~D of -
115 F~w/cm2. In particular we noted moderate plethora of the tissues af ~he =
- b~�ain ancl internal organs, and dystrophic changes in the liver.
Tr,as the research demonstrated that a pulsed 9,400 MHz microwa~Je EMF is a
biol~gically significant factor which, with systematic and lengthy~ ex~~sure
at an ~ntensity above 25 uw/cm2, elicits changes on the part of physiological,
biochemical, and immunological indicators of the body's functional state.
- [8044/0268-11004]
COPYRIGHT: No copyright
- 11004
C~O: 8G44/0268
_ 15
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BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF AN INDUSTRIAL FREQUENCY (50 Hz) ELECTRIC FIELD
~Unknown BIOLOGICHESKOYE DEYSTVIYE ELEKTRICHESKOGO POLYA PROMYSHLENNOY
CHASTOTY (SO GTs) in Russian 1979 pp 1-6
[Preprint of article by M. G. Shandala, Yu. D. Dumanskiy, Ye. V. Prokhvatilo,
I, P. Los', L. A. Tomashevskaya, L. G. Andriyenk~, S. A. Lyubchenko, I. S.
Bezdol'naya, and Yu. I. Vasilenko, Kiev Scientific Research Ix~stitute of
General and Communal Hygiene imeni A. N. Marzeyev]
(Text] High and superhigh tension power transmission lines are one of the
main sources of industrial frequency (50-60 Hz) electromagnetic field
radiation. The quantity of such lines is increasing with every year in all
countries of the world. This naturally means that man is being subjected
more and more frequently to the action of industrial frequency electric
fields. This is why this factor is doubtlessly interesting from the stand-
point of its biological action.
Considering this, we studied the influence an industrial frequency electric
field has on the animal body with the purpose of determining the bioZogi~al ~
sigr_ificance of short-term exposure to this factor. -
We devoted special attention in our experimental studies on animals to
experimenLally modeling the real conditions under which man is subjecte~ to
an electric field created by power transmission lines. The following had tc
pe true to satisfy these conditions:
The electric field vector (F,) had to ~e oriented vertically in relation to
the biological object;
electr~c contact between the animals and "ground" had to reliable; _
the distribution of the electric field within the zone in which the er.peri-
mental animals were located had to be uniform.
These conditions were satisfied with a plane-parallel capacitor, the upFer
plate of which was under a potential and the lower plate of which was gro~inded. -
The distance between the capacitor plates was chosen with a consideration f~r
16 -
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the actual ratio between the height oi the human body and the height at which
power transmi.ssion ~ine conductors are suspended. Basing ourselves on this,
~ and considering that white ra~cs were used as the pxperimental biological
model, the distance chosen between the plates was 430 mm.
Field intensity (E) was determined with the formula:
E = d , volts/meter,
where U is the voltage applied to the upper plate of the capacitor and d is
the distance between the capacitor's upper ar~d lower plate.
The capacitor plate dimensions were selected such that the distribution of -
the electric field within the zone in which the experimental animals were
located was practicaZly uniform. Plates having 950 X 450 mm dimensions
corresponded to these conditions.
~ Ten to thirteen exper~mental animals were placed in dielectric pla~tic
containers with a metallic bottom; these containers were set on the lower
"grounded" plate of the capacitor in such a way that contact between the
experimental animals and the "ground" was reliable (see Figure) [figures not
reproduced].
The experiment~l research was performed in a chronic experiment lasting
6 months ;4 months exposure to the factor, and 2 months aftereffect period); -
the 400 white rats employed were subdivided into a number of experimental
grcups depending on voltage and the exposure conditions. Table 1 sho�,as the
experimental design.
Di3continuous exposure of experimental animals to the factor was achiec�ed
with the help of an automated system based on an automatic experimental
proqram control block. The following indicators of body functional states
were studied in relation to all experimental animals, including the controls:
physiological--summational threshold index, emotional excitability, static
. endurance, conditioned reflex activity (latent period and magnitude of motor
reaction); biochemical--concentration of urea, residual nitrogen, and glucose
in blood serum~ of glycogen in the liver, and of ascorbic acid in the adrenal
glands, and activity of enzymes in blood and mitochondria (cholinesterase,
ceruloplasmin, transferrin, succinate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase);
immunological--basophil degranulation (Shelley reaction), plaque formation
((Iyerne-Klemparskaya) reaction), and complement, lysozyme, and hemagglutinin
titers; hematological--concentration of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukacy~es,
eosinophils, and reticulocytes, and the leukocyte formula.
At the end of the exposure period and during the aftereffect period the
- animals were killed, and the internal organs and brain were subjected to
pathomorphological study. 1~
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Table 1. Experimental Design
p Hanpsm HFfOCTb; 3KCII03HLIHS~~ IIp0A0JIR(RTeJIbHOCTb:06fA3fi~IIp0Ii07I~I^'
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IO 5 25 . 80
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20 80 30 300
IY IS 80 30 500
IO $0 30 S00
Key:
1. Series 4. Interval length, min
~ 2. Voltage, kv/m 5. Total exposure time, min/day
3. Exposure time, min
An analysis of the results established that 15 and 20 kv/m industrial
frequency electric fields elicit, under some exposure conditions, sta~istically
significant changes in the functional state of the body. Thus the indicated
intensities of the factor as a rule led to an increase in the summational
~rrashold index and a decline in emotional excitability and stati~ endurance
i:z the third to fourth months when total daily exposure time was 300 minutes
- (Table 2).
In addition changes occurred in the pattern of conditioned reflex activity.
In the first month of exposure these changes manifested themselves as an in-
crease in the latent time of a positive conditioned reaction; it manifested
itself in the third and fourth months as difficulty in differentiation
~Table 2).
The summational threshold index also changed at an exposure time of 80
minutes (E = 20 kv/m), beginning with the secor~d month of exposure.
It should be noted that the observed changes in physiological indicators
disappeared following 1 month of recovery--that is, 1 month after exposure
was terminated. Statistically significant differences from control were not
noted in relation to other analyzed parameters of the factor. Our study of
the biochemical indicators of body functional state a�forded a possibility
18
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19 ~
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Key :
. 1. Indicators 1~. Summational threshold index, volts
2. Electric field parameters 11. Control
3. E, kv/m 12. Static endurance, min
4. t, min 13. Latent time of conditioned reflexes,
5. Before exposure sec
6. During exposure, after: 14. To a bell
7. Month 15. To a buzzer
8. Months 16. Magnitude of motor reactions, arbi-
9. Aftereffect period trary units
for establishing a number of changes in the pattern of inetabolic processes
(Tables 3 and 4). Changes in blood biochemistry were typified by enlargement
of the concentration of glucose, urea, and residual nitrogen, reduction of
cholinesterase activity, and growth in ceruloplasmin and transferrin activity.
In parallel we noted a decline in the hepatic glycogen concentration and
change in the concentration of ascorbic acid in the adrenal gland and in the
activity of cytochrome oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase in cerebral and
hepatic mitochondria.
The noted changes in biochemical indicators were observed throughout the
entire time of exposure to electric fields with intensities of 15 and 20 kv/m,
where total daily exposure times were 80,180, and 300 minutes, and they were
typified by reversibility following termination of exposure.
Table 5 presents data on the immunological resistance of white rats subjected _
to short-term exposure to an industrial frequency electromagnetic field;
these data show that this factor has an influence on some immunological
indicato~s. In particular at electric field intensities of 15 and 20 kv/m
(180 and 300 minute exposure times) a statistically significant inarease is
_ noted in the percentage of degranulated basophils (Shelley reaction) and
in autoimmune hemolysis` plaque formation ((Yyerne-Klemparskaya) reaction). _
We did not concurrently reveal significant changes on the part of the
lysozyme and hemagglutinin titers following immunization, which was used as
a functional load.
The decrease we established in complement titer (only on the seventh day
following vaccination) (see Table 5) is probably associated with the effect
of the electric field, and it may attest to a certain stress placed upon the
nonspecific immunity of animals in a 15 kv/m field (300 minute exposure }ime).
Concurrently with studying the body's immunological resistance we studied
the composition of peripheral blood which, as the experimental results showed,
exhibited changes of different directions in the quantitative concentration of
hemoglobin, eosinophils, and leukocytes (Table 6). However, these shifts were
not beyond the limits of physiological variations, and therefore we obviously
cannot interpret them as being biologically significant. An exception to
20
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -
24
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this may be found only with reticulocytes, the concentration of which in
animals exposed to electric fields with intensities of 10,15, and 20 kv/m,
where the exposure times were 180 and 300 minutes per day, increased
noticeably toward the end of the experiment.
The experimental research culminated with histological study of individual
tissues and organs taken from experimental and control animals. Data obtained
both at the end of the exposure time and during the aftereffect period did -
not re�real any sort of changes significantly different from control.
Thus the research results showed that a.t exposure times of from 80 to 300
minutes per day, electric fields with intensities of 15 and 20 kv/m had
an influence on the functional state of experimental ani.mals, which was
_ manifested as change in their physiological, biochemical, and iirrtnunological
indicators. How~ver, the observed changes were weakly expressed, and as a
rule they were not beyond the bounds of physiological norms, for which
reason they cannot be interpreted~as pathological. ~
[8044/0268-11004]
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11004
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25
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IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LOW MICROWAVE EXPOSURE
Unknown IMMUNOLOGICHESKIYE EFFEKTY VOZDEYSTVIYA MALIONTENSIVNOGO MIKROVOLNOVOGO
OBLUCHENIYA in Russian 1979 pp 2-9
[Preprint of an article by M. G. Shandala, M. I. Rudnev, G. I. Vinogradov,
r. G. Belonozhko, and N. M. Gonchar, Kiev Scientific Research Institute of
General and Communal Hygiene imeni A. M. Marzeyev]
[Text] Study of the influence a microwave electromagnetic field has on the
~ body's immune system, the normal operation of which insures genetic constancy
of the internal environment, has important significance to the overall com-
plex of research on the biological action of this form of radiation.
Though few in number, data have nevertheless been already published in the
Sovi.et Union on the influence a low intensity electromagnetic field has on
- the body's immunological reactivity in experiments on aninals. Thus Zalyubov-
skaya and Kiselev (2) showed that exposure of SVA line mice to millimeter radio
_ waves at an intensity of 1,000 uw/cm2 for 15 minutes in a period of 20 days
causes a decrease in the leukocyte count of peripheral blood, a decline in the
blood serum lysozyme and complement titers, a decline in the phagocytic
activity of neutrophils, and inhibition of the skin's bactericidal
l~reperties. These data sh~w thac :!ic~owa:C 11LdlliLlUA ~i the body may di~turb
its nonspecific defenses. The authors also showed that the animals conse-
quently exhibit a decline in resistance to infections and intoxicatior.s. The
latter could be interpreted as a manifestation of disturbed specific immunity.
Research on the immunological effects of exposure to low intensity microwaves,
conducted by the Kiev 5cientific Reserach Institute of General and Communal
Hygiene imeni A. M. Marzeyev, showed that at a current density of [one line
not reproduced] months, and at intensities of 10, 50, and 500 uw/cm2 for
one month.
Recovery of altered functions was observed for 3 months after irradiation.
A load--repeated one-time irradiation of the animals at a PFD [Power flux
density] of 500 uw/cm2 for 7 hours--was applied at the end of the aftereffect
period with the objective of analyzing the compensatory and adaptive posszbilities
' of the body's immune system, and the functional completeness of recovery.
26
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The imanunological analyses were performed with animals in the experimental
and control group both during the time of irradiation and following it.
Analysis of the resulting da~a showed the following.
The group of white rats exposed to microwaveswith a PFD of 500 uw/cm2 exhibits
significant inhibition of the capability lymphocytes have for being stimu-
lated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (Figure 1) [figures not reproduced]. Thus
by as early as the third day of exposure a certain decline in the quantity ~
of blast cells was noted (29.0 � 3.78 in experiment, as opposed to 34.7 � 3.44
in control). Next, after 7 days of irradiation the percentage of blasts
decZined to 24.0 � 3.06, after 2 weeks it declined to 8.9 � 1.78, and by the
end of the third week it w~s 8.8 � 1.3. The maxi~num decline in the quantity
of blast-forming cells is observed at the end of the period of irradiation--
7,9 � 1.85 in experiment, and 37.0 � 3.53 in control. A certain rise in the
blast transformation indicator is noted in the aftereffect period, but the _
percen~tage of stimulated lymphocytes never reached normal, even by the end
of the recovery period: The numbe.r of blasts in the experimental group
remains significantly lower than that in the control group of animals (27.8 �
� 2.52 and 34.3 � 3.31).
A tendency for the number of macrophages to decline is noted throughout almost
all of the stages of the reaction, but significant differences from intact
animals were not observed in this regard.
The percentage of blast formation in a culture not containing PHA exposed to
the same level of SHF energy is also low, though such changes were also
observed in control.
The load applied at the end of the experiment showed that when greater re- _
quirements were imposed on the body (when the additional influence was
applied), the experi.mental animals revealed fuller suppression of the activity
of T-cells in comparison with the intact animal group (14.7 � 2.62 in
experiment, 29.0 � 3.68 in control).
Similar studies were conducted on animals exposed to microwave energy with a
PFD of 50 uw/cm2 (Figure 2). An analysis of the obtained data reveals that
a significant decline in blast formation is observed in the experimPntal group,
in comparison with the control group, by as early as on the third day of
irradiation: 17.6 �3.44, as opposed to 35.7 � 4.71. The percentage of blasts
continues to decline toward the end of the first week of irradiation (i4.6 �
� 2,81), while in the control group it remains at its previous level.
Following an exposure time of 2 weeks the quantity of blast cells declined
significantly to 13.6 � 2.78, a level which persists even after 3 weeks of
irradiation (15.6 � 3.23). At the end of the exposure period the percentage ,
of blast-forming cells remains practically at the same level (14.5 � 3.29). _
An increase in the percentage of blast-forming cells (21.3 �2.98) is observed
after 30 days of the recovery period. Further recovery of the percentage of
blast cells is noted after 2 months. Thus it increases to as much as 30.3 �
� 3.64 in the experimental group; compare this with the level in the control
- group--37. 4� 4. 76 (p < 0. 05) . However, fu7-1 recovery occurs only toward the end
27
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of a 3-monch period. Moreover the load we used revealed this recovery to -
be functionally incomplete, since repeat exposure elicits a sharply
~ronounced [one ~ine not reproducedj in irradiated animals, in comparison ~
wi.th the intact. group.
A certain decline is observed in the percent concentraL-ion of c~lls in Lne
macrophage series; however, these changes are not significant, remaining within -
~he limits of physiological variation. Interesting data were obtained in an _
analysis of the indicators for blast transformation of lymphocytes in the
peripheral blood of animals exposed to microwaves with a PFD of 10 Uw/cmz
(Figure 2). The experimental group did exhi.bit a decline in the quantity of
blast-forming cells in compariscn with coni:rol during irradiation, though the
decrease was to a lesser degree. FTowever, toward the end of the second
month of the recovery period the blast transformation indicators returned to
normal, and after 3 months of the aftereffect period the indicators remained
at practically the same level. The load we used, which took the form of ~
one-time exposure to SHF energy with a PFD of 500 Uw/cm2, demonstrated
complete recovery of the indicators; specifically, the data obtained following
the load exhibited no significant differences between the experimental group
and the control group (25.5 � 2.65 and 29.3�2.92). ~
The results of research on the action of microwaves with PFD's of 1 and 5
�w/cm2 in an exposure period of 3 months showed that such low intensities '
do not have a significant influence on the capability small lymphocytes have
for being stimulated.
The additional load demonstrated that changes in the quantities of blast
cells in experimental and control groups do not differ statistically. This
- indicates that microwaves of these intensities do not produce latent changes
in immunocompetent cells responsible for the state of cellular immunity
(Figure 3).
As was noted earlier, we also employed the spontaneous reaction of rosette
formation in the thymus and spleen to evaluate the T-system of immunity. A
comparison of the data obtained from comparing the lymphocyte blast trans-
formation reaction and the rosette formation reaction would show that the
changes occurring in the body's immune system in response to microwaves pro-
ceed in the same direction. The significant changes observed include
statistically significant inhibition of the function of immunocompe~ent _
cells, the extent of this inhibition being directly dependent on the power
flux densi~y.
Thus microwave radiation with intensities of 500 and 50 uw/cm2 causes
arisal of immunological deficiency in the thymus-dependent lymphocyte popu- _
lation. Changes arising at a PFD of 10 uw/cm2 can be classified as compen-
satory, since we observe full recovery in the course of 3 months following
irradiation. Microwaves with intensities of 5 and 1 uw/cm2 do not elicit
significant disturbances in the reactions of cellular immunity.
28
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These data agree with our previous research (7), and they permit the hypothesis
that when the T-system of immunity is deficient, B-cells begin to react to
- tissue antigens, producing antibodies which promote development of an auto-
immune state in response to microwave radiation with PFD's of 50 uw/cm2
and higher.
We attach important significance, in an integrated assessment of the influence
of environmental factors on the body's imnnunological reactivity, to the
functional state of white blood cells participating in imnune defenses.
It was in this connection that we undertaok research aimed at studying the
biologically active components of neutrophils, which play an important role in
cell metabolism, immunogenesis, and adaptation. This research was conducted
on white mongrel rats, in the experimental conditions described above. In
- our assessment of the concentration of glycogen and ~lkaline phosphatase we
Consider the mean cytochemical factor (MCF) and the percentage of positively
reacting cells. The obtained data indicate that electromagnetic SHF fields
with PFD's of 10 and 50 �w/cm2 cause intensification of energy metabolism in
neutrophils during the first 3 weeks of irradiation. Evidence of this can
be found in the significant decline in concentration of alkaline pYiosphatase
and glycogen in cells (figures 4, 5). The changes occurring in this period are
obviously compensatory.
Further exposure causes a decline in the concentration of alkaline phosphatase,
which is obviously the product of the inhibitory action of the SHF field on
th~ ~ctivity of this enzyme following long-term exposure.
Microwaves with an intensity of 500 uw/cm2 activate glycolysis in neutrophils,
which leads to a decline in the concentration of glycogen in the cells by the
end of the fourth week of irradiation.
Electromagnetic fields with PFD's of 1 and 5 uw/cm2 do not influence the
energy balance of white blood cells; all they do is alter phosphatase
, activity insignificantly (decrease it) in the first 30 days (figures 6, 7).
Analysis of the concentration of glycogen and alkaline phosphatase in the
neutrophils of white rats during a 3-month recovery period showed that at
microwave energy levels of l, 5, 10, and 50 uw/cm2 the indicators do undergo
recovery. It is only at a PFD of 500 uw/cm2 that we observe a decline in
the glycogen concentration and in phosphatase activity.
Considering the results of previous research on the action of low intensity -
superhigh frequency energy on carbohydrate metabolism in organs and tissues
(5,6), and comparing these results with data from our own previous research,
' we can say that the changes exhibited by qlycogen are associated with dis-
turbances in enzymatic processes, and that they are a manifestation of an -
adaptive-compensatory reaction in response to disturbed oxidative phosphory-
lation. In this case the electromagnetic field plays the role of an uncoupling
agent, preventing activation of enzymes responsible for glycogen synthesis and
breakdown.
29
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Thus on generalizing the results of the research we can say that low
intensity microwave radiation with PFD's of 500 and 50 uw/cm2 is injurious
to the body's immunological reactivity. Evidence of this can be found in
inhibition of the thymus-dependent immunity system in response to these
exposure conditions, manifested as arisal of secondary immunological
deficiency. Lower intensities (10, 5, and 1 uw/cm2) do not elicit such
effects. The changes observed in this case are handled by immune defense
mechanisms.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Vinogradov, G. I., and Dumanskiy, Yu. D., "Change in the Antigenic
Properties of Tissues, and Autoallergic Proc2sses in Response to SHF
Energy," BYULL. EKSPER. MEDITSINY, No 8, 1974, pp 76-79.
2. Zalyubovskaya, N. P., and Kiselev, R. I., "The Influence of Millimeter
Radio Waves on the Human and Animal Body," GIG. I SAN., No 8, 1978,
pp 35-39.
3. Kopelyan, I. I., and Grigor'yeva, M. P., "Development of Micromodifications
of Human Blood Cell Culturing Techniques," BYULL. EKSPER. MEDITSINY, No 8,
1972, pp 119-121.
4. Letskiy, V. Ye., "Tsitokhimicheskoye issledovaniye leykotsitov (metodi-
cheskiye rekomendatsii)" (Cytochemical Analysis of Leukocytes (Methodo- ~
logical Recommendations)), Leningrad, 1973, 32 pp.
5. Tomashevskaya, L. A., and Popovich, V. M., "Some Characteristics of
Metabolic Processes Occurring in the Body in Response to Irradiation by
a High Frequency Electromagnetic Fie~d," GIGIYENA NASELENNYKH MEST, No
14, 1975, pp 103-105.
6. Serdyuk, A. M., "Vzaimodeystviye organizma s electromagnitnymy polyami
kak s faktorom okruzhayushchey sredy" (Interaction of the Body with
Electromagnetic Fields Acting as an Environmental Factor), Kiev, Izd-vo
N~ukova dumka, 1977, 228 pp.
7. Shandala, M. G., and Vinogradov, G. I., "Immunological Effects of Micro-
waves," GIG. I SAN., No 10, 1978, pp 34-38.
8. Haskill, J., Elliot, B., Kaibel, R., et al., "Classification of Thymus-
Derived and Marrow-Derived Lymphocytes by Demonstration of Their Antigen-
Binding Characteristics," J. EXPER, I~D., Vol 135, No 6, 1972, pp 1410-1415.
[8044/0268-11004]
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11004
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DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN AN ORGANISM'S BEHAVIORAL ~CTIONS INDUCED BY
MICROWAVE RADIATION
Unknown DINAMIKA IZMENENIY POVEDENCH~SKiKH REAKTSIY ORGANIZMA, INDUTSIROVANNYKH
MIKROVOLNOVOY RADIATSIYEV in Russian 1979 pp 1-13
_ [Preprint of article by Dr Med Sci M. I. Rudnev and Jr Scientist M. I.
Navakatikyan, Kiev Scientific Research Institute of General and Communal
Hygiene imeni A. N. Marzeyev,Ukrainian SSR Ministry of Public Health]
[Text] The significance of behavioral reactions as the most sensitive indi-
cators reflecting the state of the body as a whole is universally recognized
today in research on the effects of unfavorable environmental factors. Most
of the research has been performed in this regard on the action of superhigh
frequency fields of thermal and subthermal intensities (6,7,10,12,15-20),
presence of which can be said to be firmly established. At the same time a
number of papers have been published attesting to possible behavioral influences
by fields of lower intensities (1,3,5,11,14); however, the nature of changes
occurring during irradiation and especially in the aftereffECt period has not
been clarified.
It was in this connection that we undertook research on the chronic influence
of a low intensity SHF field (2,375 Nffiz) on animai behavior.
The research was conducted in three series of experi.ments on white mongrel rats
4-5 months old at the beginning of irradiation. Animals in series one were
irradiated by SHF energy with a PFD of 500 uw/cm2 for 1 month. Animals in .
the second series were exposed t~ PFD's of 50 and 10 uw/cm2 for 3 months. In
the third series the ani:~als were exposed to PFD's of 5 and 1 uw/cm2 for 3
months. The duration of daily irradiation was 7 hours during daylight hours.
The animals were irradiated as groups within a field created inside an echoless
chamber. Aftereffects were monitored for 3 months.
Methods
Defensive conditioned reflexes were studied in a maze of our own design. The
device consists of three chambers. located at the apexes of an equilateral
triangle. Three corridors connect the chambers into a closed system with two
31
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exits in each chamber. The floor of the entire device is made from metallic
rods (diameter--4 mm, intercenter spacing--1 cm). Pedals at the ends of
the corridors turn switches on as the animal runs by. The walls of the
device are triade from white organic glass with a matte finish. The ceili~zgs
are transparent. Lamps (10 w) are insi:alled outside the outer walls of the
cha.mbers, and a loudspeaker used to transmit the conditioning signals is
instailed in the center. Chamber heiyht is 21 cm; the lengths of the side
walls of the chamber are 24 and 30 cm. The length of the corridor's inner
wall is 32 cm, and that of the outer wall is 23.5 cm; corridor breadth is
8 cm, and its height is 10 cm. The following conditioning procedure was
employed: Upon transmission of the conditioning signal the animal had to run
from the "start" chamber to either one of the other two. In the next trial
that chamber in which the rat was located at this moment became the start
chamber. If the rat failed to complete its run within 3.0 sec, a voltage was
applied to the'~tar~'chamber and to all corridors (100 Hz, pulse duration
1 msec, stabilized voltage). The a~plied voltage was 20 volts higher than
the threshold inducing the animal to run. After the an:imal's run, the
voltage was left on until the next conditioning signal only in the corridors.
The conditioning signal consisted of a light beyond the wall of the chamber in
which the rat was resting, and a sound (75 db, 500 Hz). Both stimuli were
applied together for 6 sec. The interval between conditioning signals was
40 sec. The animals were exposed to radiation until five successive appearances
of conditioned reflexes (attainment of a safe chamber in less than 3 sec), or
for up to 90 trials a day.
- To evaluate conditioned reflex activity we considered the mean latent time of
the conditioned reactions (L~); thP average running time along the corridor
during performance of conditioned reactions (R~); the number of trials prior
to appearance of five conditioned reflexes in succession (N~); the number of
- intersignal reactions occurring per trial (IR). An intersignal reaction was
defined as a run from one chamber to another occurring not in response to
transmission of a conditioningsignal.
At each recording point we recorded indices twice, with an interval of a
day, in an open field test (using a square 1 x 1 meter field containing 25
squares) consisting of three 1-minute trials with an interval of 15-20 sec.
At the beginning of each trial the rat was placed in an opaque ~ube in the
center of the field. The total number of squares crossed by the rat was
recorded. In the first day of recording we interpreted this v~lue as
exploratory activity (EA) and in the second day we called it motor activity
, (MA) .
- The threshold of sensitivity to electrocutaneous stimulation (T) was deter-
mined in a cage with a floor consisting of inetallic rods (diameter--2 mm,
- intercenter spacing--7 mm) from the amount of voltage (100 Hz, square pulse
duration--1 msec) causing the rat to withdraw ~ts forepaws from the floor.
" To evaluate the aggressiveness of the animals we ascertained the outcome
of a fight (the fight ended when one of the rats assumed a submissive posture)
32
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provoked by electric current in a chamber with a floor of inetallic rods. _
Rats from the experimental group fought rats in the control group.
The parameters of the unconditioned dietary reaction we recorded included its
latent time (Ld) and the magnitude of the reaction (Rd) (the quantity of
food eaten in a 20-minute trial). -
Dynamic working capacity (D,,,~) was determined from the time the rat could
maintain its position in a rotating cylinder (14 rpm; diameter--4.3 cm;
- lined with fabric). The time the rat could maintain its position on fabric-
lined planks secured at a 30� angle to the vertical, 50 cm above the floor,
was used as the magnitude of static working capacity (SW). Plank length
was 40 cm, and its cross section was 1.5 X 1 cm, and 2.8 x 1.7 cm following the
90th day of the experiment. Trial time in the presence of a field with a
PFD of 500 uw/cm2 was 15 min, and after the 90th day it was 10 min. If
- the animals did not fall, the working capacity index was said to be 15 or 10
min correspondingly.
In all three series of experiments we select~d out a group of females to be
used in the open field test and in the threshold test, and a group of males
for all the other tests. Another group of males was selected out to study
conditioned reflexes in the presence of fields with PFD's of 500, 50, and
10 uw/cm2. Each series of experiments included a parallel control located _
in the same space in ~vhich the experimental animals were subjected to
radiation. The groups contained 8-15 animals.
Index Recording Schedule
All indices were recorded before irradiation, and the animals were redistri-
buted to create homogeneous groups. -
In the first series of experiments the ^onditioned reflex parameters were
recorded on the lOth and 30th days of irradiation and on the 30th,60th, and
_ 90th days after irradiation. Parameters of all other tests were recorded
on the lOth, 20th, and 30th days of irradiation and on ths 15th, 30th, 45th,
60th, 75th, and 90th days after irradiation. In the second series we
recorded conditioned reflexes at a monthly interval; unconditioned reflexes
were recorded on the lOth, 20th, and 30th ~essivenessarecordingapointsswasently
at a monthly interval. (The number of agg
decreased, since the method was found to be unsensitive). In the third series
the conditioned defensive reflex, dietary behavior, and static working
capacity indices were recorded at a monthly interval. The threshold and _
exploratory activity were additionally recorded on the lOth and 20th days
of irradiation. Dynamic working capacity and aggre~siveness were 3etermined
on the 90th day of irradiation and on the 90th day of the aftereffect period.
The time of daily irradiation was delayed by 3-4 hours in connection with the
recording session, and those animals that were developing conditioned reflexes
were exempted from irradiation.
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- Treatment of the Experimental Data
Prior to the experiment the animals were redistributed into groups in such
a way that ~hey did not differ from the control group by more than
~2 +Me2
where M~ and Me are the mean errors for the control and experimental groups
prior to irradiation. If we were unable to satisfy this condition in
relation to all parameters, the figures for the particular rats were
discarded, and thus the conditians of the statistical tests applied were met
for all parameters in relation to all recording points.
Prior to statistical treat.ment, all deviating trials were discarded with
~he use of special tables (2,8). Inasmuch as indices were recorded in the
experimental and control groups at the same time by alternating the animals,
our analysis made use of a variant of the sign test in which the signs were _
related in time. We used the U test (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney) to evaluate
conditioned reflex activity; Fisher's formula for a four-field table was
used in the analysis of working capacity. Wherever the text makes
reference to a test for differences, we used Student's t-test. Differences
were said to be significant at p< 0.05.
Research Results
Series I
Analysis of changes in exploratory activity demonstrated that this index was
highly sensitive to an ENIF with a PFD of 500 uw/cm2. Exploratory activity -
was found to be inhibited on the 20th and 30th days of irradiation (according
to the sign test). Inhibition was superceded in the aftereffect period by
activation (arousal) of exploratory activity (a significantly higher level
was noted in the experimental group on the 30th, 45th, 60th, and 90th days
after irradiation). Relative deviations (t1M$) of the experimental group from
the control group and the error of these deviations (m~) were computed with
the following formulas in order to gain a more graphical impression of the
- parameter's changes: -
Me - M~
~M~= X100g
M~
f--- 2 -
m~ _ (rr`e +m~ ~ X loo~
~ Me
. where Me and M~ are the means for the experimental and control groups, and _
me and m~ are the mean errors. Using these values, we can easily compute
parameter t to evaluate differences in the means with Student's test:
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t = ~M~/m~
Data on relative change in exploratory activity are shown in Figure 1
[figures not reproduced].
In contrast to exploratory activity, significant change (growth) in motor
activity was not noted until the 90th day after irradiation.
The electrocutaneous stimulation threshold was found to be one of the most
sensitive parameters. Duri.nq the period of irradiation, we recorded
a significant decline in the threshold on the 30th day and an increase on
the 20th day. In the a~tereff ~cta arondthe 60thrday.a Therdynamicstof the
day (according to the sign tes ) in the same way as Figure 1.
process are shown in Figure 2, which is set up _
Feeding behavior exhibited significant signs of inhibition both in the
irradiation period (enlargement of Ld and reduction of Rd on the lOth day)
and after irradiation (enlargement of Ld on the 15th and 30th days, and _
- reduction of Rg on the 60th day after irradiation).
The aggressive behavior of the animals and the conditioned reflex activity
parameters hardly changed at all. A significant decline was noted in the
proportion of intersignal reactionson the lOth day of irradiation, and ~ _
was noted to decline on the 90th day after irradiation. Data describing
the dynamics of the rate of conditioned reflex development and intersignal
reactions are presented in figures 3 and 4.
The workinq capacity of the animals changed (decreased) only in response to
irradiation: Dynamic working capacity declined on the lOth and 20th days,
_ and static working capacity declined on the lOth and 30th days.
Series II
The functional state of the central nervous system also tuiderwent inhibiti~~n
when rats were irradiated with fields having PFD's of 50 and 10 uw/cm2.
A significant decline in exploratory activity was noted with both intensities
on the 30th and 60th days of irradiation. Although there were no significant
differences in the aftereffect period, the average value for exploratory
activity of the irradiated groups attests to a certain amoun~ of excitation
of the central nervous system (see Figure 1). No changes were recorded in
the motor activity parameter.
Changes occurring in the sensitivity threshold indicate presence of a
central nervous system ar~usal phase in the initi~l period of irradiation.
A decline was noted in the threshold on the lOth day at a PFD of 50 UW/cm2 _
and on the lOth and 20th days at a PFD of 10 uw/cm2 (see Figure 2). At the
end of the exposure period the threshold was significantly higher with a
PFD of 50 uw/cm2--that is, the c~~ntral nervous system was inhibited.
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Dietary behavior underwent inhibition during irradiation, and it was
reactivated following it. At a PFD of 50 uw/cm2 the Ld decreased on the
30th day of the aftereffect period; at a PFD of 10 uw/cm2 it increased on
the 30th day of irradiation. On the 30th day of irradiation the R~ decreased
in tlie ~~resence of both intensities, and it decreased on the 30th day of the
aftereffect period at a PFD of 50 uw/cm~.
DW was high on the 60th day of irradiation at a PFD of 50 Uw/cm2. The SW of
the same group increased on the 90th day of irradiation and on the 30th day
of the aftereffect period; it was lower on the 60th day of the aftereffect.
SW increased for the group irradiated with a PFD of 10 uw/cm2 on the 60th
day of irradiation and the 30th day of the aftereffect period.
The descirbed intensities of the SHF field elicit clearly pronounced inhibition
- of conditioned reflex reaction, which persisted even after irradiation. At
a PFD of 50 uw/cm2 the N~ parameter was significantly larger on the 60th
- (according to the U test) and 90th days of irradiation, and on the 30th and
_ 90th (according to the U test, for the range below 23 trials) days of the
aftereffect period. The PFD of 10 uw/cm2 reduced the rate of reflex develop-
ment (it increased parameter N~) on the 90th day of irradiation. The number
of intersignal reactions also changed in parallel. When the rats were
irradiated with a field having a PFD of 50 Uw/cm2, IR decreased on the 90th
day of irradiation, and on the 30th and 60th days following irradiation. At
the PFD of 10 Uw/cm2 IR declined on the 30th and 90th days of irradiation
and on the 30th day of the aftereffect period. In addition L~ increased on
the 60th day of irradiation with a field of the same intensity (see fiqures
3 and 4).
Tlie rest of the parameters did not change significantly.
Series III
The intensities of SHF energy used in this series had a le~s pronounced
effect on behavior; an SHF field with a PFD of 5 uw/cm2 inhibited exploratory
activity on the 90th day and motor activity on the 60th day of irradiation.
It reduced the threshold on the 90th day following irradiation, SW on the
90th day, and Ld on the 30th day of irradiation. Conditioned reflex activity
was inhibited (N~ increased) on the 60th and 90th days of the period of
irradiation; by the 60th day after irradiation, meanwhile, the corrido~
running time (R~) decreased.
Very few changes occurred in response to a PFD of 1 uw/cm2. On the 30th day
of irradiation the la~ent ti.me of the conditioned reflex decreased; on the
60th day the exploratory activity declined and N~ increased. By the 30th day
- after irradiation the number of intersignal reactions exhibited an increase.
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Discussion
Data on significant differences are summarized in Figure 5 in order to .
provide a better impression of the overall nature of behavioral changes
occur.ring in response to all three intensities of the SHF field. This
figure shows f ive zones corresponding to each intensity. A parameter symbol
located above the day on which the index was recorded means a significantly
larger value than control, and a parameter symbol below the recording day means
a decline relative to the level for the control group.
As we can see, the number of significant differences decreases as the field
intensity drops. However, if we look at individual parameters, we find
that the extent of these changes (the significant ones) hardly depends,at all _
on field intensity.
' In our experiments even very low field intensities elicited some changes in
behavioral reactions. Such results might have been mistrusted not that long
ago. However, we have now accumulated evidence of the possibility of sWhere -
influence upon the body, both in the USSR (1,3,5) and in the USA (13),
changes in the aggressive behavior of ani.mals were noted during irradiation
by pulsed microwaves with an average PFD of 5 uw/cm2.
An an~~:ysis of the distribution of significant differences re~�~als certain
features in the nature of the field's actions at different periods of time.
if we assume growth in latent times and thresholds and reduction of activity, _
working capacity, rate of reflex development, the number of intersignal
reactions, and reaction magnitudes to be signs of overall inhibition of t;~e
central nervous system, and the opposite changes to be signs of arousal,
then, utilizing these concepts, we can isolate a number of periods (stages)
~ in the state of the central nervous system.
Thus at a PFD of 500 uw/cm2 almost all changes occurring in the irradiation
period attest to inhibition of the central nervous system, while those
occurring after irradiation indicate arousal. An exception to this can be _
found in the decline in thresholds on the 30th day of irradiation, the
inc~rease in Ld on the 50th and 30th days after irradiation, and the decrease
in Rd on i:he 60th day after irradiation. At intensities of 1-50 uw/cm2
certain signs of arousal appear at. the beginning of irradiation. However,
the only significant changes in threshold occur with PFD's of 10 and 50 uw/cm2,
since this index exhibits a regular decline in the presence of an aroused
central nervous system at a PFD of 500 uw/cm2. The direction of changes in
Ld is often not associated with the state of the central nervous system,
and L~ chanqed so rarely in other cases that it would be better not to make any
hasty conclusions concerning the presence of an arousal phase on the 30th day
- in the presence of PFD's of 5 and 1 uw/cm2.
Signs of arousal were revealed in the aftereffect period for PFD's of 5 and 1 .
- UwJcm2, and, in relation to unconditioned reflex indices, for PFD's of 50 and
10 uw/cm2. An exception is the decrease in SW on the 60th day at a PFD of
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50 uw/cm2. Concerning the groups of animals which underwent development of
conditioned~re~lexes and which were irradiated by fields having intensities
of 50 and 10 Uw/cm2, their central nervous system activity was clearly
inhibited. Apparently the test requiring compulsory development of a -
defeii5ive reflex in the irradiation period was so difficult for the nervous
systems of these animals, weakened by irradiation, that their conditions
deteriorated, higher nervous activity failed, and. signs of arousal did not
appear in these groups.
Thus we can distinguish a phase of central nervous system arousal after
irradiation, an i.nhibition phase developing toward the end of irradiation,
and an arousal phase in the initial period of irradiation. Earlier -
recording of indices at the 500 uw/cm2 intensity would also have indicated
presence of an arousal phase. Presence of a certain number of exceptions
can obviously be explained by the fact that this factor may influence
both the parameter being recorded itself and the mobility of the animal.
Its influence may increase the working capacity of an animal, but due to
simultaneous growth in mobility the animal may fall from the plank earlier,
thus creating the appearance of reduced working capacity. -
Presence of phases in reactions of the central nervous system to effects of
different intensities and durations Was observed by many authors (9), and
hypotheses have been suggested (4) on the role of these changes in non-
specific adaptive reactions, one of them being Selye's stress reaction.
We also believe that at least some of the changes in functional state of
the central nervous system have such a mechanism behind them.
Figure Legends [figures not included]
Figure 1. Action of SHF Energy on Exploratory Activity.
Figure 2. Effect of an SHF Field on the Electrocutaneous Threshold. _
Figure 3. Effect of an SHF Field on the Number of Trials Required to Develop
a Reflex (hl� m): Number of animals is shown inside the cclumns.
Above: First columns--control, second columns--exposure to a PFD
of 500 uw/cm2. In the middle: First columns--control; second
columns--exposure to 10 uw/cm2; third columns--50 uw/cm2. Below:
First columns--control; second columns--1 uw/cm2; third columns--
5 Uw/cm2.
Fiqure 4. Effect of SHF Energy on Intersignal Reactions. Indices are plotted
as in Figure 3.
Figure 5. General Nature of the Action of an SHF Field.
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' BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Asabayev, Ch., Bochovskaya, T. Yu., and Zhegallo, I. G., "Investigation
of Reactions of the Animal Central Nervous System to the Action of Low
Intensity SHF Electromagnetic Fields," in "Sb. mat. 4 Vses. simp. 'Gig.
truda i biol. deystviya elektromagni~nykh poley radiochastot (Collection
of Materials From the Fourth AZ1-Union Symposium "Labor Hygiene and the
Biological Action of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields"), Moscow,
1972, pp 48-49. ~
- 2. Ashmarin, I. P., Vasil'yev, N. N., and Ambrosov, V. A., "Bystryye metody
statisticheskoy obrabotki i planirovaniya eksperimentov" (Quick Methods
of Statistical Treatment and Ex.periment Planning), Izd-vo Leningradsk.
univ., 1975.
3. Vezhnovets, S. S., Mironchuk, P. L., Minnigaleyev, N. Ya., Fazrakhmanov,
N. M., and Borisova, G. p., "Reactions of the Central Nervous System to
the Effect of a Low Intensity SHF Field," in "Tez. 8-Y nauch. konf.
slushateley Voyen. med. fak-ta Kuybyshevsk.med.~n-ta." (~stracts of the
Eighth Scientific Conference of Students of the School of Military
Medicine, Kuybyshev Medical Iastitute), Kuybyshev, 1974, pp 135-136.
4. Garkavi, L. Kh., Kvakina, L. B., and Ukolova, M. A., "Adaptatsionnyye
reaktsii i rezistentnost' organizma (Adaptive Reactions and Body
Resistance), Izd-vo Rostovsk. univ., Rostov-on-Don, 1977.
5. Yershova, L. K., and Popovich, B. M., "Effect of Long-Term Exposure to
Low Intensity Superhigh Freguency Energy on Some Funa~ions of the
Animal Cerebral Cortex," in "Tezisy dokl. Vses. n-t. konf. 'fizmat. i
biol. problemy deystviya elektromagnitnykh poley i ionizatsii vozdukha
(Abstracts of Reports of the All-Union Scientific-Technical Conference
"Physicomathematical and Biological Problems Concerning the Action of
Electromagnetic Fields and Air Ionization"), Moscow, Izd-vo Nauka, 1975,
pp 92-94.
6, Lobanova, Ye. A., and Kitsovskaya, I. A.~ "Investigation of the Functional
State of the Central Nervous System of Animals Exposed to Microwaves," ~
in "Tezisy dokl. Vses. n-t. konf. 'fizmat. i biol. problemy deystviya .
elektromagnitnykh poley i ionizatsii vosdukha'," Moscow, Izd-vo Nauka,
- 1975. PP 72-73.
7. Lobanova, Ye. A., "Effect of Chronic Exposure to Pulsed and ConGIG ous
10-Centimeter Waves .~n ~hite Rat Conditioned Reflex Activity, -
TRUDA, No 1, 1966, pp 8-12.
3. Trakhtenberg, I. M., Sova, R. Ye., Sheftel', V. O., and Onikiyenko, F. A.,
"Pokazateli normy u laboratornykh zhivotnykh v toksikologicheskoy
eksperimente" (Normal Characteristics of Laboratory Animals in a Toxico-
logical Experiment), Moscow, Izd-vo Meditsina, 1978.
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9. Simonov, V. P., "Tri fazy v reaktsiyakh organizma na vozrastayushchiy
stimul" (Three Phas~~s in the Reactions of an Organism to a Stimulus
of Increasing Intensity), Moscow, 1962.
10. Subbota, A. G., "The Effect of a Superhigh Frequenc;r Electromagnetic
Field on the Higher Nervous Activity of Dogs," in "The Biological [one
line not reproduced].
11. Kholodov, Yu. A., "Reaktsii nervnoy sistemy na elektromagnitnoye pole"
(Nervous System Reactions to an Electromagnetic Field), Moscow, Izd-vo ~
Nauka, 1975.
12. Yakovleva, M. I. "Fiziologicheskiye mekhanizmy deystviya elektromagnitnykh -
poley" (Physiological Mechanisms of the Action of Electromagnetic Fields),
Leningrad, Izd-vo Meditsina, Leningrad Department, 1973.
[8044/0268-11004]
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~7
UDC 617-001.21:537-962
THE EFFECTS OF INJURY AND RE5TORATION OF THE ORGANISM OF RATS UNDER MICROWAVE
IRRADIATION (2400 MHz)
Moscow BYULLETEN' EKSPERIMENTAL'NOY BIOLOGII I MIDITSINY in Russian No 7,
1979 pp 29-30
(Article by V. S. Tikhonchuk, Biophysics Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences,
Moscow]
[Key Words: injury; restoration; species sensitivity;
microwave irradiation.]
[Text] The pathophysiological shifts arising in rats under intensive micro-
wave irradiation leading to rheir deaths have already been the sub3ect of
experimental investigation (1, 2, 6, 7, 9). The influence of the irradia-
tion schedule on the time of onset of the lethal outcome has been established
�
The present investigation further examines the general tendencies of the
formation of the processes of injury and restoration and the correlation
between them in rats and compares these data with results previously ob-
tained on mice (3, 5).
Methods of Investigation
Two thousand seventy-twa mongrel female rats with an average mass of 220+12
' g were used in the experiments. The animals were irradiated in an anechoic
chamber with microwaves (2400 MH,~) at a power density (PD) of 60 to 800 mW/
cm2 and an ambient temperature of 20-22 degrees C. The nonuniformity of the
experimental microwave field was no greater than 2 dB. The death of the ani-
mals was studied. The experimental distributions obtained were expressed
- algebraically.
- The Results of Investigation
Within the experimental range of the PD (800-60 mW/cm2) the experimental
distributions of the effects of the death of the rats from the time of
microwave irradiation (fig 1) are sufficiently well described by an equa- �
tion in the form (test samples): Y=10.5566�X+6.0070; Y~20.3105�X+2.0128; ;
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- Y=69.7311�X+20.7204; Y=20.4726�X-6.6568; Y=15.6766�X-8.6621; Y=15.2329�X-
14.1035; Y=18.1849�X-22.7886, where Y=the effect of death (test samples),
~ X=1og of the irradiation time (in minutes). As in mice (5) with an increase
in PD the time of balanced effect increases and the distribution flattens
out. The presence of these two tendenci~s determines the exponential char-
acter of the functional dependences between PD and the time of microwave ir-
radiation for balanced effects, for example: 0.1, 50, 99.9 percent: 1og Y=
2.6338-0.6918 log X; log Y=2.7790-0.6741 log X; log Y=2.9257-0.6549 log X,
respectively, where log Y is PD (in mW/cm2) and log X is the time of micro-
wave irradiation (in minutes). Analysis of the functional dependences ob-
- tained indicates the close correlation of the frequency characteristics of
the effects of injury and restoration, their dependence on PD and the time
of microwave irradiation.
The presence of the restorative reaction with an increase in the time inter-
val between single irradiations was previously demonstrated in mice (3) and
rats (4). For rats, with a PD equal to 800, 500, 300, 200 and 100 mW/cm2
the dependence between the lethal effects and the interval between single
irradiations in minutes was interpolated by means of the fo.llowing equation
(test samples): Y=8.4830 X-5.0486; Y=5.4680 X-0.1803; Y=6.9626 X+0.1669;
Y=6.8968 X+0.4743; Y=7.2205 X+0.9657; respectively where Y is the survival -
rate (v probitalch) and X is the log of the irradiation time (in minutes).
At the compared levels of injury and restoration effects, for example 0.1
percent injury and 99.9 percent restoration, 50 percent injury and 50 per-
cent restoration, the correlation of the rate af development of these ten-
- dencies is a function of the PD of the microwave irradiation and can be
described by an equation of the exponential function (fig 2): log Y=2.7613
+1.7690 log X and log Y=3.7714+1.8749 log X, respectively. As in mice, this -
correlati4n is greater in absolute value the greater the PD and the lower -
the level of injury; the distinction is the parallelism of lines 1 and 2
(see fig 2).
When the rates of the processes of injury and restoration are equal (log
(v injury/v restor)=0), the value of PD (the projection of points A and B
' on the abscissa, see fig 2) is equal to 102 and 36.4 mW/cm2, In the latter -
case, the death rate of the animals did not exceed 0.1 percent (was practi-
cally equal to zero). Thus, in rats at values of PD equal to or less than
40 mW/cm2 the correlation of the rates of injury and restoration should
satisfy the condition: log (v injury/v restor