JPRS ID: 8894 TRANSLATION SELECTED TRANSLATIONS ON THE PLANNING AND ADMINSTRATION OF THE SOVIET RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200040063-6
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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SEL ON THE PL RND
pDMINISTRRTIaN aF 50~IET RE~EARCH RND DE~ELOPME N T

3~ JANURRY 1980 FOUO 1 OF 1
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JPRS L/8894
_ 30 January 1980
~ Translation
Selected Translations on the Planning and
= Administration of Soviet Research and Development
FBI~ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE _
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, JPRS L/8894
30 January 1980
~ SELECTED TRAiVSLATIONS ON THE PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION OF
SOVIET RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
~
_ This ad ho~c report contains selected translations of Russian
articles on the planning and administration of Soviet research
and development and the introduction of scientific achievements -
into industry.
CONTENTS PAGE -
Expansion of Legal Po~a2rs of GKNT Over Science Policy Advocated
' (V. I. Kassokhin; VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, Nov 79).......... 1
Coordinating Role of Urals Scientific Center Described -
(S. V. Vonsovskiy; NAUKA--NARODNOMU KHOZYAYSTW, 1979)......... 15
Siberian Division of USSR Academy of Sciences Organizes Development =
Research
(F. V. Sukhorukov, A. P. Dubnov; VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR,
Sep 79) 23
Siberian Division of Academy of Sciences Improves Ties With
Industry
(G. I. Marchuk; NAiTKA--NARODNOMiJ KHOZYAYSTVU, 1979)............ 30
_ Leningrad R&D Coordinating Council To Develop Fuel and Power
Technology Progz-am
(LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA, 29 Sep 79).......,..~..~~~,~......~.~.. 40
Leningrad Obkom Council Calls for Creation of Center to Coordinate
Powder Metallurgy R&D
(A. Grigor'yev; LENINGRADSICAYA PRAVDA, 21 Oct 79) 43
~Tew R&D Coordinating Council Founded in Armenian-Academy of
Sciences
(KOMMUNIST, 30 Oct 79) 46
- a- [ I - US5R - 0 FOUO]
LII - USSR FOUO]
' [III - USSR - 3, 35 FOUO]
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
Academy VP Proposes 'Extradepartmental' Demonstr~ition Experi--
ments for New Technology
(Yevgeniy Pavlovich Velikhov Interview; KOMSOi~OL'SKAYA
PRAVDA, 24 Nov 79)...........o....~.......::~: 48
Nlechanical Engineering Institute Or~anizes Ties With Production
(K. V. Frolov; VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, Sep 79)........., ,52
Interdepartmental Coordinating Council Formed in Leningrad
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 8, 1979) 60
Organizational Reform Gives Branch R&D Center Broad Administra-
tive Powers
- (Valentin Nikolayevir_h Bogdanov Interview; LENINGRADSICAYA
- PRAVDA, 11 Nov 79) 61
Ir,structions Governing Research Contracts of VUZ's Published
_ (BYULLETEN' NORMATIVNYKH AKTOV MINISTERSTV I VEDOMSTV, -
- SSSR, Oct 79) . . 68
- b -
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EXPANSION OF LEGAL POWERS OF GKNT OVER SCIENCE POLICF ADVOCATED
Moscow VESTNIK AKAD~III NAUK SSSR in Russian No 11, Nov 79 pp ~+3-53
[Article by Cand.idate of Legal Sciences V. I. Rassokhin: "Law, the Organi-
v
zation of Science and the Introduction of Its Achievements Into Production"]
[Text] In recent yeaxs ever more attention has been given to the legal as-
- pect of the present-day forms of the organization of science and th.e intro- �
duction of its achievements into production. In this sphere the basic
legislative enactment is the Decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the
USSR Council of Ministers of 24 September 1968 "On Measures to Increase the
E~'ficiency of Scientific Organizations and Accelerate the Use of Scientific
and Technical Achievements in the National Economy."
_ The ratification of this decree and certain other related legal enactments
undoubtedly was a step ahead in organizing scientific research and in in-
stituting ties between science and production. The procedure and the legal
organizational stz�ucture of forecasting were defined as well as for the
~ planning of scientific activities and scientific and technical progress in
the national ~cono~y and management on the�basis of comprehensive specific
scientific and technical programs. The duties of the scientific organiza-
tions were established in the area of ties with production, the incentives
for scientific research and development were strengthened as well as for
the use of scientific and technical results aimed primarily at the modern-
ization of equipment and p:�oduction methods.
But still important problems which would require legal solution have re-
mained outside legal regulation. These would include, for example, the
creat~on of an effective system of relationships between the USSR Academy
of Sciences and the national economic sectors. It is a question of open-
ing up ways for its real influence on technics,l policy in the sectors and
on raising the level of sectorial research and the prompt introduction of
major achievements of academy science into practice, as well as one of de-
termining the powers of the USSR Acadett~y of Scien~�es as the coordinator of
all scientific work in the nation. Among the unsolved problems are also:
the elaboration and instituting of an effective le~al organizational mech-
anism which would provide for the carrying out of a trul~ uniform state
1 ~
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scientific and technical policy and capable of overcomin~ the negative con-
sequences of the departmental isolation in the national economy; the crea-
tion c~f organizational ~orms for intersectorial cooperation in science and
the effective solution to intersectorial scientific and technical problems;
_ the organizing of the expert evaluation of developed equipment and produc-
tion methods which wouid be ob~ective and conform to the ]evel of the high-
est scientific competence; the clear definition of the legal f~rms of the
actual liability of the scientific organizations, production enterprises
and their leaders for the nonfulfillment of the quotas of the state plans
for the development of science and technology and the introduction of their
results into production, and much else.
The imr~roving of the system of organization and management cannot occur
o~therwise than in legal normative forms. Under the conditions of the moot-
ness of many general fundamental legal problems there have been attempts
to apply legal regulatio~l by the ad hoc method, that is, the solving of
these problems solely for special, individual instances. Typical exa.mples
of such regulatior~ are the solution to certain legal organizational ques-
tions concerning the uniform policy in the development of electric welding,
in the srea of the development and use of new catalysts and in researching
the problems oi metal corrosion.
P+Iany legislative standards which could provide a le�~al solution to a number
of key questions in essence remain appeals of a general nature. Fo~ ex-
ample, the instructions to provide a reorganization in the work of the de- _
sign, scientific research, planning and engineering organizations in such
a manner that the newly designed enterprises, by the time they were put
into operation, would significantly surpass analogous existing Soviet or
foreign enterprises, have not been reinforced either by specific legal pre-
scripts or by sanctions for their nonfulfillment.l
The absence of forms of real liability in the sphere of organizing research -
and development and the introduction of their results into production has
led to a situation where even the specific standards of an imperative na-
_ ture are far from always carried out, but this does not entail any conse-
quences for the institution~ and the leaders formally responsible for their
fulfillment. Thus, the direct rrescript of Point 5"b" of the Decree of
the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers of 2~+ Septem-
ber 1968 to give first priority in providing the required monetary and
material-technical resources for work stipulated by the coordinating plans
for solving basic scientific and technical problems2 is often not carried
out. After converting from the system of coordinating plans to a system
of comprehensive scientific and technical programs, certain additional
measures of an operational nature were undertaken to secure the observing
of this provision. However up to now no legal organizational mechanism
has been created which would incorporate compulsory forms of liability and
guarantee the unconditional fulfillment of the designated provision, nor
are there also any other important standards which would define the pro-
cedure for carrying out work to solve basic scientific and technical prob-
lems.
~ 2
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Here we ;aould be wise to recall the statement of V. I. Lenin that "law is
nothing without an apparatus capable of compeZling the observance of the
provisions of the law."3
_ On~~ of' I,hc~ nwrf, :~eriow; defPCtt~ of the lep,al provisions concernin~ the
rno:,t rlcut~ "introduction problem" is the.t they are basien,lly oriented
solely at establishing the varioiis duties of the scientific organizations
in the process of introducing the re~earch and development results, and
_ virtually do not involve the actual system of obligations, incentives and
liability of the production associations, enterprises and their leaders. -
Of course it is easy to say that introduction cannot be implemented ex-
cept in a two-way process of developing ties between science and produc-
tion. But coming after this elementary general truth with inexorable
logic is another, much more profound and concrete truth: the "center of
gravit,y" in the problem of intrcduction rests not in the sphere of the
duties of science out rather in the sphere of the duties of pronaction.
At the same time, in leaving aside tne central, key questions of utilizing -
scientific and technical achievements in the national economy, in discuss-
ing the problem very often up to now basic attention has been given to the
duties of trie scientific organizations and their employees, and further
opportunities have been sought to strengthen the demands placed on them.
~ For example, for these purposes it has been proposed that a certain "intro-
duction indicator" be introduced for ~he results of research and develo~-
ment as perhaps the main indicator for planning and evaluating the activi-
ties of the scientific workers, and not only in the sectorial institutes
but also in the academy institutes. It is not difficult to imagine what
the introduction of such an indicator could lead to when this indicator
- does not depend either upon the creative abilities or upon ~he activity of _
the scientific worker confronted with production which is interested pri- -
marily in the steady output of a well developed prciuct and its gradurj.l
(in small doses) modernization ~~hich would not involve the basic technical
principle.
The carrying out of the demand of personal involvement by a scientist in
all stages of introduction for the coworker of a sectorial institute would
in fact mean the virtually complete changing over to serving the current
needs of production and a focusing on the introduction of those minor im-
provement~ (particularly those which reduce labor intensiveness and the
costs of a mass produced unchanged product) which would willingly be ac-
~ cepted by production. For a scientist from an acadeiqy institute the carry-
ing out of this requirement would involve the wasting of his basic time and
_ energies in working through various administrative planning decisions,
searching for the way out from extremely involved situations of materir~.l
and technical supply for production which has begun to ~evelop a new prod-
uct, and on resolving a heap of production and technologict~l problems which
with a different organizing of the question could be fully settled at the
enterprise ~y the middle-level engineers and technicians. `
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~ -
Of course, a scientist who has developed an original ma~or invention with-
out any "introduction indicators" would naturally endeavor to do everything
possible for its practical utilization. And the legal conditions should
ensure the use of the creative forces of scientific workers in accord with
their ma.in purpose, and namely for solving truly scientific problems which
inevitably arise in the introduction process. Unfortunately the principle
that each person is to be concerned with his own work and to bear ful.l re-
sponsibility for this, no matter now strange it may seem, is not considered
when it is a question of the "intrcauction problem."
The paradox of the present legal regulation of scientific and production
relations consists in the fact that the more the one-sided orientation of
scientists "on introduction" is strengther~ed (certainly from the noblest
- of motives), the more duties relating to this that are transferred to them
and the more the actual resolvi.ng of the problem is drawn out.
The production workers are actually released from the duties of overcoming
- the organizational-planning, financial, material-technical and other well-
known difficulties of ir:,roduction. As a result, not an active but rather -
a waiting stance by both the ministries and the enterprises is encouraged,
to put it mildly, and this often predetermines the failure of introducing
scientific and technical achievements. And this impels the scientists
themselves to follow a path of a demonstrative (for the report) "intro-
- duction" of the greatest possible number of unimportant improvements and
- allows him to escape from the truly difficult struggle for introducing the
most important achievements on a large scale.
- In our times there has been a sharp rise in the need for intersectorial
- integration both in the sphere of scientific and technical progress as well
as in the economic system as a whole. This need has been adequately re-
flected in Article 16 of the USSR Constitution which proclaims the idea of
a,n "unified national economic complex" as that form of economic organiza-
~ion which meets the requirements of mature socialism. The center of grav-
ity is shifting from the extensive to the intensive development of produc-
tion, and this has necessitated the moving of essentially new (fundamental
in the precise sense of this word) scientific and technical achievements
which revolutionize the production process to the entire "forefront of in-
troduction." In scientific and technical progress an ever more significant
role is being played by its comprehensi.veness and by a transition to uni-
fied production systems (on the basis of introducing systems of machines,
integrated equipment, waste-free production methods and automatic control
systems). It is impossible to provide such fundamental changes in the sys-
tem of organizing scientific and technical progress without centralized
state leadership. And all of this can be effectively realized solely on
the basis of car~~ying out a truly unified state scientifie and technicaZ
poZicz~.
As yet such a policy is quite often divided into independent departmental
and sectorial area. In coirmienting on this fact, the USSR minister of non-
ferrous metallurgy P. F. Lomako emphasized in an article that the State -
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Committee for Science and Technology must organize its work "strictly ac-
cording to the sectorial principle."4
It is becoming vitally essential to set up a statewide system for organiz-
ing research, developments and the introduction of scientific and techni-
cal achievements where this system would not be reduced to a simple aggre- -
' ~ate of the departmental and sectorial systems, but rather could concen-
trate on fundamentally new pioneering scientific and technical achievements ~
of an interGectorial importance.
The very lo;ic of fundamental pioneering scientific and technical achieve-
ments and departmental-sectorial logic, strictly speaking, are incompatible.
This is particularly apparent in the negative consequences of a monopoly by
a"head institute" which almost always is a scientific institution of a
producer sector.
The sectors which consume metalworking equipment require primarily the
development and output of machine tools which embody new production prin-
ciples that exclude cutting such as pressure wor�king, explosive shaping,
precision casting, electrophysical and electrochemical methods, and so
forth. And regardless of this the rule has been rigidly reinforced in the
law that all research and development in the area of electrophysical and
el~~ctrochemical methods, and likewise the decisions to intro~uce their re-
sults i.nto machine tool building, should be coordinated with the
- Pdinstankinprom [P~Iinistry of Machine Tool a:~d Tool Building Ir.dustry], and
actually with the Experimental Scientific Research Institute for Metal
Cutting i~achines (ENIP~IS). The monopolistic legal status of the ENIMS
which gives absolute preference to metal catting methods has undoubtedly
played a very definite role (along with other factors) in the fact that
the "production" of inetal chips in the nation has exceeded 8 million tons
year, and the lag is increasing behind the technically advanczd countries
= in the area of new methods which provide an enormous savings of inetal.
Obviously the necessity has arisen of redistributing rights in the specific
activities related to carrying out scientific and technical policy. In
this area the decisive rights should belong not to the head institutes of
the producer sectors, but rather to scientific institutions that do not -
depend upon them and are capable of rising above departmental interests
and proceeding from the objective logic of scientific and technical prog-
ress as well as from the higher interests of the national economy. Such
rights could be granted above all to the special intersectorial (non- _
- departmental) scientific centers under the aegis of the State Coirunittee
for Science and Technology [GKNT]. An example of this would be the de-
cision to set up an all-Union intersectorial institute on the problems of
metal corrosion directly under the GKPIT.
Of course, the creation of an entire system oi such institutes "out of the
air" would be too expensive and unrealistic a matter. Rather it is a ques-
tion of something else. Under the mi.nistries and departments there are a
number of large leading scientific institutions the potential of which
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cannot be completely and efficiently used within the narrow departmental
confines. It would be advisable to put such institutes directly under the -
- GKNT in order to focus their forces on solving the mo~t important inter-
~ sectorial problems related to the long-range development of technology.
These are primarily the institutes of the former Depar+ment of Technical
Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences which are now under the various
departments.
The institutes which wou13 perform the role of intersectorial scientific
centers must be given the rights analogous to the rights of the Institute
for Electric Welding imeni Ye. 0. Paton under the Ukrainian Academy of
Sciences, regardless of the sector where the research results correspond-
ing to their scientific competence will be worked out or introduced.
Among these rights could be the following:
1) The right to work out and submit to the USSR Gosplan, the USSR minis-
_ tries ~.nd departments and the Union republic councils of ministers recom-
mendations in the form of control figures on the production volumes of new
types of equipment for incorporating quotas in the annual and long-range
plans on their basis (correspond?ngly the obligation is set for these
state bodies to consider the recoffinendations of the institute in compiling
the production plans and to provide for the allocating of the necessar,y
financial and material resources for introducing the new types of equip-
ment ) ;
2) The right to obtain from the sectorial scientific organizations the
draft annual plans for scientific research, design and engineering work
(for the sub,jects assigned to the given fundamental institute), to give
_ instructions compulsory for the sectorial organizations to correct these
draft plans, and to receive from them annual reports on the pla.nned work
carried out;
3) The right to exercise systematic control over the introduction of new
types of equipment into the national economy and from the results of the
check to prepare proposals on the basis of which the Union republic coun-
cils of ministers, the ministries and departments must approve measures
to carry out the plans for introducing this equipment.
Obviously many academy institutes could also be given such rights. In
_ addition, the head institutes of the consumer sectors must be granted the
right to determine other questions relating to the organization of re- _
search and the introduction of scientific and technical achievements into
production when these questions need not be brought up to the level of the
leading intersectorial and academy institutes. This would guarantee the
objectivity of the taken decisions and their conformity ~o the fundamental
national economic interests. And the head institute of the producer sec-
tor should maintain the right to determine the fate of new research ~,nd
development results only in those instances when these results are des- -
tined for production use within the sector itself. -
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The aims of intersectorial coordination in the development of science and
technology can be achieved only when coordination will not be of the sort
of inere a,pprovai made completely dependent upon the conformity of depart-
mental interests, but rather a real legal imperative effect which 3erives
from the higher national economic interest and is not reduced ~o the
achieving of compromise between the departments.
Understandably, under the conditions of the sectorial structure of produc-
tion, any scientific and technical policy in actual terms is carried out
uJ.timately as the operational activities of the sectorial scientific organ-
izations, associations and enterprises. But the determining of the basic
directions for the technical development of the sector cannot rema~n the
prerogative of tne scientific organizations and the departmental manager-
ial bodies of the sector itself. This contradicts the principles of a
systems approach, the reason for the existence of a unified state scien-
tific and technical policy, the ob,jective needs of intersectorial integra-
tion in economic development, and the interests of the broad-scale intro-
duction of the fundamental achievements of science and technology. Ulti-
mately the determining of the directions of technical develoFan~nt for sec-
torial production is nothing more than the policy of introducing scientific
and technical achievements>, and this should commence long before the stage
of introduction and be based upon decisions taken on a much higher (super-
sectorial or statewide) level, under the general influence of fundamental
science.
The importance of the raised problems is such that they can only be settled
- on a legislative basis. A Za~ on a unified scientific and technicaZ poZicy
in the nationaZ econorm,~ could serve as such a basis.
What ma~jor organizational and legal decisions m~~st be included, in our
opi~zion, as part of this law?
First of all, it should establish a clear deZimitation of competence on
a11 levels of carrying out statewide scientific and technical policy.
In his article "On Ascribing Legislative Functions to the Gosplan," V. I.
Lenin advanced the notion of the advisability of strengthening the partic-
ular competence of this central state institution and imparting to it the
full powers of directly carrying out the state's policy in scientific and
technical quest ions precisely because it "as an aggregate of knowledgeable -
persons, experts, and re:presentatives of science and technology, possesses,
in essence, the greatest data for correctly judging things,"5 and that "a
certain independence of the Gosplan is compulsory from the viewpoint of
the authority of this scientific institution."6
_ Under present-day conditions in what form should Lenin's idea of linking
higher scientific competence with imperative functions b? realized?
We feel that in the sphere of scientific and technical policy, the estab-
lishing of the ~joint powers of the Gosplan, the GKNT and the USSR Acr~demy
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of Scierices could serve as such a form. A majority of the most important
questions related to a unified scientific and technical policy could com-
pletely be resolved by ,joint decrees of the Gosplan, the GKNT (as well as
~ the Gosstroy on major plans for new construction) and the USSR Acaderr~y of
Sciences, and supervision of their execution must be entrusted to the GKNT.
The shifting of the "center of gravity" in the entire system of the unified
scientific and technical policy to the joint competer~ce of the Gosplan and
the GKNT would conform to the provisions of the Law Governing the USSR
Council of Ministers, where the func~tions of the USSR state committees are
clearly stipulated as bodies of the government itself in whose hands rest
the distribution of resources which are to be allocated for the develop-
ment of science and scientific and technical progress. And the giving of
an imperative nature (through the form of ~oint decrees) to the decisions
proposed by ~;he USSR Academy of Sciences would be a legal realization of
the instructions of the 25th Party Congress on raising the role of the
USSR Academy of Sciences as the coordinator of all scientific work in the
nation.
The Decree of the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers "On
Improving Planning and Stren~thening the Effect of the Economic Mechanism ,
on Raising Production Efficiency and Work Quality" focuses on strengthening
the imperative and control functions of the USSR Gosplan and the GKNT.
~`his decree states that the Gosplan, the GKNT and thP o;her USSR state com-
*r.ittees are obliged first of all to concentrate the forces and resources
on carrying out the most important statewide pro~;rams, without allowing a
narrow sectorial approach to working out the pla~.is. The GKNT is granted
the powers to evaluate and monitor the technical level of production and
the produced product.
The plan quotas stipulated by the joint decrees should have an indisput-
ably compulsory character for the ministries and departments. From this
viewpoint, the sectorial scientific research institutes, design bureaus
and enterprises must be reduced to the role ~f the executors of the imper-
ative decisions worked out on a statewide level, and this is possible only
by using a special syste~:n of responsibility (for this see below).
This same principle must be realized on the lower levels of carrying out
the unified scientific and technical policy. A predominant portion of
the specific questions of an intersectorial nature of course cannot be
raised to the level of ~oint decrees of the Gosplan, the GKNT and the USSR
Academy of Sciences. Such ques'tions, depending upon their complexity and
importance, could be part of the competence of the intersectorial scien-
tific and tecnnical centers of the GKPTT system or the academy institutes,
following the legal model of the powers granted to the Institute for Elec-
tric Welding imeni Ye. 0. Paton. The remaining questions of an intersec-
torial nature in this instance would be part of the competence of the head
instit;utes of the consumer sectors.
Since the use of the most recent scientific and technical achievements
in the designing of production methods and equipment for new or
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reconstr;icted enterprises should be the main channel of scientific and
technical progress, the propose3 method for carrying out a uniform scien- -
tific and technical ~olicy could also encompass the design sphere. This
rne~.ns that the proposals of the USSR Academy of Sciences (for the most
important plans of state significance) and the other above-indicated sci-
entific centers (for other plans of an intersectorial nature), in accord -
with the 1aw, should be sub~ect to compulsory use as the scientific and
technical basis for these plans. This law must also stipulate that the
USSR P.cademy of Sciences and tlie designated scientific centers are to be
granted the right of "vetoing" the plans which do not meet the level of
modern scientific and technical achievements.
The establishing of such a system for distributing competence would make
it possible to solve any problems of intersectorial significance on all .
levels, proceeding from objective, national economic interests, and to
link the power of scientific authority with the authority of [official] ~
power. Such a system wo;zld be a direct embodiment i.n law of the provi-
sions of Article 26 of the USSR Constitution dealing with statewide leader- -
ship of the development of science and technology and the introduction of
their achievernents into the national economy.
Or. a legislative basis it is also essential to introduce a uniform organi-
_ zational and legal form for planning the processes of introducing scien-
tific and technical achievements. In the place of separate poorly coordi-
nated Gections of the national economic and sectorial plans which in one
manner or another regulate the rise of the scientific a,nd technical level
of production (the capital investment plan for the reconstruction and tech-
nical reequipping of the enterprises, the plan for creating and introduc-
~ ing ner; equipment, the p]a.n for producing the most important product types,
and programs for introducing new types of machinery, equipment and materi-
als), we must work out and approve an unified comprehensive pZan for sci-
- er~ific and technieaZ progress. 'I'his plan could provide a close coordi-
r,ation in creating new equipment and production methods and producing new
types of products on the basis of them up t~ the level of the complete
satisfaction of the needs of the national economy and the mass use of this
equipment, production methods and products in the conswning sectors.
However, for achieving such harmony in planning, it is essential to es-
tablish the unchallenged priority of the quotas found in the unified plan
of scientific and technical progress, in comparison with the plans for ex-
tending the series production of an already developed stable product. In ~
allocating resources the quotas of the unified plan should be given pref-
erence. One of the basic aspects in evaluating the draft plans for the
series production of already de~reloped products should be their full con-
formity to the conditions of successfully carrying out the unified plri,n of
scientific and technical progress. Contradictions arising in the course
of carrying out these plans are to be settled by the unchallenged prefer-
ence for the interests of scientific a,nd technical progress, particularly
in settling the questions of financial and material-technical supply.
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The law must define the procedure for carrying out r~ork uncier the co.mpre-
hensive program for solving the basic scientific and technical problems,
and this would guarantee their complete and prampt fulfillment. The ab-
sence of such a procedure impedes the effective use of the methods and
forms of specific progr~un management for scientific and technical progress.
For example, the issuing of compulsory nondepartmental orders by the in-
_ tersectorial scientific and technical centers could obviously serve as an
� effective legal form for organizing work on the basic scientific and tech-
nical programs. This form is similar to the already tested form of inter~
_ nal ministerial orders which are successfully employed, for example, in the
electrical engineering industry. But a system of nondepartmental orders
- should be based upon a fundamental solution to the questi.on of the liabil- -
ity of sectorial organizations for the delayed or pour qu~,lity execution
of the ordered work stipulated by the program.
~ The cardinal problem of moving the f.~ndamentaZlr~ nero scientifie and teehrti-
~ caZ achievements which revolutionize producti.on to the "forefront of intro-
ducti.on" also requires a special resolution in law.
_ Clearly ineffective are the attempts to solve the "introduction problem"
on the basis of establishing uniform legal conditions for all scientific
and technical results, regardless of the level of their newness and im-
portance for the:national economy. Strictly speaking, precisely such a
situatic,n is characteristic for taday as the current legal standards do not
. differentiate between the objects of introduction, no matter now sharply
they differ from one another. in terms of the importance of the contribution
to scientific and technical progress. For example, all inventions entered
, in the state register are in the same legal status from the viewpointi of
the possibilities of taking decisions concerning their practical implemen-
tation. However it is well known that the more important an invention is
the more difficult its path into production. The diluting of fundamentally . _
new, truly fundamental achievements in the general mass of the results of
scientific research, inventions and rationalization proposals contradicts
the objective requirements of the scientific and technical revolution.
Obviously the law governing a uniform scientific and technical policy must
introduce a priority or privileged status (legal, economic and organiza-
tiona,l) for introducing particularly important scientific and technical
achievements into the national econon~y. ~
Here, in particular, provision must" be~made for the following: A proce-
dure for the state (nondepartment~,l) expert evaluation and recognition of
the achieved scientific and technical results as particularly important
for the national economy (this decision would be taken ,jointly by the GKNT
and the USSR Academy of Sciences); the establishing of.a special legal
- category for particularly important inventions of national economic signif-
icance and the coverage of them by the proposed priority status; a proce- _
dure for priority incorpora'tion of scientific and technical achievements
recognized as particularly important in the comprehensive programs and
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plans for scientific and technical progress; the creation of a system of
the greatest material encouragement of the enterprises and scientific or-
gani~~.i,;.ons ~'or creating and introducing pioneer equipment and the com-
plete compensa.tion for the losses of producing and employing it in the
initial period; the obligation of developer supervision over the work of
creatin~ and introducing pioneer equipment developed on the basis of scien-
- tific achievements which are recognized as particularly important for the
national economy.
We should point out that the introduction of scientific and technical in-
novations, particularly ma,jor ones requiring a reorganization of produc-
tion, will never be a painless process for the enterprisE, as it ob,jective-
ly involves the overcoming of enormous production, organizationt~,l and psy- _
chological difficulties. In other words, an enterprise which is developing
new equipment, even with the most ideal systems of generous encouragement -
and advanced organization, cannot have such an easy economic "sense of
being" as an enterprise which for many years has kept the production
methods and produced product unchanged. For this reason the task of social-
ist law is not to "remove" the ob,jective contradiction between science and
material production, but rather to use it for the purposes of scientific
and technical progress, that ;.s, to turn the given external (in relation
to the production system) contradiction into an internal contradiction of
production itself which naturally will endeavor to resolve it. In actual-
- ity this means the creation of ~onditions whereby the violating of economic
stability due to the factor of technical backwardness would be more pro-
found, more abrupt and felt by an enterprise than a disruption of economic ~
stability due to the factor of introducing scientific and technica'1 achieve-
ments.
Up to now in discussing the problems of scientific and technical progress,
basic attention has been given to the system of encouraging the enterprises
to develop new equipment. At the same time, the introduction of a rigid
Gystem of negative consequences for technical backwardness is equally (if
not more) irnportant than the creation of guarantees for financial compensa-
tion and material incentives for the introduction of scientific and techni-
cal innovations.
For example, it would be advisable to approve a generaZ ZegisZative pre-
sta~tption: the economic consequences of a lag in the technical level should
always be worse for an enterprise than the negative consequences of an in-
troduction period, and on the basis of this an uncompromising system of spe-
cial taxes should be introduced for technical backwardness. The first at--
tempt at introducing such a tax was tne formal establishing of price re-
bates for products classified in the second quality category with the money
going to the state budget. However in actual economic life such price re-
bates for obsolete products have not been employed as this is prevented by
the intertwining of conditions for the basic focus of production on the
growth of cost volumes.
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. In accord with the decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Coun-
cil of Ministers ~n improving planning and the economic mechanism, the
price rebates on products of the second quality category should be compul-
sory; a definite procedure for applying them is provided. Subsequently
these rebates cou.ld be supplemented by other types of taxes. Thus, gradu-
- rsJ .l y rLri unc~rnj~rc~m i r~ f n~r sy stem would be cleveJ.oped of ~pec.ir~1 taxes "on teeh-
nical obsoleUcence." Ubv3.ousl,y such taxes could be levied on obsolete
= products and old production methods by decisions of both the GKNT and the
USSR Gosstandart [State Standards Couunittee].
Of extreme importance is a funda.mental solution to the problem of the
ZiabiZity of the organizations, enterprises and their leaders for the non-
fulfillment of the obligations established by the various legal prescripts
~ in the sphere of carrying out the unified scientific and technical policy.
No policy is possible without real power, and powers which are not rein-
forced by a system of ef~ective liability of the executors are, in the
words of Lenin, merely "an empty rattling of the air with empty sound."~ _
In particular, it would be justified to introduce a special procedure for
reviewing in the USSR People's Control Committee ar.d the republic people's
control cot~nittees cases dealing with the instituting of proceedings
against specific officials related to the nonfulfillment of assignments in
the sphere of the unified scientific and technical policy, for example, to
institute a procedure whereby the people's control committees would dr~,w
up rulings on monetary penalties and other administrative punishments from
the materials of the cases prepared by the GKNT.
The law must also re~ulate certain other conditions for carrying out a uni-
form scientific and technical golicy in the national economy. These in-
clude:
1) The planning and organizational principles for creating and introducing
integrated production systems (systems of machines and equipment, tech-
nology for the complete utilization of raw materials with the uniting of'
different types of production into a single cycle, waste-free technology,
and so forth);
2) Specific requirements for the ecolo~ical safety of the equipment and
production methods being developed;
3) A procedure for stz,ndardizing technical articles (elements), for cre-
ating standardized modules (blocks), and the compulsory use of standardized
elements and blocks in design and.production development;
4) Unified standard definitions of "the introduction of new equipment" and
"the introduction of new production methods" which should be applied also
for evaluating the fulfillments of the scientific~�and technical progress
plans, both for paying bonuses and for the purposes of statistical account-
ing.
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~I:,~~ !LWl.L1I.i~if~ Lcl-*,:L.l ctc~C~iuition iir~c~ thf~ naw foxzn;; of coni.r~nctual. rcl.rition-
ships ~.rising in the process of solving ma,jor comprehensive technic~.l
problems ~.nd the introduction of f~ndamental scientific and technical
achievements. These are the Zong-term eontracts on cooperation between
the academy institutes and +he ma~or enterprises (associations). The main
le~al distinction of such contracts from the ordinary contracts is the ab-
sence of a strict delimitation of the parties into the pure "executor"
and the pure "client." The plant operates both ss the client or orderer
of techr~ical specifications and also the executor of experimental work
_ needed by the institute for the further development of research. In p~s-
- ing tundamentally new technical problems, the starting point is not so much
the current production needs of the enterprise as the long-range goals of
+..he development of technology as defined by science itself. But the enter-
prise selects from the experimental developments of the institute those in-
novations which it is capable of introducing into production in the imtne-
- diate planned period. In addition, in contrast to the ordinary economic ~
_ contracts for the executing of scientific research and experimental design
work, the cooperation contracts most often have a mul~~ilateral nature.
Thus, before our very eyes a new type of contract has arisen which has ~
still not gained either a precise legal name or a definition of its legal
nature. In practice it is also termed a contract of socialist cooperation,
since it is based upon reciprocal socialist obligations and is drawn up on
"social bases" without legal support from current legislation.
Sometimes it is termed a general contract in those instances when it rep-
resents a compendium of reciprocal long-term obligations between an a.cademy _
scientific center (bringing together several institutes) and the enter-
prises of a sectorial ministry, when it is signed by the directors of all
the organizations participating in the cooperation, and is approved by the
minister and the leader of the academy center. Thus, the USSR minister of
the electronics industry and the president of the Ukrainian Acade~y of
Sciences have approved a contract on organizing specific scienti~ic and
technical cooperation to carry out a comprehensive program on the "quality
of electron beam instruments." Similar general coni-,racts have been con-
cluded between the Siberian Division of the USSR Acader?~y of Sciences and
the Noril'sk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, and between the Urals Scien-
tific Center of trie USSR Acadeir~y of Sciences and the RSFSR Ministry of
Geology. But naturally practice by itself cannot provide a legal descrip-
tion of relationships which are not even mentioned in the legislation.
An analysis and generalization of the ~articular features of the new sys-
- tem of contractual ties between science and production lead to the conclu-
sion that these ties represent nothing more than caoperation or subcontract- '
ing relationships. Subcontracting contracts are widely used in inter-
national scientific and technical cooperation, however they have not been
described in our domestic legislation. Such contracts diff~r fundamentally
from regular contracts and are considered in the type of "association con-
tracts" which also have not been given a general definition in the current
civil legislation.
l~
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Unfortunately, as yet the enormous possibilities opened up by the legis-
la.tive reinforcing, by the development and broad use of the new system of
contractual relationships as an organizational,:economic and legal form of
tur�ninE; science into a direct productive force have not been rea:lized. On
ttie level of the statewide programs, as yet only planning and coordinating
forms are emplo,yed. But the contracts concerned with long-range coopera- -
tion between science and production literally have been specially developed
for the needs of the legal organization of specific program management,
since contractual cooperation is a system of relationships arising in the
process of the multiple ~oint activities of different participants aimed
at achieving a co~on goal (the introduction of a comprehensive scientific -
and technical result into production).
The contractual forms of long-range cooperation, under the condition of
their legislative reinforcement, would make it possible to solve many spe-
cific problems of the economic responsibility and interests of organiza- _
tions involved in carrying out the goals of specific scientific and tech-
nical programs. The sectorial ministries and scientific centers (including
the republic academies of sciences) could act as the guarantors for the
carrying out of contractual obligations by the institutes, design bureaus,
associations and enterprises wittiin the system of long-term cooperation.
The time spent on introducing the results of scientific discoveries and
major inventions into the national econoir~y is becoming a major resource
which in addition, in contrast to many cther resourees, is not replenish-
able. The delay in the actual implementing of scientific and technical
achievements causes as much harm to the national economy as natural dis-
asters, only these losses cannot be calculated. Possibly it would be
worth studying the question of introducing a special system of unified
statistical ac~ounting for such losses. Society should have a clear notion
of how much it is losing due to the unresolved basic problems of introduc-
ing scientific and technical achievements.
FOOTNOTES
1See: SP SSSP, [Collection of USSR Decrees], No 18, 1968, Article 122.
2See ibid.
3V. I. Lenin, "Complete Collected Works," Vol 33, p 99�
4TRUD, 1 February 1975�
5V. I. Lenin, op. cit., Vol ~+5, p 349�
6Ibid., p 352�
~Ibid., Vol 32, p 3~+0.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii NauY,. SSSR", 1979
10272 1~
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COORDINATING ROLE OF URALS SCIENTIFIC CENTER DESCRIBED
Moscow NAUKA--NARODNOMU KHOZYAYSTW in Russian 1979 signed to press
16 Feb 79 pP ~+1-55
[Article by Academician S. V. Vonsovskiy: "The Scientific Center and the
Productive Forces of a Region" in the book "Nauka--Narodnomu Khozyaystvu"
_ (Science for the National Economy) edited by I. M. Pospelova, Izdatel'stvo
Sovetskaya Rossiya]
[Excerpts] To an ever greater degree a rise in production efficiency and
quality is determined at present by scientific and technical progress, and
by the degree of the actual use of scientific knowledge which causes a
transformation of the implements of production. For this reason the party -
considers research on the laws of nature and society and the determining of
fundamentally new ways and possibilities for the development of the produc- -
- tive forces and for creating the equipment and production methods of the
future to be a general direction in the development of all Soviet science
and its chief staff and center, the USSR Academy of Sciences. And one of
the important conditions for solving this problem is the rational place-
ment of scientific centers and institutions. At present the territorial
placement of the network of scientific centers and institutions has become
one of the important aspects of state policy in the scientific sphere.
In our nation there is an extensive network of scientific organizations
including the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Union republic academies of
sciences, the sectorial research and design institutions of the ministries
and departments, and the laboratories of the instututions of higher learn-
ing. Along with them new scientific centers are at work in Siberia, the
Urals, the Far East and the Northern Caucasus. There are also other forms
for the organization and location of science, among which one might men-
tion the scientific centers of the USSR Acade~y of Sciences in the Greater
Moscow Region, where at present several scientific towns are already func-
tioning such as Noginsk, Pushcliino, Obninsk, Dubna, Serpukhov and Krasnaya
Pakhra. The regional scientific centers coordinated by the USSR Acader~y
of Sciences possess highly skilled personnel and the appropriate physical
plant, and they conduct research in the most diverse areas of knowledge.
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For this reason, when we speak of the broad application of scientific re-
sults in the national econorr~y, we have in mind the advance of the entire
- front of SoUiet science and all the scientific centers and affiliates of
the Academy of Sciences.
Under present-day conditions, in social production a change is occurring
from extensive development factors to intensive ones. This process has
also encomgassed scientific creativity. Scientific development more and
more is being determined not only and not so much by the quantitative
growth of scientific institutions and an increase in allocations and per- -
sonnel, but primarily by a rise in the effectiveness of the research it-
self, by the greater productivity of scientific searches and by the newness
and originality of the developments.
At present the questions of scientific development in the various regions
of the nation, as never before, are closely linked to the development of
their economy. As is known, with the sectorial approach to economic de-
velopment it is difficult to solve the questions of proportional develop-
- ment and the rational shaping of the economy in one or another region, as -
well as the problems of regulating the territorial proportions and leveling
- out the economic development levels of the individual regions of the
country, and the efficient and comprehensive use of the local material,
labor and natural (water, fuel, energy, land and so forth) resources. Here, ~
in particular, the regional multipurpose resources are far from fully util- -
ized, the mineral and labor resources are incompletely used, and the water,
forest and land wealth is irrationally exploited. _
On the other hand, with a purely territorial approach, the opportunities
are restricted for carrying out a unified technical policy at the enter-
prises of each sector, as well as for establishing the optimum intrasec-
torial proportions.
The sectorial and territorial aspects of economic leadership not only do
not oppose one another, but form an inseparable relationship. The absolut-
izing of any approach can lead either to an un~ustified scattering of the
sectorial management system over numerous territorial management bodies, to
the manifestation of local tendencies, or to the breaking up of a manage-
mant system for an entire regional economic complex among several sectorial
bodies, and to departmentalism. For this reason the party proceeds from
the necessity of combining the sectorial system of national economic man-
agement with a territorial one and the subordinating of all aspects of man-
agement to the common socioeconomic taslcs.
These fundamental notions and provisions have been considered by the party
also in working out and implementing the policy in the area of scientific
development. Here certainly the particular features of science are taken
into account as forms of social awareness. The existing organization of
science by specialty, when it is broken up into the well-known scientific
- areas, has recently been supplemented by a regional organization (by scien-
tific centers and by large interdisciplinary territorial associations of
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scientific institutions~. At the present stage there is growing importance
�or t}le link of centra_lly planned research in the most important scientific
arer~,;, wi th t,li~~ ,;olvin1r, of re~ional problem3. Tliis helps to develop inter-
ci i c:c i ~,l i nrlry :~c i eni, if I~ resey.rch and the rationr~l dPVeloE~m~nt of reRion~l
lahor and nutixral resources.
" As a result of the development of scientific centers, an effect is achieved
of conglomeration (unification or association) of the scientific forces in
~ a region, and due to this there is a significant rise in the effective de-
- velopment of science itself, and in addition optimum forms of combining
science with production are r.ealized.
If one turns to the problems of the growth of the productive forces in the
Urals Economic Region, then among the most important factors determining
its development one must put the great and highly skilled scientific poten-
tial which is concentrated here.
As is well known, the economy of a region grows up around the basic types
of production activity which are its core. And the specialization of a
certain region is determined by the available economic and natural resour-
ces, by the economic-geographic position, and by the historically shaped
- conditions.
There are also definite patterns in the economic and scientific development
of one or another region of the nation. Thus, in the Urals there have de-
veloped those economic and production sectors for which the appropriate
natural and labor resources existed. As for science, here as well those
scientific directions developed first which were closely linked with the
Urals economy. And only later did new areas of research begin to arise
= which were not directly tied to production. The carrying out of such re-
search is dictated by the inner logic of the development of the funda.mental
scientific areas.
The Urals are the most interesting portion of the nation in terms of their
geology. A study of the geology of the Urals and the search for new mineral
deposits are tasks of pri.mary importance. Historically it developed that
the growing industrial Urals with their unique natural and skilled labor
resources confronted scientists with complicated and responsible tasks in
the area of providing a scientific generalization for the data of geologi-
cal and geophysical prospecting for its natural riches, for the physico-
chemical study of the complex natural composition of the various ores and
minerals, and most importantl,y, for developing new progressive methods for -
their industrial exploitation. This is why even in the prewar years, many
scientific research and design institutes in the corresponding areas were
_ concentrated in the Urals. And now, when there has been a significant rise
in tne share of the Urals in the econoir~y of the entire USSR in terms of the
output of gross product, and for individual types this reaches 30 percent,
its scientific potential is ever more increasing. The extensive network of
scientific research, sectorial and design institutes, and of higher and
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specialized and secondary institutions of learning creates favorable pre-
requisites for solvin~; scientific-technical and other tasks posed by the
growing national econoir~y, and for accelerating scientific and technical
_ progress in all sectors.
For the purposes of a further active study and development of the produc-
tive forces in our re~ion, the Urals Scientific Center of the USSR Acade~y
of Sciences (UNTs) has been formed. It was created on the basis of the sci-
entific institutions which already existed beginning from the 1930's of the
Urals Affiliate of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Metal
Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Mathematics Institute of
the L'SSR Acaden~y of Sciences which was created somewhat later. The scien-
tific center has been entrusted wit,h the following basic missions:
~ 1) The deveiopment of fundamental research in the area of natural and
- social sciences;
_ 2) The elaboration of scientific problems helping to accelerate the de-
velopment of the econorqy and productive forces in the Urals;
. 3) The training of skilled scientific personnel; ~
The coordinating of research on natural and social sciences and which
is being carried out by the scientific institutions of the USSR Academy of
Sciences and the WZes, as well as by the organizations of the other min-
istries and departments located on the territory of the Urals Economic Re-
_ gion.
It must be pointed out that extensive work is being carried out in this
area by the institutes of the UNTs.
Within the system of basic factors related to the intensification of social
production (science--technology--management--education), the starting point
is science which, in essence, has revolutionized the technical and techno-
logical basis of production. For this reason ~,t present all Soviet scien-
tists, including the sci~ntists of the Urals, are confronted with a biune
task: a rise in the effectiveness of scientific work and a significant
acceleration of the industrial use of scientific achievements.
In the practical utilization of results from fundamental research which is
the main source of new technical ideas, it is essential to consider that
in a majority of instances this research does not provide ready-made tech-
nological solutions, but contains only the idea or indication of the possi-
bility of developing new production methods or a new instr~nent. Special
- technical, technological and engineering search is required for turning
this possibility into reality. The unificati:on and concentration of the
fundamental and applied research, the design developments and experimental
work in certain institutions is an important means Por further raising the
effectiveness of scientific research the reser~ves of which are still far
_ from fully utiliz~d.
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'!'he p~�ahlem:. ~C ~cientific developmeclt r~re constantly at the center of
attention of the local p~,rty organizations. Thus, the Sverdlovsksya party
obkom at the outset of each five-,year plan conducts a practical scientific
conference on utilizin~; scientific and technical achievements in the econo-
' ~y of the Middle Urals. In particular, the third such conference in 1976
outlined a specific program of actions for 1976-1980, and as a result of
carryin~ out this program the scientists and production workers are carry-
ing out many valuable developments in close cooperation.
One of the basic tasks confronting the UNTs, as was pointed out above, is
the coordinating of research on natural and social sciences and which is
carried out in this region by the various scientific organizations. The
pooling of efforts by scientists from the scientific research and design
institutes and WZes helps to accelerate the solving of problems and avoid
unnecessary duplication.
. For coordinating the research in the ai�ea of natural and social sciences be-
- ing carried out by the institutions of the UNTs, by the WZes, as well as
by the institutions of the various ministries and departments located in the
Urals, an Interdepartmental Coordination Council (MSK) for Scientific Re-
search ~~as set up under the Presidium of the UNTs with the rights of a con-
sultative body. The council determines the range of scientific problems,
the sub~jects, and the list of organizations to be involved in the coordina-
tion; it isolates particularly important interdisciplinary problems which
require the carrying out of joint research by the forces of the scientific
institutions of the UNTs, the ministries and departments; it examines the
research plans for the problems being coordinated.
Our scientists work closely with 450 scientific institutions and industrial
enterprises of the nation. In the activities of the scientific institutions
a most important role is played by research on the problem of increasing
the efficiency of social production in the Urals Economic Region. Natural-
ly the solution to this problem depends upon the ties of the UNTs insti-
tutes with the sectorial scientific research institutes, the WZes, the
leading enterprises ~.nd associations located on the territory of the Urals
oblasts and the Udmurt ASSR. Thus, general contracts have long been in .
effect on cooperation with the Uralmash [Urals Machinery] and Uralelektro-
tyazhmash [Urals Heavy Electrical Machinery] Production~Associations, with
the Uralkhimmash [Urals Chemical Machinery] Plant, and many others.
The institutes of the UNTs are also obliged to work out and submit to the
ministries a.nd departments and to the directive bodies recoTrm?endations on
utilizing the research results in the national economy for particularly im-
portant coordinated problems, and to issue reco~nendations on the patenting
of discoveries. But here at times the "science--equipment--production"
chain is broken, and the dates for introducing valuable scientific ideas
and developments for the national economy are drawn out for long years.
Because of this the national economy suffers great losses, and in addition
the effectiveness of scientific expenditures is reduced.
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At present~ in considering the experience of the Siberian Division of the
USSR Academy of Sciences; we have followed the path of creating en~;ineer
subdivions in the academ,y institutes themselves, and tr.ese subdivisions
should work up and bring the proposals of the scientists to a stage of
practical realization.
For introducing scientific-technical developments and recommendations into
production, the scientists of the UNTs utilize the following forms of con-
tacts with the industrial enterprises: the concluding of economic contracts
and contracts on socialist cooperation, as well as general contracts with
major production associations and enterprises; the organizing of laborator-
ies of the UNTs scientific institutions directly at the enterprises; the
setting up of coordinating and executive councils to solve ma,jor scientific
and technical problems; the providing of procedural aid, the holding of con-
sultations, and so forth.
The experience of many years has convinced us that primarily ma,jor scien-
tific ideas should be introduced. The use of particular small-scale scien-
- tific results, as a rule, has little impac.t on the proluction level, and at
the same time ties up significant forces of scientists and practical work-
ers. For this reason the introduction into the sector, the mass dissemina-
tion of scientific results, and the concentrating of forces on ma,jor inter-
disciplinary scientific developments are the main concern of the institutes
_ of ~l;he UNTs and the WZes.
The solving of these problems has been significantly aided by the coopera-
tion programs of the UNTs with entire national economic sectors, that is,
with the industrial ministries. The first of them was drawn up with the
USSR Ministry of Nonferrous Metallurgy. The second such general contract
was concluded with the RSFSR Ministry of Geology. The concluding of such a
general contract on creative scientific and technical cooperation is of ex-
ceptionally important significance. This will make it possible to plan
scientific research over the long run, and this will create good conditions
for reducing the time required to introduce completed developments into
production, a.nd will contribute to the comprehensive solution to a number
of important scientific, technical and socioeconomic problems of nonferrous
metallurgy and the questions of practical geology. _
- Equally important is the path of developing fundamental science and a com-
prehensive solution ta scientific and technical problems. This path in-
volves long-ran~e general contracts on creative cooperation between the
UNTs and the major production associations and plants of the Urals. The
direct involvement of plant specialists in the ad,justing and introduction
of developments significantly reduces the ti'me required to create anii iri-
troduce new production processes, and it raises the quality and effective-
ness of the work.
The presently occurring strengthening of production concentration has been
characterized b,y an inerease in the scale of production, by the revamping
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of industrial potential and produced products on the basis of introducing
th~� mc~:.i. r~�rr~nt. scientific and technical achievPments, Y~,y consolidatinR ttie
F~Y�imary production manaq~nent unit by organizin~*, lar~~ production ar.d '
scientific-production associations, and by cancentrating in large complexes
under single ~eadership not only groups of interrelated enterprises but also
stron~ scientific and design forces. In this regaxd it can be pointed out
that in the UNTs a new and, we feel, very promising form was ori~inated for
ties between the Urals academy institutions and industry. This is the cre-
ation of unique support bases of the institutes directly at the enter-
prises themselves. Thus, upon a petition of the Rezhevskiy Nickel Plant in
Sverdloti~skaya Oblast, on its territory an affiliate of the Laboratory for
Nonferrous Metal Pyrometallurgy of the Metallurgy Institute of the UNTs was
organized. The production areas and equipment were provided by the plant,
and the UNTs makes up the personnel of scientific coworkers. On this basis
- a long-range program has been worked out and is being implemented to funda-
mentally improve the method of refining the oxidized nickel ores. Already
the first results have been expressed in a reduction of the nickel losses
and in lower consumption of scarce blast furnace coke.
The scientists of our Center are earnestly searching for reserves to in-
crease the return from the scientific potential. The obtained results can
be considered promising. The economic effect from introducing the develop-
ments of an applied nature during the time the UNTs has existed exceeds al-
ready 100 million rubles. Many developments of the scientists have pro-
vided a significant social effECt, for example, they have hQlped to prevent
environmental pollution, to improve and ease working conditions in produc-
tion, and so forth.
The Accountability Report of the CPSU Central Cor~nittee to the 25th Party
Congress emphasizes that "...only on the basis of the accelerated develop-
ment of science and technology is it possible to solve the fundamental mis-
sions of the social revolution, that is, to build a co~r?unist society."
The Urals scientists, as was pointed out above, have also ma.de their con-
tribution to this nationwide concern. However, it must be pointed out that
there still are many reserves for improving the efficient use of the ma-
terial, production and scientific potential. First of all, the absence of
a strong and modern base for the experimental industrial testing of new
production processes and materials as well as the lack of an exper.unental
plant to produce the instruments and equipment are a significant obstacle
- on the path to successfully carrying out the planned measures.
As is known, the introduction of scientific developments depends upon many
economic organiz~,tions. However, due to departmental affiliation at times
- they have no opportunity to solve these questions independently and effi-
ciently, and this significantly complicates the prompt use of scientific
achievements in production practice. It must also be pointed out that a
large nizmber of sci_entific research projects is economically unsound due
to the lack of any method to determine the specific economic effectiveness
of the individual proposed measures. And this somewhat reduces the inter-
est of the enterprises to use them. In addition, the bringing of the
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research to the point of introduction is impeded. by a lack of production
area for locating the equipment, as well as b,y the unsatisfactory organi-
zation of materisl and technical suppl.y, particula.rly in the WZes.
Under present-day conditions, th.e scientific information received depends
_ largely upon the accuracy and ser_sitivity of instruments. The new
method of research and measurement as well as the use of r.ew high-class
instruments provide an opportunity to pose and solve fundamentally differ-
ent problems. For this r eason, a rise in the labor productivity of scien-
tists and the better quality of this labor to a decisive degree depend upon
the equipping of scientific institutions with modern highly productive auto-
mated laboratory equipment and computers, and upon the elaboration of mod-
ern metering systems. Eere it is essential to stress that the equipping
of scientific laboratories with the most modern methods of ineasurement and
research will also have an impact on improving the quality of work of the
sectorial institutes, the plant laboratories, and hence, industry as a
whole.
The present-day structure of sc~ence is unusually fluid and dynamic. This
leads to the necessity of creating scientific subdivisions with flexible
organizational ties making it possible when necessary to change the re-
search program and to participate in interdisciplinary scientific develop-
ments. Precisely such interdisciplinary scientific programs worked out by
+;he ~fforts of a number of related and even adjacent scientific research
organizations which come together for achieving a common goal are becoming
ever more characteristic for modern science.
The collective of the UNTs of the USSR Academy of Sciences, along with all
the people of the Urals, feels the daily concern of the party and the
government for the development of our region, for the growth and improving
of its productive forces, and for raising its scientific potential. Over
the Ninth Five-Year Plan, 2.5-fold more money was spent on developing the
, physical plant of the UNTs than during the Eighth Five-Year Plan. Large
amounts of money have also been allocated in the Tenth Five-Year Plan. At
the institutes modern scientific instruments and equipment are being put
into use, and allocations on housing and cultural-service construction have
been increased. .
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskaya Rossiya", 1979
10272 ~
CSO: f314~+/0433
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SIBERIAN DIVISION OF USSR ACADEMY ~F SCIENCES ORGANIZES DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 9, Sep 79 pp 5-1-55
[Article by Candidate of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences F. V. Sukhorukov,
and Candidate of Economic Sciences A. P. Dubnov: "The 'Siberia' Program,
A System for Directing Scientific Research"]
[Text] The Co~nunist Party and the Soviet gove~nment have
constantly devoted great attention to the development of
the productive forces in Siberia.
A vivid manifestation of the party's concern for the de-
velopment of Siberian science was the Decree of the CPSU
Central Committee on the activities of the Siberian Divi-
sion of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the area of de-
veloping fundamental and applied research, raising its
effectiveness, introducing scientific achievements into
the national economy, and the training of personnel.
The Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences
together with the Siberian scientific research institu-
tions and WZes, is working out an interdisciplinary
program called Siberia [Sibir'], a program for studying
the natural resources of the region.
In accord with the basic aims of the program which in-
cludes 30 regional programs, the Siberiari scientists will .
work out the problems related to the further development
of the regional fuel and energy base, to the development
of the territorial production complexes of Western and
Eastern Siberia, including the economic development of
the BAM [Baykal-Amur Mainline] zone, and to the inte- -
grated and rational use of all the natural resources of
the region.
~ The Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences will
be the chief coordinator of the research included in the
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~ ~
Siberia Program and the organizer of introducing the scien-
tific achievements into practice. In carrying out this~.
grandiose program an active part will also be taken by
many ministries and departments, the Siberian Division of
the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni Lenin,
the Siberian Affiliate of the USSR Academy of Medical
Sciences, as well as the ma~or enterprises and sectorial
institutes. ~
The successful solution to the crucial tasks posed by the
Siberia Program will depend largely upon the precise organ- ~
ization of the management of the vast and lengthy work of
implementing it.
The article by V. F. Sukhorukov, chief of the section of
regional programs under the Administration for the Organi-
zation of Scientific Research (UONI) of the Presiditun of
the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and
A. P. Dubnov, scientific secretary for economic and humani-
_ tarian sciences of the UONI, is devoted to the questions of
the organization of the management system for scientific
research under the Siberia Pr~ogra.m.
`.Che program for the interdisciplinary study of the natural resources of
Siberia (the Siberia Program) was drawr: up by the Siberian Division of the -
USSR Acadei?~y of Sciences, and approved in February 1978 at the Division
General Meeting. The leaders of the Division, Academicians G. I. Marchuk
and A. A. Trofimizk, have described this program in their articles which
have been published in the mass press. _
The General.Meeting of the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences
approved the basic principles for leading the academy and sectorial scien-
tific institutions and the WZes of Siberia which will be involved in study-
ing the problems comprising the interdisciplinary Siberia Program.
The main task which must be carried out in creating the new leadership sys-
tem is to pool the efforts of all the intolved departments and institutions
in scientifically establishing the strategy for the socioeconomic develop-
ment of Siberia over the long run.
In following the specific program approach, for solving the very complex
problems under the Siberia Program, there are plans to set up (on the basis
- of the system existing in the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of
Sciences for organizing scientific research and development and the intro-
duction of them into practice) a new system for directing the elaboration
and implementation of the specific programs which comprise the unified in-
terdisciplinary program.
The effectiveness of the leadership over the scientific research and de-
velopments carried out within the specific long-range programs depends upon
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numerous factors, and above all upon the competence af the leading special-
ists and program leaders, upon the ability of the management personnel to _
ensure a high quality of comprehensive planning, as well as upon the coordi-
nated actions of the executors~
The creation of a system for managing the activities related to implement-
ing such a laxge-scale and long-term program is a multistc;;` process of
adapting the already existing management system to the new and responsible -
~ tasks.
During the first stage of setting up the system for directing the Siberia -
Program, three management levels are to be organized (on the basis of the
long existing system for managing scientific research i.n the Siberian Di-
vision of the USSR Academy of Sciences).
The first (higher) management ZeueZ--the Scientific Council for the Siberia
Program and the executive body of the council.
The Scientific Council is headed by one of the leaders of the Siberian
Division of the USSR Acade~y of Sciences and the ma,in program coord~nators.
It includes the coordinators of all the specific programs, the leaders of -
_ the scientific research institutions involved in the elabort~tion atid im-
plementation of' the Siberia Program but not part of the system of the
Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as representa-
tives from staff of the Department Presidium.
The Scient_iic Council brings together the activities of four.sections
which are headed by the main program coordinators. These are the resource-
raw material sections (mineral and biological resources), the regional eco-
nomic section and the section for particularly complicated programs.
The executive body is formed by the Presidium of the Siberian Division of
the USSR Academy ~f Sciences. Its basis is the Administration for the Or-
ganization of Scientific Research (UONI) of the Siberian Division of the ~
USSR Acader?~y of Sciences (the section for regional programs and the de-
velopment of peripheral centers). Leadership of ~the executive body is en-
trusted to the main scientific secretary of the Siberian Division of the
USSR Acade~y of Sciences.
The second management ZeveZ is the Coordinating Council for the Specific -
Program and the executive body for this program.
The Coordinating Council is headed by the coordinator of the specific pro-
gram. The council includes the leaders of the subprograms who represent
all the organizations participating in the elaboration and implementation
of the specific program.
'I'he personnel of the executive body is formed by the coordinator of the
specific program. The scientific secretary who heads this body is under
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_ the pro~ram coordinator as well~as the chief of the UONI of the Siberian
Division and one of his deputies.
' The third ZeveZ is the scientific collectives formed for the period needed
to carry out the specific research and development comprising a certain
specific program.
The personnel of the scientific collectives includes scientists and spe-
cialists from institutions of differing departmental affiliation. These
collectives are led by executives who are under the leadership of their in-
stitution and the coordinator of the specific prograu-:. ~
The three management levels which were described above are vertical levels
for contacts within the system for directing the Siberia Program. The
structure of the horizontal ties of each program management level with the
state bodies, the various organizations and institutions still requires
further serious working up.
The forming of the Siberia Program is still in the initial stage. Many in-
volved question must still be solved. For exa.mple, we should determine the ~
state status of the program, its legal and financial resource powers, and
the basic principles and conditions should be worked out for transferring
the results of the scientific research and developments to the planning and
economic bodies. E4ren now it is essential to determine precisely what ex-
penditures are needed for the research on each of the natural resources of
Siberia (both in the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences as
well as in the d.epartments participating in carrying out the program). It
is also essential to determine the necessary expenditures of the Siberian
Division for carrying out the Siberia Program over the longer run.
In the initial stage it is also essential to organize the system for direct-
ing the Siberia Program. This is a period of transition from the existing
system of planning, organizing and managing the academy, sectorial and WZ
research to a system of directing the elaboration and implementation of the
specific programs.
In this regard particular attention must be given to defining the functions
of the various program management levels, and the content of the leadership
of~ each of these management elements must be clearly elucidated. It is
also essential to disclose what impedes the transition from the presently ,
existing managemsnt system to the specific system, and what measures must
. be taken for facilitating this transition. ~
The main principles which underlie the allocation of functions between the
different management levels for the specific program system consist in the
following. Each of the previously mentioned management levels of the
Siberia Program is given definite powers in planning the program and its
component parts, in carrying ~ut structural organizational policy which
considers the coordination of research and development, in recruiting and
placing personnel, in vsing and allocating financial and material resources,
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in specific management which includes control and analysis of scientific
activities by the subdivisions subordinate to the given body, as well as
the use of var�ious sanctior.s and incentive measures for these activtties,
in establishing contact with all levels of leadership, in evaluatin~r the
effectiveness of the entire program leadership system, and so forth.
In accord with these basic principles, on the first management level the
basic leadership funetions are integrated, and decisions are taken on the
questions which ensure the imple~menting af the Siberia Program as a whole,
for transforming the previous planning procedures, for seeking out per- ~
sonnel, financial and material resources, and allocating them to the spe-
cific programs.
The first level leadership bodies rank the specific programs in terms of
the degree of their importance, they determine the aims and tasks of these
programs, they help them in organizational interaction, and they establish
the dates for implementing the specific programs as well as the degree of
liability and obligation of their leaders. In this way a basis is created
for t~,king decisions by the leadership of the inferior management levels.
The pei�sonnel of the specific program coordinators is also examined and
approved on the first management level. ~
The leaders?,ip of the second management level, in relying on the basic de-
cisions of the first level leadership, details the specific plans, and pro-
vides proper use of the personnel, the financial and material resources,
as well as the re,tional organization and coordination of the work done by
the researcher and developer collectives. On this management level, the
quality of the research and development carried out is analyzed, control
over the fulfillment of the program is exercised, and decisions are taken
related to the forming, elaboration and implementation of the speeific
program. Precisely here is concentrated the specific information on the
results of the work done by the subprogram coor.dinators, the responsible
executors and the scientific research collectives directly involved in
solving the problems of a certain speci.fic program. Such information is
essential for evaluating the progress made in the planned works toward the
ultimate and intermediate ~~a,ls.
The third level provides direct leadership over the scientific research
carried out in the subdivisions of the scientific organizations involved
in working out the program. In the first stages of introducing the spe-
- cific program system, the leadership functions on this level virtually do
not differ from the previous ones.
The specific management functions on the various leadership levels of the
Siberia Program can be briefly described in the following manner. The
_ first management level works out the strategy of the program. This in-
volves the selecting of goals, the defining of resources, +he questions of
organization and management, as well as assessing the results of all the
work. On this level key decisions are taken which consider national in- ~
terests, and the overall strategy of the program is coordinated with the
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superior state and party bodies as well as the departments having ,juris-
diction over the organizations coordinated by the Scientific Council.
The second management level reviews the.basic questions related to the or-
ganization and management of the process of working out and implementing
the specific concrete programs.
The third level provides direct leadership over the process of transform-
ing the funda.mental research results into the end and intermediate results
of the specific program, and the preparation of the~m for use on the vari-
ous national economic levels and for incorporation in the state economic
and social development plans.
The functions of the different-level leadership bodies managing the Siberia
Prograrri can be finally defined only in the process of the forming, elabora- -
tion and implementation of the specific programs.
The Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences has created a perman-
ent scientific practical seminar for the scientific secretaries. This is
the initial element in the system of ineasures related to the scientific
organizational support for the~leadership of the Siberia Program.
'Phe first meeting of the seminar was held on 14-15 June 1978. The basic
aims of this session were: to evaluate the state of the scientific organ-
izational work related to the Siberia Program in the first half of 1978,
to discuss the content of the work, the f~nctions and status of the scien-
tific secretary of the program's coordinating council, to define the main
areas of ~oint work for the scientific secretaries of the programs and the
Regional Program Section of the UONI in the area of long-range and opera-
tional planning and management, as well as the informational support for
the leadership of the specific program.
The seminar examined the statutes of the Scientific Council of the Siberia
Program, the Coordinating Council of the Specific Program, the rights and
duties of the coordinator and scientific secretary of the Coordinating
Council of the Specific Program.
The assignment was formulated for the scientific secretaries of the coordi-
nating councils for their independent elaberation of each individual spe-
cific program. In accord with this assignment, the scientific secretaries
should draw up their own proposals on the quantity of interrelated stages
dt;ring which there will be carried out the selection, evaluation, elabora-
tion, testing, production and technical use.of the results of the funda-
mental research carried out in the sectorial, intersectorial or territorial-
production complexes, as well as proposals which ensure the realization of
the aims of each individual program.
Also discussed were the proposals of the scientific secretaries dealing
with the use of the methods of network plannin~ and management, as well as
the creation of a data bank for the Siberia Program.
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The second session of the seminar was held on 24-25 December 1978, and at
this preliminary results were given for carrying out the Siberia Program
in 1978, for its organizational support, and measures were also outlined
for 1979�
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR", 1979
10272
CSO: 81~+4/0433
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SIBERIAN DIVISION OF ACADF~IY 0~ SCIENCES Il~ROVES TIES WITH INDUSTRY
Moscow NAUKA--NARODNOMU KHOZYAYSTW in Russian 1979 signed to press
16 Feb 79 pp 18-~+0
~ [Article by Academician G. T. Marchuk: "Scientists of Siberia for the
Nation" in the book "Nauka--Narodnomu Khozyaystvu" (Science for the
National Economy) edited by T. M. Pospelova, Izdatel'stvo Sovetskaya
Rossi.ya ]
[Excerpts] The high development rate:~ of the productive forces and the
new complicated tasks of tapping the r�egions of Siberia urgently require
a strengthening of scientific and technical poter.tial in the East of the
nation and a closer link between scientists and production workers.
At the beginning of 1977, the CPSU Central Commi.ttee reviewed the activi-
ties of the Siberian Division in the area of developir~g fundamental and
applied scientific research, raising its effectiveness, introducing scien-
' tific achievements into the national economy, and the training of personnel.
A decree of the Central Corrunittee sums up the results of the work done by
the division, and outlines a long-range program for its activities.
The Siberian Division is carrying out extensive work to improve the forms
of scientific management and this is aimed at concentrating the scientific
forces and equipment. This work is based upon specific program planning
and financing.
The State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers on Science and Tech-
nology [GKNT], the RSFSR Council of Ministers and the USSR Academy of
Sciences are helping to organize interdisciplinary programs on the ma~or
problems. They are giving particular significance to the financial and
material-technical support for this work. Precisely such ma~or programs -
are of enormous significance for the development of science itself, and
they create a firm foundation for applied research and the introduction of
_ fundamentally new ideas ir_to the national econon~y. The Siberian Division
is involved in 105 comprehensive programs being coordinated by the GKNT on
the most important problems of scientific and technical progress in the
national economy. Another 15 coordination programs on ma~jor fundamental
scientific problems have been drawn up by the Siberian Division. These
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involve 30 institutes of the Division in various specialties. Such pro-
grams have been created and are being implemented in the area of turbu-
lenc~, microelectronics, laser physics and laser engineering, catalysis,
molecular biology, the use of mathematical methods in chemistry, the de-
velopment of the units and software for optical computers, the autoQnating
of scientific research and other areas. An essential feature of the co-
ordinating program is the fact that they encompass the entire cycle of
work from profound scientific research to the introduction of the obtained
results into production.
In efficiently maneuvering resources, the presidium of the Siberian Divi-
sion of the USSR Academy of Sciences has provided specific financing for
carrying out major problems without an additional increase in allocations
from the budget. This is an effective form of financing.
The creation of regional programs of the Division is also a new form for
organizing major interdisciplinary researc', and these programs are aimed
at contributing to the tapping of the natural resources and developing the
productive forces of Siberia. Their implementation requires not only ex-
tensive cooperation by the Division institutes, but also the attracting of
a large number of institutions from other departments, as well as close
interaction with the party and soviet bodies. The ma~jor regional programs
of the Division are re]_ated to the problem of Lake Baykal and to the eco-
nomic development of the zone of the BAM [Baykal-Amur M~,inline].
The a.dvances in the area of fundamental research have also been the basis
for the development of applied work and for solving the second main task ,
of the Division, namely the introduction of scientific results into na-
tional economic practice.
The experience of the Siberian Division in the area of contacts with the -
national economy was couunented on by Comrade L. I. Brezhnev in his speech -
at a meeting with the leaders of the academies ~f sciences of the social-
ist countries.
The Siberian Division carries out scientific and technical cooperation
with 300 enterprises in the nation. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan alone,
Division scientists turned over more tha.n 700 major developments for use
in the national economy in machine building, nonferrous and ferrous metal-
lurgy, the chemical, aviation, radioengineering and other industrial sec-
t ors as well as agriculture.
The exploratory work, the applied research, the laboratory developments
and introduction into practice are carried out by the institutes af the
Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the basis of the ex-
tensive industry of Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Tomsk and other
Siberian cities.
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We are endeavoring that the results of the scientific research gain ap-
pli.cation not only at individual enterprises but also in entire national
economic sectors. We feel that "use in the sector" should become the
chief inechanism of the link between science and production, and involve
each sector and each enterprise.
The path from the idea on the tip of a pen or from a test tube to a large
installation or chemical combine is long, complicated and often thorny.
How can one see to it that a scientific development is quickly taken up by
an entire sector? It is possible to point to several real, already proven
ways for the exterisive realization of scientific research. I will take up
three examples from the experience of the Siberian Division which in dif-
ferent ways illustrate the same idea.
The first example is related to the mining industry. The start to this
work was made at the Tashtagol Mine in Mountain Shoria, where iron ore is
mined for the Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Combine. This mine employs many
real enthusiasts for their ~ob, starting from the mine chief and the chief �
engineer and ending with the young Komsomol collective.
They turned to the Mining Institute of the Siberian Division of the USSR
_ Academy of Sciences for advice on what could be done to substantially al-
_ ter and ease the heavy work of the miners. The scientists arrived at the
mine. Cooperation started up. 'IThe joint work lasted about 7 years. As
a result at this mine fundamental problems were solved and these would
have been beyond the boldest production engineer and the most venerable
scientist if they had not pooled their knowledge and efforts.
Without exaggeration it can be said that there was a true revolution in
ore mining techniques. When this system began operating on one face, the
remaining 20 f.aces had to be closed down. It alone produced as much ore
as could be brought to the suriace from all the other faces. Labor pro-
ductivity in underground work rose by ~+-fold, and for the entire mine by
2-3-fold. In terms of productivity it reached first place in the world.
Working conditions changed abruptly and work was more mechanized and safer.
The USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy actively supported the developed
method. At the mine a 2-week seminar was held for the chief specialists
of the associations and mines of the ministry. It was recoirunended that
all the mines of the sector with similar mining and geological conditions
convert to the new method.
Here we for the first time felt the might and promise of our system of
introduction. And it is merely a question of carrying the question out
fully to put in the hands of the production workers irrefutable arg~nents
in favor of technical innovation. Any skeptic can be convinced by facts.
The second example concerns the development of automated control systems.
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The development of 1,600 automated control systems during the Ninth I'ive-
Year Flan marked the beginning to a new search, the forming of scientific
bases, and the findin~ of ways for rational management at the enterprises,
starting with accounting and ending wi~th operational management. During
the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the representatives of science and industry have
continued to solve these difficult but exceptionally important problems.
About 10 years ago, even before the mass use of ASU [auto~ated control
system] began in the nation, the then director of the Ba.rnaul Radio Plant
arrived at our Computer Center. He came and said: "Develop a system so
that I can know what is being done at my plant. The planning department
provides one answer, the marketing department another, the bookkeeping of-
fice a third, and each handles the figures in its own manner. As a result
I have no accurate information which would allow me to manage things."
We concluded a cooperation contract with the Ba.rnaul Radio Plant. In-
volved in the work, in addition to the Computer Center, were the Institute
for the Economics and Organization of Industrial Production and the Systems
Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Instrtunent Building. Over
the 7 yeaxs these institutes, together with the plant, developed the
Barnaul system. This system monitors, records and keeps the accounting
records, it provides the necessary information, it controls the output of
new products, and much else. A possibility has arisen of analyzing the
course of production on all levels and to take decisions efficiently. As
a result there has been a sharp reduction in losses, the material consump-
tion rates have been reduced, labor productivity has risen, and the co-
efficient for steady product output has risen from 0.54 to 0.75-0.80. _
In 1971, the system was reviewed by the ministry board and was accepted as
a standard one for the enterprises of the ministry.
At present the Barnaul ASU is in use and without the participation of
scientists is being introduced at 103 enterprises of the nation. On the
basis of this system, for third-generation computers the universal and
adapting Sigma ASU has been developed, and this is a new step ahead on thE
path of widely using the ASU in the Siberian economy. Here is the second
example showing how the promising development of scientists finds =ts way
into the entire sector.
The third example is related to the development of our natural riches, and
specifically, the Tyumen' oil.
At the Presidium of the Siberian Division of the Academy of Sciences, the
scientists were given 11 problems the solution to which would ma.ke it
possible to substantially increase oil production, and these included
pumping water into the wells for increasing the oil outp~at, laying pipe-
- line in swampy ground under permafrost conditions, and the production of
additives which woul.d facilitate the movement of oil through the pipes.
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- We incorporated these and other problems in the work program of the Siber-
iE~n Divi::~ian. c).C coursE~, many other or~;nnizr~t.ions ~.nd scienti.i'i.c re:,ec~rch
in:titute: of Lhc ?nin.is~ry were also a~ work on them.
In the ~rocess of work~in~; on the "oil" sub~ect wh3ch was coordin~.ted by
Academician A. A. Trofimuk, Siberian scientists developed methods and
_ models which helped the employees of the ministry and the workers of
Tyumenskaya Oblast to solve these probleL~s.
These three examples describe three different forms of introduction in the
sector. But they all affirm that the existing organizational structure
contains many opportunities for successfully materializing scientific re-
sults. It is merely a question of an active desire for this and a mutua,l
understanding among the scientists and the production workers, and particu-
larly their leaders.
The Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences has found and tested
out va-rious effective forms of cooperation between acadPmy science and pro-
duction. Up to the present on the basis of them a system has been de-
veloped which provides a single process of funda.mental and applied research,
development and their practical implemer.tation.
One such form is compiling together with the sectorial ministries compre-
hensive long-range programs for scientific research and the introduction
of its results into production. These programs are approved on a bilateral
basis by the Pres'idium of the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sci-
ences and by the appropriate ministry. These programs are aimed at solving
important scientific and technical problems of a sector. At present the
Siberian Division is working under bilateral programs with eight ministries
of the nation.
Another form that has been developed which helps to accelerate the intro-
duction of scientific achievements into practice is the creation near the
Division institutes of sectorial scientific research institutes and spe-
. cial des~gn bureaus with experienced production workers, and these act as
the connecting link between academy science and industrial sectors. The
decision to organize them was taken in 1966 upon a proposal of the Siber-
ian Division and the Novosibirskaya CPSU Obkom. The plans of these de-
partmental institutes and design bureaus include the continuation and de-
velopment of completed scienti~ic developments of the academy institutes -
the realization of which means the appearance of new materials, equipment
and production methods.
At present, such organizations have been set up by ten Union ministries -
and ~.epaxtments. Located in the surroundings of Akademogorodok, these
scientific reseaxch institutes and design bureaus comprise the so-called
"introduction belt" of the Novosibirsk scientific center. These are
given not only scientific developments of the Siberian Division, but also
trained personnel, and this makes it possible in an earlier stage to move
on to production and design work and reduces by approxi.mately one-half the
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time required for introducing a new scientific idea into industry. This
experience will be extended to other scientific centers as well.
One other frizitful form of cooperation is comprehensive cooperation by a
~roup of scientific institutes with a leading ma~or enterprise in its
sector. We have in mind the Novosibirsk Sibsel'mach [Siberian Agricul-
tural Machinery] Plant which is an offspring of our five-year plans. It -
played a leading role during the period of industrialization and during
the Great Patriotic War. At present the ti~:e has come to reconstruct the
plant, and this is significantly more difficult than developing a new one,
as any reconstruction is complicated by the fact that production should
not suffer in carrying it out. Scientists along with the plant decided to
work out a comprehensive program for solving the reconstruction problems.
It was agreed with the ministry and the plant leadership that the ma~jor
developments would subsequently be introduced in the entire sector. At
present an ASU has been created at the plant and exceptionally important
wc~rk is being carried on auto~ating the production processes.
Cooperation has born fruit. In January 1975, the General Secretary of the
CPSU Central Co~ittee L. I. Brezhnev congratulated the collective of
Sibsel'mash on its early fulfillment of the quotas of the Ninth Five-Year
Plan for the growth of the production volume and labor productivity. It
was pointed out that the successes of the plant were the result of widely
introducing scientific and technical achievements with close cooperation
with the institutes and scientists of the Siberian Division.
One other way for disseminating scientific ideas in the sector is through
the sectorial scientific research institutes.
We have experience where academy institutes carrying out a ma~jor develop-
ment aimed at a certain sector bring in the scientific research institute
of this sector and along with it carry the scientific research and experi-
mental design developments to a completion. And then this sectorial sci-
entific research institute which belongs to a ministry and, as a rule,
maintains contacts with approximately 10-15 plants in the nation, dis-
tributes the new production plans and the new decisions which have been
developed together with the scientists of the Academy into the sector.
This is a very interesting and serious action which provides an opportuni-
= ty to correctly use state resources, in pooling the forces and equipment
- of the academy and sectorial institutions in certain areas.
At the same time the successf~.il experience of cooperating with the head
enterprises and scientific research institutes of the sectors has shown
that there is a number of unsolved problems in this strategy. One of the
most difficult is the following. If an idea of the scientists has traveled
through the head enterprise, the main administration and ministry into a
certain sector, then it is spread only here, in this sector, while a re-
lated sector, as a rule, has no opportunity to quickly apply this same
idea at its enterprises. -
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It turns out that if enterprises which are similar in terms of certain
processes are located nearby but belong to different departments, and the
scien+.ific development provides good results in one sector, there is no
universal mechanism wr~ich would make it possitile for this development to
E,ra:.;; throuph thc interde~~~.rtmental "barri.er" to t}ie ent.erprisc~s of ttie
other sector. The scientists tfiemselves are unalile to collaborate simul-
taneously with a large number of enterprises and scientific research or-
ganizations.
In order in some way to alter this situation, the Presiditun of the Siber-
ian Division proposed the idea of holding "Technical Progress Days" in
Novosibirsk and at these major developments by scientists of the Siberian
Division carried out on the basis of experimental units in scientific in-
stitutes and at the enterprises of Novosibirsk and the Novosibirsk Economic
Region would become available to the entire scientific and technical com-
munity of the city, the oblast and other cities of Siberia. The insti- -
tutes and developers would invite a broad range of specialists from dif- ~
ferent economic sectors, they would demonstrate to them their new units,
production methods, substances, and operating models of new equipment, and
would provide the necessary consultation, documents and information on in-
troducing these innovations at the enterprises of the city and the oblast.
The organizations interested in the given development could subsequEntly
get in touch not only with the scientists but also with enterprises which
t~ad already introduced the development.
It is worthy of note that during the holding of these "Days" as a rule not
only scientists but also production workers who first introduced or tested
out these innovations described the scientific developments. ,
During the year 17 "Technical Progress Days" were held in 10 institutes
of the Siberian Division. These involved 1,~+00 specialists from 300 in-
dustrial enterprises and organizations in the cities of Novosibirsk,
Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Barnaul, Tashkent and elsewhere. Al1 the
"Days" were attended by a large number of prominent industrial specialists.
This shows the significant interest of the production workers in the pro-
posals of the scientists, as well as how many points of contact there are
in the work of the scientific institutions of the Siberian Division and
the needs of practice.
A ma,jor task of the Siberian Division is a close tie of the research car-
ried out at the Division with the interests of the RSFSR economy in the
east of our country. This is reflected in the charter of the SiUerian
Division, according to which it, in contrast to the other specialized di-
visions of the Academy, is accountable not only to the Presidium of the
- USSR Academy of Sciences, but also to the RSFSR Council of Ministers.
Up to now it has been a question predominantly of developing the results
of scientific research at the industrial enterprises. Let me give several
other examples of work related to the needs of the RSFSR economy.
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Thus, the Institute for the Economics a,nd Organization of Industrial Pro-
duction of the Siberian Division together with scientists and special-
from the RSFSR gosplan has carried out analytical calculations for
th~~ developmc~ni: r~.te:~ r~,nci proportions of th~ RSFSR economy over the lonp,
rur~ .
An important component in the research on the RSFSR econon~y was the analy-
sis of the economic ties of the RSFSR with the other Union republics and
the determining of the place of the RSFSR in the unified national economic
complex of the USSR.
Mathematical economics analysis has been carried out on the location and ~
development of the productive forces broken down for the ma,jor economic
zones of thE RSFSR over the long run. Great attention has been given to
the search for rational proportions in the development of the western and
eastern regions of the RSFSR. Also being studied are the optimum rates
_ and proportions for the development and location of the various production
sectors on the territory of the RSFSR.
People are required to solve those enormous tasks which confront our
country. The organization of the Siberian Division started with this
problem. The recruitment and training of youth for work in the scientific
area and in production were carried out under a definite system through
school Olympics, the physical and mathematics school, the young technician
clubs, the polytechnical schools, the Novosibirsk and other state univer-
sities and graduate studies.
Novosibirsk State University holds a special place in the training of per-
sonnel. The territorial proximity with the Siberian Division and the max-
imum utilization of its material and personnel resoiirces make it possible
to organically combine training with the process of scientific research.
Each year axound 700 university graduates become coworkers in the academy
and sectorial scientific research institutes as well as instructors in the
WZes of Siberia and the Far East. For strengthening the existing scien-
tific areas, and particularly in setting up new ones, special groups are
organized consisting of graduates from Novosibirsk University headed by _
candidates of sciences. With their help entire chairs and laboratories
- are staffed in the young WZes and universities of Siberia.
In recent years, the moving of existing scientific collectives out of the
Novosibirsk Scientific Center to other scientific centers of the Division
has been encouraged. In precisely this manner within a short period of
time the Computer Center in Krasnoyarsk, the Geological Institute in Ula.n-
Ude and new departments and laboratories in Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk and
other Siberian cities were organized and began to work effectively.
The university, along with the Division institutes, represents a strong
- basis for improving the skills of higher and secondary school instructors
and national economic specialists. Although, in our view, these facili- _
ties are far from fully utilized.
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The system which has develo~ed in the Novosibirsk ~cientific Genter for
the interaction of science and education is gradually being extended into
other centers of the Division.
The scientists of the Siberian Division have shown a great responsibility
in acceptin~ the party's instructions on the necessity to raise the role
of the scientific collec+ives of the Division in solving.problems related
to the development of Siberia's productive forces. The general meeting
of the Division and the party and economic activists of the scientific
centers in Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, Ulan-Ude, Tomsk,
as well as in Kemerovo have formulated 24 comprehensive scientific pro-
grams aimed at the accelerated economic development of the Siberian re-
gions.
These programs include the key problems of the integrated use of the min-
eral r~.w material, land, forest and water resources in the eastern region
of the nation, the long-range aspects of the socioeconomic development of
the Siberian territorial-production complexes, and the economic problems
of the intersectorial national economic and regional complexes. In them
- serious attention has been given to the questions of protecting the en-
vironment, and to solving ecological problems in the industrially developed
and new industrial regions. Involved in implementing these are around 40
institutes of the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences, ~~he
institutes of the Siberian Division of the All-Union Acade.rv of Agricul-
tur~l Sciences i.meni Lenin and the Siberian Affiliate of the Academy of
Medical Sciences, as well as scores of organizations from other ministries
and departments.
The attention shown by science to Siberia is now becoming a new incentive
_ for the development of fundamental research. This will bring the solving
of scientific problems closer to the practical tasks of regional develog-
ment. The feedback which inevitably occurs here will encourage the posing
of new fundamental developments.
~ The trip of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, the Chair-
man of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet Comrade L. I. Brezhnev to
the regions of Siberia and the Far East was of important significance for
carrying out the decisions of the 25th Congress on the integrated tapping
of the natural riches and the d~:velopment of the productive forces. -
From the results of this trip, the Politburo of the CPSU Central Corrunittee,
_ the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet and the US5R Council of Ministers
instructed the party, state and economic bodies to review the specific
questions related to the further socioeconomic development of the regions
of Siberia and the Far East and which had been raised by L. I. Brezhnev in _
the course of the trip and fro:u its results.
During his stay in Novosibirsk, L. I. Brezhnev noted the contribution of
, scientists from the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences to
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_ the ~i.rtdusLri.a1 ~.nd economic development o� the entire region. It was par-
ticulaxly stressed that the country is expecting even more from the prac-
tical application of science, and in particular, in solving the fuel and
ener~y problems, in geological prospecting, petrochemistry, machine build-
' ing and o~ther areas.
L. I. Brezhnev again drew the attention of scientists at the Siberian Divi- -
sion to the necessity of organizing things so that the active role of the
scientists would help solve the problems of linking science with practice,
thereby contributing to the growth of the nation's productive forces.
As a result of the trip of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Com-
mittee L. I. Brezhnev through Siberia. and the Far East, the work under the
� integrated development programs for the productive forces of Siberia has
gained a new impetus and acquired a new content. -
The USSR Acade~y of Sciences, its Siberian Division and the Far Eastern
Scientific Center are drawing up their own proposals on a broad range of
questions related to the socioeconomic development of Siberia and the Far
East.
All the outlined meast:res will provide an opportunity to concentrate the
ef�orts of the scientists on the problems that are vitally importani for
the Siberian regions, and will contribute to the fullest utilization and
proper development of the existing scientific potential. The i.mplemen-
_ tation of the planned programs require a complete coordination of the re-
search being carried out by the sectorial academies, by the scientific
research institutes and WZes of Siberia. The work on the ma~or inter-
disciplinary problems should be carried out by the ,joint efforts of all
the research collectives, regardless of their departmental affiliation.
It is also essential to strengthen the ties between the scientists of the
Division and the Far Eastern and Urals scientific centers.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskaya Rossiya", 1979
10272 �
CSO: 814~+/0433
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LENINGRAD R&D COORDINATING COUNCIL T(3 DEVELOP FUEL AI1D POWER TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
Leningrad LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA in Russian 29 Sep 79 p 1
[Article under the byline of LenTAS5: "Accelerated Development for the
Fuel and Energy Comp'lex"]
[Text] The decisions of the 25th Party Congress, the plenums of the CPSU
Central Co~nittee and the works of the General Secretary of the CPSU Cen-
tral Connr.ittee and Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet,
Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, give an important place to a consistent rise and
growth in the efficiency of the nation's fuel and energy complex on thE
, basis of a significant broadening of the construction of atomic, hydraulic
and thermal power plants, the development of~more productive and advanced
power and energy-consuming equipment, and an all-round campaign for the
_ saving of fuel and electric power.
The scientific and production collectives of Leningrad and the oblast will
m~,ke a weighty cont~ribution to solving this most important national eco-
nomic problem. At present over one-half of all the basic power equipment
being created in our nation is being developed and produced in our city.
In the years of the current five-year plan alone, the Leningrad power
machine builders have developed and produced power units with a unit capac-
ity of 800,00~ kilowatts for thermal plants, the equipment of a head power
" unit of 1.2 miilio:~ kilowatts, an atomic reactor with a power of 1 million
kilowatts, and hydropower units of 640,000 kilowatts. This has made it
possib].e to provide a significant savings of fuel resources in the national
economy.
The Leningrad, Beloyarsk and Kola atomic power plants [AES], the Sayano-
Shushenskaya, Miatlinskaya and Chirkeyskaya hydropower plants [GES] and a ~
number of other pro,jects are being built under the designs of Leningrad -
~ institutes. A signific~,nt savings in electric power has been provided by
the work carried out by Leningrad organizations to design long distance
super high voltage power transmission lines, to develop economic and ad-
vanced control methods for the Unified Power System of the ~dation, and to
_ increa.se the efficiency of the 1ow-calorie types of f�uel.
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Substantial work has been done to increase the econo~y of the diesels,
fuel equipment, electric motors, compressors and other fuel and power-
c~nsumin~ eqiiipment being developed and produced in Leningrad, as well as
to introd~ce F~ro~?re;:,sive production rnethods.
The scientists, designers and specialists are focusing efforts on creating
new power sources on the basis of thermonuclear reactions, introducing
other scientific achievements, and the fuller utilization and processing
of fuel raw materials. In designing and building the power pro~ects, and
in manufacturing equipment for them, ever wider use is being made of the
experience of a comprehensive solution to the most important national eco-
nomic problems as acquired by the Leningrad enterprises and organizations
involved in creating the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES.
The tasks of further increasing the contribution of the Leningraders to
raising the efficiency of the nation's fuel and power complex were dis-
cussed yesterday at a session held in Smol'nyy of the Economic and Social
Development Council under the Leningrad CPSU Obkom.
Giving a speech at the session was Academician I. A. Glebov, representa-
tive of the presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Statements were
also read by N. M. Markov, general director of the Scientific and Produc- -
tion Association for Research and Designing of Power Equipment imeni I. I.
Polzunosr, L. V. 'I'upitsyn, general director of the Izhorskiy Zavod Associa-
tion, N. N. Kovalev, Hero of Socialist Labor, corresponding member of the
USSR Academy of Sciences, and chairman of the Central Board of the Scien-
tific and Technical Society for Power and the Electrical Engineering In-
dustry, B. I. Fomin, general director of the Elektrosila Association,
S. A. Kazaroti, manager of Lenenergo [Leningrad Regional Administration of
Power System Management] and M. V. Kostenko, chair head at the Leningrad
Polytechnical Institute imeni M. I. Kalinin.
Speaking at the session was G. V. Romanov, member of the Politburo of the
CPSU Central Committee and first secretary of the Leningrad Obkom.
It was pointed out that the level of work carried out by a number of the
scientific research and design organi.zations, associations and industrial
enterprises in the area of creating and producing power equipment still
does not fully meet the requirements of the party Central Corrmiittee.
' Certain plans and developments contain obsolete technical solutions, and
the materiai intensiveness of the equipment and pro,jects is being reduced
slowly. I:~dividual types of machines are inferior to the best world models
in terms of the economy and reliability indicators. There have been in-
stances of the delayed execution of contractual obligations. _
At certain enterprises and organizations, proper attention is not paid to
the development of the socialist competition to raise the technical level,
to reduce the time for developing and introducing new equipment, for in- _
creasing the output of power equipment and its early delivery to the pro,j-
ects under construction, and for the thrifty consumption of fuel, electric
power and heat.
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'l'tic I~~cutu~rnic ILtI(~ UUC1r11 Ucvelo~~merit Cauncil under tht~ C1'SU Ubkom r~pproved
the basic areas for the work of the enterprises and organizations in cre-
ating and producing highly productive and economic power units, raising
- the technical and operating specifications of the power� consumin~; machinery
and equipment, and developing the capacity of the Leningrad enterprises for
the pi.u pose of ensuring the comprehensive delivery of equipment to the
power projects.
Complete recommendations were approved on the discussed question. It was
proposed that the Leningrad Interdepartmental Coordinating Council of
Scientific Institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the scientific
_ research, the scientific research and design organizations, the associa-
tions and enterprises jointly with Lenplan [Planning Corrunission of the
Leningrad City Executive~Committee], work out a specific program for fur-
ther increasing the contribution of the Leningraders to raising the effi-
cient development of the nation's fuel and power complex. The CPSU gor-
koms and raykoms, tYieir economic and social development councils, and the
~local soviets must provide close control over the implementing of this
work which should be carried out considering the demands found in the
Decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers
"On Improving Planning and Strengthening the Effect of the Economic Mech- ~
anism on Raising Production Efficiency and Work Quality."
r=
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LENINGRAD OBKOM COUNCIL CALLS FOR CREATION OF CENTER TO COORDINATE POWDER
METALLURGY R&D
' Leningrad LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA in Russian 21 Oct 79 p 2 -
[Article by Prof A. Grigor'yev, chairman of the Subsection for Powder
Metallurgy under the Economic and Social Development Council of Lenin~rad
and Leningrad Oblast: "What Powder Metallurgy Promises"]
[Excerpts] The 25th CPSU Congress oriented our national
economy at increasing production efficiency, and at the
technical reequipping of the enterprises on a modern
technological basis making it possible to save expendi-
tures of labor, materials and power as much as possible.
We have also been directed to this by the Decree of the
CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers ~
"On Improving Planning and Strengthening the Effect of
the Economic Mechanism on l~aising Production Efficiency
and Work Quality."
At present we are taking up the capabilities of powder
metallurgy, what is already being done, and what must
be done for its development in Leningrad.
The na+ural question ma,y arise: if the merits of powder metallurgy are so _
great, then what impedes its broad use, and in particular at the Leningrad
enterprises? Why has this production method which is rightly termed the
"technology of the 21st century" undergone such an extended "incubation
period" in its development?
_ In actuality, until recently the raw material base of powder metallurgy ~
was developing extremely slowly, and the production of the specialized
' equipment such as presses, tools, sintering furnaces, and so forth, was
organized in a completely unsatisfactory manner. Skilled personnel is
still lacking everywhere. The Leningrad party organization evaluated
how powder metallurgy and other progressive preparatory processes were
being in~roduced in our city.
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llt pre.,ent what impede:~ the broad introduction of this progressive direc-
I, iun'i I n our op i n i un, i L i., 1'i r~t of ril7 th~~ el.earl,y c~xpre:;:.ed i nte:rc~e}~ELr�t-
mentti7. nature ~f th:i:s production anci techriical. problem whlch ~tiould be
solved fundamentally and comprehensively, by the efforts of at least sev-
eral ministries, including: ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy (the produc-
i:ion of the pbwders), heavy machine building and the machine tool industry
(the creation of presses and fittings), and the electrical engineering in-
dustry (electrical equipinent). The products themselves can be successfully
manufactured at the enterprises of the involved sectors, as is already be-
ing done by the motor vehicle builders,_ as well as at the specialized in-
tersectorial associations which serve certain economic regions.
The Economic and Social Development Council for Leningrad and the Oblast
under the CPSU Obkom has worked out specific proposals to expand the exist-
ing sections and shops as well as organize new modern ones at a number of
associations and enterprises in the city (the Istochnik, Krasnaya Zarya
and Avtoremont production associations, the Petrodvorets Timepiece Plant,
the carburetor parts plant, and others). There are also favorable condi-
tions for setting up a powder metallurgy shop at the Kirovskiy Zavod Asso-
ciation which has metallurgical and tractor production.
A most important measure for the city is the present thorough reconstruc-
tion of the Instrument Association as a specialized powder metallurgy en-
_ terprise.
There is also provision to create at 27 Leningrad enterprises sections in-
volved in spraying and coating metal powders on pieces.
Our city has a number of sectorial institutes which are playing a leading
role in the development of the Soviet raw material base for powder metal-
- lurgy. These include: Mekhanobr [A11-1lnion Scientific Research and Plan-
ning Institute for the Mechanical Process~.ng of Minerals], Gipronikel'
[State Institute for the Planning of Nickel Industry Enterprises], the
All-Union Institute for the Aluminum, Magnesium and Electrode Industry,
and others. flowever, in this area there still are subjects for which the
scope of scientific and technical developments, in our view, must be in-
creased. For example, for the production of high quality general-purpose
iron and copper powders, as well as the special nickel-containing powders
for spraying and plating.
At present, the powders are basically produced by two methods: the spray-
ing of molten metal and the chemical-metallurgical processing of the crude
ore. 1'he first method is more accessible and does not require great capi-
tal investments, but does not always provide the proper powder quality.
And for this reason the fate of large-scale powder metallurgy depends upon
how rapidly precisely the metallurgical production of a large quantity of
high-grade cheap iron powder of varying grades is developed in the country.
Even now there is a number of original technical solutions to this prob-
lem. Here is one of them. The plasma chemistry method for the economic
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production of hydrogen provides a powerful competitor to the traditional
reducing agent for extracting iron from the ores, namely oxygen and its
oxides. This creates the prerequisites for organizing in the future coke-
f.ree metallur~ical production, the end product of which will be an iron
' powder which has been reduced by hydro~en from the ore concentrates, and
not the traditional billet. Such a structure of inetallurgy meets the needs
of not only the economy but also nature, and makes it possible by many
times to lessen the harmful effect of the coke-based metallurgical enter-
prises on the environment.
~ Many Leningrad institutes have broad opportunities for active involvement
in solving this scientific and technical problem. But we see the most ef-
ficient and successful solution which would make it possible to substantial-
ly accelerate the introduction of progressive production methods at the
_ city's enterprises in organizing as part of the Mekhanobr Institute a
modern experimental-industrial base which would include a unit for the ex-
perimental production of low-tonnage batches of iron powders.
An analysis of the subjects of the scientific research and design work be-
~ ing carried out by the Leningrad sectorial institutes indicates that while
strong forces are concerned with the questions of producing metal powders
and granules, clearly insufficient attention is being paid to the tech-
nology of general-purpose powder materials and products. The setting up
of such an interdepartmental scientific and technical center is an urgent
necessity.
It is also advisable that the planning commission of the Leningrad City
Executive Committee which is working out the problems of forming the ter-
ritorial specialized production of general machine building products
directed one of these enterprises into the industrial and experimental pro-
duction of products made from metal powders. In our opinion, we should
again analyze and assess the specialization and development prospects of
the enterprises and organizations of the Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy
which exist in our city and which as yet are completely on the sidelines
in solving the designated questions.
As for the personnel problem of powder metallurgy, a number of institutes
(the Polytechnical Institute imeni M. I. Kalinin, the Technological Insti-
tute imeni Lensovet, the Mining Institute and others) are already turning
out these specialists, but in quan~tities which now clearly are insuffi-
cient. Obviously it is time for these WZes to take additional measures
for satisfying the rapidly growing need of the national economy for such
personnel.
The CPSU raykoms, the party organizations of the scientific research in- -
stitutes, the WZes and the enterpri.ses are confronted by major, serious
questions in order to ensure the proper development of this progressive
production method in our city.
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NEW R&D COORDINATING COUNCIL FOUNDED IN ARI~fENIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Yerevan KOMMUNIST in Russian 30 Oct 79 p 1~ ~
[Article under the byline of Armenpress: "The Questions of Coordinating
Science are Discussed"]
[Text] The first session has been held of the Council of the Armenian
Academy of Sciences on Coordinating Scientific Activities of Scientific ~
Institutions in the Republic WZfs in the Area of the Natural and Social
Sciences.
In opening the session, the chairman of the Coordinating Council, the presi- .
dent of the Armenian Academy of Sciences, Academician V. Ambar�sumyan took
up the tasks of the scientific collectives in the area of coordinating re- -
search and creative cooperation, and he emphasized the importance of this
work for accelerating scientific and technical progress.
E. Mirzabekyan, vice president of the Armenian Academy of Scier~ces, gave a
report on the further improvement in coordinating scientific research and
a.ccelerating the introduction of its results into production.
In his report "Questions of Coordinating Scientific Research on the Prob-
lems of Environmental Production in Armenia," the deputy chai~man of the
Armenian Gosplan, Yu. Khodzhami, spoke of the measures carried out in re-
cent yeaxs,to protect the water and air basins, as well as the soils and
mineral wealth of the republic.
Participating in the debates on the reports were: S. Tumanyan, Armenian
first deputy ministe.r for higher and specialized secondary education,
A. Nalbandyan, academician secrecary of the Division of Chemical Sciences
- of the Arinenian Academy of Sciences, G. Adonts, temporary academician sec- _
retary for the department of physical-techhical sciences and mechanics,
the cori�esponding members of the Armenian Academy of Sciences, the minister
of public health E. Gabriyelyan, M. Simonov, professors L. Ovsepyan and
K'n. Barsegyan, and S. KarakY~anyari, director of the Institute of General
and Inorganic Cremistry of the Armenian Academy of Sciences.
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~Also participating in the session oY the coordinatin~ council were: R. ~
Svetlova, deputy chairman of the Armenian Council of Ministers, and M.
Edilyan, deputy head of the department for science and institutions of
learning under the Central Co~ittee of the Armenian Coammunist Party.
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ACADEMY VP PROPOSiS 'EXTRADEPARI7~NTAL' DET~NSTRATION ERPERIMENTS FOR NEW
TECHNOLOGY
Moscow KOMSOMOL'SKAYA P2'LAVDA in Russian 2u Nov 79 pp 7--3
[Interview by B. Mokrousov wi.th Aca.d~mician Yevgeniy Pa.vlovich Velikhov . -
_ entitled: "Science: Present and Future"] , -
[Excerpts] The vice-president of the USSR Aca.demy of i
Sciences, Academician Ye. P. Velikhov is a prominent i
specialist in the field of theoretical physics and !
plasma. and magnetic hydroc~ynamics physics. ~
t
He was born in Moscow in 193~ into the family of a ~
railway engineer. In 1958 he gra.duated from the ;
physics department of Moscow State Univer~ity imeni ~
M. V. Lomonosov [MGU] and then from the grattuate
school of the Institute of Atomic Energy imeni I. V.
Kurchatov. Since that time he i~s been working at
that institute~ presently as assis-tant director. ,
In 1968 Yevgeniy Pavlovich was elected an associate
member of the US5R Aca.deu~r of Sciences and in 197~,
aca.demician . .
He is the director of the controlled thermonuclear ~
fusion program in the USSR. ~ ~
Academician Ye. P. Velikhov is engaged in considerable ~
pedagogical work; he is a department chairman at MGU ~
and the dean of the faculty at Moscow Physical Engin- E
eering Institute.
A t the 16th and 17th Komsomol congresses he was ~
elected a member of the Komsomol Central Committee,
and for ser-eral years he was chairma.n of the Komsomol �
Central Comtai.ttee council of young scientists and
specialists. This yeas he became t.he chairman of the
~ Leningrad Komsomol Committee on Prizes in the field of
science and technology.
A ~
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Ye. P. Velikhov has been awarded the Order of Lenin and
the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. He is a USSR
State Prize laureate.
Our Correspondent Ta1ks With Aca,demician Yevgeniy Pavlovich Velikhov About
the Signi~icance of Science for Social Progress
[Question] The development of science is increasingly closely connected
with the development of education. In your opinion~ what problems are arising
here?
[Answer) The main thing is th~t the schools--both the secondary schools
and the univer~ities--must react flexibly to the changes occurring in a11
fields of human activity under the influence of the scientific and technical
revolution and above all in science and technology themselves.
I pasti~ularly want to talk about the organization of higher education. It
should be as close as possible to the leading edge of the entire front of
scientific and technical work. All those who are selflessly and disinter-
estedly toiling on practicable programs, a,dvancing scientific thought or ~
proposing technical solutions useful to society should be enlisted in
teaching activity as fast as possible. This will help shcrten the pro-
tracted process of retransmitting the knowledge obtained to the university
teachers and from them to the students. As is well known, good experience
has been gained in organizing the new system of education--the experience
of the Moscow Physico-Technica.l and Physical Engineering Institutes,
Novosibirsk State University~Leningrad Polytechnical Institute and other
VUZ's where education ha,s been combined with scientific research and the
solution of technical problems. The other VUZ's should also switch over
decisively to this system, which has proved its value.
[Question] And what should be done in cities where there are few highly
- qualified scientists, especially in the field of natural sciences, and where
experienced engineering personnel are only beginning to appeax?
[Answer) Equi~ment should be more widely used in teaching, Modern
technology makes it possible to record the lecture of a good professor--
even an entire course of lectures--on a video-tape recorder and d.istribute
them to the VUZ's. Unfortunately, educational television is poorly
_ develo~ed in our country. The best scientific and pedagogical talents must
- be enlisted in it.
Nevertheless, wherever possible it is important to develop the teachers'
and students' personal contacts with leading scientists and engineers as ~
much as possible. Here an important role could be played by the schools
in the most important trends of science and technology and by effective
propaganda of advanced sci.entific and technical experience.
F`rankly, today it is difficult to ~write textbooks--there is nv~ even any time
for it.
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[Question] But won't th is result in the fundamental nature of education
being lost?
. After all, many textbooks now resemble collections of different scientific
theses. They present the classical legacy of distinguished scientists and
practical workers in the passionless language of recorders of developments. ~
Here it is not out of place to mention Hegel's words, "Nothing great was ever.
accomplished without passion." The classics of science were very passionate,
if anyone was, and their passion must be conveyed to those who are beginning
to toil in the cornfield of science, engineering and technology.
[Answer] But of course if we reduce all teaching to current problems of
science and technology, even their promising and rapidly developing fields,
then we will lose in education. It is impossible to base teaching solely
on improvisation, even if it is intelligent improvisation.
I think that we must arouse the scientists' interest in writing good,
thorough textbooks. And in general,teaching mus t be given the greatest
attention. A good~business-like working contact between the Acade~}r of
S ciences and the system of popular, professional and technical education and -
the university is needed at a11 levels. Scientists are speriding a lot of
time on organizational and administrative work; it would be good to use part
of it for pedagogical activity.
- [Question] 'I'he problem of introducing the achievements of science into
practice, upon which you just touched, is of course not simple. In your
opinion, what must be done for the rapid ad.vancement of scientific and
technical ideas?
(Answer] The true communist approach is very important for the wide
and rapid intxoduction of scientific and technical achievements into public
practice. As was stressed at the 25th CPSU Congress, "Revolution in science
and technology requires caxdinal changes in the style and methoci~s of economic
activity, a decisive str�aggle with stagnation and routinism, ~enuine respect
for science and the abil ity and desire to consult with it, to ta.ke it into
consideration." And fron~ the scientists we nee d carefully thought-out
proposals for improving the mechanism of scientific and technical progress.
In thi s re~ard, I would consider it necessary to share a consideration which
I find exciting and which could possibly be realized in our country in ~he
long run.
First of all, I should point out tha.t there are at lea.st four stages in
getting, advancing and using new scientific accomplishments. The first
s tage is laboratory research, sometimes chaotic, sometimes directed, but
quite extensive research. This is paxt of what is customaxily called basic
science. As a rule, Such work, if it is of high scientific value, widens
our view of the world, of the nature of specific mechanisms.
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Then comes the search for Mow the results obtained can be used in order to
develop science itself or practice. The institutions of the Acadetqy of
Sciences are performing well at these two sta.ges.
Next comes the point when it is necessary to demonstrate reliahle data. on
opportunities for practical application of a given process~ method, device~
instrument, etc. A demonstxation experiment, which would confirm the ~ractical
feasibility of a scientific idea and during which the basic paxameters for
~roduction would be worked out, is necessary.
And finally, the last stage: the creation of the experimental model and the
organiza tLon of the industrial process. As a rule, this sta.ge is carried oi~t
in different branches of the national economy; it is directed by the ministries
and departments.
[Question] And who works on the demonstration experiment?
[Answer] That's the whole point-anyone who wants to works on it. Or
to put it more precisely--no one works on it. And this concept is still
completely unsettled.
The demonstration experiment is being ina.dequately incorporated into the
structure of academic and branch (departmental~ science. Scientific and -
technical discoveries often do not correspond to the interests of specific
ministries. They are often of interest to many of them at once. On the
other hand--a paradox--the bigger the discovery the more it "threatens"
the existing technologies, the established, sta.bile production processes.
And,of course, the workers of the ministries and departments ha.ve little -
enthusiasm for given discoveries. Everyone understa.nds that if you agree
to accept some scientific or technical idea, this will cause a lot of trouhle.
For this reason, the feasibility of the novelty must be reliably demonstrated
before concrete talks are held with any department about its introduction.
The sci.entist often does not have sufficient basis for judging indwstrial
models at once on the ba.sis of laboratory models. And in e~~aluating his
d.iscovery's prospects, the scientific worker may greatly underestimate
them or, to the contrary, overestimate them if he has too rich an imagination.
Of course, one can take the path of a high-risk stxategy~ as is often done -
in our country, and immediately build experimental models. In that case, it
would now be possible to begin the construction of thermonuclear power plants.
But such an approach will result in ~reat losses. And a 1ow-risk strategy
in which we mark time at the second sta.ge--the development of opportunities
for practical application -M~-~l result~tn enormous integral expenses. This -
means that the optimal strategy must be sought. And that is precisely the
demonstration experiment.
In our planned economy, resources must be found for extradepaxtmental
experimental verification, sometimea on a lasge scale, of specific scientific .
ideas. Planners, designers, ma.nufacturing engineers and fitters axe _
required for this. Not many of them are needed, but they must be specialists
of the highest qizalifications.
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE ORGANIZES TIES WITH PRODUCTION
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEP~II NAUK SSSR in Russian No 9, Sep 79 pp 1+~+-50
, [Article by Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences K. V.
, Frolov: "Problems of Improving the Organization of. Science"]
[Text] The 25th CPSU Congress outlined a magnificent program for the
planned reequipping of all the national economic sectors on the basis of
modern equipment, raising the level of inechanization and automation of the
production processes, and the greatest possible r~,cceleration in the rate '
of scientific and technical progress.
, The implementing of this program requires the more efficient use of the
potential possibilities of science, the more rapid development of funda-
mental research, and clear coordination in carrying out the enormous
amount of applied scientific research.
The tendency characteristic for the present stage of the scientific and
technical revolution for a shortening of the times for realizing new ideas
and the corresponding acceleration in the obsolescence of known technical
solutions has substanti~,lly reduced the time required for the formation of
new ideas and the search for fundamentally new solutions which provide the
creation of ever more modern machines and their rapid introducZion by in- -
dustry.
Under these conditions, the effectiveness of science is determined not only
by the level of research and the obtained results, but also by the time re-
quired to carry out the entire cycle of work (from the idea to introduc-
tion). In turn, this time depends directly upon the level of organization
and support for the entire complex of fundamental, exploratory and applied
research and experimental designing on the broad front from science to
production.
The histo~ical process of the development of science as a direct produc-
tive force in society under the cor~ditions of a socialist nat~onal econon~y
more and more leads to the strengthening of the ties between science and
~ production. Here the natural strengthening of their impact on one an-
other can be explained by the fact that such concepts accepted in the
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organization of industrial production such as management, planning, sup- .
port, efficiency, specialization, cooperation, and, finally, the inter-
national division of labor, have also become customary in solving the
questions of the organization and developQnent of science.
This process has given rise to a mul.tiplicity of diverse forms for cooper-
ation between science and production. Broad recognition has been gained
by contracts of socialist cooperation, multispecialty creative brigades,
, and direct economic contracts between scientific research organizations
and enterprises. Positive results have also been provided by the organiz-
ing of scientific-production associations. We should note the direct ties
between production and the institutes of the Siberian Division of the USSR
_ Academy of Sciences and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Also interest-
ing are the proposals of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences to set up on
the basis of its institutions scientific and tech:iical associations and ~
sectorial laboratories for the problems being worked out by the academy
institutes.
Very promising is the economic experiment being carried out in the nation
to convert the scientific research, design and planning organizations, the
production and scientific-production associations and enterprises in a
number of the leading machine building ministries to a new system of plan-
ning, financing and economic incentives for work in the area of developing
new equipment.
At the same time, many questions of a further improvement in the organiza-
tion of science and a rise in its efficiency still require a radical solu-
tion. For example, ineffective scientific developments are still en-
countered. The experimental facilities of a number of the scientific re-
search institutes require expansion and modernization. Many difficulties
arise in working out intersectorial problems. Special attention is re-
quired by the organizing of work in the strategic areas of scientific de-
velopment, including the creation of the scientific bases for the tech-
nology of tomorrow, the machines of the future.
The experience of many yeaxs in organizing and carrying out interdisci-
plinary scientific research on such problems as the strength and durability
of machines, the increasing of their reliability under extremal operating
conditions, the protection of the human operator against vibration and so
forth and the naturally arising extensive ties which the State Scientific -
- Research Institute for Mechanical Engineering imeni Academician Blagonravov
possesses with the scientific centers and industry make it ~ossible to out-
line certain ways for a further improvement in the organization of science
in solving general technical problems.
The Institute of Mechanical Engineering works under the scientific and
procedural leadership of the USSR Acade~y of Sciences.
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A number of the scientific councils and corrmiiss~on of the USSR A~ademy of
- Sciences was created by the leading scientists of the Institute of Mechan-~
ical ~n~ineerin~ or with their direct involvement.
These were the councils on the theory of machines and systems of ,nachine~
(ll~~r.tic3~~rriic:ian:; ~l. I, Ar�i:obolevskiy nnd V. Dikushin), on the theory t~nd
principles of the design of robots and manipulators (Academician I. I.
- Artobolevskiy), on the problems of strength and plasticity (Academician
Yu. N. Rabotnov), the coirmiissions of the USSR Academy of Sciences on Space
Research (Academician A. A. Blagonaravov), and on machine building tech-
nology (Academician V. I. Dikushin). Academician N. G. Bruyevich played a
major role in the organization and development of fundamental research on
reliability problems. Major theoretical and applied problems have been -
and are being solved by the Scientific Council on Friction and Lubricants
of the USSR Academy of Sciences and this was set up on the initiative of
Academician S. P. Korolev and is now headed by Academician A. Yu. Ishlinskiy
and Prof I. V. Kragel'skiy. This council, in essence, coordinates all sci-
entific research on friction engineering in our nation.
The Institute of P~echanical Engineering is also involved in carrying out ~
the interdisciplinary programs of the USSR Acade~}r of Sciences. Within
- these programs it carries out fundamental research in the area of the me-
cha.nics of machines and control in machines, machine vibroacoustics, the
- t~iomechanics of man-machitie systems, as well as ir_ the area of friction,
wear and lubrication in machines, and the mechanics of deformation and
failure. Such a broad fi?ld of activities is explained by the necessity
of a comprehensive approach to studying machines and to shaping the ideolo-
gy for the creation of future machines.
The elaboration of the global problems of F,rotecting the environment
against the harmful effect of machine technology and protecting man against
the harmful effect of the environment created by machinc technology can
serve as a vivid example of the necessity of the interaction between the
tecrinical, natural and social sciences which are brought together by the
USSR Academy of Sciences.
We should particularly distinguish the questions related to the protection
of man against vibration and noise. In recent years the Institute of
P~echanical Engineeri.ng has been working on these questions. While, for ~
example, the problems of protecting the environment against the harmful
products of machines in the process of their operation in a number of
instances have been solved by improving the employed fuel or working
_ medium virtually without any substantial change in the design of the ma-
chines, the essence of the questions of protecting man against vibration -
consists in the machines themselves, and these problems cannot be solved
in principle without a radical improvement. At the same time, a rise in
the productivity of the machines and a corresponding rise in the speed of
the parts of the machines are always accompanied by various dynamic phenom-
ena which give rise to vibration, and as yet it is impossible to fully
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exclildc thesc, and for machi.nes o~erating on vibration principles, ttiis
i.s fundamentally impossible.
A;: fi, ~~~~n:,~c~u~n~~r~ of thi:~, th~ ;,earch for rLn oPtimum ;~oluti~ri to tlie (~IIP;;-
I, i r,n� u I' ~~r~~ l,c,c~ I, i n~J tnri.n ~.~;ti. i n:il, v i t~r�rLL.( cm ht~:, i r~cvJ ~~ti~,_i,y l.c~i {.o I,hc~ t?ecc:;-
sity of' a, fundamental study of the nature of the influence on various sorts
of biological processes caused by vibrations which bring about the appear-
ance of stable anomalies of these processes and irreversible consequences.
Thus, on the borderline of the technical and natural sciences, a new scien-
tific direction has arisen, vibration biamechanics.
An example of the beneficial interaction of technical and natural sciences
could be the method worked out by ~the Institute of Mechanical Engineering
for the optimum selection of machine and design parameters in the stage of
designing them under the conditions of a constant man-computer dialogue
(at present the institute is continuing to improve this method). The
method makes it possible to consider as many criteria quality as are need-
ed for creating a sufficiently complete simulation model of the function-
ing of the machine or the design considering the various contradictory
criteria characterizing stability, active vibration, strength, metal in-
tensiveness, the degree of protecting man against vibration and noise, and
so forth. The method of the optimum selection of machine and design par-
ameters is successfully being introduced at numerous enterprises in more
than 12 different ministries, and has provided a major economic effect for
the national economy.
In organizational terms, the development of new areas has encour_'.:_red a
number of difficulties which involve, in particular, the support of sci-
entific work and the developing of new specialists who should work in an
area which brings together problems from different areas of science. The
questions of supporting the work should be settled on the basis of improv-
ing the organization of scientific research. An optimum combination of
specialization and cooperation in the scientific research with its depend-
able coordination provides an opportunity to free the necessary material
resources as a result of excluding the duplication of work and concentrat- ~
ing efforts in the crucial areas. ~
An important form of c~nducting research is the participation in solving
interdisciplinary problems. The Institute of Mechanical Engineering is
working out a number of interdisciplinary problems concerned with the dy-
namics of machines, the protecting of man against vibration, the relia-
bility and durability of machines, robot engineering, control theory, as
well as the methods of organizing scientific research in creative collabo-
ration with the institutions of the USSR Aca.demy of Sciences and the Union
republic academies of sciences, with the scientific research organizations
of the ministries and with the scientific centers of the CIIKA countries.
= The generalizing of the results of scientific research on such a broad
_ front is an essential condition for working out the theoretical bases for
the development of future machines.
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The Institute of Mechanical Engineering maintains steady ties with industry.
It is successfully working under several score contracts of socialist co-
operation with industrial enterprises and production associations and with
the sectorial scientific research institutions and scientific-production
associations. A significant a.mount of work is being done under economic
contracts with the enterprises, organizations and associations of the vari-
ous ministries and departments, including with 25 enterprises and organi-
zations of Moscow.
Such work carried out by the Institute of Mechanical Engineering provides
the national economy with an opportunity each year to receive millions of
rubles in profit, without mentioning the social and ecological effect of
this work. .
Due to cooperation with industry, the Institu~ce of Mechanical Engineeririg ~
has obtained a range of unique data on the stressed state of complex de-
signs and elements under various conditions of their operation in working
under extremal conditions. This has made it possible to ensure the
strength, reliability and durability of the structural elements (special-
made hydroturbines for the Volga, Bratsk and other GES, powerful hydraulic
presses for the Novokramatorsk Machine Building Plant, reactors for the
Novovoronezhskaya AES, the AES in the GDR, CSSR, Bulgaria and Finland,
powerful steam turbines operating under peak loads, and nuclear power
uni Ls).
The fundamentally new antifriction materials developed by the Institute of
Mechanical Engineering have been introduced into production, and these have
made it possible to increase the durability of friction parts of modern
machines and mechanisms by several fold.
The examples of the cooperation of the Institute of Mechanical Engineering
with production and with the sectorial scientific research and design or-
ganizations show the great effectiveness of direct ties with industry, when
science, in helping industry, receives from it the necessary experimental
information and extensive opportunities for conducting research on full-
scale model5 of the new machines under real operating conditions.
However, it must be pointed out that the concept of the cooperation of
science with production is not a uniform one. In the broad sense science
ultimately should work for production and be oriented to its needs even in
the process of the most profound fundamental research. In the narrow
sense, this cooperation means a direct tie with production, that is, direct
participation in solving particular, narrow sectorial questions.
- It is essential to work for an optimum combination of the various types of
contact between the scientific institutions and the industrial enterprises.
Otherwise it cannot be excluded that the acade~}r and sectorial scientific
research institutes which are capable of solving intersectorial problems
will gain only a temporary effect achieved at the price of losing future
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prospects, of reducing the rate and narrowing the front of fundamental
research which they must caxry out.
The optimum position seems to be the one whereby hierarchical levels of
subsystems have been clearly defined in the complicated, widespread and
unifi!:d state system of or~anizing the scientific potential of the nation,
and the relationships and ~oals of their development are uniformly de-
fined. The hierarchical levels of subsystems must be eatablished in dif-
ferentiating the entire diversity of scientific research in terms of its
goals and not in terms of i~s nature (fundamental, theoretical, applied,
and so forth), as has been widely accepted.
The experience of the Institute of Mechanical Engineering indicates that
the organization of scientific work aimed at solving intersectorial prob-
lems should provide a close relationship with the research being carried
out in the acaderr~y institutes, and be based upon principles characteristic
for the organization of scientific work in such institutes. In other
words, the scientific areas assigned to an institute should be stable and
be depicted in long-term and current thematic research plans. It is es-
_ sential to develop highly skilled personnel specialized in the specific
scientific areas, and create an experimental base for the given scientific
_ areas. The area of applying the results of the scientific research in the
various areas of the national economy should be relatively broad.
In the sectorial scientific research institutes, the range of new products
assigned to them is stable. The scientific research institute bears full
responsibility to its sector for the creation and improving of these prod-
ucts. The scientific research institute must utilize scientific results
from different areas of science.
It is advisable to clearly define the status of the scientific research
which is aimed at developing the scientific bases for the elaboration of
specific scientific and technical decisions, and correspondingly elarify
the status of the scientific research institutes involved in tYaese purposes.
~ Here it is not of flznda.mental importance whether the scientific research
institutes carrying out intersectorial scientific research are under the
Academy of Sciences or the machine building ministries. It is important
that the organization of such research, its financing, encouraging, re-
search and personnel support conform in an optimum manner to the specific
focus of the scientific areas of the intersectorial scientific research
assigned to the scientific research institute. It is important that the
scientific prodedural leadership be carried out by the Acadeir~y of Sciences
with the coordinating of the activities of the scientific research insti-
tutes jointly by the Academy of Sciences and the State Comanittee for
Science and Technology [GKNT].
For concentrating forces on the elaboration of the most important inter-
sectorial problems and for the effective coordination of the activities of
the corresponding scientific reseaxch institutes, it~ is advisable to
strengthen the coordination of scientific research and set up a special
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.
coordinating council under the GKNT and the USSR Council of Ministers in-
volving in its w-ork both the institutes of a broad scientific and techni-
cal specialization as well as the head scientific research institutes of
the m~.chine huilding ministries. The compiling of the long-range scien-
tii'ic and technical forecasts for the development of the basic intersec-
torial scientific directions in the plan for creating future machines, the
organization of the interaction with the acaderr~y institutes and the sec-
torial scientific research institutions, as well as the elaboration of the
urgent problems of further improving the organization of intersectorial
scientific research--all this work in the area of machine building could
be assumed by the special council.
The creating of a scientific coordinating council for machine building
would ensure a further strengthening of the work aimed at solving the fun-
damental problen~s of machine building which are of an intersect~rial nature.
The activities of this council will make it possible to exclude the scatter-
ing of material and human resources, eliminate parallelism in work on the
same problems of an intersectorial nature, and will provide an opportunity
to reduce the times for working out funda.mental problems and introducing
the reaults in industry, and to disseminate the experience of the advanced
machine building enterprises and sectors in different industrial sectors.
One of the effective methods for introducing the results of scientific re-
;~earch into industry is the use of a system of product quality standards
by various criteria. At present within the system of the USSR Gosstandart
[State Standardization Committee], with the active involvement of the In-
stitute of Mechanical Engineering, work has been undertaken on interdis-
ciplinary problems for drawing up the standard technical specifications in
the area of the calculations and testing for strength, durability, wear-
ability and vibration safety. The work is being done by the leading scien-
tific research and design organizations. On the basis of the systems of
intersectorial standard materials worked out in accord with the interdis-
ciplinary programs, ~ectorial standards should be improved which consider
the specific features of the approaches existing in the sectors.
The elaboration and introduction into industry of the designated standard
technical specifications will be a major contribution to developing a
scientific methodological basis �or ensuring the quality of machin.es in
terms of the criteria of streng';,h, durability, wearability and vibration
safety, and will make it possible to bring the results of scientific re-
search of an intersectorial ar~d sectorial nature to the point of practical
utilization. -
Particular attention must be paid to the questions of training highly
skilled engineer, technical and scientific personnel and their specializa-
tion. The existing list of specialties and programs under which the spe-
cialists are trained do not always meet the requirements of scientific and
technical progress.
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The extensive network of scientific research and design organizations in
the nation requires the immediate solution to the personnel question, since
the Ievel of tYie research carried out is directly dependent upon the spe-
ci.tli~,fii;ion of scienti^t. Thorough attention must be ~;iven to the proc-
c~:~ of traininlr, specira.li sts in accord with the system of WZ--scientific
research institute--production. In each sector there are leading scien-
tific research and design organizations and enterprises. Within the system
of the Ministry of Higher and Specialized Secondary Education, as a rule, _
there are training institutes engaged in preparing the corresponding spe-
cialists. However, unfortunately, there is a lack of an organic tie be-
tween them. One of the tasks of the council, the creation of which was
mentioned above, should be to work out a uniform and compulsory statute
on the cooperation of training, scientific research (design) organizations
and industrial enterprises.
In conclusion, I would like to take up one other problem related to improv- _
ing the organization of science.
The work planning system employed in the sectorial scientific research in-
stitutes and providing for the incorporation of the creation of a product
in the thematic plan conforms to the interests of through planning for all
- links in the chain of scientific research institute--design bureau--produc-
tion whi~h are directly involved in the development and production of a
given specific new product. This progressive system as a whole has proven
effective, but it does not exclude the possibility of duplicating the same
scientific reseaxch in developing different machines.
The improving of the organization of scientific research on the sectorial
level, in ensuring the prompt isolating of the scientific content of the
- work which is being done in the various sectors in creating new equipment, -
the combining of particular scientific problems and their consolidation,
coordination, and turning over for development to institutes engaged in
solving such problems on a high scientific level, as well as the returning
of the obtained scientific results back to the sectorial scientific research
institutes--all of this would help to disclose concealed reserves essential
- for the efficient functioning of a unified s,ystem for the organization of
science in our nation. _
The opportunity inherent to the socialist system of taking sound decisions
on a centralized basis and on a sta.te level, and to create the necessary
conditions for realizing them is the guarantee for the successful improving
of the Soviet scientific organization.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR", 1979
10272 .
- CSO: 8144/0433
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INTERDEPARTMENTAL COORDINATING COUNCIL FORMID IN LENINGRAD
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 8, 1979 p 137 _
[Text] To improve coordination of fundamental and basic research carried
out by the scientific establishments of the U~SR Academy of Sciences, the
institutions of higher learning, and the scientific-research organizations
of the ministries and departments that are located in Leningrad and
Leningrad Oblast, the Karelian ASSR, and Murmanskaya, Arkhangel'skaya,
Vologodskaya, Novgorodskaya and Pskovskaya oblasts, an Interdepartmental
Coordinating Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences has been organized
in Leningrad.
Academician I. A. Glebov, representative of the Presidi.um of the USSR .
- Academy for Leningrad, has been na.med chairman of the ~ouncil.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR", 1979
10272
CSO: 81~+4/0433
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ORGANIZATIONAL REFORM GIVES BRANCH R&D CENTER BROAD ADMINISTRATIVE POWERS
Leningrad LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA in Russian 11 Nov 79 p 2
[Interview with Valentin Nikolayevich Bogdanov, director of the All-Union
Scientific Research Institute for Electric Welding Equi~ent by Zh.
Manilova: "The Experiment is Over, the Work is Continuing")
[Text] [Question] Valentin Nikolayevich [Bogdanov], what difficulties is
your institute experiencing and what benefits has it gained in working un- -
der the conditions of the new experiment?
[Answer] An experiment is carried out in order to obtain results which
then make it possible to draw correct conclusion. I asstiune that our
conversation will be useful whei~ we obtain such results. Not before.
_ [Question] This was a note from my pad. The transcript of a talk begun -
but not completed several years aoo with V. N. Bogdanov, director of ~;he
- All-Union Scientific Research Ins~itute for Electric Welding Equipanent
_ [VNIIESO]. Subsequent to the Decree of the CPSU Central Co~nittee "On
Measures to Increase the Efficient Work of Scientific Organizations and to
Accelerate the Use oP Scientific and Technical Achievements in the National
Economy," the VNIIESO a.mong a series of other scientific research, design
and engineering organizations in the sector of the electric engineering
industry, as an experiment, converted to the new system of planning and _
economic incentive. Over the past years, repeatedly announcements on the
developments of the institute have appeaxed on the pages of LENINGRADSKAYA
PRAVDA, but the director has continued to refuse to continue the coirmienced
conversation. "It is too early!" he argued categorically. And probably
he was right because he not only feared pre~nature conclusions, but was -
perfectly aware of the long-range goals of the experiment and its broad
prospects. And only after the decree approved by the party and the govern-
ment and aimed at improving planning and strengthening the impact of the
economic mechanism on raising production efficiency and work quality did
the director of the VNIIESO consider such a conversation to be uset'ul. And
he began it thus: -
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(lln~wcr�] /1t ~rr.::cnt i t is an indisputable f'nct thcLt it i.s becomin~r ev~r-
more advantageous to invest fun3s into scientific development. But cer-
tainly under the condition that here each ruble should be spent with the
greatest effectiveness. But there is the question of how to force this
ruble to "work" fully. The problem is not an easy one, as it involves a
?na~s of problems not only of ~,n economic nature but also an organizattonal,
planning, social and moral-ethical one. And it even goes beyond this. In
the last decade, in this area there has been an intensive and thorough
search for new forms and methods for the work of scientific organizations.
And the experiment in our sector was started for the same purpose.
[Question) Is the experiment based upon a comprehensive approach to solv-
ing the problems enumerated by you or was it necessary to isolate several
of them to be solved first?
[Answer] Ultimately, of course, it was a comprehensive approach, but the
start was made by an organizational reform. In the electric engineering
industry, about 20 scientific and technical centers were organized, and
these were to be responsible for progress in one or another subsector.
Our institute became one such center. This is a completely new form for
organizing sectorial science, and what is particularly important, a new
form of linking science with production. Let me try to show this from the
example of the VNIIESO which noa bears responsibility for all technical
polic,y in the area of the development and production of electric welding
e.quipment in the nation.
Let me begin by saying that the scientific and technical center has been
given enormous rights. For example, all the work of developing new equrp-
ment is carried out under our aegis. Not a single research subject can be
carried out or even planned without us. All the sub~ect plans are sent to
us, and after careful analysis we defend these plans at the ministry. A
duplication of work on tne national scale is excluded, a real possibility
of standardizing the products is created, and most importantly, a firm
barrier is erected against the development of equipment which does not con-
form to the modern technical level.
6de will not stand aside from the checking of these plans in the future.
The NTTs [Scientific and Technical Center] has assumed rigid control over
the dates of carrying out any development. Incidentally, the so-called
card for the technical level of any new product must ~~e signed by the
director of the center without fail.
[Question] But certainly the development of new~ equipment is only a part
of the path which new equipment must follow from the time the experimental
model is born until it is used. And it is no secret that precisely beyond
the threshold of scientific research, in the production sphere, difficul-
ties most often start, as a result of which a new design for years [is not]
introduced into mass production and as a consequence becomes obsolete.
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_ [Answer] ~his is a major problem the solution to which in the process of
the experiment required from us in the literal sense of the word a reorien-
tation in the institute's specialty. Note that even in its name additions
have appeared. At present it is not merely a scientific research and ex-
perimental design but also an engineering institute. Previous?y it was the
case that a new product was developed at the institute, but production
could not begin producing it due to the absence of the required production
methods and equipment. Now all the research and design sub~ects are car-
ried out at the ins~itute in parallel with the development of production
methods. A plant is delivered a new design with all the production speci-
fications, and this sharply reduces the time for developing the articles
_ and their high quality is guarar.teed.
[~uestion] The engineering and production work of the institute is an ad-
ditional specialty. How were you able to get out of the situation if pre-
viously the VNIIESO employed predominantly researchers and designers?
[Answer] We worked hard and life impelled us. We reshaped our personnel
policy, and gave pi�eference to graduates from WZes in the production
enginPering specialty. The institute how has as part of it large produc-
_ tion departments. I how have a deputy who directs all production questions.
[Question] Understandably the function af a scientific and technical cen-
ter entails per se the functions of an institute. But can a center influ-
ence the economic mechanism of the enterprises or more widel,y the economy
of a sector?
[Answer] The economic activities of the sector are our concern. We are
responsible to the ministry for their state. And I now keep in front of
me a summary table of the basic technical and economic indicators for the
operations of the electric welding equipment plants in our sector. And I
- can see what is the volume of co~odity product at one or another enter-
prise, and what product profitability there is. Here are the figures show-
ing the return on investment, output per employee, the output of product
per meter of production area, the number of employees, and so forth. This
is essential to know in order, in developing the new equipment, to plan
ahead of time for what plants that will produce it. Previously we also
knew the capabilities of the plants, but we could not require them to take
- up our innovation. Now the situation has changed. The draft annual plans ~
of the enterprises in the sector, and I particularly want to emphasize
this, are worked out with our iirBnediate involvement (naturally, the plans
are subsequently approved by the ministry). Once a year the leaders of all
the plants meet at the enterprise. We coordinate these plans with them as
well as with the representatives of the USSR Gosplan, the USSR Gossnab and
the Committee for Science and Technology.
[~uestion] Valentin Nikolayevich, yet when it is a question of the enter-
prise plan, the plant dii�ector will fight to the end for the benefit of the
plant and not for the institute.
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[Answer] But, in the first place, we have the right to intervene in the
planning, anc? secondly, in possessing the technical and economic analysis
for each enterprise, we have a sound argument. Now it is not so easy to
repel us. Let us assume that the plant director has vowed that his enter- _
prise will not develop a new electric welding device thi~ year, that pro-
duction is overloaded, and so forth, in that "classic" spirit which was
- characteristic in the relations between the institute and the plant prior
to the experiment. "Dear Ivan Stepanovich," I tell him in this instance,
"you must be involved in developing the equipment, because your production
capacity is not fully utilized, there is a surplus workforce, and as for '
funds, here there is no problem."
The influencing of production while still on the planning level is an ex-
tremely important circumstance, but at present we are also concerned with
evaluating the technical level of the finished products of the sector.
Product certification, it must be said, works dependably. Incidentally,
like a price does. There is the so-called 15-06 price list which contains
the prices for all the products of our specialty and which we draw up. The
State Price Committee conducts tal:is about this at present with no one ex-
cept us. And this is correct as who better can judge the price, but the
one who knows better than others the design of the equipment and its produc-
tion methods. An enterprise always endeavors to somewhat increase the
prices artificially for its articles, and we restrain them. For this, of
c nurse, r*e are armed with data on the profitability of the enterprises and
~ae have a good knowledge of the trend for its increase over decline.
[Question] The party and the government have confronted the national econ- -
omy with tasks aimed at saving material resources. Have you succeeded in
c arr,ying out this policy in the sector?
[Answer] The NTTs has been given the right to elaborate the consumption
standards for materials to be used on products of electric welding equip-
ment and for labor norming, because these standards again are determined
_ precisely by the desi~n and the production method of the article. We carry
out this work jointly with the enterprises.
[~uestion] For a minute try to imagine youY�self simply as an institute -
director, and not the leader of a NTTs. What advantages does the new sys-
t em provide for planning per se for the research activities of the VNIIESO?
[Answer] These advantages arise out of all that I have already mentioned
r egarding the new role of the institute in the sector. In being concerned
with the development of new equipment and in influencing the entire subse-
quent chain of "science-production," we now have an opportunity to draw up
comprehensive research plans. The so-called schedule orders reflect all
~ the stages of developing the new equipment, and for this reason we now have
a precise notion of where and how we can reduce the time for its develop-
ment and introduction. In being involved with the production methods, we
c an, for example, oblige an enterprise ahead of time to start technical
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preparations for producing the new article. Comprehensiveness in planning
is an enormous boon.
[Question] In terms of the conditions of the experiment do you now have a
differen~ economic incentive system than before? -
[Answer] Our institute, like the entire sector, operates under the prin-
ciple of economic accountability. The end and materialized product of the
work of the researchers, designers, pronuction engineers and workers--this
is now what is important. And only it, its actual value can like feedback
remunerate the work of the people. As for the incentive funds, they are ~
~ analogous to the funds of the industrial enterprises. At present we have
available more solid funding for various types of b~nuses, trips to vaca-
tion homes, and finally, somewhat greater free~om in capital construction
- and the purchasing of equipment for the needs of the institute.
- [Question] The results of the experiment are beyond dispute. This can be
seen from the fact that in accord with the Decree of the CPSU Central Com-
mittee and the USSR Council of Ministers "On Improving Planning and
Strengthening the Effect of the Economic Mechanism on Raising Production
Efficiency and Work Quality," all the sectorial institutes in the next few
years will convert in one or another form to the system carried out by you
for planning and economic incentive. Your experience is very valuable for
them, and for this reason it would be beneficial to mention those negative
aspects which, we might say, were not anticipated in preparing the experi-
ment.
[Answer] We were greatly i_mpeded by the fact that only the scientific re-
search institutes and design bureaus and not the enterprises were converted
to the new operating conditions in the sector. Just look what happened.
The deductions for the development of new equipment at the plants are only -
5-7 percen`t of the total profit, and the remainder is chiefly for'fulfill-
ing the gross plan. And what incentive here is there for new equipment!
This is why, with all our rights, we had at times to operate from a posi-
tion of strength and pressure. And this is always difficult and not always
effective. However, as is seen from the decree, such a discrepancy will
soon be elin~inated, and the enterprises themselves will be interested in
- developing new equipment.
Of course, in t:le process of the experiment we were not always on top of
things as we lacked experience, we were short of forces and at times lacked
confidence in these forces. As a rule, the completion dates suffered.
Sor~etimes because of our fault, and sometimes due to the fault of the
plants. And this is the case, we cannot conceal it, even now.
But the important thing is that over the last decade, we have not had a
single unrealized development. Not one ef them has been shelved or lost in
oblivion. This is the main result of the experiment which is also of
- social significance. As for the economic and qualit ative indicators of
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_ our work under the new conditions, we can let the figures speak. At pres-
ent we are developing 35-~+0 new types of equipment a year, and over the
last 5 years all of them have been classified in a superior quality cate-
fTor,y. /1^ a t�otal the sector produces almost one-half of the products with
the G~ualii;y ~i~;n, and ~;ti i:~ figure i.^., growing ye~.r after ,ye~.r.
Recently I was given the following data: The economic effectiveness of our -
developments over the 9 months of tr.e current year was 15 rubles per ruble
of expenditures, and in 1971 (we first introduced this indicator then), the
figure was respectively 9.5 ~;0 1. Of the total number of developments com-
pleted on 1 July of this year, 86 percent was on the level of an invention.
- Recently we estimated the period required to replace our products. A fig-
ure of 7-8 years was obtained. American specialists consider 5-10 years
as a good indicator for the operation of the sector. So, I would asSume,
here we have achieved good results. Incidentally, t'iiis indicator up to
now, from my viewpoint, has unjustifiably been ignored. Combined with the
indicators for the technical level of the product and the economic effi-
ciency of production, it most ohjectively characterizes the work of the
_ leading sectorial scientific research.institute. We constantly speak -
about reducing the development time or of the rapid introduction of these
developments into production, but the period for replacing the sectorial
pr~~cluct is a more profound and complete one because it reflects the inten-
siL.y of the institute's work as well as its direct impact on production.
[Question] Your ar~ument, Valentin Nikolayevich, also seems convincing be-
' cause the product d~velopment period should be known in the long range de-
velopment planning of the sector.
[Answer] Without this it is difficult to establish the very development
trends. Long-range planning should also consider them and not just the
statistics. Several years ago, as a result of a thorough analysis of the
_ needs of the national economy for electric welding equipment, it was as-
certained that the demand for it had outstripped the production capabili-
ties. We turned to the governmental bodies with a proposal to build new
enterprises. Our view was supported, and construction was started in
' Pskov on a plant for heavy electric welding equipment. The first stage
of the enterprise went into operation 2 years ago, and the second will
soon be completed. We consider this plant to be our offspring since we
contributed to its birth, we determined the range of equipment, we de-
veloped the production processes for it, a.nd so forth. Even up to the
- point that at the outset I myself carried out the duties of the plant
- director.
At present a great deal is being said abou~ the prospects of the plasma
m.ethod of working metal. This is correct, and at the institutt~ we have
developed such work widely. However, under present conditions, when we ~
' aY'2 responsible for the progress of the sector, it is also essential to
consider the real prospects, tliat is, where and how soon such equipment _
, will be produced. Under our initiative, a new enterprise specialized
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exclusively in the production of plasma equipment will be built in Lenin-
grad Oblast. Together with other organizations, we have already drawn up
the technical and economic background studies.
I sometimes wonder: but what if we were proposed to go back to the old
way. Wouldn't it be easier? No it would not. Undoubtedly not because a -
psychological change has already occurred in us ourselves. xaving over-
come the difficulties of reorganization, we have tasted the sweetness of
its frui~s. This may be overstating it, but this is the case. The work
of the ha,nds of man axe all the dearer to him the more energy and heart he
- has invested in it.
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- INSTRUCTIONS GOVERNING RESEARCH CONTRACTS OF VUZ'S PUBLISHED
;~~scow BYULLETEN' NORMATIVNYKH AKTOV MINISTERSTV I VEDOMSTV SSSR in Russian
_ No l~l, Oct 79 pp 40-45
[Instructions on the Procedure for Carrying Out Scientific Research by
Institutions of Higher Learning under Economic Contracts with Clients;
approved by the Order of the USSR Ministry of Higher and Specialized
Secondary Education of 26 January 1979, No 100)
[Text] General Provisions
l The current instructions are to be extended to work carried out by
WZes under contracts with clients in accord with the Standard Statute on
- the Procedure for Concluding Economic Contracts and Issuing Internal Min- -
isterial Orders for the Carrying Out of Scientific Research, Expez~imental
Designing and Technological Work as approved by the Decree of the State
Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Science and Technology [GKNT]
of 5 August 1969, No 360, including research work.*
- The WZes carry out economic contract work in accord with the Statute
Governing Scientific Research a.n Institutions of Higher Learning on the
sub~jects corresponding to the training specialty of the specialists and
the approved scientific areas.
Work related to introducing the results of completed research relating to
an economic contract subject is carried out in accord with the conditions
stipulated by the Standard Contract for the Transferral by Enterprises and ~
Organizations of Their Scientific and Technical Achievements to Other En-
terprises and Organizations and for Helping Them in Using Borrowed Advanced
Experience as approved by the Decrees of the GKNT of 31 Decemoer 1971, No
350, and 12 January 197a, No 9�
2. The economic contracts are concluded first of all for carrying out
work provided b,y the decrees of the governments of the USSR and the Union _
~The listed work below in the Instructions is termed "Economic Contract
Work."
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republics, the GKNT, by the plans of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the
Union rc~puhlic academies of sciences, b,y the sectorial and republic plans
for scienti.fic rc~search and the use of seientifie and technicr~.l ~.chieve-
ment:, i n Prorlucti on.
3. The W Zes conclude economic contracts with associations, enterprises, _
institutions and organizations for each sc3entific research, experimental
design, technological or exploratory project (sub3ect). The concluding of
economic contracts with several ~lients for one sub~ject is not allowed.
- The drawing up of the economic contracts should be carried out in accord
with Appendices 1-5.*
4. For interdisciplinary work, a single economic contract is concluded
with the head WZ. In the carrying out of an interdisciplinary subject by
a group of WZes, the economic contracts between the WZes can be concluded
only under the condition that the head executing WZ turns over the corres-
ponding limits and financing to the coexecutor WZ. The amount of work
carried out by the coexecutor WZ is determined here for all the costing
items, and is not considered in the amount of work for the head WZ.
The affiliate of a WZ and its institutions operating on an independent
balance sheet carry out work on the basis of economic contracts concluded
by the WZ under which this affiliate has been organized.
Economic contracts are not to be concluded between the structural subdivi-
, sions of a WZ ~including those operating on an inde~,endent balance sheet).
5� The carrying out of economic contract work by the special problem sci- -
entific research laboratories of WZes is not to be allowed.
The Organization of Economic Contract Work
6. A scientific research sector (scientific research unit) organizes the
economic contract work to be carried out by the chairs and by the sectori-
al scientific research laboratories of a WZ.
7. The scientific research sector is organized by the ministry (depart-
ment) having jurisdiction over the WZ.
A scientific research sector is classified in a wage category for scien-
tific workers by the USSR State Co~nittee for Labor and Social Questions
together with the USSR GIQVT, the USSR Ministry of Finances with the parti-
cipation of the USSR Ministry of Higher and Specialized Secondary Education
and the USSR Academy of Sciences.
_ *The appendices to the current Instructions are not given in the BYULLETEN'.
Editor's cormnent.
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8. In the absence of scientific research sector in a VIJZ, the economic
contract scientific research is organized by the chairs oi the WZ.
In this instance the wages of scientific workers are pairl accordin~; to ttie
t ru rd .r. zte~;or,y .
9. The organization of economic contract work in a scientific research unit
as well as in the scientific institutions of a WZ operating on an inde-
pendent balance sheet (scientific research institute, design bureau and so
forth) is carried out by these insti�tutions in accord with the statutes
(charters) agproved for them and the current instructions.
10. The ministry (department) having jurisdiction over the VZJZ approves the
basic scientific d.irections, the annual amount of expenditures and the wage
fund. for carrying out the econ~mic contract work using special (nonbudget)
funds, and the limit allocations for the support of administrative and
~ managerial personnel of the scientific research sector.
11. The structure and the staff schedule of a scientific research sector
are approved by the rector of the WZ.
12. A scientific research sector is headed by a leader the position of
whom is filled by competition.
_ 13� The leader of a scientific research sector provides for the following:
N The elaboration of the draft plans of economic contract work of the WZ;
The drawing up of proposals on the allocatior. of the limits and. stPifs ap-
proved for the sector;
The organization of carrying out economic contract work on a high scien-
tific and technical level and within the established dates;
The state registering of the work to be carried out, the drawing up of
reports on completed work, and the compiling of a summary annual report on -
_ the scientific and research work of the WZ;
_ The organization of the use of the scientific and technical developments of
the WZ in the national ecorio~y;
The drawing up of draft contracts wi~n tn~ client;
Control over the work of the executors of tlie economic contract work (,joint-
ly with the leadership of the WZ chairs and faculties) and the accepting
of ~;he work performed by them;
The carrying out of other measures related to the organization of economic
contract work at the WZ and reporting on it.
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14. For the purposes of the broader involvement of the WZ faculty in ~
working out the scientific research plans in the most promising areas, in
supervising their execution and in evaluating the effectiveness of the ac-
tivities carried out by the WZ scientific subdivisions, scientific-
technical corrunissions (councils) can be organized under the scientific
research sector.
15. The organization of work related to the contract (sub~ect) is en-
trusted to the leader of the sub~ject, as a rule, selected from the pro-
fessors and docents of the chairs. Considering the scientific qualifica-
tion and experience of the leader in scien+ific organizational work, in
individual instances he may be permitted to direct several economic con-
tract works simultaneously, but not more than three. With the permission
of the ministry (department) having ~urisdiction over the WZ, the sub-
,jects may be directed by staff scientific coworkers from the scientific
research sector who have an academic degree or title. The designated per-
sons can be the leaders, as a rule, of one economic contract work.
For an interdisciplinary subject, leaders of individual independent sec-
tions (stages) of the work can be appointed.
16. The leader of a subject bears personal responsibility for the carrying
out of the work on a high scientific and technical level and on the estab-
lished time.
Executors of Economic Contract Work
17. At a WZ economic contract work is carried out by the following:
By the faculty, by auxiliary-training and production personnel on the staff
of the given WZ and its affiliates, as well as by workers, technicians and
engineers of training-production enterprises of the given VLTZ, under con-
ditions of holding several positions with payment of up to 0.5 of the rate
for the combined position (depending upon the importance: of the work being
carried out);
By graduate students and students who are studying off the job; -
By the staff of the scientific research sector.
18. The rector of a WZ can carry out economic contract work as an extra
job in the capacity of a leader of a subject with the permission of the
superior organization having ,jurisdiction over the WZ.*
~The simultaneous or sequential execution of paid economic contrart scien- `
tific research and a teaching load with an hourly pay during the academic
y~ar is not permitted.
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19. `Phe deans for scientific and academic work, evening and correspondence
instruction are permitted to carry out economic contract work as a second
job in the position of sub3ect leaders with the permission of the rector _
of the WZ. ~
20. The following are not ~,ermitted to be invalved in economic contract
work in a WZ under the conditions of a second job:
Persons of the regular staff of the WZ who have been permitted in the es-
tablished procedure to carry out other additionally paid work;
Persons of the regular staff of the scientific research subdivisions of
the WZ;
Persons of the faculty during a period of advanced training or probation-
ary training, as well as in the instance of the nonsubmission of a scien-
- tific report on state budget projects included in the individual plan;
Consulting professors;
Regular employees of the client enterprises, institutions and organiza-
tions as well as other persons not on the staff of the given WZ;
Probatiorier researchers and probationer instructors.
21. The staff coworkers (except the administrative and managerial person-
nel) of a scientific researc~: sector are appointed to vacant positions
provided in the staff schedule by an order of the rector for the period
the contract (subject or stage) is in effect.
22. The involving of persons carrying out second ~obs in the economic
contract work is done on the t+asis of individual contracts with the rector
(the dean for scientific work) of the WZ.
23. Individual contracts are concluded for carrying out the work as a `
whole or for its individual stages provided in the economic c~.itract, as
well as for carrying out specific assignments of a research or production
- nature on just one subject. The designated work is ~arried out during _
nonworking time in the basic position.
j The individual contract should stipulate the a.mount of the work to be as-
signed with a description of the assignments in terms of individual stages,
the dates of completing this, the types of reporting on the work to be -
performed ~in what form the work is to be turned in), and the procedure
and amount of wages.
~The sin.ultaneous or sequential execution of paid economic contract scien-
tific research and a teaching load with an hourly pay during the academic
year is not permitted.
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24. The leadership and faculty of a WZ can be appointed to the following
positions:
Basic Position Extra Position
)te~i,or, deun Senior scicntific coworker (perform-
ing duties of sub~ect leader)
Professor, docent having academic Senior scientific coworker (with the
degree right to perform duties of the
leader of a subject of a sectian of
an interdisciplinary sub~ect)
Senior instructor, instructor Senior scientific coworker, ,junior
and assistant having academic scientific coworker
degree; docent, senior in-
structor not having acade~mic
degree
Instructor, assistant not having Junior scientific coworker
academic degree
~5� Graduate students may be assigned by an order of the rector to posi- _
tions of ~unior scientific coworkers with a wage up to 0.5 of the rate
W1tYlt;he a~rreement of their scientific leaders, the heads of chairs and
graduate studies after the chair's approval of the sub~ject of the disser-
tation work under the condition that this coincides with the sub,ject of
the contractual work and the successful fulfillment of the individual pl~,:..
The assignment is made for the period the contract (stage) is in effect.
26. Students may be assigned by an order of the rector to positions of
senior technicians, senior ~aboratary workers, technicians, laboratory
workers, preparatory workers and workers with a wage up to 0.5 oP the rate.
27. Graduate students and students in a calendar period can be assigned
to carry out economic contract work for full working time with the corres-
ponding wages:
28. The wages of persons assuming extra positions from the faculty are
paid in stages in accord with the calendar plan of the work according to
the contract on the basis of the scientific and technical report or the
technical statement on the completed stage, the bilateral act for the ac-
ceptance and delivery of the work and the time sheet.
29� The wages for persons assuming an extra ,job from among the auxiliary
training and production personnel and executors from among graduate stu-
dents and students are paid in the established procedure on the basis of a
document showing the completion of the work and tY~e time sheet once a
month.
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30. In figuring the wages of persons assuming an extra ~ob, the days of
sickness, official trips and leaves relating to the basic position are ex-
cluded.
31. For persoi~~ assuming an extra job from the faculty of the WZ, in be-
ing sent on a mission to carry out work relatEd to the economic contract,
wages are maintained fully both for the basic and extra position.
32. Executors from among graduate students are sent on official missicns
to carry out work relating to the economic contract in accord with the
current legislation.
33. Executors fro~ri among the students can be sent on official missions to
carry out work related to the economic contract only during the holiday
period. During an academic semester, students studying under individual
plans can be sent on an official mission for a period of not more than one
workweek, including travel time in both directions.
34. Per diems are paid to executors from a.mong the students for the days
they are on an official mission considering the full salary of the position
held.
35� Executors from among graduate studer~ts and students, in carrying out
woz�k under a contract which exceeds 2 months in the established procedure
a.i~e to be granted leave according to the position held or are to be paid
compensation upon completion of the work for the unused leave in an amount
proportional to the time worked. -
36. Labor booklets are filled out in the established procedure for the
executors of economic contract work from among the graduate students and
students who have never worked before.
37. The executors of economic contract work are paid bonuses in the es-
tablished procedure.
Procedure for Concluding and Drawing Up Economic Contracts
38. An economic contract is concluded on behalf of a WZ by the rector or
dean for scientific work considering the response of the faculty (WZ)
_ council on the advisability of carrying out the given work. _
Appended to the economic contract are the following: A technical and eco-
nomic background study, the technical specifications, the work program and
calendar plan for carrying out the work, and estimate calculations (cost-
ings).
39� The economic contract drawn up by both parties with the appendices is
recorded in a special log and kept in the bookkeeping office, while a
second copy is kept in the subdivision in charge of economic contract work
of the WZ.
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~+0. The work co~nences on the date stipulated by the contract, but not
earlier than the date of receipt of the advance payment stipulated by the
economic contract.
The commenced work snoul.d underRo state regi;trat:ion within the ertablished
procedure.
With the failure to receive the advance from the client on the date stipu-
lated by the economic contract, the executor has the right to seek arbitra-
tion for compulsory collection of the advance.
41. An economic contract can be amended or abrogated upon the mu~tual
agreement of the parties. With the failure to reach agreement, the dis-
pute is resolved by arbitration in the established procedure.
The Cost of the Work and the Payment Procedure -
42� The cost of the work under an economic contract is determined by es-
timate calculations (costings) which provide for the direct expenditures
and overhead.
~+3. The direct expenditures include the outlays directly related to carry-
out the work under the specific economic contract.
The direct outlays are determined for each ~ob as the total of the follow-
ing expenditure elements for: Wa~es, wage deductions; equipment, materials
and chemical agents; services of outside organizations and enterprises;
production business trips; other direct expenditures. Appended to the es-
timate is a calculation of each expenditure element.
The wage fund is determined by direct calculation, proceeding from the
necessary staff of executors, the current wage rates and the date for car-
rying out the work. The ratio between the wage fund and the other expen-
ditures in the economic contract can vary depending upon the nature of the
work to be performed.
The wage deductions (deductions for state insurance) are planned in a per-
centa,ge of the calculated total wage fund according to the established -
rates.
The total direct expenditures on economic contract work include the expen-
ditures related to the purchasing of equipment and devices needed to carry
out the work and to the manufacturing of experimental models, examples of
machines and laboratory stands.
The samples of machines, equipment and devices, experimental models and
laboratory stands manufactured for carrying out economic contract work at
the expense of the clients upon the completion of the work are entered on
the balance sheet of the WZ.
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The purchase of special equipment for performing scientific research
should be provided for in the estimate and the contract. In moving the
- equipment from the warehouse to the laboratory, its cost is written off
against the expenditures relating to the contract (sub~ect), and is ac-
counted for as part of the expenditures of incomplete production.
- iJpon completion of the work relating t~~ the contract (sub,ject), the spe-
cial equipment is returned to the client ~_r is left to the WZ under the
conditions of a gratis transfer, if this is stipulated by the contract or
written agreemen has come from the client.
The item "Basic Materials (Minus Wastes)" gives the value of the materials
(chemical agents) to be consumed in carrying out the economic contract
work. The value of the expended materials (cheL.ical agents) is reduced by
the value of the usable wastes. Materials are supplied through the ware-
house.
In the expenditure item for services of outside organizations and enter-
prises, the cost is planned for the individual theoretical and experi-
mental projects, the designing and manufacturing of stands, mockups and
models of the articles to be made both by the outside organizations and
, enterprises as well as by the internal design bureaus (public design
bureaus, special design bureaus, special designing and engineering bureaus,
and so forth), by the computer centers, by the experimental shops, exper~-
meni;al plants and so forth operating on an independent balance sheet, in
addition to the cost of the services of the patent information organiza-
tions, the industrial design shops, printshops, and so forth.
Official trips made soleZy for the purpose of carrying out economic con-
tract work or for participation in the research and testing for workers
er.gaged directly in the execution of this work are considered in the item
"Production Official Trips." Expenditurzs on al_l other official trips
by production or administrative-managerial personnel are considered as
overhead.
The item of other direct expenditures shows all remaining expenditures on
carrying out the work relating to a specific subject (economic contract),
where these expenditures can be included directly in its cost but in terms
of their nature do not fit in all the other expe:nditure items, for example:
The renting of buildings and offices;
The consumption of inetered electric power, gas and water supply;
The purchasing of patent and other special scientific and technical lit-
erature.
44. The overhead includes expenditures on the support of the management -
personnel, the centralized auxiliary services (patent information, metro-
logical, economic, ..conomic analysis and the organization of introduction,
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the bureau of inetering and measuring instruments, the laboratory of spe-
cial metering instruments, the repair and installation bureau, the bureau
for drawing up scientific pro,jects, the movie and photographic laboratory,
and so forth), the reconstruction, maintenance and ma,jor overhaul of of-
fices, the purchase and repair of supplies and equipment for the central-
ized auxiliary serTices, and the general economic, WZ and other expenses.
Overhead in drawing up an estimate of economic contract work is determined
in a percentage of the direct expenditures for the WZes.
Overhead is distributed over the subjects proportionately to the direct
expenditures.
~+5� In the process of carrying out the work under an economic contract,
the rector of a WZ has the right within the limits of the approved total
expenditures to make changes in the expenditure estimate, including to
increase expenditures on the purchase of equipment and materials for scien-
tific research at the expense of saving funds under the other estimate
items, including the savings of money in the wage fund, and to pool funds
under individual contracts for the purchase of expensive scientific equip-
ment.
~+6. :?ayment for completed work is made by the clients in stages and as a
whole for the economic contract according to the estimated cost.
k7. The estimate calculations should fully consider all the expenditures
needed for carrying out the work under the economic contract.
48. Not less than 70 percent of the total excess of income over expendi-
tures rema.ining at the disposal of the WZ rector should be spent on
modernization and the replacement of scientific laboratory equipment.
~ ~+9� Up to 1.5 percent of the total excess income over expenditures can be
used to cover expenditures related to the publishing ty the WZes of
,journals, monographs, collections of scientific works and lecture series,
and for organizing patent-licensing and scientific-technical information,
above the allocations provided for in the WZ estimates. ~
Reporting on Economic Contract Work
50. In accord with the calendar plan of the work relating to the economic
contract, for each stage a scientific-technical report or a technical
statement is dr~,wn up. The form of reporting for the stage is determined
by the conditions of the economic contract.
51. A scientific-technical report is drawn up for the completed scien-
tific research, and this is made out in ~.ccord with the requirements of
the state standard and is recorded in the established procedure.
52. The turning over of the results of the scientific research to the cli-
ent is formalized by a statement of completed work.
END
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