JPRS ID: 9065 KOREAN AFFAIRS REPORT

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1 FEBRUARY 1988 EFOUO ir88) 1 OF 1
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~JPRS L18900
1 F~ebruary 1~980 ~
~
East Euro e R~ ort
p p
SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS
CFOUO 1 /80) -
Fg~$, FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE _
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JPRS L/8900
, ,
1 Feb~uary 198Q ~
EAST EUROPE REPORT -
$CIENTIFIC AFFAIRS
(FOUO 1/80)
CONTENTS PAGE
CzECHOS~OVAKSA ~
r ,
~ CSAV Official Recounts 1978 Accomplishments
' (Josef Riman; VESTNIK CSAV, No S, 1979) 1
Second International Symposium on Nuclear Reaction of Excited
Neutrons _
(Igor Ribansky; VESTNIK CSAV, No 5, 1979) 9
Types of Plastics, Manufacturers Listed
(Emil Neuhausl; STROJIRENSKA VYROBA, No 9, 1979)........ 12
: _
- a - [III - EE ~ 65 FOUO]
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CSAV OFFICIAL RECOUNTS 1978 ACCOMPLISFIIII~iEENTS
_ Prague VESTNIK CSAV in Czech No 5, 1979 pp 235-241 -
[Speech by Josef Riman, scientific secretary of the Czechoslovak Academy of
Sciences]
[Text] Esteemed and honored representatives of the Party and Federal
_ Government,
Esteemed Comrade Chairman of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, �
Esteemed members of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences,
Esteemed guests, comrades,
The measure for assessing the work of both of our academiee lies primarily--
and must lie, in the evaluation of concrete results achieved by scientific
research performed at our work sites. Permit me, therefore, to begin with � � _
the level of activity in t~ie Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (CSAV) and
_ the Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAV).
The report of the 1978 CSAV activity presents in the area of natural,
technical, biological, and medical sciences, 81 selected achievements which
in 1978 ~aere offered through academic research to society. Of these achieve-
ments, many can already be evaluatAd in concrete fiscal terms, or in realistic
estimates of contribu:ion to our national econoary.
It is commonly known that 1978 brought two great successes of our sciences
within the framework of the INTERKOSMOS program. The CSAV, together with
certain Czechoslovak government bodies and in partnership with academic and
go~ernment organizations especially in ehe Soviet Union but also in the other
socialist countries, participated intensively in these successes via six
scientific and technical experiments performed on board the orbital complex
Salyut 6--Soyuz 28. Both our academies also shared significantly in the
implementation and smooth functioning of our first artificial satellite MAGION.
In addition to these commonly-known st~ccesses, of all the activities listed
in the 1978 report, we can without discrimination against the others, cite
_ the following which had considerable practical impact:
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1. The discovery and application of the principle of reducing the coking
period by one-fifth of the former time, together with increasing the level
- of utility of less baked types of hard coal, an achievement accomplished in
- cooperation among the CSAV, the Higher School of Chemical Technology, and
the Institute for Exploitation of Fuels.
2. Completion of the electronic portion of the milli-second transmission of
timed information by means of the Czechoslovak station OMA of 50 kilohertz,
achieved in the CSAV, in cooperation with national enterprise PRAGOTRON, which
promises wel.l for the production of circa 25,000 radio-directed hours in the
next ten years, with application in transportation, co~unications, geophysics,
and in space research, all this with considerable and measurable saving in
hard currencies.
3. Production of the medium wave synthetizer ARB-2, carried out in the CSAV
and directly connected with the manufacture of 64 of these instruments in
CSAV work sites--an achievement which, again with a calculable saving in
foreign currencies, allowed for the timely retuning of our stations to new
international wave lengths. ~
4. The SAV, in cooperation with the Slovak Higher School of Chemical
Technology, resolved the method of preparing a photosensitive pol.ymer layer _
which is the prerequisite for the development and use of testing the
Czechoslovak negative offset technique, with a realistic expectation that
introduction into production will significantly influence the effectiveness
of our polygraphic industry, while also allowing for economy in hard
currencies.
5. The CSAV was successful in discovering a substitute for natural leather
in mater~al made from polyvinylchloride and polyuretane. Technological
problems are now being tested in the East Bohemian Chemical Works, and
production in TECHNOPLAST, Chropyne. This achievement provides a realistic
p~erspective for benefits in our licensing policy in which the CSAV has since
1974 had a large share (30-40%). As stated in the Annual Rep~rt on Scientific
and Technological Development, published by the Federal Ministry for Techno-
logical and Investment Development, and the Federal Bureau of Statistics,
in 1978.
6. The SAV, working with mathematicai. bases of artificial intelligence,
produced an effective algorism usable for automatic progr~m synthesis and
_ resolution of the problem of artific~al intelligence. This achievement
represents a theoretical basis for the programming systems for robots.
7. The SAV clarified the molecular substance of latent viral ~nfection in
simple blisters, a problem affecting 90% of the population. The work on this
subject consists of partial expression of viral information emanating from
celluYar genome. The SAV, in cooperation with components of the Slovak
Ministry of Health, also discovered new information on the ~xistence (in
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our country) and epidemiology of a thus far not clarified illness, probably -
of viral provenance, causing gradual atrophy of brain tissue, the so-
called Creutzfeld-Jacob disease.
8. As part of a non-planned program, the CSAV discovered a new method of
effec~ive use of waste animal blood for the preparation of antidotes
useable for lowering the death rate iZ the breeding of the principal types
of farm animals, calves, farrows, lambs, but also fur-producing ones. The
effectiveness of this patented method was tested on 10,000 calves and -
brought in one okres (Pardubice) a measurable increase in production of
910 tans of ineat per year, and according to the Slusovice agricultural
_ cooperative in the Gottwaldov area, bearer of the Order of Labor, there
was an increase in calf production of 1200 pieces for 1978. State-wide
application of this method could, according to cfficial calculation, provide
- a saving of circa 324 million korunas per year.
- 9. In cooperation with TESLA ~.n Hradec Kralove, the CSAV produced a system
of pyroelectric sensors for the measuring and regulating of temperature in
automated production processes. Its application in the Mohelnice Energy ~
Measuring Works, brought annual conservation of 1.5 million kW/hours, -
allowing for significant savings in hard currencies if the system is broadly -
implemented.
Esteemed Comrades,
Dozens of other, similar examples in *he 1978 report reflect the current
stare of cooperation of the CSAV and SI~.V with society, cooperation which at
its peak current 1eve1 emanates from broad agreements betw2en the management
of both academies on the one hand, and management of economic production
organizations on the other. This cooperation, anchored during 1972-78 by
10 agreements in the CSAV and 7 in the SAV, has in the course of 1978 been
broadened through additional agreements, e.g., CSAV with the management of
the dairy industry, with the Federal Ministry of Transportation, and a more
precise agreement with the Ministry of National Defense. All tnese _
agreements represent today an important, relatively best organized, current
form of transmitting the results of academic research to society in the
areas of inetallurgy, thermomechanics, hydromechanics, engineering, electronics
and electrical technology, construction, extraction of raw materials and, ~
last but not least, in biological-medical and biological-agricultural research.
In order to intensify this cooperation between academic reserach and bodies
representing practical application for the benefit of our society, there
were other forms of cooperation via bilateral and multilateral agreements -
between individual CSAV and SAV institutes and enterprises, or in compre- _
hensive effectiveness and economy camgaigns, and in the growing, broadly-
_ based ~ovement of socialist labor brigades and other workers init.iativ~s.
This was also reflected in the increase in registration of inventions by 3.Sy.
The quality of these inventions is confirmed in many cases by international
~ criteria. Also illvstrative of these may be sp~cifically the principle of
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selective introduction of antidotes based on polymers, including antigene,
which, produced under the commiercial na~e Insolmer in cooperation among
the CSAV, Higher School of Chemic~l Technology, and the Institute for Sera
and Inoculation Substances of the Czech Ministry of Health, received last
April the grand silver medal at the invention exhibit in Vienna, and the -
gold medal lasr May at the invention exhibit in Basel. Currently, its
production is sched�1ed in ehe Institute for Sera and Inoculation Substances.
In addition to these achievements with a clearly practical aspect, scientific
research in the CSAV and SAV--in accordance with their primary mission of
basic research, brought forth a series of significant, original, theoretical
findings opening new scientific horizons, of which many emanated from
international socialist cooperation.
With respect to social sciences in the CSAV and the SAV, their activity last
yQar was strongly affected by new methods of research planning in social
scieaces emanating from the Unifieci Program of Social Sciences, presented
to and approved by the CPCZ Central Committee in June 1977. This program
_ outlined priority directions of basic research in this discipline with the
principal goal of systematic preparation for the leading Party or~ans an
information base necessary for knowledgeable effective and economic
' programming and management of furt.~er development of our society, especially
for the preparation of the I6th Congres:; of the CPCZ. -
Within the framework of fulfillment of the Uni~ied Program for Social
Sciences, as early as 1978, the first results in the form of concrete expert
reports and monographs of planned tasks, were submitted. The information
presented deals with 43 selected, concrete resu7.ts achieved at the CSAV and
~ SAV work sites in the process of ineeting the tasks of the Unified Program _
for Social Sciences in the area of Marxist-Lenir~ist philosophy, soci~logy,
economy, state and law, pedagogy, history, archeology, art, psychology and
linguistics.
Esteemed Comrades,
To the question "what was the role of the bodies which regulate and monitor
Gcientific research at CSAV and SAV work si.tes," we can renly as follows:
Sustained overall attention of Party organs, ~specially the Science and
Education Departments in the Central CAmmittees of the CPCZ and the Communist
~ Party of Slovakia, the attention of municipal, okres, kra~, and CPCZ basic
organizations, had already in 1978 led to higher quality political work -
and Party control both at work sites and in management of both academies.
As is known, in early 1978 there were significarL;. personnel changes in the
CSAV ar~d SAV management, together with the eaxlier election of new members.
The goal was improving management, ensuring ~roportionality of disciplines, -
and increasing personal contact with universit:ies and other organizations.
There was further intensification of liaison between work sites and manage-
ment of both academies, thanks on the one hand to the good work of the liaison
- de~artments, on the other to meetings among 3.�utvidual site directors,
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management, Party representatives, and Party basic organizations. In this -
sen~e, the cadre work in both academies was aimed at meeting current and
especially future needs in cadre reserves and improving age structure.
- Much care was devoted in both academies to improving the quality of Marxist-
Leninist education, including instruction in professional world outlook
_ among ~eading scientific workers or those ~ho aspire to such positions.
,
_ In training and education, methods have been perfected in many disciplines,
. e.g., chemistry, tecnnica~., and ecc::~~{~ cc~iences. Special attention has
been accorded to candidates for high~r positions with the aim of raising
their managerial adaptability to different disciplines. By tradition and
experience, one can cite, among others, for example, the second runnj.ng of
a two-week candidates' course in molecular biology with the participation
of lecturers from 8 CSAV and Ministries of Education and Health institutes,
= top scientists and coordinators, including even full members of the Academy.
Compared with 1977, in 1978 this course was attended by twice as many
candidates, i.e., 58, from eight biological and medical disciplines of the
CSAV and SAV and Ministries, including Defense.
This time around, each course candidate was issued copies of the lectures,
published with the help of the Czechoslovak Scientific and Technological
Society. These tExts currently represent a realistic base for our handbook
. on molecular biology.
As to all the other elements in the area of monitoring CSAV and SAV work
with respect to the plan of basic research, level of information dissemination,
foreign contacts, economic, technological and other functions, we can state
_ with justification that 1978 marked an overall increase in activity
= directed a.t discovery of inner reserves, their more effective use, with the
aim of ineeting successfully the tasks of the Sixth Five-Year Plan and
preparing ahead of time for the Seventh Five-Year Plan.
During 1978, important restructuring measures were implemented in both
academies, aimed at the creation of conditions for purposeful concentration
of capabilities for selec~ted ~asks of science, its selected sectors and
directions, in accordance with the conclusions of Party documents directed
at ensuring the development of our society. These changes in the CSAV
applied especially to physical, goelogical and geotechnical sciences. In
the SAV, they occurred mainly in biology and medicine. In the CSAV, the
first stage of construction on the regional ecological center in Ceske
Budejovice was completed ahead of schedule, thus making it possible to begin
research activity allowing our science to come to the aid of the needs in
the South Bohemian kraj. In the SAV, the first scientific and technological `
complex in the field of cybernetics was founded. The work concept in many
disciplines in i~oth academies was brought to higher precision. In natural,
technical, biological, and medical sciences alone, 10 of these concepts were
implemented in the CSAV. Precision of concepts was preceeded by increased
precision of disciplines' concepts in the collegia of both academies.
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Esteemed Comrades,
During 1978, both academie~ devoted more attention to.ensuring the develop-
ment and application of new, prognostically significant methodological and
technological principles in appropriate sectors of technical, natural, and
biological sciences. Further development was ensured in our raster
electron-microscopic techniques for the purposes of electron lithography,
in electronics, optoelectronics, broadPr application of computer technology
in the biological sciences by the broadening of mathematical modeling to the
level of molecular biological processes. We ensured the development of
micromorphological analysis of the heteroduplexes of information molecules,
as the modern approach to molecular charting of genes. Also ensured was
the development of inethodology for hybridizing techniques, both at the level
of cellular hybridome construction and their specific clones, and at the
level of molecular development of inethodology through recombination of
desoxyribo-nuclear acid molecules, both by establishing the appropriate
base for enzymological and sequential anal.}~�sis, and by establishing a base
for appropriate vector and host cells, as a prerequisite for developing
the technology of gene engineering. In 1978, representatives of both
academies ~ointly prepared a proposal for our National Statu~e for work
in the area of gene engineering. The proposal was then discussed by the
appropriate CSAV and SAV collegia and readied for discussion with the health
ministries of both our republics. In cooperation with Soviet science, we
implemented a number of successful experiments using new, and to us often
inaccessible, analytical approaches in the area of our natural, t2chnical,
and biological sciences. One example is the analysis of the anti-matter
molecule, realized via the neutron spread method in the laboratories of the
United Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna near Moscow, which for the first
time pointed to the relationship between the functional properties of anti-
matter and the degree of its spatial gyration.
As to the state plan for basic resParch--and thanks to the good work and
informed, quality methodology of the CSAV and SAV planning components, the
preparation of the state plan for basic research for the S~venth Five-Year
Plan with respect to direction and themes, was completed ahead of schedule.
This made it possibZe to put forth 12 selected, priority, closely-targeted
projects of basic research for mid-period needs of the development of our
society, and confront these projects with the recently-prepared state long-
term program and analysis of the so-called outer limits of our economy.
This completed activity also permits both academies to begin setting up
priorities in the long-term development of oui science in the context of
the intended development of our society on the one hand, and on the other,
the integration process of our science with Soviet science and that of the
other countries of the socialist community.
In the area of foreign contacts, late 1978 brought an impetus to better
define their current concept. This was aiaed by the visit of a delegation
consisting of representatives of the Central Committee's Science and
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- Education Department and both academies in Moscow and Novosibirsk, which
resulted in higher def inition of our bilateral cooperation with Soviet
science. This cooperation represents an axis from which will generate all
our future bilateral and mililateral scientific contacts witb,in the
socialist community, as well as needed contacts with scier~c:e of L"ne rest
of the world; ii~cluding developing countries, with the ~~m o:f more effective
enhancement of state policy in scientiflc and foreign affairs by ~neana of
- scientific contacts of both academies.
- Finally, careful attention was also paid in 1978 to concrete working
relationships between the academies and universities as a system of ~oint
vessels which must in the future be ever. more enmeshed and integrated
because our common denominator is our work force and its specialized,
scientific, moral, and political qualificaticr~a. In dire~t con~unction
with these tasks, conditions were prepared for the broadening of the forms
of joint academy and university w~rk sites, whose only representative in
the CSAV has since 1956 been the Joint Laboratory for the Chemistry and
Technology of Silicates (which c~trrently faces important new tasks).
The principles whicli in 1978 guided CSAV and SAV activity emanate from the
following materials: Unified Program of Social Sciences After the 15th
Party Congress, Action Program through 1980, and Status and Needs of Further
Bevelopment in Natural and Technical Sciences in the CSAV and SAV. In
addition, the SAV in 1978 prepared a number of other documents focusing
on the needs of S~ovak science, one of which can be cited as example,
namely, the basic material on the development of biologfcal and medical
sc~ences in the SAV.
The survey of CSAV and SAV in 1978 can be concluded by stating that all work
_ of both academies focused not only on meeting tasks, but simultaneously, on
long-range, comceptually sound implementation of two principal future tasks
of our science, which are:
1. In accordance with resolutions of the 15th Party Congress and all post-
congress Central Committee documents, to e�fectively accelerate in selected
areas the development of the national economy and our society as a whole.
2. In accordance with resolution~ of the 25th CPSU Congress valid for the
development of integration among the socialist countries, to effectively
participate in the intega�ation of our science, Soviet science, as w~ll as
that of the other countries of our camp.
Both these tasks motivated in 1978 all activities of both academies and
became the linch pin for precision in concepts and, in close cooperation
with appropriate Party and government organs, also the basis forthe charting
of long-range strategy for our science, as the prerequisite for the
formulation and implementation of state policy in acience, valid throughout
the s~ientific and technological base of our federation.
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Both these tasks were faced by ;~orkers and management of both academies
with seriousness and re~ponsibility, bearing in mind the not only still
valid but even more applicable to contemporary conditions, basic thesis of
state strategy in science forged by V.I. Lenin at the very birth of the
soviet state, namely, "the only thi.ng in a socialist state which must not
be neglected even for a minute, is science," science which, according to
~ Karl Marx, "only in a socialist society can apply in its entirety the
- individual and ~oint functions as a common transformation force of society,"
science which today in the era of scientific and technological revolution,
- pursued in a class-divided world, is an ever more potent instrument of the .
class struggles a strategic, economic, and power instrument, as well as an
- important political factor on the international scene.
Esteemed Com.rades, -
The level of fulfillment of both principal tasks in the CSAV and SAV
provides, based on work performed in 1978, a realistic hope for thoughtful
preparation of well-founded quality pledges of both our academies for the
approaching 16th Party Congress, which includes consistent care for the
further development of our science, as well as our best efforta, since this
is for us, workers in the academic field, forever binding, in order that
individually and collectively we may meet our tasks totally, without com-
promise and at the highest quality level. Thank you for your attention.
COPYRIGHT: Academia, Praha 1979
9496
CSO: 2402
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
~
SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NUCLEAR REACTION OF EXCITED NEUTRONS
Prague VESTNIK C5AV in Slovak No S, 1979 pp 288-290 '
[Article by Igor Ribansky]
[Text] The Second International Symposium on Neutron-Excited Reactions was
held in the Scientific Workers' House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in
Smolenice from the 25th through the 29th of June 1979. The symposium was or-
ganized by the Ins~itute of Physic~ at the Slovak Academy of Sciences in
cooperation with the Nuclear Center at Charles University in Prague, the
Department of Natural Sciences at the Comeni~as University in Bratislava
(represented by the Chair of Nuclear Physics), and by the Union of Slovak
I~fathematicians and Physicist.s. The participants in the symposium were
38 foreign and 2b Czechoslovak experts. The purpose of the symposium was to
exchauge information on the current situation of theory and experiment in the
field of nuclear reactions with average excitation energies. The emphasis
was on the mechanism of the reaction, emission of compound particles, gamma
emissian, the effect of the structure of the nuclei on the course of the
reaction, and related problems (density of states, carbon moment, structure
of highly excited states), as well as experimental techniques in fast-neutron
physics (intensive neutron generators and charged-particle detectors).
The symposium was opened by Dr M Blazek, ScD, director of the Institute of
Physics at the Slovak Academy of Sciences and chairman of the organizing
committee. In his addres:~ he welcomed tlie participants and stressed the role
oF even modest-scale research centers in the development of selected areas
of nuclear problems. The synposium was divided into four sections according _
to thP following topics: neutron reactions with the escape of charged par- ~
ticles; statistical pre-equilibrium mo3els of nuclear reactions; gamma emis-
sion in neutron-excited reactions, and intensive sources of fast neutrons.
~ Several keynote reports and pre-selected short contributions were presented
in each section.
In the first section Prof Turkiewicz of Warsaw reviewed the results of ex-
periments with (n,o() reactions at~ 14 MeV, and the theoretical trials with
interpretation of such reactions. It appeared that the theory of direct
processes--specifically, PWBA--applies surprisingly well in reactions on
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_ light nuclei, and th at the corresponding mechanism is of the pickup type.
For nuclei heavier than A~ 100), the carbon distribiition of the hard part
of the spectra may also b~ satisfactorily explained by the theory of direct ,
processes (knock-on), however, the fundamental part of the spectra clearly
displays a pre-equilibrium character whose form may b~ expressed as a model
of pre-formed particles, whic:h again, however, represents the knock-on mech-
anism.
- Prof Vonsch of Vienna daalt with the spectrometry of charged particles in
neutron-excited reactions. Azi outstanding progress has been achieved in re-
CP.Rt years in the development of telescopes used in propartional counters _
as flow detectors instead of the semiconductor detectors which have shorter
life expectancy due to neutron-caused radiation damage. Most attention was
_ focused on an original detector developed in Vienna, facilita*ing simultan-
eous measurements of the spectra and carbon distributions, and at the same
time, reading of the background.
In another section, which had the highest attendance, the participants in the -
_ symposium heard five lectures presented by invitation.
Professor Cindro of Zagreb read a report on the results of analysES of n, 2n)
reactions. He pointed out that in no case can the equilibrium theory des-
cribe the behavior of excitation functiazs, and that it is inevitable to in-
clude the pre-equilibrium emission. _
_ Professor Gadioli of Milan, a vehement advocate of the exciton model, stressed
the capacity of that model to provide quantitative description of reactions
of the (nucleon, xn, yp) type, whose effective cross-sections differ as much
as 105 times. He pointed out that this model provides excellent interpre-
tation of nucleon emission following the capture by the nuclei. He offered
further results of an experiment expanding the exciton model to the descrip-
tion of the carbon distribu~.ion in the products of the reaction. Pertinent
calculations are based on the theory of the nuclear mass and in general,
they agree very well with the experiment. '
Professor Seeliger of Dresden discussed in detail the hitherto experiments
with the expansion of the exciton model by caluclations of the distribution -
of the emitted particles. He outlined various shortcomings of current
models and stressed that it is important to resolve the problem within the
framework of non-equilibrium statistical physics. This method makes it pos- '
sible to include the phenomena under study in the density of states, while
, th~ exciton model remains consistently statistical. '
_ Engineer~Ribansky of Bratislava dealt with the problem of the emission of -
compound particles in the exciton model. He reviewed the models in current
use, pointing out their shortcomings. Using a modified exciton model which
- emphasizes the role of the siirface of the nucleus in the mechanism of the '
reaction, he presented the results of an analysis of (n,aC) spectra of
reactions measured at~v14 MeV, which indicated that the combination of the
pre-formation model and of the coalescence model can well describe the ex-
_ periment, and that the system of parameters of those models is quite simple. -
10
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Dr Igna[iuk of Obninsk read a report on methods ai calculation of the spectra
of emitted nucleons with the application of the central theory of direct
reactions including multilevel processes. His objective was to prove how
much space remains open for the contribution of the exciton model and of
pre-equilibrium theories in general. The conclusion was that practically
the whole sp~ctrum may be described as a combination of the presented ap-
proach with a balanced model. Stormy debates with the proponents of the
exciton model, howevery narrowed the gap between individual positions; the ~
work of the physicists in Obninsk may be regarded as a significant step to- -
ward formal substantiat~on of the existence af phenomenologic pre-equilibriurn
theories.
In another section, which, in terms of topics, was less homogenous, Dr Drake
of Los Alamos reviewed the current situation the conception of the process
of radiation capture of fast neutrons on nuclei from Si up to Pb. He demon-
strated that the direct-semidirect theory does not produce satisfactory re-
sults when describing the functions of excitation. He discussed feasible
methods for modification of the effective charge factor by including specific
properties of terminal states, and underlined the correlation between the in-
tensity of the potential of symmetry and the depth of giant dipole resonance
(GDR). But including the isospin effect and giant quadrupole resonance, it
was possible to pinpoint the maximt~!n GDR and to exp~ain the interference
drop or the excitation functions of the low-energy part of the GDR.
Dr Haoust of Bruyeres-le-Chatel dealt with the options in obtaining data on
the deformation of the nuclei by scattering of fast neutrons. Such experi-
ments facilitated further specifications of the parameters of the non-spher- -
ical optical potential and helped gain new information about the structure
- of vibrating and rota~ing nuclei.
The last section focused on intensive sources of fast neutrons. Dr Pivarc _
of Bratislava acc~uainted the participants with the characteristics of an
intensive neutron generator now unde~r construction in the Institute of Physics
at the Slovak Academy of Sciences. llr Hourst of Valduc described the very
efficient neutron generator in Valduc, and enumerated the experiments con-
ducted on that instrument as well as those planned for the future. According
tu the prevailing general opinion, intensive sources of fast neutrons will
help to a considerable degree obtain new, unique information on the structure
- of the nuclei as well as resolve problems related to the construction of
nuclear power installations, particularly thermonuclear ones.
In conclusion Professor Seeliger praised the high degree of expertise of
lectures and contributions presented. In particular he stressed the wealth,
informality and especially the critical approach demonstrated in discussions,
for which there had never been enough time.
= In general, the participants viewed the symposium as an undertaking able to
measure up to the strictest criteria.
COPYRIGHT: Academia, Praha 1979
9004
CSO: 2402 11
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CZECHOSLOVAKiA
TYPES OF PLASTICS, MANUFACTURERS LISTED
Prague STROJIRENSKA VYROBA in Czech No 9, 1979 pp 700-703
[Article by Engineer Emil Neuhausl, State Research Institute for Engineering
Materials, Prague: "Plastics Manufactured in Czechoslovakia and Their
Significance for Engineering Industry"]
[Text] The development of engineering production must count on an increas-
ingly broader application of plastic materials which attained a permanent,
unusually important place in the structure of the material base. The world
production of polymers is now approaching the 50 million ton annual limit,
which is three times the value of the world production of non-ferrous
metals. Since the specific weight of plastics is substantially lower than
the weight of inetals, the scope of the production of plastics in its volume
is in reality distincly higher.
Over the past 20 years the production of plastics in the world developed at
such a rapid rate that it is without precedent in any other field. Originally
regarded as "substitutes" for classic materials, plastics have become
important construction materials indispensable for modern industry. At least
50 types of basic plastics that have been tested and approved in practice
are now available in the world market to serve engineers and technologists. -
Plastics are produced in various modifications. It is interesting that
polyolefins, styrene polymers and PVC represent more than two-thirds of
the total volume.
The developing production and utilization of plastics iiz the CSSR proceeded _
analogically with the world development. The traditions of our plastics
industry go back to the 1930's; the factory which is now Kablo national
= enterprise in Bratislava launched the first production of phenolic plastics
- in 1920. However, manufacture and processing of plastics in the CSSR did
not develop more intensive~y until after World War II. Only the Fifth and
Sixth Five-Year Plans, in other words, the post-1970 period, brought about
a quantitative reversal in the manufacture of plastics.
Manufacture of the basic line of Czechoslovak polyolefins, styrene polymers -
and PVC was initiated in the newly built facilities of the Chemopetrol
12
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- In reinforced plast~.cs (composites) also the axeas of inedium and higher
degrees of inechanical Stress.
~
3. The area of electro-insulating applications (insulating parts and
components, insulated conductors, dielectrics for low and high frequencies).
4. The area of anti~-corrosion applicationa (chemical engineering, equipment
- for food industry, and a ma~or part of engineering products which must be
resistant to the environment).
5. Thermal insulation (plastics used particularly in the form of e7cpanded
materials, sandwiches) for temperatures up to 150� C.
6. Dimensionally precise products, such as finishing components and parts
= for engineering products.
7. Components, parts and products that reguire some surface treatment
(painting, varnishing, metal coating, etc.) for the final finish of the
product (for instance, engineering consumer goods, containers, casing,
pallets, etc.).
8, Special areas of application, utilizing certain characteristfcs typical -
primarily for a selected type of the plastic material, for example:
- low friction coefficient and slight weat (PA, PTFE, POM, PET) for the area
of operations with adhesives and paste-like materials, etc.
The importance of plastics in engineering industry stems from their following
- advantages:
- They make it possible to replace metals, particularly the non-ferrous ones,
and other classic materials (leather, wood, etc.);
- They make possible substantial reductions of the bulk of parts and equip-
_ ment, as well as savings of energy;
- They may be processed into goods by means of highly efficient technologies
- with possible con�plete automation of processing operations;
- Plastics suitable for new construction designs may be easily combined with
other construction materials;
- They substantially simplify the maintenance (they do not require any surface
treatment against corrosion and other environmental effects);
_ - Technological design of plastic goods makes it possible to achieve
advantageous esthetic solutions; si~plified assembly;
- They eliminate painting, varnishing or other surface treatment (they are
manufactured in a large choice of colors).
13
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muni.cipal enterprise and the existing production in the Slovchemia and Unichem
n?unicipal enterprises was moderniaed and intensified. The implementation of
this far-reaching program, based on the decisions of the 14th and 15th CPCZ ~
Congresses, nearly doubled the volume of man?~racture of plastics in the CSSR;
i.n conversion to 1 citizen, it amounts at present to as much as 52 kg, which is
more than, for instance, in Japan, Great Britain and France. The basic types
of plastics manufactured at present in the CSSR are shown in Table 1.
From the review it appears that the basic line of plastics is available in
aur country readily and in adequate amounts. The following new materials
were introduced in the market after 1975: linear polyethylene (LITEN),
polypropylene (MOSTEN), PVC (NERALIT), and ABS (FORSAN).
Institutes for research and development are preparing the groundwork for an
appropriate and profitable application of our polymers in national economy,
particularly in engineering, and processing the data necessary for designers
and technologists in the form of construction and technological guidelines,
information on mater3.als, norms, etc. Despite their considerable quantitative
increase, however, special types designated for engineering enterprises and
plants, are, and will continue to be even in the future, in short supply.
Therefore, every measure is welcome that leads to some improvement in the
situation of the selection of the so-called construction plastics. For that
reason, it is gratifying that in the future the chemical industry may be
expected to produce modified polymers, or as the case may be, newly developed
~ypes, particularly the following:
- alkaline polyamide for injection and molding;
nodified polyphenylene oxide;
- polyethylene terephthalate, suitable primarily for in~ecting (the amorphous,
crystalline type, and the fiberglass-filled type) but also for pressing;
polyolefins filled with mineral fillers;
thermoplasts filled with fiberglass;
epoxy molding materials with im;~roved molding properties and longer pot life;
modified melamine materials designated for injecting, transfer molding and
molding.
If we consider the entire scale of the currently used plastics and their
properties, then the selection of engineering applications may be summarized
according to the following lines:
1. Applications which require reduced bulk of c~~ponents and equipment (for
example, automobiles, rail cars, shops, airplanes, and other means of
transportation), primarily with energy-conserving effects.
2. The area of inechanically stressed applications:
- In unreinforced plastics only for lower degrees of inechanical and thermal -
stress;
- 14
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- From the viewpoint of engineering, however, plastics also have certain
limitations, among which we should mention their relatively low mechanical
strength, notch sensitivity, high thermal expansivity, and significant
thermal correlation of properties in the range of temperatures in which they
- are generally used--from -50 up to +150� C).
Nevertheless, it may be said that plastics, which are becoming important
material components, may play a vftal role in the solution of the unsatis-
factory situation in the material base, especially in the area of scarce me*al
materials which cannot be fully covered in the future.
Plastics manufactured in the CSSR are now in the forefront of interest; their
application is in full agreement with the procedures in our plan:s and
enterprises, because in many applications polymers imported thus far from
the capitalist states may be replaced by polymers made in Czechoslovakia.
Naturally, an adequate amount of detailed information on the properties and
workability of those materials must be made available to designers and
technologists.
- For that reason our journal STROJIRENSKA VYROBA [Engineering ProductionJ set
as its goal gradually to provide information to our wide technological
public in a series of related contributions concerning basic properties and
applicability of the latest types of plastics manufactured in the CSSR.
Copyright: SNTL - Nakladatelstvi technicke literatury [Publishing House of
- Technical LiteratureJ, Prague 1979
9004 -
- CSO: 2402
iND
19
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