JPRS ID: 9029 USSR REPORT MILITARY AFFAIRS

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9 JANUARY i988 tF0U0 1188) l 0 F 1
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~ JPRS L/8856
9 January 1980
U SS R Re~ort ~
~
EARTH SCIENCES
CFOUO 1 /80)
Fg~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/8856
9 January 1980
USSR REPORT
EARTH SCIENCES
(FOUO 1/80)
CONTENTS ~ PAGE
I. OCEANOGRAPHY 1
Similarity Relationship and Turbulence Spectra in Stratified
Medium 1
Effect. of Surface Waves on Heat Exchange Between the
Ocean and Atmosphere 12
Structure of Thermoconcentration Convection in a Stratified
Fluid 27
Investigation of the Fine Vertical Structure of Water
Density in the Ocean by the Optical Interference Method.. 40
First Voyage of Hydrographic Ship 'Georgiy Maksimov'....... 52 .
Monograph on Advances in Soviet Oceanology 57 _
Mesoscale Dynamic Processes in the Ocean Created by the
Atmosphere 59
Seminar on 'Fundamental Problems of Electromagnetic Research
at Sea' 61
` II. TERRESTRIAL GEOPHYSICS 63
- Deep Electromagnetic Sounding With a Magnetohydrodynamic
Generator on the Kola Peninsula 63
- a- [III - U5SR - 21K S&T FOUO]
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r~ux ur~r'1(:lAL US~ UNLY
~ CONTENTS (Continued) Page
Remote Methods for Studying the Geological Structure of
Petroleum and Gas Regions 70
III. ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC RESEARCH 83
Monograph on Melting and Liquid Runo�f From Surface of the
Ice Cover in Antarctica 83
-b-
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I . OCEANOGRAPIiY
Translations
UDC 551.551
SIMILARITY RELATIONSHIP AND TURBULENCE SPECTRA IN STRATIFIED MEDIUM
Moscow IZVESTIYA AKADEMI:I NAUK SSSR, FIZIKA ATTiOSFERY I OKEANA in Russian
Vol 15, No 8, 1979 pp 820-828
[Article by A. G. Sazontov, Institute of Applied Physics, submitted for pub-
lication 18 July 1978]
Abstract: A statistical description of turbulence
in a temperature-stratified medium is considered
on the basis of a characteristic functional. It
is ~hown that the invariance of the equation for
this functional relative to the group of scale -
transformations makes it possible to determine
turbulence spectrd in the buoyancy and inertial
subintervals.
jText] Turbulent motion in the ocean and atmosphere for the mosc part is
determined by effects, associated with the action of lift. The presence of
- temperature stratification exerts a considerable influence on the dynamics
of turbulence and leads to qualitative differences in comparison with tur-
bulence in a temperature-homogeneous medium. First, the nredominance of
a vertical direction leads to anisotropy in movements of all scales, and
second, to a number of dimEnsional parameters there is added the parameter
g~(g is the acceleration of gravity, ~ is the coefficient of thermal ex-
pansion), which makes difficult an analysis associated with the use of the
dimensionalities method. As is well known, in an unstratified medium in a
broad range of wave numbers k a Kolmogorov spectrum Ek~ k-5/3 is establish-
ed; this is obtained theoretically with use of the self-similarity hypothe-
sis and locality hypothesis [1] and is confirmed quite well experimentally
[2l�
In a stratified medium t:ie spectra are more complex. Experiments in the at-
mosphere and ocean show that there are several equilibrium scale intervals
where the turbulence spectra have a different character. (A review of the
theoretical and experimental results can be found in [3].)
As is well icnown [4], a full statistical description of the hydrodynamic
. fields of turbulent flow can be attair,ed by stipulating a characteristic
functional. The corresponding equation for turbulent motion, in which the
1
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fluid is in the field of external forces, was obtained for an incompress-
ible fluid in [5], for a compressible fluid in [6], and for a stratified
fluid is obtained in this study.
Tt ~ippcrirs that in order to find the statisticat characteristics of hydrody-
namic Eields it is not obligatory to know the explicit form of the solution
for the characteristic functional; it is sufficient to determine the trans-
- formation properties of the corresponding equation relative to a group of
scale transformations. For homogeneous isotropic turbulence such transform- -
ations and scaling properties were examined in the studies [7, 8] and for a
co~^pressil~le fluid in [6]. [In [7, 8], instead of a characteristic function-
al, use is made of the probability density in funr_tiona? space, which can
be regarded as a functional Fourier transform of the characteristic fune-
tional.] In this study it is demonstrated that the derived equation for
the characteristic functional in a stratified medium allows a group of scale
transformations which leads to the similarity theorem. The presence of this _
group (with the assumption of existence of sectors of equilibrium) makes it
p~ssible to find turbulence spectra in the inertial subinterval and the buoy-
ancy subinterval. _
Characteristic Functional of Stratified Fluid
In order to investigate the spectral structure of turbulence use is made of
;:he eq~,.~tions of motion, continuity equation and thermal conductivity equation
with external random Eorces in the Boussinesq approximation:
au~+uk au; vP~ +br~()ti;-+-,~~u;~-f,(~,l), (1)
ut axk ~3a,
2
~e-~u~-~~ -~z u;?.;~-xL10+q~X,r),
A
8ut (3)
a~, = 0.
where xi are Cartesian coordinates (x3 is the vertical coordinate); t is
time; ui are velocity components; p', are the deviations of pressure and
temperature from the standard hydrostatic values; 'V is the coefficient of
molecular heat conductivity; g~ is the buoyancy parameter; d T/~ z is the
r~ean constant temperature gradient; )1 is a unit vector with the components
~ - 1~�
In the considered model the kinetic energy of the fluid and temperature are
maintained due to the operation of external forces; the random ferces model
the fluctuations of averaged flow, accomplishing pumping of energy to
large-scale pulsations. We will assume that fi(x, t) and q(x, t) are Gauss- -
_ ian, homogeneous and delta-correlated with time with a mean value equal to
_ zero
2
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=G(x_ -x,)S(t_-t,).
The statistical properties of the hydrodynamic velocity and temperature
fields will be described by the characteristic functional
~
~=CexPt~ {!/;(X)u~(x,t)+z(.r-)0(r,t)}d'~z>, (S)
where yi(x) and z(x) are s~fficiently smooth (for example, continuous or con-
_ tinuous and differentiable a definite number of times) arbitrary functions.
The averaging in (5) is carried out on the basis of the distribution proba-
bility of external forces. It follows from equation (3) that
~D{~(x)-F~Qy; ~~x)}=c~:{J~~); z~X)}, ~6)
where ~ is an arbitrary function whose gradient sufficiently rapidly tends
to zero at infinity. As a result of (6) we take into account the solenoidal-
ity of the vector field y(x). Differentiating (5) in time and taking into
account the motions (1)-(3), for ~ we obtain the following equation in
variational derivatives:
~ ~4~ i ~ (x) { Dk ~ D,-i-ig~;i.,Do-ir~~D, ~ 4~ d~x +
dt ~ dx� ~ (7)
v ~
+ i f ~(x) ~Dk ~)B+ia~.,D;-ixJD, f~U d''r-I-1,
~xk -
_v
S "
D;=- , , De= .
S y; (x) d~ r 5z (x) d x -
Here Di and D~ are operators of variational differentiation; I is a source
describing the influence of the external forces o~:i the fluid
l = - ~ {y~ ~a) C/~ ~X, t) ~~P ~ f ~~k~A"~z8) d'x ~ -I-
~s .
/ m
-t- a(x) ( q(x, t) exp i~(ykup-f-z6) d'x d'x. .
~
- _m
As a result of the solenoidality of the vector field y(x) the term corres-
ponding to pressure does not enter into equation (7).
We will assume that the forces became operative at the time t= 0; when t= _
0 the fluid is assumed to be at rest:
u~,mo=0 ( ~�o=~. that is,
(9)
~ ~,Ro=1. ,
3
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~quation (7) with the initial condition (9) is the Cauchy problem for the
characteristic functional in a temperature-stratified medium.
For Gaussian, time delta-correlated random forces it is easy to express the
source I through ~ -
~
r ? ~~y~~K)y~~X~)Q�~x-x,)d'xd'x,-
(10)
_ m
- 2 f f z(x)z(x,)G(x-x,)d'xd'x,
It can be interpreted as a term rPSponsible for "diffusion in velocity and
temperature space." It is possible to find restrictions on the diffusion
coefficients Bi~ and G; these restrictions are imposed by the stationarity
conditions. In actuality, in this model the stationary temperature regime
is maintained due to the operation ot external forces. By averaging the
eyuation for the balance of energy in the fluid and the temperature inhomo-
geneity 1/2 Q 2, on the basis of external forces we obtain
r7 u; Z
- = 2,~ ~ ~ a~; ~ ~ - g~ , ~ii>
~
_ ~x ~ ~ a~ ~ ~ - a~ . ~iz>
The left-hand sides of formulas (11) and (12) can be expressed through the
corresponding correlators of external forces using the Furutsu-Novikov
form~ila ~ ~~~~x
~ f~f; t)f;(`~~, t~) Sl;(~~, t)dx, dt~~lx, c11,
SO (ti, t)
= f c c�,. > _ ~ a~.
(c~, r7,t.,
Using the relationships
bu, t) 1 8U (x, t) 1
- B;;S (x-x~ ) , - 8 (x-x~ ) .
~Sf;(x~, t)dx, clt ~ 3 S4(~,, t)dx, dt 2
_ from (l:L) and (12) we obtain
2 r!>> = ~-g~ , c (o) ET - aT , ~13~
a~
a u/~ x~ ) 2> is the mean dissipation rate; E T= x:(a e/ a xj ) Z~
is the mean rate of dissipation of temperature inhomogeneities; g,8
is the mean work of Archimedes force in turbulent movements of fluid ele-
ments.
4
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Using (13), it is possible to write the correlators of external forces in
tlie following way:
8T , ( ~ l (1.4 )
/t�~r)=-= 2[P- ~~;
Taking into account that up =-1, Jp = 1 and in our coordinate system at s
0, we rewrite (3.12) in the form
[ a~+'~~' ( atE+a,~) l{s~,, P-'T, }=u. ~ 3. i 3)
The boundary conditions with yi= 0 are obtained from (3.7)-(3.9) by the sub-
stitution of (3.11) in them and equating the corresponding coeff icients to
zero. In the first approximation
~n=o) =-aatw,-Z~,aE~,-u,a,~,+~oaE~,, ( 3. i4~
~1�0)=0, T,~~~ ~1=0)=Tocos(~~+~). (3.15)
With from (3.10) we have
r~-'��) �Ts ~5, r~-'��) =0. (3.16)
In accordance with the asyr.~ptotic "spliced" expansions method, the solutions
of problems (3.13)-(3.16) are represented as
ae{~,o, T,o}=o, ~3.i>>
- Then in the approximation (10) the external field equations have the form
m
an~mn, (3.18)
whose solutions are
{S21o, T'~o}={Cto(YI), Dio~Yl)}� (3.19)
20 .
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The houndary conditions for (3.19), obtained from (3.16), (3.17), give C10~~~ -
= D10(YL) = 0. Thus,
a`~O~br ~~a` ~~~b~ ~3�20~
In the internal field (the boundary layer adjacent ta the surface Y~ = 0) _
the variables are transformed as
T=~1~~� (3.21)
Subs~ituting (3.17) and (3.21) into (3.3), (3.14), in the first approximation ,
f or the boundary layer we obtain the equations
-a~{s~,o , T,o'}=~l2a.r{s~,o , P-'~',o } . c3.2z>
with the conditions
{S2,o', T,; {-2 cos cos (~-i-^~) } � ( 3. 23)
The solutions of problems (2.22), (2.23), satisfying the "splicing" condi-
tions with solutions of the external field (3.20), are
{S2�', T,o'} =-2 exp (-~/a) {cos (~~-r~/a), cos (~-f-r~/ayP-f-~) ( 3. 24 ) -
From (3.24), with an accuracy to the function of F,, it is possible to deter-
mine the horfzontal velocity component in the boundary layer, and then from
the continuity equation and conditions (3.8), the vertical component. They _
have the form -
u�=y2 exPl-~l/a~sin(~-Fr~/a-n/4)-FF(~), (3.25)
w,2=cos ~-~gp(-r~/a)cos(~-f-r~/a)-dF(g)/d~. (3.26)
[Velocity 0(Ea) is determined through ~10� ~
Requir ing the conditions of limitations on velocity outside the baundary lay-
er, we assume F(~ 0. We obtain the velocities of wave movement and tem-
perature to the approxima.tion of E inclusive
u=-1-Fe exp(-r~)cos ~+asj~2 exp(-r~/a)sin(~+~/a-n/4), (3.Z7)
u=eaZ[cos ~-ezp(-r~/a)sin(~-I-r~/a-n/4) (3.28)
, T=-E2 exp (-r~/ayP) cos (~-I-r~/ayP-F-~). ~ 3. 29)
The averaged heat transfer due to wavesiQ, Q
T along ~ and ~ is equal respec-
tively to
1 t+:~
~ 2n ~ ~?'u, ?`w) d~� ( 3. 30)
ti
~
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[In order to obtain a dimensional heat flow it is necessary that Q T be mul-
_ tiplied by (pxcJ Tp) ~ where P is wa:.er dens3.ty. ] ~
Substituting (3.27)-(3.29) into (3.30) and carrying out integration, we ob- ~
tain
~__E: ~e_u+~iaip~n cos (r~/ayP-F~) -
(3.31)
-y2 e-cs+~i~p~~a sin [ C y~ - 4, r~/a-I- 4, .l
~ .
~1=e'a' {e-cl+uT'i+?acos[ (1/yP-1) r~/ac-I'TJ- ( 3. 32)
-e'Na~p cos (~1/ayP-I-'~)},
from which it follows that the heat flow cause4 by waves is dependent on the
phase shift between the surface "rise" and the temperature fluctuations at
the surface. Integrating (3.31) for ~'j from zero to infinity, we obtain the
integral heat transfer by waves along the horizontal
e=ayP (3. 33)
2~1+P {(!=P)cos~+[(i+yP)=-a(1-l-P)YP]sin~}
y
It c_an be seen that in dependence on the phase shift between the "rise" and
temperature fluctuations along the wave the integral heat transfer can be -
in the direction ~f wave propagation or opposite it.
The role of the mechanism of vertical heat tr%~rJfar, as follows from (3.32),
increa~es with increasing distance from the ~"ree surface, where Q~' = A;
then Q r again exponentially decreases.
Thus, as a result of waves there is an increase in the diffusional heat flow
- through the warm film; this heat flow in the layer lying below the WF and
adjacent to it is maintained due to the arising heat transfer mechanism. Be-
low this layer the transfer must be ensured by means of turbulent dxffusion.
Finally, where the turbulent diffusion mechanism disappears the role of wave
transfer must again increase, but in this case it will be caused by internal
waves .
It follows from (3.32) that if the lower water layers are warmer, so that'
- the heat flow is directed toward the ocean surface, the temperature field
at the surface has a phase shift relative to I, belonging to a definite
interval of y changes. However, if the lower layers are cold, that is, QT~O,
the phase shift between T in the warm film and the wave must lie in another
interval. This is manifested more clearly if (3.32) is expanded into a Tay-
lor series in the neighborhood of the lower boundary of the WF and it is
taken into account that dimensionless a~ l. Ir_ this case
Z~ (S)1= (e=a/P'~' ) S [ cos ~-I-sin , ( 3 . 34 ) _
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hence for Q(~)~> 0 and Q(~' < 0 the Y values accordingly belong to dif-
ferent intervals. We note that the effect of a change in the pnase shift
between the wave fluctuations of temperature along the WF and the rise of
the discontinuity in dependence on the sign on Q} is indicated in experi-
ments which were cited in [15], but Chere is a need for additional inves-
tigations.
No~a we will estimate the possible Q r value. Selecting the parameters of
waves equal to a= SO cm, 1 sec-1, Tp = 10-1 �C, 1 g�cm 3, ~_10.1,
E= 0.1 and substitutin~g them into (3.32)~ we obtain Q T^'S0 cal�day �
cm 2. With 'Tp = 5�10- 2 C, uC = 0.2, E= 0.1, Q~-r100 cal�day 1�cm 2. Thus,
the wave flow can compensate the change in the diffusional transfer of heat
through the warm film when waves develop.
Figures 4 and S show the results of computations of Q1' and ~ respectively,
carried out for some values of the parameters. For all the cited cases P=
7, and 0.1 (since the ~ parameter in formulas (3.31), (3.32) enters in
th~ form of a simple factor, with other � values there is accordingly only
a change in the magnitude of the flows). The first and second curves cor-
z�espond to Y= 10�2, and the third and fourth to Y= 10; for the odd
curves ~C = 0.1, whereas for the even curves a= 0.3. All the figures
give dimensional values of the flows in the units cal�day 1�cm'2. In Fig.
- 4 the curves I, III represent the real values of the flows, whereas curves
II and III are reduced by a factor of 10, so that in order to obtain the
Q values the corresponding values must be increased by a factor of 10. Fig-
ure 5 shows values less than the true values by a factor of 103.
It is clear from Fig. 4 tE:at the wave mechanism of "vertical" heat transfer ~
in actuality is important in the intermediate.sublayer lying between the
warm film and the region with well-developed turbulence. The Qrvalue can
attain hundreds of calories per day through one square ceni:imeter of hori- _
zontal area. Flows of different sign correspond to different phase shifts
- of thenaal wave fluctuations at the ocean surface relative to the surface
itself. In this case the flow through the surface itself, where these tem-
perature flLCtuations are specifically stipulated, for all is equal to
- zero.
N
Fig. S shows that ~ is maximum at the surface and then attenuates exponen-
tially, so that in contrast to Q1'for it no double boundary layer is dis-
_ criminated. The sigci on Q~is also dependent on whether the upper or lower
region of the surface layer in the ocean has the higher temperature. As
can be seen from a comparison of Figures 4 and 5, in this case the direc-
tions of the Q1' and ~ flows are interrelated.
4. Thus, the presence of a thin temperature boundary layer at the ocean sur-
face should have the result that with the appearance of waves there is an
increase in heat diffusion through the atmosphere - ocean discontinuity.
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-10 -B -6 -4 -Z a 2 4
'TrT
Qf -u -,1 -2 -f O ~ 2 ~ 4
qJ ~
1 ~
~
0,3 U2 ~
D ~
0,5 - O,u
. 0,7 Q6
. n Q ~~B
. ~ ''v
. , ~
~
Fig. 4. Distribution of vertical heat flows Q T caused by waves as a func-
tion of ~ with 6= 0.1, P= 7; I) a= 0.1, y= 10-2; II) 0.3, y=
10'2; III) x= 0.1, y= 10; IV) oc = 0.3, = 10.
Fig. 5. Distribution of horizontal heat flows Q caused by waves as a func-
tion of with the same values of the parameters as in Fig. 4.
An analysis shows that this additional flow can be caused by the wave mech-
anism of heat transfer vertically in the layer directly adjacent to the
warm film. This corr i,onds to the experimental data in [12]. The wave _
flow is a result of the nonpotentiality and nonlinearity of wave motion
and attenuates exponentially with increasing depth. In the region of its
disapp.earance the main role must evidently be played by turbulent transfer
or the similar wave flow caused by internal waves.
We note in conclusion that the mechanism of wave transfer of heat in a ver-
tical direction was also studied in [17], where the problem was formulated
_ in a Cartesian coordinate system, which makes difficult a sufficiently rig-
orous analysis of the thin boundary layer directly ad~acent to a moving
discontinuity; therefore, in this article the problem was considered in a
~urvilinear coordinate system directly related to wave movement.
The author expresses sincere appreciation to the reviewer for useful com-
ments.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Schooley, A. U., "Temperature Differences Near the Sea-Air Interface," -
J. MARINE RES., 25, No 1, 1967.
2. Khundzhua, G. G.~ Andreyev, Ye. G., "Experimental Investigations of Heat
Exchange Between the Sea and the Atmosphere in the Case of Small-Scale
:Lnteraction," IZV. AN SSSR, FAO (News of the USSR Academy of Sciences~
Physics of the Atmosphere and Ocean), 13, No 10, 1977.
3. Khundzhua, G. G., Gusev, A. I., Andreyev, Ye. Ye., Gurov, V. V., Skor- -
okhvatov, N. A., "Structure of the Surface Cold Film of the Ocean and
the Atmosphere," IZV. AN SSSR, FAO, 13, No 7, 1977.
4. Hill, R. H., "Laboratory Measurement of Heat Transfer and Thermal
Structure Near an Air-Water Interface," J. PHYS. OCEANOGR., 2, No 2,
1972.
5. Ginzburg, A. I., Zatsepin, A. G., Fedorov, K. N., "Fine Structure of
the Thermal Boundary Layer in the Water at the Air-Water Discontin-
uity," IZV. AN SSSR, FAO, 13, No 12, 1977.
6. Katsaros, K., Liu, W. T., Businger, J. A., Tillman, J. E., "Heat Trans-
port and Thermal Structure in the Interfacial Boundary Layer Measured
in an Open Tank of Water in Turbulent Free Convection," J. FLUID MECH.,
83, Part 2, 1977.
~ 7. Ginzburg, A. I., Fedorov, K. N., "The Rayleigh Critical Boundary Layer
With Cooling of Water Through a Free Surface," IZV. AN SSSR, FAO, 14,
No 4, 1978. .
8. Ginzburg, A. I., Fedorov, K. N., "Thermal State of the Boundary, Layer
of Cooling Water With Transition from Free to Forced Convection," IZV.
AN SSSR, FAO, 14, No 7, 1978.
9. Ball, F. K., "Sea Surface Temperatures,~' AUSTRAL. J. PHYS., 7, 649-651,
1954.
10. Monin, A. S., "Surface Area of a Wave-Covered Sea," IZV. AN SSSR, FAO,
3, No 6, 1967.
11. ~itting, J., "Effects of Plane Progressive Irrotational Waves on Ther-
mal Boundary Layer," J. FLUID MECH., 50, Part 2, 1971.
- 12. Yefimov, V. V., Zapevalov, A. S., "Spectral Characteristics of Tempera-
ture Pulsations in the Wind Waves Layer," OKEANOLOGIYA (Oceanology),
15, No 4, 1975.
25
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13. Grapper~ G. D., "An Exact Solution for Progressive Capillary Waves '
of Arbitrary Amplitude," J. FLUID MECH., 2(6), 532, 1957. �
14. Van der Watering, W. P. M., Wiggert, J. C., "Surface Temperature Fluc- ~
tuations Due to Waves," TRAN. AMER. GEOPHYS. UNION, 49, 204, 1968,
Paper Presented at the Spring Meeting of the American Geophys. Union~
Washington, D. C., April, 1968.
- 15. 0'Brien, E. E., Omholt, T., "Heat Flux and Temperature Variation at a
Wavy Water-Air Interface," JGR, 74, No 13, 1969. �
16. Cole, J., METODY VOZMUSHCHENIY V PRIKLADNOY MATEtiATIKE (Perturbation
Methods in Applied Mathematics), "Mir," 1972.
17. Nelepo, B. A., Dvoryaninov, G. S., Prusov~ A. V., "Generation of Sta-
tionary Temperature Boundary Layers by Surface Waves," IZV. AN SSSlt,
FAO, 14, No 1, 1978.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," "Izvestiya AN SSSR, Fizika atmosfery i
okeana~" 1979
[25-5303)
~303 ~
C90; 1866
, �
26 ~
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UDC 551.465.41:532.529.2
STRUCTURE OF THERMOCONCENTRATION CONVECTION IN A STRATIFIED FLUID
Moscow IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, FIZIKA ATMOSFERY I OKEANA in Russian
Vol 15, No 9, 1979 pp 964-973
[Article by V. A. Popov and Yu. D. Chashechkin, All-Union Scientific Re-
search Institute of Physical-Technical and Radioelectronic Measurements;
submitted for publication 20 October 1978] ,
Abstract: An experimental study was made of the
formation of the structure of thermoconcentration
convection, periodic vertically, during the propa-
ga.tion of a warm front in a fluid with a stably -
stratified salinity distribution. For a plane front,
the normal to which forms an angle t19, fll� to the
horizon, the critical value of the Rayleigh num-
ber, characterizing the onset of formation of
cells is Ra~r = gaQTh3 / vx = 3700t1000. For a
cylindrical front (heater-vertical filament)
Ra~r = 16 OOOf5000. The formation of the cells
also occurs with a local change in the T-, S-
characteristics, leading to the formation of salt
fingers, outside the zone of the.fingers and with-
in it, after the degeneration of "fast" vertical .
convection. With the formation of cells in this
case 5000
m .
r..:'�~ '
214 .
O 266 ~
~ A B C T P A 1~ N A~'
261
436 ; ~ptrut;~:;::��'~'::,.:;.
o '
~ -
Map of track of hydrographic ship "Georgiy Maksimov" on the first voyage un-
der the program of the Institute of Physics of the Earth. The figures corres- `
pond to the numbers of boreholes drilled by the ship "Glomar Challenger" to
which the geophysical survey by the "Georgiy Maksimov" was tied in.
The expedition began with departure from the port of Vladivostok on 7 Decem-
ber 1978. After passing through the Sea of Japan, Tsushima Strait and the
East China Sea, the ship entered the Philippines basin of the Pacific Ocean _
53
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and carried out a detailed comprehensive geophysical survey in the Yap fault
zone and in onc~ of the sectors of the Kyushu-Palau submarine ridge (see fiK-
ure) . Ttiereafter the "Georgiy Maksimov" passed througf? the Pliilippine l;;~yiii
and the Sulu Sea and the South China Sea to the port of Singapore. From this
port, after replenishing supplies of fuel, water and food, the ship passed
through Sunda Strait into the Indian Ocean into the region of the Rua sub-
marine rise, lying at the edge of the floor to the south of the Sunda trench.
- Here a regional comprehensive geophysical survey was carried out, seismolog-
ical observations were carried out for a period of a week using bottom seis-
mic stations and deep seismic sounding was carried out along 200~km of pro-
files. Upon completion of this complex of investigations the ship again call-
ed at the port of Singapore for a partial replacement of scientific personnel. -
From Singapore the "Georgiy Maksimov" again headed through the Sunda Strait
into the southern part of the Indian Ocean, into the region of the joining
of the East Indian Ocean and West Australian submarine ridges. Here it carried
ocit a comprehensive regional geophysical survey of the West Australian Ridge
along a system of parallel runs oriented across the strike of the ridge. The
length of the runs was from 200 to 300 miles and the distance between them
was 30-40 miles. These survey runs in the south took in the periphery of the
Australian-Antarctic Ridge, intersected the West Australian Ridge and emerged
on the floor of the West Australian and Naturalist Basins. There was a total
oE 10 intersections of the tilest Australian Ridge. In the course of this sur-
vey the vessel called at the Australian port of Fremantle for replenishing
supplies and making scientific contacts with Australian scientists in Perth.
In the course of tfie geophysical survey there were also seismological obser-
vations using bottom seismic stations, put in place for a week, and deep
seismic sounding along profiles with a total extent of more than 300 km.
Upan completing work in the region of the West Australian Ridge the vessel
passed along a profile through the West Australian Basin. The geophysical
survey made at this time was tied in to abyssal drilling boreholes, as in ~
the regional survey of the West Australian Ridge. The "Georgiy Maksimov"
passed through the Sunda Strait from the Indian Ocean and arrived at the .
port of Singapore where the ship left same of the participants on the exped- _
ition. Then passing through the South China Sea, Luzon Strait and the Phil-
ippine Basin of the Pacific Ocean, the "Georgiy Maksimov" arrived in the
port of Tokio for the purpose of replenishing supplies and making contacts
with Japanese scientists. The expedition ended with arrival in the port of
Vladivostok on 6 April 1979.
. The work of the first voyage of the "Georgiy Maksimov" under the program
- of the Institute of Physics of the Earth was a logical continuation of Che
investigations initiated by our group as early as 1964-1965 during the 36th
- voyage of the "Vityaz'." The work rested on a generalization of the mater-
ials of geological-geophysical investigations of preceding years which we
carried out during compilation of the international GEOLOGO-GEOFIZICHESKIY
ATLAS INDZYSKOGO OKEANA (Geological-Geophysical Atlas of the Indian Ocean),
(1975), on the results of ahyssal ocean drilling carried out by the drilling
ship "Glomar Challenger," and also the results of drilling on the submarine
margin of the Australian continent, carried out by industrial companies.
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The expedition collected extensive materials on the geophysics and struc-
ture of the floor of the eastern part of the Indian Ocean, and also for _
individual regions of the Pacific Ocean. The most important results are _
those from regional investigations of the West Australian Ridge and the Rua
Rise in the Indian Ocean.
For the first time the morphology of the West Australian Ridge was estab-
lished with sufficient clarity and a detailed study was made of the structure ~
of the sedimentary layers covering it and the morphostructure of its acous-
tic basement. For the first time a study was also made of the seismicity of
this ridge. There was supplementation of the earlier fragmentary data on
the deep structure of the ridge obtained by means of deep seismic sounding.
On the crest of the ridge a study was made of two earlier uninvestigated
seamounts for which names were proposed: Akademik Gamburtsev (30�03'S and
_ 88�52'E) and Akademik Rem Khokhlov (31�24'S and 94�53'E). Significant dif-
ferences were found in the tectonics of the West Australian Ridge and the
periphery of the Australian-Antarctic Ridge ad~acent to it on the south,
reflecr_ing, so it seems to us, not only differences in age, but also in
the very nature of these structures. The echelon-oriented system of trenches
and faults bounding the West Australian Ridge on the south, it is becoming
clear, is a characteristic peculiarity of the northern margin of the Aus-
' tralian-Antarctic Rise. This system of faults is also traced eastward, to
the south of~he Naturaliste Plateau. The structures of the sedimentary cov-
er and the acoustic basement of the West Australian Ridge, detected by means
of seismic profiling, in combination with data from abyssal drilling, indi-
cate that the ridge has experienced differentiated vertical movements. The
structural unity of the West Australian Ridge and the part of the bed of the
. West Australian ocean basin adjoining it on the north was established. On the -
northern slope of the West Australian Ridge and in the ad~acent part of the
West Australian Basin it was possible to detect diapir structures making it
possible to re-evaluate the possible prospects for finding petroleum and gas .
in the open regions of the ocean.
The Rua Rise is a massive arched structure.with an asy~?etric profile
with a relatively gentle slope in the direction of the Sunda trench and
steeper in the direction of the ocean floor. The sedimentary layer cover-
ing it has the greatest thicknesses in the arched part of the rise. Along
the western margin of the rise there are several seamounts evidently of
volcani~ origin and associated with a fault zone of southwesterly strike.
One of these mountains was discovered for the first time and was it~vestig-
ated by the expedition. Plans call for assigning the name of the outstand-
ing Soviet geophysicist Fedynskiy. The peak of this seamount lies at the
point 13�45'S and 108�45'E. About 100 earthquakes were registered during the
seven days of the seismological observations.
The work of the first voyage of the "Georgiy Maksimov" will be continued
in the course of comprehensive geological-geophysical investigations and a.
lithospheric seismic experi.ment on the East Indian Ocean geotraverse;
55
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. rvn vrrit,tru~ u~r. VLVLI
planned by the Institute of Physics of the Earth :Lmeni 0. Yu. Shmidt,in
the coming five-year period.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," "Okeanologiya," 1979
j17-5303]
5 30.3
CSO: 1866
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UDC 551.46 _
MONOGRAPH ON ADVANCES IN SOVIET OCEANOLOGY
Moscow USPEKHI SOVETSKOY OKEANOLOGIYA (Advances in Soviet Oceano logy) in
Russian 1979 signed to press 13 April 79 pp 2, 157
[Annotation and table of contents from collection of articles edited by
Academician L. M. Brekhovskikh, signed to press 13 Apr 79, 168 pages]
[Text] This collection of articles gives materials from the Firs t Congress
of Soviet Oceanologists. The articles are devoted to highly important as-
pects of modern oceanology physics, biology, chemistry and geology of ~
the seas and oceans. Considerable attention is devoted to the problems in-
volved in climatology and the problems in exploitation of the mineral re-
sources of the floor. The papers cover the principal achievements of Soviet
scientists in study and exploitation of the world ocean in the interests
of the national economy of the country.
CONTENTS PaSe
Brekhovskikh, L. M., "Problems in Soviet Oceanology in Light of the
Resolutions of the 25th Congress CPSU 33
Shuleykin, V. V., "Large-Scale Interactions Between the Ocean, Atmo- .
sphere and Continents':.....,, 13
Monin, A. S., "Interaction Between the Atmosphere and Ocean"........... 26
Koshlyakov, M. N., Fomin, L. M., "Synoptic Eddies in the Ocean (Review
of ~xperimentaJ Investigations)" 35
Vinogradov, M. Ye., Voronina, N. M., "Development of Communities in
Pelagic Regions of the Ocean" 50
Skopintsev, B. A., "Organic Matter in Ocean Waters" 64
Ivanenkov, V. N., Bordovskiy, 0. K., "Variability of Distribution of
Chemical Elements in Ocean [Jaters" 87
Peyve, A. V., Pushcharovskiy, Yu. M., "Status and Problems of Geology
of the Oceans" 99
57 �
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Page
Bezrukov, P. L., "Geological Prospects of Exploitation of S~~L:id Min-
erals on the Ocean Floor" 107
Lisitsyn, A. P., "Global Zones of Sedi~ntogenesis" 118
Fedynskiy, V. V., Bondarenko, B. A., Volkov, A. N., Garkalenko, I. A,,
Gramberg, I. S., Bemenitskaya, R. M., Pustil'nikov, M. R., "~eopti~s-
ic~~1 Investigations of the Floors of the Seas and Oceans in Rela-
tion to the Problem of Use of Mineral Raw Materials on the Contin-
ental Shelf of the USSR and the World Ocean" 136
_ Treshnikov, A. F., "Principal Results of Investigations in Ocean Re-
gions of the Polar Latitudes ("POLEKS" Program)" 146
Lyubimov, L. L., Voytolovskiy, G. K., "Influence of the Policies of
States on the Development of Marine Activity" 157
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," 1979
[85-5303] �
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UDC 5510465.11
~tESOSCALE DYNAMIC PROC~SSES IN THE OCEAN CREATED BY T~IE ATMOSPHERE
Moscow SREDNEMASSHTABNYYE DINAMICHESKIYE PROTSESSY OKEAiVA, iIOZBUZHDAYEMYYE _
ATMOSF'EROY (Mesoscale Dynamic Processes in the Ocean Created by the Atmo-
- sphere) in Russian 1979 signed to press 20 Feb 79 pp 2, 180-1�31
[Annotation and table of contents from book by S. S. Lappo, 181 pages] _
- [Text] Mat~rials of intermittent observations of the variability of the
level and current in regions of the ocean subjected to powerful synoptic
atmospheric processes are analyzed.
The spatial characteristics of inesoscale atmospheric processes for the ~
northern parts of the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean are
examined on the basis of statistical charting of the fields of atmospheric -
pressure as a result of which there was found to be variability of level and
sea currents caused by the atmosphere.
Peculiarities o� forced mesoscale level variations are analyzed theoretic-
ally and factors which lead to nonstatic reaction of the open ocean to
moving pressure formations and the transfer of inechanical energy from the
- atmosphere into the ocean in the region of inesoscales are evaluated. A
relative picture of thermal and dynamic phenomena in the ocean on the -
_ basis of energy evaluations is presented.
The book is intended for scientists, graduate students and undergraduate
students marine physicists, oceanologists and geophysicists.
CONTENTS Page
Foreword 3
Introduction 7
symbols 14
Chapter 1. Mesoscale Variability of Fields of Atmospheric Pressure
Over Oceans 16
1.1. General nature of atmospheric variability 16
1.2. Spatial variability of fields of atmospheric pressure over the
northern parts of the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean......... 20
. 59
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Page
~ 1.3. Some peculiarities of variability of the atmospheric pres-
sure field over the Indian Ocean in connection with varia-
bility of current velocities in the Arahian Sea 31
Chapter 2. Sea Level Variations 35
1.1. Spectrum of sea level variations.�.��������������������������� 35
1.2. Storm surges......v 37
1.3. Approximations of reciprocal barometer 44
1.4. Captured waves 51
1.5. Analysis of ineteorological variability of sea level along the
Pacific Ocean littoral of the Kurile Islands 57
1.6. Edge waves in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean...... 73
1.7. Some per_uliarities of inesoscale disturbances of the level
in the open ocean 85
Chapter 3. Variation of Current Velocities 98
l.l. Basic results of long-term current observations 98
1.2. Some peculiarities of natural movements 102
1.3. Theoretical description of inesoscale ocean currents.......... 106
1.4. Analysis of current observations in regions of active cyclo- .
genesis 113
]..5. Evaluation of periods of current formation..........~........ 122
7.6. Sea 1eve1 and currents under a rotating region of atmospheric
pressure.. 125
1.7. Barogradient currents under constant sea level 132
1.8. Mesoscale variations of current velocities on the continental
slope of the Kurile Islands 135
Chapter 4. Energies TransmitLed from the Atmosphere into the Ocean in
Plesoscale Regions 140
1.1. Calculation of energy comuiunicated by the atmosphere to a
meteosurge 142
1.2. Evaluation of inesoscale mechanical energy transmitted by the
atmosphere to the ocean 147
1.3. Energy evaluations of some potentials and processes of the
world ocean 160
Conclusion......... 166
Bibliography 171
COP~:RIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," 1979
[34-5303]
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SEMINAR ON 'FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RESEARCH AT SEA'
Moscow GEOMAGNETIZM I AERONOMIYA in Russian Vol 19, No 5, 1979 p 953
jArticle by A. N. Pushkov]
[Text] During the period 19-23 February 1979 a seminar on "Fundamental Prob-
lems of Electromagnetic Research at Sea" was held at the Institute of Ter-
restrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation. The seminar was
attended by 120 representatives from 28 o rganizations. The following prob-
lems were examined at the seminar:
1. T'he development of marine magnetometric apparatus for carrying out sur-
_ veys and study of variations of the electromagnetic field.
2. Use of available information on the spatial-temporal structure of the
geomagnetic field for studying the internal structure of the earCh and the
history of formation of the outer magnetically active shell.
3. Investigations of the variable electromagnetic field in the seas and its
study for the purpose of electromagnetic sounding and profiling of the lith-
osphere and asthenosphere beneath the ocean.
The seminar noted the necessity for the speediest possible development and
practical introduction of bottom component stations developed at the Insti-
tute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation and
other organizations for sea electromagnetic investigations, making it pos-
sible to take variations into account in sea magnetic surveys, and what is
r~iore important, begin the introduction of ineChods for electromagnetic sound-
ing and profiling. Simultaneously with the development of experimental in-
vestigations the seminar notes the importance of the work begun on develop-
ing a method for solving direct and inverse problems,in electromagnetic
sounding. ~
The Institute of Oceanology presented a series of reports written on the
basis of the results of component and modular surveys carried out in 1978.
It was possible.to obtain the results in such a short time due to the
routine processing of data on an electronic computer during the voyage. The
seminar recommends the speediest possible introduction of this' method at
other o rganizations.
G1
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- (;reat Intcrest was stiown in a world achematic map of the anomaloue field
prepared by a group of authors. It generalizes ideas concerning the anom-.
alous field on the continents (in the form of isolines) and for the oceans
(in the form of anomaly axes).
The seminar notes that for the development of generalizing investigations
of the structure of the permanent field it is necessary to create a unified
catalogue of data from sea magnetic surveys.
A resolution was passed calling for publication of the reports in the form
of an individual collection.
COPYRIGHT: Iz3atel'stvo "Nauka," "Geomagnetizm i aeronomiya," 1979
[60-5303]
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II. TERRESTRIAL G~OPHYSICS
Translations
UDC 550.837.1(470.21)
DEEP ELECTROMAGNETIC S~JUNDING WITH A MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC GENERATOR
ON THE KOLA PENINSULA
Moscow DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian Vol 247, No 3, 1979 pp 578-
582
[Article by Corresponding Member USSR Academy of Sciences G. I. Gorbunov,
I. V. Bel'kov, V. I. Pavlovskiy, A. A. Zhamaletdinov, P. L. Katseblin,
Yu. P. Kachayev, Academician Ye. P. Velikhov, Yu. M. Volkov, Yu. A. Drey-
zin, Yu. I. Kuksa, A. V. Zotov, V. V. Yevstigneyev, A. S. Lisin, Academ-
ician B. P. Zhukov, V. V. Vengerskiy and Yu. P. Babakov, Kola Affiliate
imeni S. M. Kirov, USSR Academy of Sciences, Apatity Murmanskaya Oblast]
[Text] A fundamental problem in modern geology is the formulation of a
physical model of the earth. The principal role in its solution is play-
ed by geophysical research methods, and in ~articular, deep electromag-
netic soundings (DES). Data on conductivity of deep horizons make it pos-
sible to judge the geothermal regime and mineralogical composition of the
earth's deep layers [1, 2].
The most reliable information on the geoelectric cross section is given
by sounding with artificial sources: they make it possible to carry out
a morz precise quantitative interpretation and more fully take into ac-
count the influence of horizontal inhomogeneity of the rocks. This direc-
tion in deer research, substantiated by Soviet geophysicists [3], is be-
ing broadly develaped in the USSR and abroad. However, the further broad-
ening of the possibilities of DES is limited by the absence of adequately
powerful mobile electromagnetic field sources.
New possibilities are being afforded by the use of autonomous pulsed
magnetohydrodynamic (I~iD) generators capabZe of developing a power of
- about 100 MW in the emitting dipoles [4]. The f irst experiments in this
direction were carried out in the Pamir [5] and in the Ural [6).
An experiment with DES on the Kola Peninsula has been carried out since
late 1976. The attained range of signal registry is 750 km. The prin-
cipal observations have been made with spacings up to 400 km. The energy
source is a paired I~SHD generator (Fig. 1). Each such generator consists
of three principal units: plasma generator, MHD channel and nonferrous
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electromagnet. In the plasma generator t}iere is combustion of a special -
~ solid fuel with an easily ionizing addition of an alkaline metal. In
~the MHD channel a supersonic plasma flow, formed by combustion products,
is slowed under the influence of the electromagnet's field; in this way
the kinetic energy of the plasma is transformed into an electric current, _
fed from electrodes installed along the lateral walls of the channel.
The current is fed into the electromagnets at the initial moment from the
capacitors in the excitation system. Subsequently one of the channels
passes into a regime of autoexcitation and feeds an electric current into
the windings of both electromagnets, whereas the energy of the second
channel is. entirely expended on maintaining the current in the laad.
;q~~ ~~x , , ~ ~ _ -
x ~`z*
~~7o,+�~k~. q k
~ ~ ~~i ~ I, II I ~k #..r~~~7$ :sf` .y+~r' A~ ryY. ~ ~ ~ . r ;
~ f ~.~~j. ~ x ~
I ~ ,a ' ~w i .=r ,J:r~ } 41 ~
I~ ~
.~,t. 6k.~.. r ~ ~=.~Y~..c
- Fig. 1. "Khibiny-I" MHD apparatus on Sredniy Peninsula; 1) plasma gener-
ators; 2) MHD channels; 3) electromagnets.
A distinguishing characteristic of the experiment is the use of the bays
and sea basin around the Sredniy and Rybachiy Peninsulas as a natural
current circuit. The load resistance in this case was 90 megohm, of which
30 are accounted for by an aluminum cable weighing 16G tons, connecting -
Motovskiy and M. Volokovoy Bays. The maximum current in the load attains
22 kA. Pulse duration is 5-6 sec. The equivalent magnetic moment of the
source thus employed, according to experimental estimates, was 1014 A�m2.
Measurements of the source field were made over the entire territory of
the Kola Peninsula and partially in Karelia using standard-produced MTL-
71, TsES-1 and TsES-2 stations reequipped for the reception of individual
64
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signals. Five field components were registered: EX, Ey, HX, Hy and HZ
in the frequency range 0-1 Hz.
- ,
o ~t- ~ -
I . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
1. ~
' ~i
O . ~ ~ ~
M,~ to 0 o~wOM�
~ ~ ~ .
r~ ~ -a ~ p ~ ~ ,
j ~ ~ . ~ ~ .
_ ? � ~ ~ .
a
~ ~i i ~ : ~ ~ .
~
� ~ ~ ` o _ ~ s ~ ~ .
~ ` ~ . ,
~t`--- '~~i, ! ` ~
1` \ `
1~ ~ . . . ~ ~ �
. . . ~ ~
J ~ -.!i . ` 03 . ,
_ � �1; i . A~ ~ ` 41
_ f � ` ~ ~ ` ? 0.~ ~ �
I
j � ~ ~ _ -
~ ~
1 � ~ �
~1 -
I - ~ ~ � -
I ~-oa .
Fig. 2. Map o� field isolines with distribution of observation points. Iso-
lines: 1) Er in V/km, 2) HZ in y; o~servation points: 3) fundamental, 4)
control; 5) area of detailed work in Pechenga region; 6) direction of el-
ectric currents in sea. ~
The processing of the measured signals was carried out by computing the -
- Fourier spectra and their subsequent normalization using the spectrum of -
the current in the supply circuit, which makes it possible to regard this
- method as a modification of frequency sounding.
The investigated region consisted of ancient crystalline rocks of Archean
~ and Proterozoic ages. The resistivity of most types of rocks varies in
the range 104-105 ohm�m. The crystalline rocks were covered by moraine
(P N io3 ohm�m, thickness 0-30 m). Neglecting its influence and for the
time being not taking into account the possible increase in the conductiv- _
ity of rocks with depth, it can be assumed that the depth of penetration
_ of the electromagnetic field wifih a duration of the impulses of 5-6 sec in
the invesr..igated region is not less than 100-150 km. A serious circumstance -
couplicating the use of DES on the Kola Peninsula is the broad development
of ~ormations with type-n conductivity [7, 8]. Spatially and genetically
they are associated with major structural geology zones which are promising -
GS
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in the search for'minerals, such as the Pecheng~kaya, Imandra-Varzugek-
aya and other zones.
,
- ' 'J ~f ~
. p ~1 ~f
1
- , ~ �Z f
s
I I ~ .
3 \4 I '
. ~ ~ ~ .
~ ~
I ~
, r ~r ii
I , .
f
i ~
~
_ 1 . '
1 '
Fig. 3. Biocks with different resistivity of the earth's crust on the
Kola Peninsula according to data from an experiment with a MHD generator
(olim�m): 1) 105, 2) 104i 3) 103, 4) 102 or less; 5) boundaries of blocks;
6) sounding points. Designations of blocks: A) Tsentral'no-Kol~skiy, Fj and
6') Murmanskiy, B) Notozerskiy, Allarechensko-Sal'notundrovskiy, Z( )
Monchegorskiy, E) Keyvskiy, '~C) Pechengskiy _
The principal objective of the experiment is a clarification of a model
_ of the earth's conductivit:y at depths of 20-100 km. The timeliness of the
problem is determined by tt~e fact that precisely in this depth range the
information on the section is most contradictory. In particular, at these =
depths it is assumed that L�here is an intermediate conducting layer [9, 10],
sometimes identified with the heated asthenosphere [11]. Under the condi-
tions of an open crystalliite shield, where unconsolidated screening depos-
its are absent, there is a passibility of giving the most definite answer
to this question, taking the lateral influence of the structures into ac- ~
count.
Another problem, also to be solved within the framework of the experiment,
is areal geoelectric mapping of the entire Kola Peninsula in the field of
one source. This wiil create a possibility for detecting major conducting
blocks in the earth's crust, which can be classified as ore fields, and _
also to detect deep faults.
T'he principal results of the experiment, based on data collected up to the
present time, can be summarized as follows.
- GG -
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PT~oM�M i -
~~d Adcp Ap~r
(31
~ Homaep3
(41
ro'
~IN1/L
~y~apw l3~ _
rof Xusxa(Z) �
5
neveNSa (~l 6 -
2
>0 ! Z fO~T,C 7 ,
Fig. 4. Sounding curves PT eff based on data from spectral processing of
pulsed signals of t~ID generator. The vertical lines on the curves indicate
the limits of the zone where Hr (c.~ )/HZ 1. The siting of the points
is shown in Fig. 3.
KEY :
1. ohm/m
2. Ader-Yarsh
-3. Notozero
4. Sal'nyye Tundry
5. Khikhna
~ 6. Pechenga
7. sec1~2 -
- 1. A map of division of the earth's crust on the Kola Peninsula into blocks
with different resistivity (Fig. 3) was constructed on the basis of iso-
line maps of magnetic and electric fields (Fig. 2). Confirmation was ob-
tained for the ideas expressed earlier in [7, 8] that blocks of the crys-
talline basement occupied by a thin network of n-type conductors are ma,jor
(about 104 km2) conducting sectors of the earth's crust (P = 102-103 ohm�
m). A high resistivity (about 105 ohm�m) is characteristic of the Murman-
- skiy and Tsentral'no-Kol'skiy blocks.
2. Within the limits of the Murmanskiy block there was the most monotonic
dropoff of the electric and magnetic fields, indicating an adequately uni-
form structure of the upper part of the earth's crust in this region and
the favorableness of the conditions for carrying out DES. The influence
of the shore effect, noted clearly in the behavior of the. HZ component
_ (Fig. 2), agrees well with the results of modeling carried out taking into
67
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account the finite conductivity of the sea. The most general analysis of
attenuation of the electromagnetic field with increasing distance from
the source makes it possible to draw the conclusion that there is no ap-
preciable decrease in ro ck resistivity to depths of 30-40 km. In order
to judge the nature of the section at greater depths it is necessary to
carry out additional work for making the network finer and taking into
account the lateral influence of the sea and rocks of the Keyv structural
zone.
3. In the northwestern part of the Kola Peninsula, where rocks with n-t}~pe
conductivity are widely developed, the structure of the electromagnetic
field is deformed, approaching the form of a plane wave (Hr/HZ ~ 1). This
makes it possible to carry out processing making use of impedance con-
cepts, wi.thout taking source parameters into account. Figure 4 shows the
constructed P T eff curves. Using the coordinates of the minima it is
possible to estimate the total longitudinal conductivity S of the upper
layer. The determined estimates vary from 150 mho for the southern margin
of Pechenga to tens of mho in the Sal'nyye Tundry region.
4. The increased density of the observation network used in the Pechenga
region (Fig. 2) demonstrated the possibility of using the "Khibiny" MHD
apparatus for studying the internal structure of ore fields and for a
joint analysis of the results with data from deep and superdeep drilling.
Thus, as a result of implementation of the first stage in the work it was
possible to create a unique source of an electromagnetic field exceeding
by 4-5 orders of magnitude the parameters of all apparatus used earlier.
Methods were developed for measurement and analysis of the pulsed signals =
of the MHD generator and the first geological results characterizing the
electric properties of the earth's crust on the Kola Peninsula were ob-
tained.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
E
- l. Noritomi, K., J. MINING COLL. AKITA UNIV., A1, 1, 27, 1961.
2. Lyubimova, Ye. A., Fel'dman, I. S., KORA I VERkj~TYAYA MANTIYA ZEMLI ,
(The Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle), Moscow, Izd-vo MGU, No 2, p 144, ~
1975.
3. Krayev, A. P., Semenov, A. S., Tarkhov, A. G., RAZVEDKA I OKHRANA
NEDR (Prospecting and Conservation of Mineral Resources), No 3, 40,
1947.
4. Velikhov, Ye. P., Volkov, Yu. M., et al., TR. VI MEZHDUNARODN. KONFER-
ENTSII PO MGD-GENERATORAM (Transactions of the Sixth International Con-
ference on MfiD Generators), Washington, 9-13 June 1975, Vol 5, p 211,
1975.
68
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5. Velikhov, Ye. P., Volkov, Yu. M., et al., ISPOL~ZOVANIYE IMPUL~SNYKH
MGD-GENERATOROV DLYA GEOFIZICHESKIKH ISSLEDOVANIY I PROGNOZA ZEMLE-
TRYASENIY (Use of Pulsed MHD Generators for Geophysical RPSearch and
Earthquake Prediction), Moscow, 1975.
6. Astrakhantsev, G. V., Babakov, Yu. P., Pt al., DAN (Reports of the USSR
Academy of Sciences), Vol 237, No 4, 808, 1977.
7. Semenov, A. S., VESTN. LGU (Herald of Leningrad State University), No
12, 19, 19.70.
- 8. Zhamaletdinov, A. A., Semenov, A. S., Veselov, I. N., VESTN. LGU, No
18, 55, 1970.
9. Berdichevskiy, M. N., Borisov, V. P., et al., IZV. AN SSSR, FIZIKA
ZEMLI (News of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Physics of the Earth),
No 10, 633, 1969.
10. Porath, H., STRUCtURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE EARTH'S CRUST,
Washington, p 127, 1972.
11. Krasnobayeva, A. G., Kormil'tsev, V. V., Shepeleva, I. M., TEORIYA I
PRAKTIKA ELEKTROMETRII (Theory and Practice of Electrometry), Sverd-
lovsk, p 21, 1972.
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka," "Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR," 1979
[0127-5303]
53Q3
CSO: 8144.
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UDC 550.814
RCMOT~ METHODS FOR STUDYING TH~ GEOLOGICAL STRUCTUIZE OF PETROLEUM AN D
GAS REGIONS '
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 10, 1979 pp 69-78
[Article by Candidate of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences V. I. Gridin and
Doctor of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences N. A. Yeremenko]
[Text] The increase in the demand for different types of mineral raw mater- ~
ial, especially petroleum and gas, during recent decades has led to the de-
velopment of new, high-altitude aerial and space methods for studying the '
earth's natural resources. Such remote study of the geological structure of ~
petro].eum and gas regions has at its basis the close interrelationships _
ainong the processes transpiring in the earth's crust and at the earth's sur-
face, the manifestation of this natural pattern in the modern landscape and
the objective reflection of the peculiarities of the latter in remote sens-
ing materials. There is now no doubt but that different components of the '
landscape to a different degree reflect, absorb or generate electromagnetic '
radiation.
The informative materials obtained by methods for electromagnetic sounding
- of the earth provide data on many geological objects lying at different,
sometimes extremely considerable depths. This applies, in particular, to
faulted and folded structural forms forming as a result of tectonic move- ~
ments. "The appearance ('showing through') of deep structures at the sur-
face occurs due to its mechanical deformations associated with deformations
of deeper layers and due to its geochemical transformations associated with
ascending flows of gas-fluid products of the transformation of matter of
deep layers in the earth's crust and upper mantle." [See: V. I. riakarov and
L. I. Solov'yeva, "Crossed Structural Plan of the Earth's Crust and the
Problem of Manifestati~n of its Deep Elements at the Surface (in the Ex-
ample of the Tien Shan and the Transkaya Platform)," ISSLEDOVANIYE PRIROD-
_ NOY SREDY KOSMICHESKIMI SREDSTVAMI. GEOLOGIYA I GEOMORFOLOGIYA (Investiga-
tion of the Environment by Space Vehicles. Geology and Geomorphology), V~1 '
S, Moscow, 1976.J Simultaneously movements of masses of the earth's crust
cause changes in the gravity, magnetic, heat and other physical fields in ~
the earth. The local changes in these fields predetermine the corresponding ~
redistribution (or reforming) of the landscape components and are becoming
one of the principal reasons for their geochemical transformation. The
70 ~
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reaction of the landscape-forming processes to the mechanical movements
and to the changes in physic~l fielas arising in this case leads to the
formation of specific landscape components (serving as indicators of deep
structure) or to the appearance of local, sometimes scarcely noticeable
anomalies in the structure of its background components. These indicators
and anomalies ensure the representation of the peculiarities of deep struc-
ture of the earth's crust on remote sensing materials. [See: V. I. Gridin,
"Some Problems in the 'I'heoretical Validation of Aerogeological and.Morpho-
metric Methods," STRATIGRAFIYA, LITOLOGIYA I POLEZNYYE ISKOPAYEMYYE BSSR
(Stratigraphy, Lithology and Minerals of the Belorussian SSR), Minsk, 1966;
V. I. Gridin, "On the Problem of the Influence of Local Changes in the
- Earth's Physical Fields on the Nature and Intensity of Relief-Forming Pro-
cesses (in the Example of the BSSR)," SOVREMENNYYE EKZOGENNYYE PROTSESSY
(Modern Exogenous Processes), Kiev, 1968.]
The history of use of remote methods in petroleum exploration work, despite
the relative newness of the entire direction of aerospace study of the
earth's natural resources, is already characterized by definite successes.
Abroad, particularly in the United States, the extensive use of remote meth-
ods for seeking petrole~n and gas deposits was already begun in the 1950's. .
At first use was made only of aerial photographic surveying on black-and-
~ white, then on spectrozonal and calor films. The global character of use of
remote methods and the striving to increase their ~zffectiveness have led to ~
= the use not only of the visible part of the spectr~, but also other ranges
of electromagnetic oscillations. Radar, IR, radiothe~al and other remote
methods have appeared, without which topographic, geological engineering, -
- magnetic, soil and other types of surveys would be unthinkable at the pres-
ent time.
At the same time there has been development of complex systems for multispec-
tral surveying, which necessitated spectrophotometric studies of the in-
vestigated features, and also detezminations of its influence on the sub-
sequent processing of remote sensing data. Television systems �or contin-
uous investigation of the earth with transmission of data through the
radio channel at a real time scale began to be used extensively. The enor-
mous volume of collected information made it necessary to develop and in-
troduce means for the mechanization and automation of the processes of
- interpretation of information materials and also the training of specialists
in the corresponding fields of specialization. The routineness in carrying
out the entire complex of studies, the unquestionable er:onomic Offective-
ness and other merits of remote methods are brought to our attention by a
whole series of petroleum companies, which also finance a considerable
_ part of the work on the United States space program.
In the Soviet Union aer~al methods are being employed for tlie prac;:ical sulu- ~
tion of problems in regional geol~gy, and in particular, in a geological
survey of unforested areas. Since 1966 aerial methods have become mandatory
in geological surveying, geophysical and exploration work carried out by
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organizations of the USSR Geology Ministry. In the Petroleum Industry Min-
istry system experimental-methodological aerogeological investigations
were initiated in 1966-1968. They have been carried out under the direction
of the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploitation. The scientific plans
of this institute as the key institute of the branch include the most
important themes, fundamental for each of the directions in aerospace re-
search, as well as those having general methodological im~ortance. A consid-
erable part of the investigations are carried out under joint programs which
are coordinated with both the corresponding subdivisions of the Petroleum
Industry Ministry and with the organizations and enterprises of the other
ministries and departments. Such an organizational fozm proved to be most
effective far the development of new remote methods and the introduction of
their results.
The launching of the first artificial earth satellite, the first space flight
of Yu. A. Gagarin, the first photographs of the earth from space, obtained
by G. S. Titov, and the work of the first automatic and manned orbital sta-
tions iii the Soviet Union opened up a new space era in study of the earth's
natural resources. The development of the technical means for space photo-
graphy ensured obtaining necessary photographs with a resolution satisfying
the modern requirements on carrying out not only regional, but also detail-
ed petroleum exploration work. The possibility was afforded for obtaining
fundamentally new information and considerably rationalizing the process of
;;tudy of petroleum- and gas-bearing regions. [See: NEFTEGAZONOSNOST' SSSR
(OB"Y[~SNITEL~NAYA 7,APISKA K KARTE NEFTEGAZONOSNOSTI SSSR MASSHTABA~ 1:2500000)
(Occurrence of Petroleum and Gas in the USSR (Explanatory Commentary for the
_ Map oE Occurrence of Petroleum and Gas in the USSR at a Scale 1:2500000)), _
rioscow, 1976. ]
"The Fundamental Directions in Development of the USSR National Economy in
1976-1980," adopted by the 25th Congress CPSU, called for a considerable
broadening of the use of aerial high-altitude and space photography for a
study of the earth's natural resources. In the implementation of the congress
_ resolutions there has been an expansion of scientific research and experimen-
tal studies for creating new remote methods, their testing and introduction
into practical petroleum exploration work.
Proceedinp on the basis of the positive experience in use of remote sensing
data obtained within the limits of the Pripyatskaya, Dneprovsko-Donetskaya
and Ferganskaya petroleum and gas regions, the Petroleum Industry Ministry
made provision for further improvement and introduction of remote methods
for tt~e search for petrole~ deposits. For this purpose the ministry has or-
ganized a~ystem of field specialized subdivisions in production combines.
The task of these subdivisions is the carrying out of experimental-methodo-
logical and experimental-production investigations for the introduction of
aerial and space methods under specific conditions prevailing in the stud-
ied regions.
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The organization of the system of specialized subdivisions in the Petrol-
eum Industry Ministry encountered definite difficulties c2used by the
shortage of specialists in the corresponding fields of specialization and
skills, who are not specially prepared by colleges and technical schools.
Permanently operating courses for increasing qualifications in aerospace
methods have been establish~d for the retraining of geologists and geophys-
icists. During the period 1976-1978 exercises were carried out in the pre-
field, field and office stages of the work for 63 specialists.
The aerospace service of the Petroleum Industry Ministry is carrying out a
broad range of investigations. They include the development and testing of
the methods and technology for remote study of petroleum- and gas-bearing
regions applicable to solution of petroleum exploration problems; refine-
ment of known and validation of new directions in geological studies for
supporting the front of long-range search for petroleum deposits; refine-
ment of the structure of known and detection of new areas for exploration
with the formulation of specific recommendations for carrying out geophys-
ical and drilling work. Scientific methods and technological procedures for
remote sensing are used on an experimental basis by territorial specialized
subdivisions of the ministry. At present the first results of such investi-
gations and also materials from their checking by traditional geological-
geophysical methods have been obtained for a number of petrole~- and gas-
bearing provinces and oblasts. These materials make it possit~le to give a
general evaluation of the geological and economic effectiveness of aerospace
investigations carried out in our country in the search for petroleum.
The most representative results were obtained within the limits of the
Dne~~rovsko-Pripyatskaya gas- and petroleum-bearing province. In overall-
regianal studies in collaboration with the "Priroda" State Center special-
ists prepared a map of the tectonic structure of the Pripyatsko-Dneprovsko-
Donetskiy aulacogen (Fig. 1).
The structure of the northern and southern deep faults of.this aulacogen
was determined more precisely, as were regional longitudinal and transverse
dislocations. As demonstrated by interpretation materials, the productive
deposits of the zones of deep faults are collected into liemianticlinal folds.
The petroleum exploration work carried out in the Ozeryanskaya, Prokopenkov-
skaya and other areas demonstrated that these folds can control industrial
aeposits of hydrocarbons. A comparison of data from remote sounding with the
res~ilts of geological-geophysical investigations made it possible to form-
ulate recommendations on carrying out petroleim? exploration work in zones
of deep faults.
The aulacogen is broken into large blocks by longitudinal and transverse
faul.ts. The total vertical aruplitudes of neotectonic movements of the blocks
attain 110-130 m. With an effective thickness of the productive horizons�of
several tens of ineters these movements could exert a definite influence
on reformation of deposits of hydrocarbons, which makes it possible to re-
gard the neotectonic activity of the studied structural forms as one of the
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.,1:>~>;;>
> ,
�,~I,~~If>~~'~'I~'>:~~/>
I
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~ , ~ .
{~.I, "'~-~'_-I ~~i>,
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: ~ � i ` � ~ ' ~ .~t:l:'
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' Jr 1~ I i + 1`-
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. � / ;ly�.. ~~~Z
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e.x ~ 'vi~. ~ a
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W~`~ _ Y~c�~ a~:- " " ~ -
s i., .~~/.W. . .
~s, ~,~'~�Y,=: ~ 1
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Fig. 1. Diagram of tectonic structure of Pripyatsko-Dneprovsko-Donetskiy
aulacogen. Compiled on the basis of an interpretation of space photographs
with use of a map of tectonic re~~onalization of the southern USSR (compil-
ed by N. A. Yeremenko, V. I. Gridin, 1976). 1) outlines of major tectonic
structures, 2) outlines of inedium and small tectonic structures, 3) struc-
tural lines, expressed in structure of landscape and hypothetically compar-
able with zones of dislocations, 4) structural lines comparable with dislo-
cations, 5) principal petroleum and ~as deposits, 6) degree of plunging of
basement or folded basement in "cores" of structural elements of pre-Baykal-
ian age above 0, 7) 0-3 km, 8) 3-10 km, 9) degree of plungin g of basement
or folded ba~ement in "cores" of structural elements of Hercynian age above
0, 10) 0-3 l~, 11) 3-10 km.
criteria for evaluating the prospects of finding petroleum and gas. The macro-
block structure of the Pripyatskaya petroleum-bearing region was confirmed
and made more detailed when carrying out regional aerospace work. An analysis
of these results in comparison with data from preceding and subsequent geo-
logical.and geophysical investigations of the eastern half of the region
will help in a more precise determination of the position and structure of
already known uplift zones.
~ On the gently sloping slopes of these zones, and also in depression zones of
the Pripyatskiy downwarp the use of aerospace methods~made it possible to
detect extensive zones of photoanomalies comparable with chains of hemian-
ticlinal folds which are controlled by dislocations with a small amplitude.
Thirty-onene~~zones of photoanomalies were detected. Thirteen were recom-
mended for checking as being the most promising. Ten zones were checked by
individual intersections and nine were confirmed.
On the basis of the results of multisided processing of remote and geolog-
ica]-geophysical data both longitudinal and transverse neotectonic zonality
werc detected in the Pripyatskiy dowuwarp. According to aerospace data, the
longitudinal zones of neotectonic uplifts in general coincide with zones of
productive horizons detected by seismic prospecting and drilling work. The
transverse zones of neotectonic uplifts, bounded by dislocations of a north-
easterly strike, were not detected by earlier geological-geophysical inves-
- tigations. According to data from aerogeological investigations, transverse
zones of uplifts in the neotectonic structural plan are seemingly superpased
on longitudinal zones of uplifts. In the places of intersections of trans-
verse and longitudinal zones there are local structures characterized by
maximum amplitudes of the uplifts during the Neogene-Anthropogene. A com-
parison of the horizontal distribution of tra~isverse zones af neotectonic
uplifts with'available factual data on the presence of petroleum indicates
that all industrial petroleum deposits known at the present time are situ-
ated within the limits of the mentioned zones or their slopes. The detected
regular correlation between the presence of ~etroleum and the peculiarities
of neotectonic movements is based on a relatively small volume of factual
material and requires further confirmation. But even now when defining
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areas for priority petroleum exploration work and the distribution of such
work it is necessary that transverse neotectonic zonality be taken into
account.
Transverse dislocations and their zones are also of independent petroleum
expJ.oration significance. They separate local structures from one another
and divide them into individual blocks. In particular, they separate the
periclines of petroleum and gas deposits and in this case can serve as a
tectonic shield of petroleum deposits. An example is the Ozeryanskoye up-
lift of the Dneprovsko-Donetskaya gas- and petroleu~bearing region, broken
by transverse faults into a number of blocks. Figure 2 is a diagram of the
structure of this area based on aerogeological data.
Due to the data which have been obtained it was possible to make more de-
tailed the already known and to detect new promising directions in petrol-
eum exploration work. Reference is to carrying out exploration in regions of
anomalies associated with structural complications on the gently sloping
monoclinal sides of uplift zones; periclines of petroleum and gas deposits
cut by transverse faults; anomalies associated with structural forms in the
zones of the Northern and Southern deep faults.
The good prospects for the mentioned directions were partially confirmed by
subsequent seismic prospecting and drilling work.
The good results of detailed aerospace investigations in the Dneprovsko-
Pripyatskaya gas- and petroleum-bearing province can be illustrated in the
example of one of the sectors of experimental work situated in the north-
western part of the Dneprovsko-Donetskaya region. Figure 3 gives a compar-
ison of the results of aerospace, preceding and subsequent geological-geo-
- physical work in this sector.
The sector is situated within the limits of a region of well-developed pet-
roleum production. It includes two petroleum and gas deposits. For a long
time new areas promising for search for petroleum and gas deposits were not
detected here by traditional geological-geophysical studies, but 13 local
structures and their blocks to one degree or another promising for petrol-
~ eum e.xploration were discovered. Aerospace investigations in the sector
revealed photoanomalies corresponding to the mentioned search objects. All
.13 known promising structures were represented on the materials from remote
sensing with a total or at least a partial coincidence of outlines. In ad-
di_tion, 12 photoanomalies were detected. Definite patterns in the distribu-
tion of explorable structures were also detected: longitudinal and trans-
verse zonality was noted and a significant role ~f dislocations of north-
westerly and northeasterly strikes was established in the structure of the
studied territory. Taking into account the mentioned patterns, six photo-
anomalies were recommended as priorities for subsequent petroleum explora-
tion work.
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~
~t
_ \ ~
(
\
~ � ~
T
~
O
~ T~
~1 ~2 ~3 ~4
Fig. 2. Diagram of structure af Ozeryanskaya area according to aerogeolog-
ical data. 1) structural lines expressed in structure of landscape and hy-
- pothetically asso~iated with plicative dislocations, 2) surmised disloca-
tions and their zones, 3) borehole not penetrating into productive strata,
4) borehole penetrating into productive strata
It was established by subsequE~nt geologi~al and geophysical work that nine
of the eleven photoanomalies subjected to checking were associated with
Carboniferous deposits and two anomalies were not confirmed by seismic pros-
pecting data. Parametric and ex.ploratory drilling was carried out within
the limits of four phoioanomal�i~s. Petroleum and gas deposits were discover-
_ ed in the Belousovskaya and S~:etlichnaya anomalies. Gas flows and a core
with petroleum were obtained in the Ozeryanskaya area using a stratum tester.
All the above enumerated facts indicate that even in regions exploited by
the petroleum industry and characterized by considerable (although non-
uniform) study, the combining of remote and traditional methads is cr2ating
a possibility for obtaining new information on deep structure, and on their
basis refining the position of luiown explorable structures and with an ade-
quately high degree of reliability detecting new ones.
The coefficient of confirmability of photaanomalies by subsequent geological-
geophysical studies, judging from the resulis of work in the Dneprovsko-Pri-
pyatskaya province, attains 0.8-0.9. Within the limits of the province, by
aerospace investigations, the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploitation
- has discovered 324 local anomalies. A total of 128 anomalies have been recom-
- mended as priority for checking, 54 have been drilled and 44 have been con-
firmed. As a result of the exploration and reconnaissance work in the checked
photoanomalies it was possible to detect seven deposits and flows of gas and
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l~etro.leum were obtained in five areas. Thirteen areas were inc~uded in the
drilling plan. Thus, the prospects are broadening for regions with a well-
developed petroleum production and the most effective directions for subse-
quent geological prospecting work are noted.
Positive results with the use of remote methods in petroleum exploration
work have also been obtained in other petroleum- and gas-bearing regions
and oblasts.
[dithin the limits of the Bashkirskiy petroleum-bearing region on the slope
_ of the Yuzhno-Tatarskiy arch and ~he Blagoveshchenskaya depression the aero-
geological studies by the "BashNIPlneft institute along linearly oriented
landscape components have defined zones of incrPased development of tectonic
fis~uring which serve as indicators of dislocations bounding DEVOiiian graben-
like downwarps and horstlike uplifts. As a result the possibility of a nor-
izon-by-horizon structural interpretation was noted. A total of 30 new anom- -
alies associated with local uplifts were detected. As a result of these in-
vestigations recommendations were given on the organization of seismic pros-
pecting and drilling work.
In the Prikam'ye area, on the basis of the results of regional investiga-
tions of an aerogeological expedition of the "Permneft combine it was pos-
sible to make neotectonic and tectonic regionalization more detailed over
an area of 55,000 km2; extensive (up to 150 km) linearly oriented zones of
photoanomalies, comparable with "seam" zones in the basement, were detected.
By detailed work in the Solikamskaya depression near known petroleurn depos-
its it was possible to detect 36 photoanomalies; in the southern part of the
Verkhne-~echorskaya depression 48 anomalies; in the zone of joining of
the Ver~hne-Pechorskaya and Solikamskaya depressions 21 anomalies. A
network of structural boreholes was drilled in two anomali.es. It was estab-
lished that one anomaly corresponds to an uplift along the Lower Pe rnnian de-
posits, whereas another corresponds to a structural terrace.
In the West Siberian petroleum- and gas-bearing province the regional aero-
space investigations carried out by the "Tyumenneftegeofizika" trust reveal-
� ed the presence of linearly oriented photoanomalies associated with flexural-
_ faulted zones. These postulated zones separate blocks which are cnr.~~derable
in size, characterized by a~'ifferent direction and different amplitudes -
of niovements in the neatectonic stage of geologi~al development. On the
basis of a comparison of the neotectonic regionalization map and available
information on the presence of petroleum and gas in the studied territories
- there was found to be a reguZar relationship between the distribution of
deposits of hydrocarbons and the peculiarities of neotectonic movements.
- The interpretation of materials from a specialized photographic survey
within the limits of the Surgutskiy and Nizhnevartovskiy sectors demonstrat-
ed that most of the known petroleum and gas structures are reflected in the
results of aerogeological mapping. In addition, 12 other anomalies were not-
_ ed, hypothetically associated with local structures. ~uo of these anomalies
were recommended for detailed seismic prospecting. The results of remote
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investigations obtained in the Middle Ob' region are affording new pros-�
pects for finding petroleum and gas in this region.
- ~ ~..N ~
. \ ; i _ .
~ , ~,y
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; ^ ; tt` . . . , 3
~ '~~'�1
~J y~ ~.^\~l
\ ~ , ~ ` ~
i~~` i~, ~-�~v~ ~
? ~
~ `,ti
, .
` i
~ ~ .-r - t
.
~ 11 r-. ,,``�j
- ~ ; ,
~ ~
. ' - `
. ~ ' ` ,
~ . \
. ~
_ Lf ;r~ '
t ` ,V .
~
~ ~ -
, ~ ~ `,1, .
\`i ~~1 ~ S_`1
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\ ~ .`v ~
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1 ~
~ `.1_w
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~
Fig. 3. Comparison o= results of detailed aerosp.~ce, preceding and subsequent
geological-geophysical investigations within limits of Dneprovsko-Donetskaya
pe~roleum- and gas-bearing region. 1) outlines of photoanomalies detected by
aerospace sounding methods, 2) outlines of local petroleum exploration areas
- detected by preceding geological-geophysical studies, 3) outlines of petrol-
eum explorati~n areas detected by subsequent geological-geophysical work
-
In cooperation with the "Aerogeologiya" combine specialists compiled the
"Cosmophototectonic Map of the Aral-Caspian Region," o*: the basis of which
i~ was possible to carry out neotectonic, tectonic and petroleum geology
regionalization of this territory. The principal directions in further ex-
ploration work in the Caspian depression, Ciscaucasia and the Mangystilaksko-
Buzachinskiy regiort were defined. [See: KOSMOFOTOTEKTONICHESKAYA KARTA ARALO-
KASPIYSKOGO REGIONA (Cosmophototectonic Map of the Aral-Caspian Region), '
Moscow, 1978.]
_~e aerogeologi 1 investigations carried out by the "VolgogradNlPIneft .
institute, withi the limits of the northern part of the Dono-Medveditskiy
megarampart reve led 44 photoanomalies, in the northern part of the Pri- .
volzhskaya monoc ne 70, in the western part of the Caspian depression
53. Among these omalies 84 were determined for the first time and 38~were -
recommended ~or t e carrying out of geological exploration work. The funda-
mental possibility ~f using remote methods for detecting Upner Frasnian
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reefs was demonstrated, which will considerably broaden the prospects for
discovering deposits in traps of this type. It was also established that
systems of dislocations detected by remote methods exert a decisive influ-
y ~nce on the distribution of local structures, riftogenic formations and
collectors of a high capacity of both thz fissured and pore types. A bore-
- tiole drilled with aerogeological data taken into a:,count yielded a flow of
petroleum from the Starooskol'skiy horizon of the Givetian stage with a.
~ depth of 4,686 m and thus a new deposit was discovered. -
In the Fergana depression the aerospace investigations of the institute -
"SredazNlPlneft made possible a detailed stu~ly of tectonic regionaliza-
ti.on. The position of longitudinal zones of dislocations was refined. The
regularly constructed system of transverse faults and the transverse neo-
tectonic zonality caused by them were detected. Regular correlations were
established between the spatial distribution of deposits of hydrocarbons ;
and the activity of structural forms in the Neogene-Anthropogene stage of
geologi.cal development. Within the limits of the Naukatskiy downwarp, within
the limits of the Bol'shaya Kyrkkol'skaya anticline it made possible a de-
tai.led description of the structure of zones of deep and regional faults;
a number of new dislocations were detected; ~il faults were divided into
three age generations. On the basis of the results of this work it was
r.ecommended that deep drilling be carried out in the Bol'shaya Kyrkkol'-
skaya anticline.
ldittiin ttie limits of the Mangyshlakskava petroleum and gas region the re-
gior!al studies of the "Mangyshlakneft combine made it possible to trace
earlier known fault zones and detect new ones and a system of sublatitud-
_ inal and submeridional faults, determining the block structure of the ter-
ritory, w~1s defined. As a result oi detailed studies a structural-tectonic
diagram of the Rakushechnoye deposit was compiled.
Positive result~ of use of remote methods were also obtained within the lim-
its of the Timano-Pechorskaya pet.roleum and gas province. By aerogeological
methods it was possible to give a detailed description of the Kolvinskoye
uplift, detected earlier by a geological survey; it became part of the
structures prepared for exploratory drilling.
A generalization of the available materials makes it possible to conclude
that aerospace investigatians are of assistance in solving a whole series -
of petroleum exploration problems. . -
An overall-regional study of petroleum and gas basins will assist in inven-
torying and reinterpreting geological-geophysical materials on a basis com-
mon for the entire basin, in clarifying problems related to neotectonic and
tectonic regionalization, in giving detailed descriptions of known an�.' de- _
tecting new regional dislocations, in compiling overall-regional tectonic "
regionalization maps and maps of prediction of the presence of petroleum
and gas to provide a scientific basis for subsequent geological prospecting
studies and also for refining known and defining new directions in
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_ ~
petroleum exploration work for their long-term planning.
In regional geological-geophysical study of zones of petroleum and gas ac-
cumulation aerospace investigations faw r the refinement of known concepts
and the discovery of new peculiarities of modern structure, tectonic and
~ neotectonic regionalization of zones of petroleum and gas accumulation;
clarification of the peculiarities of geological development in the neotec-
t~nic stage and a comparative evaluation of the most recent activity of
structural forms; deterniination and detailed description of the elements
of fault tectonics and the mapping of regional tectonic fissuring; discov-
ery and mapping of photoanomalias associated with zones of uplifts and
ma~or local structures; predicted evaluation of the studied territory and
_ clarification of the directions, areas and vol~es of priority petroleum
exploration work.
In detailed petroleum expl~ration work remote sensing is helping to refine
- and make more detailed the structure of known areas for exploration with -
the formulation of recommendations for carrying out further exploration and
reconnaissance work; to detect photoanomalies associated with promising ex-
ploratior. areas for preparing later geophysical methods for explo ratory
drilling; to evaluate exploration areas on the basis of their activity in _
the neotectonic stage and to designate which are priority for the carrying
out of subsequent petroleum exploration work; to give a quite detailed de-
scription of known and detect new fault zones, local dislocations, zones _
of tectonic fissuring; to routinely analyze the results of geophysical and
drilling work with subsequent issuance of recommendations on the siting of
parametric and exploratory boreholes.
The preliminary results of experimental investigations make it possible to _
consider the use of aerospace methods to be promising both in the explora-
tory stage and in a number uf cases also in the exploitation of petroleum
deposits. Their use for topogeodetic and geological engineering support of
reconnaissance and exploration work, development of oil fields, construc-
tion and operation of pEtroleum and gas pipelines, industrial and civil
construction has gained general acceptance.
With respect to the method for determining the economic effectiveness of
aerospace investigations carried out in the search for petroleum, for the
time being it has not yet been developed. It is known that the average
cost of the regional aerospace investigations carried out by the organiz-
ations of the Petroleum Industry Ministry per 1 km2 is 17 rubles, and with-
. in the limits of one zone of photoanomalies 6,000 rubles; the cost of
detailed aerospace work in an area of 1 km2 is 58 rubles, and within the
limits of one photoanomaly 2,700 rubles.
The aerospace service of the Petrole~ Indus~ry Ministry, in its scientific
~ research and experimental aspects headed by the Iflstitute of Geology and
Mineral Exploitation, in general is well-organized and is successfully
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functioning. The results of the scientific research and experimental work
made tt possible to recommend a number of inethodological and technological
developments for use. Their checking under experimental-field conditions
has demonstrated that they yield excellent results and are highly effective.
COPYRIG1iT~: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka," "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR," 1979 .
[89-5303]
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III. ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC RESEARCH
Translations -
UDC 551.324.433(99)+551.324.86
MONOGRAPH ON MELTING AND LIQUID RUNOFF FROM SURFACE OF THE ICE COVER
IN ANTARCTICA
Leningrau TAYANIYE I ZHIDKIY STOK S POVERKHNOSTI LEDNIKOVOGO POKROVA ANTARK-
. TIDY (Melting and Liquid Runoff from the Surface of the Glacier Cover in
Antarctica) in Russian 1979 signed to press 21 Jun l9 pp 2, 127
IAnnotation and table of contents from monograph by V. D. Klokov, Gidro-
meteoizdat, 128 pages]
[Text] The monograph gives the results of the latest investigations of the
conditions for melting and liquid runoff on the periphery of the Antarctic
continent. A considerable place is devoted to observations carried out in
1969/70 and 1972/73 in Enderby Land in the neighborhood of Molodezhnaya
station. A method is proposed for determining the area of regions of liquid
runoff. A study is made of the structure of the heat balanc~~of the melting
glacier cover. A quantitative evaluation is given of the liquid runoff from
the surface of Antarctica. Recommendations are formulated on the reckoning
and purposeful use of natural runoff for practical purposes with the onset
of the socioeconomic development of AntarcCica. The monograph is of inter-
est for geographers, hydrologists, meteorologists anc~ specialists inter-
ested in problems relating to heat and mass exchange in glaciers.
COi?TENTS Page
Foreword 3
Introduction 4
7
Chapter 1. Dimensions and Internal Division of Melting Zone
Stratotypes of inelting 7
Boundaries of inelting and infiltration 12
' Zones of ice tormation and boundary of ineltwater runoff..... 17
Chapter 2. Regions of Runoff-Forming Melting 21
Peculiarities of snow accumulation in regions of runoff of
meltwater 22
External appearance and microrelief o.f snowless ice surface. 29
Method for determining the area of regions of runoff-forming
melting 32
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Page
Total area of regions of runoff-forming melting and its -
geographical distribution 41
Chapter 3. Heat Balance of Melting Glacier Surface 44
Receipts and expenditure of radiation heat 47
Heat exchange in acCive layer 55
Heat exchange with the atmosphere 59
Structure of the heat balance 68 .
Chapter 4. Melting and Surface Ablation 72
Ablation observations 72.
Vertical melting gradient 78 _
Correlation between meiting, temperature and solar radiation 81
Spatial distribution of summer ablation norm and volume of
liquid runoff from surface of Antarctica 84
Chapter 5. Recommendations on Calculating and Using Natural Melting in
the Practical National Economic Use of Antarctica......... 89
Principles for predicting dangerous phenomena associated
with bursting of inelt water from glacial-ponded lakes..... 89
Calculating melting in the construction of snow runways..... 94
Conditions for the passability of surface vehicles in
regions with intensive melting 102
Summary 110
I3ibliography 118
COPYRIGHT: Arkticheskiy i antarkticheskiy nauchno-issledovatel~skiy
~ institut (AANII), 1979
[86-5303J
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