JPRS ID: 8831 USSR REPORT CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY

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AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY

26 DECEMBER 197~ CFOUO 4179) i aF 2
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JPRS L/8831 -
26 December� 1979
IJSSR R~ ort
_ p
, . .
_ CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS Q.ND
= AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
~
(FOUO 4/79)
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JPRS L/8831
� 26~December 1979
~ USSR REPORT ~
- CYBERNETICS, COMPUTER~ AND
- AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY '
(FOUO 4/79) .
This serial publication contains articles, abstract$ of art~.cles and news
items from USSR scientific and technical journals on the spe~ifia subjects
reflected in the table of contents.
_ i~~~~
Photoduplications of foreign-language sources cnay be obt~,ained from the
Photoduplication Service, Library of Congre~s, Washington, D. C. 20540.
Requests ~hould provide adequate identification both a~ to the source,and
the individual article(s) desired.
CONTENTS Pp.GE
I, DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF COMPUTERS AND CONTROL EQIUIPMENT 1
_ A, General Treatment,.. 1
Translations of Articles 1
The Proble;n of Estimating the Quality of Computer
.
- Systema 1
, B. Unified System or Ryad Series 3
Translations of Articles 3
The YeS 1025 Electron:Lc Computer 3
Concepts of Development of the Second Series of YeS
_ Computers 4 ,
_ Experim~ntal Integrated Data Baseg Its Planning and
Actualization on the YeS 1030 Comput~r g
. - a - jTII USSR - 21C S&T FOUO]
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
A High-Speed Fast Fourier Transform Processor 5 ~
C. Hardware 6 ~
Translations of Articles 6 -
Dialogue Information Displays Using Cathode-Ray Tubes 6
The Use of the "Videoton-340" Video Term~nal With ~
Printer On-Line With the BESM-6 for Electrical
Power Network Enterprise Data Pxocessing 6
An Infora~ tion Reader and Writer 7
A Scaler 8
A Computer Sys tem 9
- An Information Input Unit g
A Binary-Decimal 12222 Code to a Unitary Code
Converter . 10
A Desk Top Computer Designed Around a Microprocessor 11 ;
The Realization of Group Exchange Through the YER15-02 -
_ Unit on the YeS-1010 Computer 12
= Specifics of the Instruction System of One Multiprocessor
Computer With Common Control 12
.
Arithmetic-Logic Device for a Multiprocessor Computer 13
- Group Parallelism and Dual Perfor.mance of Parallel
Computations 13 -
Use of Associative Buffer Memory in Multiprocessor -
Systems 14
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CONTENTS (Coatin~ted) page
~ Simple Hardware Actualization of Ar~.thmetic and Logic
Operators in a Homogeneous Computing Structure 14
Methods of Increasing the Effectiveness of Multiproceeaor
Computer Systems 15
_ Dialogue Remote Task Input 15
A Group Interface for Connection of Analog-Digital
Converters W ith the M-400 Computer .,,,,,.o.,.,.,,,...~ 16
An Interface Between Terminals and Computer 16
USSRA Device to Convert Shaft Rotation Angle Into Code 17
Device for Multiplication and Division lg
v ~
`i Device for Reading Information on Cylindrical Magnetic
Domaiiis . 19
.
- The Processor of a Digital Computer System 19
Criteria for Optimal Subdi~�ision of a Semiconductor
Memory in Modules 20
One Method of Actualization of a D iscret~ Automaton Using
the M6800 Microprocessor 21
Mechanical Effects and Protection of Electro~zic
_ Apparatus. A Textbook for Students in the Area of
Design and Production of Electronic Computer Equipment . 22
Semiconductor Zntegrated Memory Circuits Based on Bipolr~r
Transistor Structitres 22
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
Analysis of Algorithms for the Coupling of Large and
Small Electronic Computera in Teleautomatic Queueing
Systems. I 23
Rules for Minimization of the Number of Conflicts in -
Multiprocessor Couaputer Systems 26 -
~''::omputers in Scientific Research
26
Design of Multifunction Cells in Reconstructed Multi- "
purpose Uniform Computing Arrays 2~
D. Programming and Saftware 30
Translations of Articles 30
Questions of the Modular Construction of CoMplex
Programs 30
A Budget Syst~m for the Dispak Operating System 30
Software for the Unified System of Computers for , ~
Operation in a Multiple Machine Computer Complex 31
Modernization of the Madlen Autocode. Met:?~ds of ~
Tr.inslator ~Optimization g2 -
1'
Software for the "Nairi-2" Computer Data Plotter 32 ~
The DOS YeS Operating System~ Handbook 33
Systems Capability of Remote Processing Softraare
Packages 33
Determinism of Parallel Diagrams 34
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CONTENTS (Continued) pag~
A System'for Processing the Results of Numerica;.
Calculations Using"a Small Computer 35 '
COBOL. A Programmed Text ~or Economics Students 36
- Estimation of the Time Required to Reach Operators
in a Program 37
- Formatless Input Programs Written in Machir,ie-
,Independent Fortran 38
~ -
~
E. Automated Design and Engineering `39
Translations of Articles 39
The Utilization of Graphical Displays for Flanning
the Topology of Large Scale Integrated Circuits 3q
II. ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS 40
A. General Treatment 4~
Trans.lations of Articles 40
- Problems of Data Aggregation and Disaggregation in
Automatic Management Systems 40
The Activi~y of Computer Centers During the Stage of
Creation of an Automated Ma.nagement System 4L
Automation of Planning of Ma.nagecuent Systems . Colleation
of Works 42
An Administrative-Terminal Enterprise Control System 42
Information Support of Management Systems 43
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CONTENTS (Continued) p$ge
Technique Proposed for Figuring Automatic Ma.nagement
System Efficiency by Stages Sg
A Method of Calculating the Personnel Involved in ,
Planning and�Introduction of Automated Enterprise
~ Mana ement S s tems at� a Com uter Center 62
~ g Y P
B. Bloc-NonBloc Cooperation 63 ~
Transla.tions of Articles 63
The Current Status and Prospects for Future Utilization----
of C~mputer Equipment in the Ecoaomy ~ 63 -
; . -
Economic and Legal Aspect of Op~rating Int~rnational _
Computer Networks -64`
C. Over-All Planning M~thods 65
Translations of Articles 65- -
The Improvement of the Or�ganization of CompuCational
Processes in Automated Management Systeros 65
The Economic Analysis Subsystem of an Automated
Enterprise Management System 66
D, Economic Coc~trol at National Level 68 ~
Translations of Articles ~g
Automa:ted System for Scientific and Technical Inform:ition
in the Heavy and Transport Ma.chine-Building Sector--
ASNTItyazhmash . 68
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~ CONTENTS (Continued) Page
E, Economic Control at Local Level 71
. Abstracts of Articles 71
Organi,zation and Minsk-32 Computer Solution of Tasks
Re:.~ted to the Combined Model for Pl~nning tine
Econamy of th~ TSSR 71
F. Ma~ufacturing and Processing Industries 72
Translations of Articles 72
. Automation of Ferrous Metallurgy 72
- Autoroation of Technology and Management of Production
in Ferrous Metallurgy 73
G. Transportation SystPm 76
Translations of Articles 76
Keyboard Computers. Design and Maintenance. A
Textbook for Railroad Transport Technical Schools 76
H. Construction
= Translations of Articles ................................o. 77
New Index of Use Efficiency of Computers in Construction
Needed 77
_ I. Financial System 80 ~
Transla~ions of Articles gp
One Method of Estimating the Indirect Savings From -
the Use of Computers for Processing ot Bank
Information 80
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
Computer-Aided Data Procesaing in a Financial-Credit
System 82
Dialog Automated System of Renumeration for Work 82
III. SOCIOCiTLTURAL AND PSYCHOLOG ICAL PROBLEMS 84
A. Planning, Management, and Automation of Scientific
Research 84
Translations of Articles 84
The Problem of Integration of Scientific and Adminis-
trative Information Systems 84
Problems o� Development of an Automatic Management SysCem
_ , t
_ for a Branch Scientific Research and Planning-
Design Organization 85
- B. Artificial Intelligence g~~
- Translations of Articles g~
The Plener-BESM Programming Language 87
Achievement of Global Control in a Group of Processors 87 ,
IV. NATURAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 89
A. Biology and Medicine gg
Abstracts of Articles gg ~
An Analog-Digital Attachment to an "Elcar" Electro-
- cardiograph 89
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CONTENTS (Continued) page
V, INFORMATION SCIENCE 90
A. Information Services 90 -
Translations of Articles 90
A Device for Decoding of Code 90
The Remote Data Processing Created at Mera Associa tion 91 -
D evelopment of Cooperation in the Ar~a of Remote D ata
~ Processing. New Tas 92 _
Representation of Output Data in Automated Information
Systems With nifferentiated Absolute Accuracy 94
The Problem of Calculation o~ Certain Characteristics
of Interference Stability of D iscrete Information
Transmission Systems 94
D ata Base Systems Produced in the USSR. 95
An Adaptive Device for Information Processing 96
UPD-6 Da'ta Ma.nagement System. Additional Macro- -
instructions and Utilities 97
VI. TFiEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 98 _
A. General Problems 98
Translations of Articles 98
Random Tracking in Optimization Problems 9g
B. Automatic Control and Control Systems 100 _
Translations of Articles ].00
An Extremal Regulator 100
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_ CONTENTS (Continued) Page =
VII. GENERAL INFORMATION 101 -
A. Conferences 101
y
Translations of Articles 101
Symposium on Sof tware Bevelopment for Highly
Produc~tive Computing Systems 101
~
~ All-Union Seminar "Theoretical Problems of Programming"
(Prograr.tis and Program Composition) 107
Ninth All-Union School-Seminar on Adaptive Systems 110
Work of the Leningrad School on the Problem of
Bus ines s. Games l:i g
- Fourth All-Union Conference on Statistical Mettcods
of Contro~. Theory 119
~ Calendar of Scientific Meetings 126
B. Persor.alities 127
- Translations of Articles 12~
70th Anniversary Review of Career of Scientist
Vladimir Ivanovich Siforov 127 '
Biographical Sketch of Mikhail Aleksandrovich
Gavrilov 130
' A. A. Sat~arskiy Receives Awards , Congratulations 132
N. P. Fedorenko Receives Prize for Op~:Lmization -
Economics Book 134
- Boris Nikolayevich Petrov, Vice-President, USSR - ^
Academy of Sciences 134
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CONTENTS (Continued) pag~
- Work by Viktor Mykhaylovych Glushkov 136 _
Capsule Description r.� dleg Mikhaylovich Belotaerkovakiy; _
His Main Works 137
_ Capsule Description of Georgiy Pavlovich Lopato, His -
= Main Works 138
Capsule DescripCion of Nikolay Yakovlevich Matyukhin;
His Main Works 139 -
Scientific Personnel of Siber3.an Division of the USSR _
Academy of Sciences: Methods and Results of
Statistical Investigation 139
C. Publications 144 -
Translations of Articles 144 -
~ ~
Basic Theory of Commuting,Systems 1G4
Abstracts of Articles 147
Abstracts From the Journal "Programming" 147
Transformations Preserving D-Equivalence of Yanov
-
- Circuits (The General Case) 147
Heterogeneous Sorting 147
Method of Construc ting a Correct Program From Correct
Subroutines 147
_ One Type of Context Conditions of Programming .
J Languages 148
Classification and Machine Representation of Inforrostion 148
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CONTENTS (Continued) ' page
One Approach to Organizing a Program Complex for
Work With Binary Arrays 1481~
~ The Polyp Programming System 149
Software tor a ~tao-Machine Complex, PDP-11/,2Q and =
M-4oo 149
Experience in Measuring and Tuning the OS YeS
_ Operating System 149
i
- Experience in the Use of the Priz-32 System in _
Constructing Packets of Practical Programs of
~
Automated Design Systeros 149
The YaPP Language for Automating the Planning of Large
Systems 150
Syntactically Contro].led Translator in an Automated
. Programming System for Control Computers 150 '
Abstracts From the Journal "Programmirovaniye" 151
Validity of Program Optimization Algorithms 151
Fquivalent Conversions of Programming Language
De�initions 1~1 -
Fartial Solvability of Free Flow Diagram Nonequivalence. 151 _
_ Deparallelization of Arithmetic Expressions by _
Successive Intensification 152
One Result of Functional Equivalence of Program Flow .
Diagrams With Undegenerated Operators 152 -
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
Procedure for Calculating Semantic Attributes 152
The Class of Generalized Context Languages ~f
Precedence 152
Realization of a Dynamic Distribution of the Main
= Memory in ForCran 153
Logic of Transformation of a Network Model of Data Into
_ a Relational Model 153
Soneya--A Debugging System Based on Application of a .
Limited Natural Language 153
_ Translations of Articles 154
Publishing House Announces Plans for Books on
Cybernetics in 1980 154 .
. New Books on Cybernetics to be Published in 1980 160
Contents From Zhurnal Vychislitel'noy Matematiki i
Ma.tematicheskoy Fiziki , 165
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I. DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF COMPUTERS AI~ID CONTROL EQUIPMENT
A. General Treatment -
- Translations of Articles
USSR UDC 658 .012 ,011,56
THE PROBLEM OF ESTIMATING THE QUALITY OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Moscow VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA SOTS7ALISTICHESKIKH STRAN [Computer
Technology of the Socialist Countries] No 4, 1978 pp 49-60
YNITSKIY, . A . . .
[Translated from Moscow REFERATIVNYY SBORNIK, ORGANIZATSIYA UPItAVLENIYA
No 2, 1979 Abstract No 2.67.192 by Yu. P. D.]
_ [Text] The lack of any precisely defined criteria for evaluating the
quality of electronic computers and computer systems, which should -
- encompass their most important parameters, is explained by the fact that
planners consider the natural trends towaxd maximum growth of various
indices. T.hese trends can be reduced to an increase in the speed of _
data processing and input/output speed, an increase in memory capacity
and more rapid memory access times, an increase in reliability and
economy of hardware, and an increase in the convenience of hardware and
of representation of the results of processing. However, the speed of
_ processing of data remains dominant, in spite of the fact that estimates
based on this parameter are widely known to be ambiguous, For this
reason, for example, certain jobs can be more effectively run on machines
, ~,,y~ with significantly lower basic speeds, but better internal organization.
The time loss to accessing peripheral storage, in primitive or unsophisti-
cated input/output control, sequential control, etc., has a significant
influence on the throughput capacity of the machine. It follows from this
that the most precise es timate of the quality of computer systems should
be based on precisely defined effectiveness criteria. The more effective
sys tem could then be called better, the system ~ ith maximum effectiveness
for a given area of application would be called optimal. A general -
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approach is described to the estimation of effectiveness of computer ~
systems, An attempt is made at construction of a universal quality
. criteria, considering all the structural, physical, operational and
economic parameters.
- ~426-6508] .
6508
CSO: 1863 +
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B. Unified Sys tem or Ryad Series
Translations of Articles
_ USSR ~)j ~ UDC 681.322 -
THE YeS 1025 ELECTRONIC COMPUTER ''1'.
VYBER INFORM, Z. ORGQ,NIZ A VYPOC .'TECHN , in Czech 1978 No 6 pp 735-743
Unsigned
- [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979 Abstract No 6B211 by A, D. Plitman]
[Text) A brief deseription and the basic characteristics of the YeS 1025
computer, developed in the CSSR as a part of the second series of YeS
computers, are presented. .
_ The YeS 1025 processor contains the following relatively independent
modules: the service module, connected to the panel and operator's dis-
play, as well as the service floppy disc memory; the operating module,
which performs arithmetic and logic proeessing of data; the "disk" module,
which performs the funct~.ons of a selector channel and ~controls the
~ magnetic disk drive; the "tape" module, which connects the operating -
module and:main memory to the magnetic tape drive; the module for communi-
cation with remote terminals; the multiplex module with 32 subchannels;
the 128K byte main memory module with 500 ns read time, 750. ns write
time, and the organizing module~
The processor operates at 38000 operations per second, Any peripheral
device designed to operate.with the firat or second series of YeS computers
can be conaected to the 1025 processor, The YeS 1025 o~erates under the
c~ntrol of`t6e DOS 3/YeS virtual operating system, designed for YeS 1015
and.:YeS 1025 computers, although it can also operate with the YeS 1035
and YeS 1045 computers.
[439-6508]
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USSR UDC 681.322
CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TEiE SECOND SERIES OF YeS COMPUTERS
VYBER INFORM. Z ORBANIZ A VYPOS. TECHN. in Czech 1979 No 6, pp 729-736
_ KLOUCEK JAROMIR
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979 Abstract No 6B210 by A. D, Plitman]
[Text] It is reported that the second series of YeS computers is a
further development of the basic principles of logical organization of the '
= first series of YeS computers intended to: achieve higher~technical and
economic indices (particularly improving Che "productivity/cost" coefficient
by 2 to 3 times in comparison to the first series of YeS computers), expand ~
the range of fun.ctional ca~pabilities and improve the parameters of operating
- systems, create a well-developed interrcal structure for the procesaor and ~
input/output system, based on the use of moderc~ hardware components. -
- Considerable attention has also been given to increasing the capabilities -
- for remote data processing and~utilization of the time sharing mode, in-
creasin~ the effectiveness of testing and diagnostic equipment and servi-
cing systems, achieving the possibility of organizing multimachine and
multiprocessor systems, the formation of problem-oriented programming
systems, and processing of data in systems at various levels.
The basic differences :`-tween the YeS computers of the firs t and second
' series are analyzed; their parameters and the characteristics of rhe
- componenCs of which they are made are compared, and information is pre-
sented on new types of peripheral devices developed for the second aeries
of XeS computers. Tables 5.
[439-6508]
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USSR UDC 681.322.06
EXPERIMENTAL INTEGRATID DATA BASE, ITS PLANNING AI~ID ACTUALIZATION ON THE
YeS 1030 COMPUTER .
MECH,, AUTOMAT. ADMIN, in Slovak 1978 Vol 18 No 12, pp 452-456
, LIESKOVSKY PETER and ANTONIC FRANTISEK
. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B162 by I. M. Shenbrot]
[Text] A data base management system run on the YeS 1030 computer at the
- Computer Center of the Statistical Administration of Slovakia in Bratislava
_ under the OS operating system is described.
_ (439-6508]
USSR UDC 681.322
A HIGH-SPEED FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM PROCESSOR
Kiev VYSTRODEYSTViJYUSHCHIY PROTSESSOR BYSTROGO PREOBRAZOVANIYA FUR'YE in ~
_ Russian 1979 12 pages
KANEVSKIY, YU , S,, MADYE`:NOVA, N. YE NEKRASOV, B, A, and FEDOTOV, 0. A,, _
Kiev Polytechnical Institute
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEbiEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B245 DEP by the authors]
[Text] A higr.-speed processor which performs a non-redundant fast Fourier
transform in a base two system on N-512 complex readings in T-500 �s is
described, The processor consists of two selected memory units, a main
arithmetic processor, a control device and a module for the formation of
weight coefficients.
The specifics of the processor include a fortunate selection of algorithm
and coordination with memory device structure, as well as organiz~.tion of
information interchange with the arithmetic unit, allowing the read/write
rules in the memory unit to be retained co:lstant for all iterations, thus
simplifying the control device.
[439-6508]
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C. Hardware
Translations of Articles ~
USSR . UDC 681.327.69'22
- D IA.LOGUE INFORMATION D ISPLAYS US ING CATHODE-RAY TUBES
Moscow DIALOGOVYYE USTROYSTVA OTOBRAZHENIYA INFORMATSII NA ELEKTRONNO- .
LUCHEVYI~i TRUBKAKH in Russian Statistika Publishers, 1977 184 pp '
BATANIST, M; L,, GORELOV, V. I., PETROV, G. M., RATTTIKOV, A. N.~ SOROKO, ~
L, G., TARASEVICH~ V. Ni. and TOLMA~HEV, A. M.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abstract No 4B531K by V. A. Garmash]
[Text] The book is devoted to two types of CRT information display
dialogue devices, developed for the unified series of computers: the YeS-
_ 7906 alphanumeric information dieplay and the YeS-7064 graphical infor-
mation display. The engineering design solutions used in these devices, ~
the operational features and programmiag principles are treated.
[441-8225] ;
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USSR UDC 681.327.69'22+658:012.011.56 -
THE USE OF THE "VIDEOTON-340" VIDEO TEYiMINAL WITfi A PRINTER ON-LINE WITH
THE BESM-6 FOR ELECTRICAL POWER NETWORK ENTERPRISE DATA PROCESSING
Dubna OB"YEDIN. INSTITUT YADER, ISSLID. in Russian No 10-10850, 1977 7 pp
- KADANTSEV, S. G., MAZNYY, G. L., SAPOZHNIKOV, A, P. and SEMASHKO, G. L. -
_ [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
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TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abstract l~0 4B561K)
_ [Text] The software design for the solution of several elecrrical power
= network enterprise problems using the "Videoton-340" display, coupled to
- a BESM-6 computer, is deacribed. The proposed software is deaigned for
working in the "Dubna" operating aystem.
[441-8225] _
USSR UDC 681,327.~62
AN INFORMATION READER AND WRITER ,
- Moscow USTROYSTVO DLYZ ZAPISI I SCHITYVANAYA INFORMATSII, USSR Patent
No 542239 in Russian C1 G 11 C 7/00, Claimed 13 Feb 75 Published 30 Mar 77
DARBINYAN, A, A,, AVETISYAN, T. A, and ZAKHARYAN, G. A.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA .
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abstract No 4B315]
[Text] An information readout and writing device is proposed, which
contains a three winding transformer, the center tap of the first and
second windings of which are connected to the outputs of the firs t and
second write switches respectively and through resistors to the power
supply. The taps of the third winding of the transformer are cocnnected
to the inputs of the read unit. For Che purpose of increasing the
operational speed and device reliability, two diodes and a resistor are~
introduced into it. xhe anodes of.the diodes are connected to the _
center tap of the first and second transformer windings respectively, _
while the cathods are connected together and connected through a resistor
to the power supply. Figures 1; references 2, -
[441-8225]
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USSR UDC 681.325.54
A SCALER
r
Moscow PERESCH~,TNOYE USTROYSTVO, USSR Patent No 553749 in Russian C1, H 03
K 23/02 Claimed 19 Ma.r 76 Published 13 Jun 77 . -
ZAGURSKIY, V, YA., Institute of Electronics and Computer Engineering of the
Latvian Academy of Sciences
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA -
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abstract No 4B219P]
_ [Text] A scaler containing potential type logic gates is well known. The -
drawbacks to the known device are limited capacity and a slow operational
speed, The device which is closest to the proposed scaler contains two
AND gates, an OR gate and an inverter in each stage, in which case, the ~
outputs af the AND gates are connected to the inputs of the OR gate, the
output of which is connected to the inverter. A drawback of the well
known device is the comparatively slow speed, something which is related ~
to the necessity of employing three-phase synchronization, The purpose
of the invention, increasing the speed~ is accomplished in that in the
scaler, each stage of which contains two AND gates, an OR gate and an
invei�ter, where the outputs of the AI~ID gates are connected to the inputs
of the OR gate, the output of which is connected to the inverter, a third
AND gate is introduced into each stage, the output of which is connected
- to the input of OR gate, while the inputs are connected to the firs t ~
inputs of the first and second AND gates, which are connected Co the outpuL
of the inverter of the preceding stage and to the clock bus respectively.
A fourth AND gate is introduced into one of the stages, where the output
of the AND gate is connected to the input of the OR gate for this digit,
the inputs are connected to the outputs of the inverters of the two other
stages, while the output of the OR gates is connected to the second input
of the first and second AND gates of this digit. In the case of an even
number of stages, in all of the stages but one, the output of the OR gate
- of the preceding stage is connec ted directly to the combined inputs of the
first and third AI~ID gates of the next stage, the second inputs of the
third AND gates are connected to the paraphase clock buses respectively,
[441-8225]
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USSR UDC 681.323
A COMPUTER SYSTEM -
Moscow VYCHISLITEL'NAYA SISTEMA USSR Patent No 551655 C1. G 06 F 15/36,
Claimed 11 Aug 75 Published 23 Jun 77
BELOV, V. A, and VETSHEV, ZH. N, [Siberian Physics and Engineering
Institute at Tomsk University]
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'PIAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abstract No 4B160P]
(Text] A computer system containing an electrnnic computer is proposed.
For the purpose of expanding the functional capabilities by means of
providing for the capability of computing the probability characteristics
of random processes, the computer system contains a series connected code
- to a voltage converter, a comparison unit, a firs t AND gate, an OR gate
and a switch. The information input of the system is connected Co the
information input of the comparison unit. Figures 1; references 2,
[441-8225]
USSR UDC 681.327,21:534,78(088.8)(47) -
AN INFORMATION INPUT UNIT
Moscow USTROYSTVO DLYA VVODA INFORMATSII, USSR Patent No 551637 in Russian
C1. G 06 F 3/16, Claimed 29 Dec 75, 23 Jun 77
VOLODKOVICH, YE , F,, GONCHAROV, YU . P,, ZENIN, V. YA KUDREVATYIQI, S. I.,
MASLYUKOV, V, A,~ NIKOLAY~V, R, P, and SYCH~ V. P,
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHiVIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abs tract No 4B430P)
[Text] An information input device is proposed which contains; electro-
acoustical transducers, coupled to linear coordinate microphones, (B) -
controls and to one of the inputs of the pulse-time converters, the other
inputs of which are connected to the outputs of the B control, the linear
coordinate microphones and the clock pulse generator; f irst and secbnd -
coordinate countexs (S), the inputs of which are connected to the outputs
of the pulse-time converters and to the outputs of the B control, the
input of which is connected to the output of the f irst decoder, which is
coupled to~ the first coordinate counter, Included in the complement of
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the device are two correction coefficient counters and a second decoder, -
the inputs oi which are connected to the output of the B control and the
digit output of the first correction coefficient counter, the ~etting
input of which is connected to the output of the B control, while the
count input is connected to the output of the clock pulse generator,
The digit inputs of the first correc tion coefficient counter are connected
to the digit outputs of the second coordinate counter and the second
correction coefficient counter, the count input of which is coupled to rhe -
output of the first decoder, which is connected to the inguts of the pulse-
time converters. The device can be used, in particular, in acoustical
information input devices as well as for the semiautomatic measurement of
the lines of a drawing and the coordinates of the points of three-dimensional
objects. Figures 1; references 2. -
[441-8225]
USSR UDC 681,325.63
A BINARY-DECIMAL 12222 CODE TO A UNITARY CODE CONVERTER
- Moscow PREOBRAZOVATEL' DVOICHNO-DESYATICHNOGO KODA 12222 V UNITARNYY KOD,
USSR Patent No 549803 in Russian Class G 06 F 5/04, Claimed 21 Mar 75
Published 27 Jul 77
ZHURAVLEV, A, I. and KHAMKO, N, G,, Special Design Office for Computer
Equipment, Ryazan' Radio Engineering Institute
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abstract No 4B230]
[Text] The invention applies to the computer engineering field and can
be used in computer and digital automation circuits, A binary-decimal
12222 code to pulse-number code converter is well known, which contains '
a code storage register, a group of AND gates, OR gates and a delay line.
A drawback to it is the large conversion time in the case of the truncated
binary-decimal 12222 code format, something which reduces the speed, In
this case, the code conversion time, regardless of its forma t, is measured
based on the formula t= 4.5 T, where T is the amount of the shift between
query pulses. The increase in the operational speed, through a reduction
tn the conversion time for a shortened (al ternating) 12222 code to a ,
- pulse-number code is achieved by introducing into the converter circuit
- an additional OR gate, an additional delay line and a second group of four _
ANI) gates, the first inputs of which are connected to the zero outputs of
the register flip-flops for writing the parallel code with the weight of
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the 2222 digite r~a~ectively. The aecond inputs are connected to the out-
puts of the AND gates of the firat group, correaponding to digita with a -
_ weight of 12222, The outputs of the AI~ID gates of the second group and the -
output of the AND gate of the first group, corresponding to the lowest
order digit of weight 2, are connected to the inputs Qf the additional
OR gate, which is- connected to the input of the additional delay line, the
output of which is connected to the signal bus of the device. FigureE~; 1;
references 1.
[441-8225]
USSR UDC 681.322-185,3
A DESK TOP COMPUTER DESIGNED AROUND A MICROPROCESSOR
Unknown MERES ES AUTOMAT in Hungarian Vol 25 No 7, 1977 pp 269-273
SAGHEGYI MARTON, LAKATOS IMRE and KAKUK SANDOR ,
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL,, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKIiANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 7$ Abstract No 4B145 by Z. Kh. Shrago]
(Ter.t] It is reported that the EMG plant (Hungarian People's Republic)
has developed a programmable desk top computer for the solution of
_ scientific problems based on MOS circuits, When working with the Hunor _
301 calculator, the user can have at his disposal 50 data registers (in
an expanded variant, 100 registers) and a program memory with a capacity
of 512 words (1,000 in the expanded variant). The operational speeds are
as follows: addi.tion and subtraction - 10 microseconds, multiplica tion
40 milliseconds and division 80 milliseconds, The display has 14 places,
Numbers are displayed with 10 decimal digits for the mantissa and two
for the exponent, Moreover, the EMG-14902 thermal printer is available
with a print rate of three lines per second. The line size is 11 numerals
and 4 alphanumeric symrals. The dimensions of the numexals are 3 x 1,6 mm.
The data provided tor the programming and service capabilities permit the
conclusion that the calculator is an efficient computing tool, At the
_ present time, development of tha computer software is continuing. Fig~res
4,
[441-8225]
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USSR UDC 681.326,3
THE REALIZATION OF GROUP EXCHANGE THROUGH THE YER15-02 UNIT ON THE YES-
1010 COMPUTER
Dubna SOOBSHCH, OB"YEDIN, INSTITUTA YADER, ISSLED, in Ruasian No 11-10786,
1977 7 PP
VZOROV, I, K., IVANOV, V, V., KUZNETSOV, A. S, and SAMOYLOV, V, N,
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
_ TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abstract No 4B246K]
- [Text] A modernized module of the 72854 type (YeR15-02) is described,
which permits group exchange in real time using the Ye5-1010 computer.
The following were introduced into the module: state registex� for a
peripheral, state word readout instruction, and gating circuits for
receiving and feeding out state words. The group exchange rate is 24
microseconds per word, which is about four times faster than tke exchange
raCe whic h the 72854 unit permitted prior to improvement. The described
- modernization roakes the unit more universal and expands the applications -
area.
[441-8225]
C1SSR UDC 681.322.06 -
SPECIFICS OF THE INSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF ONE MULTIPROCESSOR COMPUTER WITH
- COMMON CONTROL
Moscow VOPR, KIBERNET, in Russian 1978 No 43, pp 16-25
MEDVEDEV, I, L. and FISHCHENKO, YE , A,
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL':VAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B48] -
- [Text] The peculiarities and functions of the control system of a high- -
speed mul tiprocessor computer are s tudied. All of the processors of the
- computer are under common control. The distribution of functions among
instructions of the functional subsystems is described~ The structur~ of
instruction formats is described in detail. An example is presented of a
- program, and the peculiarities of the instruction sys tem of the multi-
processor computer are emphasized. Figures 2; references 1.
[439-6508] -
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USSR UDC 681,325.5.01
ARITHMETIC-LOGIC DEVICE FOR A MULTIPROCESSOR COMPUTER
Moscow VOPR, KIBERNET, in Russiun 1978 No 43, pp 38-44
ZHUKOV, B, A,~ MED~'EDEV, I. L. and TOMCHENKO, S. N.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
_ TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, i979, Abstract No 6B398]
[Text) An analysis is ~iresented of:the effective use of various types
of arithmetic-logic devices fo~~~,,mult~iprocessor computers, and the variation
in the structure of a multiprocE~ssoi~. computer with the type of aritturietic-
, logic device used is demonstratea;, Figures 2; references 4.
[439-6508j ~
USSR UDC 681.322,06
GROUP PARALLELISM AND DUAL PERFORMANCE OF PARALLEL COMPUTATIONS
Moscow VOPR. KIBERNET. in Russian 1978 No 43, pp 44-64
ZATULIVETER, YU . S, and MEDVEDEV, I. L, �
' [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B49] -
[Text] A study is made of problems of organization of parallel compu-
- tations in multiprocessor computers with a common flow of control. Con-
ditions and a method are presented for assurance of uniform high-levels
of loading of the set of processor elements over a broad range of tasks. ~
' The concept of dual organization of computations is introduced and the
- relationship of such an organization to the properties of the input
_ language is discussed, The possibility is studied of achieving (basically)
conflict-free operation of the memory during parallel computation in the
' group mode. Figures 3; references 6.
[439-6508] -
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USSR UDC 681.322.013.2 ~
USE OF ASSOCIATIVE BUFFER MEMORY IN MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS
Moscow VOPR, KIBERNET, in Russian 1978 No 43, pp 90-98
POPOVA ? G. M, and STEPANOV, I. V.
XRV AVT~MATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA in Ruasian No 6,
19 79 , A t~s trac t No 6B69
[Text] A study is made of the specifics of inclusion of type KESH buffer
memory with associative addressing in a multiprogramming computer system
with modul.ar memory structure~ A buffer memory organization ia suggested !
which has a numbar of advantages over traditional organizations and yields
~ the greatest effect when KESH is used in multiprogramming computers with :
several independent coatrol modules~ Figures 6; references 9. ~
[439-6508]
~
_ USSR UDC 681.325.5.01
SIMPLE HARDWARE ACTUALIZATION OF ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC OPERATORS IN A =
HOMOGENEOUS COMPUTING STRUCTURE
Moscow VOPR, KIBERNET, in Russian 1978 No 43, pp 111-121 ~
_ CHACHANIDZE, V, G.~ KUBLASHVILI, T. 0.~ SMORODINOVA ~ 0. G., ASATLANI,
G, G., MIRIANASHVILI, R. Z, and SKOBELEVA~ L, V.
XRV AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, _
1979, Abstract No 6B397 . ~
[TextJ Logic operators actualized in a retunable universal four-directional
homogeneous computing s tructure are presented~ as well as a number of
arithmetic operators for fixed-point numbers, synchronously arriving in
sequential supplementary binary code, in which the sign is contained in
the last bit and the 1ow-order bits arrive first. Figures 19; references
_ 11. -
[439-6508] ~
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USSR UDC 681.322.01
_ METHODS OF INCREAS~NG THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MULTIPROCESSOR COMPUTER SYSTEMS
= Moscow VOPR. KIBERNET. in Ruasian 1978 No 43, pp 163-176
CHUDIN, A, A, and PRANGISHVILI, I. V.
_ [From REFFRATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKI~ I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
_ TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979~ Abstract No 6B85]
[Textj Methods are discussed for increasing the effectiveness.of specialized
and problem-oriented multiprocessor computer systems, as we11 as problems
of the construction of such sys tems on the basis of a universal set ot
software and hardware modules. References 5.
[439-6508J
USSR UDC 681,326 ,34
DIALOGUE REMOTE TASK INPUT
Riga DIALOGOVIY UDALENNYY WOD ZADANIY in Russian 1978 21 pages
ILZINYA, I. G., Institute of Electronic and Computer Technology
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B707]
[Text] A study is a?ade of ineans of remote f~~.P,lO~UP.. j.ctput of tasks (DUVZ),
allowing Che user to input tasks into the normal system job flaw from
remote Ye5-8570 terminals and local YeS-7066 displays. A description of the
DUVZ system is presented~ providing for input of both programs and data
created~ altered and ~aved by the DUVZ ha.rdware. Figures 2; references 3.
[439-6508)
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USSR ~ UDC 681.326.34
A GROUP INTERFACE FOR CONNECTION OF ANALOG-D IGITAL CONVERTERS WITH THE
M-400 COMPUTER
GRUPPOVOY INTERFEYS DLYA SVYAZI AMt.'LITUDNO-TSIFROVYI~i PREOBRAZOVA.TELEY S
EVM M-400, Preprint No 14, 1978 21 pages
BEREZIN, F. N., KISURIN, V. A.~ OFENGEI~IDEN, R. G. and PATLAN' , YU . V.~
Institute of Nuclear Studies, UKR Academy of Sciences Preprint
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNL~L~ AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIK.A I VYCHISLITEI,'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract Ho 6B706 Annotation]
[Text) An interface for connecting a group of ADC to Che.M-400 minicomputer
is described. The interface is designed to operate in the external inter-
rupt mode and scan up to 6 ADC and a cycle number coder. The variation
- of ADC reaction time with method of connection of the ADC to the computer
and the structure of the interrupt servicing program is analyzed, The '
effectiveness of the interface circuit is proven.
[439-6508] ;
USSR UDC 681.323 -
_ AN INTERFACE BEZWEEN TERMINALS AND COMPUTER _
USSR AUTHOR'S CERTIFICATE NO 596938, Filed 3/07/75, No 2143901, Published
10/03/78
A1~IDROSENKO, S. G,, BARAN, L, B,, DINOVICH, M. V., KOBOZEV, A. A,~
MIKHAYLISHIN, A~ A e~ MOROZOV, A. A,~ SKURIKHIN ~ V. I. and KOBOZEVA ~ L. S.~
Institute of Cybernetics Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLIT~L'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B680PJ ~
[Text] A system is suggested for interfacing terminal devices to a com-
puter, including an arithmetic-logic device, an operational register unit,
a memory unit, a microinstruction register, ROM, and instruction address
_ counter. Its first output is connected to the ROM input, the output of
which is connected to the first input of the microinstruction regis ter. ,
The second input of the microinstruction register is connected to the ~r ,
first output of the main memory. '
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The first output of the microinstruction register is connected to the
firs t input of the instruction addreas counter. The second output of
_ the main memory is connected to the first input of the operaeing register
module, the first output of which is connected to the first input of the
main memory. The second output is connected to the first input of the
arithmetic-logic unit, the output of which is connected to the second
~.nput of the operational register module. The second output of the
instruction addreas counter is connecCed to the f irst input of the
operational register unit. Figures 1. � ~
[439-6508] ~
USSR UDC 681.325(088.8)
USSRA DEVICE TO CONVERT SHAFT ROTATION ANGLE INTO CODE
USSR AUTIiOR'S CERTIFICATE NO 595755, Filed 4/11/76, No 2417743, Published
10/03/78
PRESNUKHIN , L, N., BARKHOTKIN , V. A.~ NED OPEKIN , K. K., TOP IL' SKIY, V. B.,
- BOGOSLOVSKIY~ A. P., FROLOV, G. I., KOMONOV, P. S.~ KOROSTIYEV, V. K.
and BEZRUCHENKOV, V. N., Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
, TEKHNIKA XA in Russian No 6, 6B521P)
[Text] A device is known which contains a series-connected pulse generator, -
voltage divider, filter, phase splitter connected to a coarse and fine
reading phase inverter, the outputs of which are connected through com-
parators to the control inputs of th~ corresponding leading read channels.
The output of the coarse reading comparator is connected to the input of
the lagging read channel.
In order to increase the accuracy, an additional comparator and an ad-
d itional frequency divider are added to the device, with the input of the
frequency divider connected to the output of the pulse generator, its
output to the inputs of sections of AND gates, while one output of the
phase splitter is connecte~ to the additional comparator to the setting
inputs of the additional frequency divider. Figures 1.
~439-6508J
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USSR ~ UDC 681.325,57
A DEVICE FOR MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION ~
USSR AUTHOR'S CERTIFICATE NO 6000555, Filed 13/02/75, No 2104691, Publiahed ,
21/04/78
LEYTAN, Z, YA.~ MURZIN, V, A.~ RUGINSKAYA~ T. V. and FROLOV, YU. V., State
Special Design Bureau for Planning of Computational Machinery, Experimental
Plant of the State Special Design Bureau for Planning of Computational
Machinery .
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKNNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B400P]
~ [Text] A device is suggested for multiplication and division, containing ~
a synchronization unit, the first ou tput of which is connected to the
control input of the control unit, while the second output is connected ,
to the firs t inputs of the f9_rst two AI~ID gates , and outputs of which are
- connec ted to the inputs of the corresponding operand registers. In order :
to reduce hardware and increase the speed, the device includes a cycle
counter, an operand analysis unit, additional AI~ID gates, OR gates, and
two flin-flops.
The first two inputs of the control unit are connected to thp outputs of
the corresponding flip-flops, the zero inputs of which are connected to
the third input of the device. The ones input of the firs t slip-flop is
connected to the output of the firs t additional AND element, the firat -
input of which is connected to the output of the cycle counter, the first
control input of which is connected to the output of the second additional
AND gate. Figures 1; references 2.
[439-6508]
. ,
18
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U5SR UDC 681.325-416
DEVICE FOR READ ING INFORMATION ON CYLINDRICAL MAGNETIC DOMAINS
USSR AUTIiOR'S CERTIFICATE NO 613403, Filed 24/12/76, No 2433897, Publiahed
15/06/78
KRASOVSKIY, V. YE, and SMIRNOV, S. N., Institute of Control Computera
(INEUM)
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
_ TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B298P]
[Text] A device is suggested for reading informa~tion carried on cylindrical
magnetic domains, including main and secondary channels for shifting of
domains, made in the form of ferromagnetic applications on a plate of
magnetical~y uniaxial material, a magnetoresistive sensor and a device
for recording the changes in resistance of the sensor. ~
In order to increase reliability, the device contains a domain divider
and a NOT element. The supplementary domain shifting cha.nnel is magnetically
coupled through the domain divider and the NOT element to the main domain
shifting channel. The main and supplementary domain shifting channels are
placed symmetrically in relationship to the magnetoresistive sensor.
Figures 2.
[439-6508]
USSR UDC 681.325.5
THE PROCESSOR OF A D IGITAL COMPUZER SYSTEM _
USSR AUTHOR'S CERTIFICATE NO 475897, Filed 14/06/71, No 1fi68568, Published
26/08/78
LEVIN, V. K,, ANTONOV, V. S,~ SHUL'GIN, A. A,~ MIKHAYLOV, I, B., ZHUKOV-
YEMEL' YANOV, 0, D.~ PEBART, M, D,~ KHRAMTSOV, I, S.~ POPOVA ~ I, A,~
Y~GORYCHEVA ~ N. V., PAPIL INA ~ G. S.~ KOKHANOV, YU . A.~ POCHECHUYEV, YU , A,~
KOROLEVA~ T, M., PRYAKHIN~ B, A. and KLIMOV, V. V.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL~ AVTOMATIKA~ TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B250P]
[Text) The invention is a digital computer device, a central processor
for a computer system, containing a set of quasi-independent modules
19
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operating simultaneously, including a built-in diagnoeis module. Digital
computer syatem procesaors containing quasi-independenC modules such ae
an instruction module, memory control module connected to the memory unit
and including input and output registers and a control panel are known. _
However, these computer system processors do not have sufficient speed, -
their diagnostic apparatus is complex, due to its autonomy and universality
and, furthermore, they do not utilize local control modules which are
available in various subsystems of the system for diagnosis of the pro-
cessor. The separation of the testing and diagnosis functions of the
proc:essor in individual aubsystems by the use of local control module
hardware in these subsystems is essentially new and a basic distinction
between the present processor and all other known devices.
In order to reduce the amount of hardware required and increase the speed
of the processor, the overflow and inversion outputs of the diagnosis unit
- are connected to the third and fourth inputs of the memory control unit.
The information output of the diagnosis module is connected to the fourth
input of the binary arithmetic unit, while the fifth and sixth inputs of
the binary arithmetic unit are connected to the interrupt output and the
code conditions output of the decicnal arithmetic unit. Figures 3.
[439-6508J ~
USSR UDC 681.327,67
CRITERIA FOR OPTIMAI, SUBDIVISION UF A SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY IN MODULES
TR, MOSK. ENERG. IN-TA in Russian 1978 No 380, pp 46-50
BOROD IN ~ G . A , ~
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA XA in Russian No 6, 6B459 by S. G. Romanova] . ~
[Text] It is noted that the use of microcircuit memory for long-Cerm
storage requires that a number of specific factors be considered~ in
addition to the usual factors~ These include the discrete nature of the
_ memory circuits, the possibility of combining built-in address and bit
lines in the same outputs, etc. Various factors are considered in various
= ways during planning, but selec~ion of the optimal memory unit structure
~ is always necessary.
_ 20
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It is pointed out that conaideration of all factora greatly complicates
the task in ques tion and it is frequently sufficient to consider several
- main factors, including the quantity and complexity of t?~rdware and
effectiveness of its utilization. Furthermore, economic requirements
must also be considered. A method is suggested for es timating the optimal -
subdivisior_ of long-term memory into modules considering information
capacity and word length during automatic planning of such mewory units
on computer. Figures 2; tables 1; references 4.
[439-6508]
USSR UDC 681,3 .019
ONE METHOD OF ACTUALIZATION OF A DISCRETE AUTOMATON USING THE M6800
MICROPROCESSOR
AVTOMATIKA I IZCHISL. TEKH. in Bulgarian 1978 Vol 12 No 5, pp 30-36
STANCHEV, and GEORGIYEV, TS,
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in~ Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B96 by A. D, Plitman]
ll
- [Text] In the method sLtggested, the stages of synthesis, related to the
formal description of th~e functioning of the automaton, inc].uding the
production of a graph of`;transitions, coincide to the classical stages:
the stages of minimization of the number of internal variables and their
optimal coding are absent.
The stage of composition of the code table of transitions and outputs is
replaced by composition of a file of transitions and outputs, while the
stage of production of excitation functions is replaced by the placement
of this file and a special automatic program in ROM. The method is
- applicable to the production of both synchronous and asynchronous Moore
and Mealy automata. Figures 2; tables 5;:;references 3.
(439-6508]
21
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USSR UDC 621.396.6+539.4.019(07)
MECHANICAL EFFECTS APID PROTECTION OF ELECTRONIC APPARATUS. A TEXTBOOK
FOR STIJDENTS IN THE AREA OF DESIGN AND PRaDUCTION OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTER
EQUIPMENT
Kiev MEKHANICHESKIYE VOZDEYSTVIYA I ZASHCHITA ELEKTRONNOY APPARATURY.
UCHEB. POSOBIYE DLYA STUD. VYZOV, UBUCH~ PO SPETS. KONSTRUIR. I PR-VO
ELEKTRON.-VYCHISL. APPARATURY in Russian Vyahcha Shkola Press, 1979,
128 pp
FROLOV, V , A . ~
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIRA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6A253K]
[Text] This textbook presents a~eneral analysis of inechanical effects,
mathematical models and methods of computer processing. The properties
of electronic elements which operate ;inder conditions of vibration load
are described. Problems of modeling of the dynamic s tatus of an ob3ect
using electronic models are s tudied, The basic elements are studied and
methods of their design ar~e presented.
The book is intended for students studying the specialty "Design and
Production of Electronic Computer Hardware," but may also be useful to '
_ elec tronic equipment designers. Figures 84; tables 9; references 19.
[439-6508]
USSR UDC 681.327.67 ~ -
SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATID MEMORY CIRCUITS BASED ON BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR
STRUCTURES
Moscow POLUPROVODNIKOVYYE INTEGRAL'NYYE SKHEMY PAMyATI NA BIPOLYARNYKH
TRANZISTORNYKH STRUKTURAKH in Russian Sov. Radio Press 1979 296 pages
" VALIYEV, K, A. and ORLIKOVSKIY, A. A. -
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA '
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B454K Annotation]
[Text) Design and technological peculiarities, circuitry and problems of
_ planning of semiconductor IC bipolar transistor memories are studied~
~LL
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The basic principles of planning and selection of operating modes of
integrated-circuit memories and their control circuits are outlined.
The prospects for further increa~ea in the capacity and speed of bipolar
IC memories are analyzed. The book is designed for engineers, students
. and graduate students specializing in microelectronics. -
[439-6508]
UDC 681.32 : 65.012.1.122
ANALYSIS OF ALGQRITHMS FOR THE COUPLING OF LARGE AI~ID SMALL ELECTRONIC
- COMPUTERS IN TELEAUTOMATIC QUEUEING SYSTEMS. I ~
Moscow AVTOMATIKA I TELEMEKHANIKA in Russian No 3, 1979 pp 150-152
_ [Article by V. M. Vishnevskiy, V. A. Zharkikh, V, A. Zhozhikashvili and
N. V. Petukhova, Moscow]
[Excerpt] The striving to increase the effectiveness of the application
of ~omputer technology in systems with time-shared servicing of a large
number of users has led to the creation of multimachine structures that
include machines of t~ao levels: preprocessors and central processing
electronic computers, Small computers are used as preprocessors, as a
- rule, whereas data are processed on large and medium-sized computers.
Included i.n the functions of the preprocessor are the reception and
issuance of data to lines of communication, the formation of inessages
from arriving data, headline analysis, the editing and monitoring of .
messages and also, if necessary, the establishment of queues and control
of priori~ties`. Central computers are thus reli.aved of the execution of
routine procedures connected with input and output, and this u~kes it
possible to use with ~aximum effectiveness all their resources for practical
data processiag programs.
In such systems preprocessors are connected to the selec tor or multiplex
channel of the central processing computer through adapters--specialized -
devices that match the input-output interfaces of those computers.
An upper-level machine perce~'ves a preprocessor in an aggregate with an
adaptor as an external triggering device, A small computer, working in
accordance with its algorithms, at a certain moment of time forms the
signal "attention," which is analyzed by the supervisor of the cenCral
computer, A simplified scheme of the interaction of two computers is
presented on Figure 1. Input into the exchange system on the part of the
preprocessor is accomplished by means of special requests that evoke
sequences on the mnemonic code and are generated by the user's program.
23
~ FOR OFFICIAL USF ONLY
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, C1~ T~cnT~~:i~i.usi~ :1[3M (2~ TT~u�.1uj~~~i4i~rcop
lT~~r~~r~nTev,cttno Ynl~ai,ne~u~o T1 m~~~a,~~~ia; IT `nrPr~~~~~iaJ~ 1~ciuui~p IIIi7f1P~117P7L-
(3) J~~~~~rj~~~,~~~W (4) �/e OL UC (~6) n/u cm~c upu-
~~y rp~M?tts
- ~
Il~o6xonx-
. P~Gora _ r~ncrb cunau
~ucner~icpa c ~tcnrpr~nb-
, �oit 713M
1 : i _
O;~a~ue OupcAcneH~te Ofipa6oTxa : 4~uprtupunaai~c ~
pUFlIIAf8llI1AA Tuua Raanr~a- ~ npepn~ia~wx cnrnana
ni~x~
xnint++~r~neh
1
AA~ I
annue+ani~n~ !
1 mopM�po~aai~e
napa~terpoe.
- 13~aqa aanpoca
~:oNaeA~t
aerca?ie~
~ 1
B~anor~~- --~"j' f,~_
= Orpa6orxa ONSSfAaaNo
ouepaur~~t : anropnr?ta ~ oxoa~asaA i
D~H I CbA811 COABH
- l ~
C Pa6oque
� ra6oqae
nporpa~M~ n~iurpauM~t
! ~ ~
Figure 1
Key: 1- Central computer 10 - Determination of "attention" type
2- Preprocessor 11 - Processing of interruption
3- User's programs 12 - rormation of "attention" signal
4- Control of input-output 13 - Analysis of "attention"
_ 5- Operating sysCem programs 14 - Formation of request parameters
6- Input-output exciter 15 - Issurance of order "resd"
7- Work of dispatcher 16 - Performance of input-output
8- Need to communicate with operations
central computer 17 - Handling of communication algorithm
9- Expectation of "attention" i8 - Expecta.tion of end of communication
19 - Working programs
24 ;
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Those requests are directed through the input-output control program to
the driver of the adapter~ which triggers the adapter and transmits the
- parameters of the requesC to the data processing computer. In respons~
to the triggering the data processing computer sends the order to read~ _
' after which the algorithm of communication and data transmission is
accomplished,
The data can be received in the central computer simultaneously with data
processing according to the user's programs, However, operations on the
organization of a communications session require certain expenditures of
the processor's time, henceforth called the registration time; the s ize of
- those expenditures will depend substantially on the adopted algorithm of
interaction. Listed below are a number of ineasures that appear to be -
technically and algorithmically accomplishable;
data input from the preprocessor to the data processing computer is _
accomplished for each message assembled preliminarily in the preprocessor, -
with interruption of the work of the main computer;
messages from the preprocessor are inserted only after completion of
the current program by the central computer;
the "attention" signal is produced in the preprocessor according to a
timer after given time intervals, as a result of which all the messages
accumulated during that time are entered in the main computer;
the central computer reads information from the preprocessor after all
the messages inserted in the preceding communications session have been
handled .
The pres~nt work has the goal of solving the question of the advisability
of conducting group measures of interaction of preprocessors with the
central computer, The variant with interruption of the computer for
each message evidently is the worst in lengths of queues and time the =
- messages remain in the system under consideration. Consequently, comparison
of it with the case where there is no preliminary registration permits ' _
giving an estimate of the amount of gain that can be obtained from carrying
out the measures with group servicing.
Thus the ques tion of the effectiveness of conducting group measures of
interaction of preprocessors with the central computer is reduced to in-
vestigation of the characteristics of a two-s tage queueing system in which
the first stage is registration of the message and the second is direct
servicing in the main computer. _
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka,"
"Avtomatika i telemekhanika," 1979
[424-2174] ~
25
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FOR 0;~~�~''~~CIAL USE ONLY
USSR UDC 681.3 ,008
RULES FOR MINIMIZATION OF THE NUI~ER OF CONFLICTS IN MULTIPROCESSOR
COI~UTER SYSTEMS
AVTOMAT, I TELEMIKH, in Russian 1979 No 3, pp 143-149
- BRONSHTEYN, I, I,, GENINSON, B. A. and TRAKHTENGERTS~ E, A, _
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELENIEI~IANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA -
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B95]
[Text] An optimal rule is found for resolution of conflicts in multi-
processor computer systems, minimizing the mean number (frequency) of
conflicts, in order to increase the effectiveness ot parallel computation.
References 8. -
[439-6508] ~
USSR
- COMPUTERS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH '
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSR in Russian No 6, 1979 pp 8-12 `
,
["Introductory Speech by the President of the USSR Academy of Science
Academician A, P. Aleksandrov"]
[Excerpt] I wish to say a few woxds about instrument manufacture and the
automatization of scientific research. Z}ao years ago at the meeting of
~ the Presidents of the Academies of Science of the socialist nations a plan
for work on the preparation of components of circuits and systems for the
' automatization of scientific research was accepted. Organizations of the
USSR Academy of Sci~nces and a number of our ministries, especially the
Ministry of Instrument Building, Means of Automation and Sys tems of Control,
took part in this work. Today we have already developed and given to
- industry the computer complexes IVK-1 and IVK-2, which make it possible to
- obtain and process various types~ of data from scientific experiments and
- either send the results to scientists in printed form or give commands for
management processes. A system of units which go to make up a complex
makes it possible to deal with a11 types of informa.tion. One such syseem
of this sort was shown to the presidium of the academy of sc iencea. The
same one was demonstr,~~ted at the Moscow CiCy party conference where it
attracted general attention. This year we tried to give some of our
26
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scientific centers and institutes sets of such apparatus which should
- restructure the style of experimental work in these scientific institutions.
Imagine that in each sizable institute a library of units of the new -
apparatus will be establiahed. If the laboratory changea ita direction
of research or the technological processing of experimental data, it can
return some of its units to the library in exchange for new ones. One
and the same system can be transferred from research in, let's say, the
field of biology to chemistry or to control of industrial processes. -
~ The present organization of scientific research requires broad use of
_ computer technology. It seems to cne tha.t we now have entered a p.eriod
where work on the mathematical support for research has broadened greatly,
they are getting ready to put out new machines ot great productivity,
universal ma.chines. In Che Institute of Problems of Control, Academician
V. A, irapeznikov has begun to develop multiprocessors with a reorganized
structure which can process information at a rate of up to 100 million _
operations per second. It seems to me that this is a significant step _
forward in the development of our computer technology.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'Stvo, "Nauka," "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR, 1979
USSR UDC 621.325
DESIGN OF MULTIFUNCTION CELLS IN RECONSTRUCTED MULTIPURPOSE UNIFORM -
COMPUTING ARRAYS
Moscow AUTOMATIKA I TELEMEKHANIKA in Russian No 7, 1979 pp 146-155
[Article by G. G. Asatiani, T. 0. Kublashvili, P. Z. Mirianashvili, L~ B. ~
Skobeleva, Oa G. Smorodinova, B. G. Chachanidze] _
[Excerpt] The task of further perfecting cells of uniform computing
arrays arises in connection with the fact that at the present time the
restructured multipurpose four directional uniform computing array (OVS)
is used in computers of various purposes which ha.ve been or are being
developed, particularly in microcomputers in control logical computers, etc~
The main purpose of the development of the proposed cell variants is to
- decrease the number of combinatorial logical elements* in an OVS cell of
a given base and to decrease the number of sequentially switched on logical
elements in asynchronic cha.nnels compared to previous variants [1-3] and
*We will subsequently refer to combinatorial logical elements as logical
elements.
- 27 -
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others. This allows the reliability of the cell's function to increase '
along with its speed. One feature of these cells is the blocking of data
input busbars in the interval of time it takes to attain tuning of the
potential level in the busbars of the cell. This permits a significant
total increase in the reliability of the cell's �unctioning, since it
prevents the spread of "travelli,ng," one and zero logical levels along
Che OVS cells, which, when allowed, can be registered in cyclic compounds -
_ of the circuit, realized in ttie OVS, constantly causing inaccuraCe
functioning. Moreover, this blocking in the use of busbars with three _
states as data output busbars and cell tuning busbars allows input arnd
output busbars and tuning busbars to be combined. This permits a decrease
in the number of electrical outlets of the cell's circuit~
The first two variants of the OVS cell realized identical base functions,
- which formed automa.tic and commutative fu11 bases [4], ensured the uni- _
versality of the OVS in tha class of finite automata and were characterized -
by an identical number of electrical outlets. These two variants of the -
cell differed from each other in construction, and also in number of
logical elements, number of large-scale integrated microcircuit components,
and in Quine coefficients, Alr.hough the latter were approximately equal.
The functional circuit of the first variant of the cell is shown in Fig, 1.
xhe circuit is realized with 138 NIDP (expansion unknown)--transistors ;
(tne uumber of logical elemsnts equals 37 and the Quine coefficient is 101) ,
and has 20 electrical outlets (4 data input busbars, 2 data outp:~*_ h,~R~~rs, ,
9 tuning busbars, a blocking busbar, 2 busbars for diverse time pulses,` '
2 feed busbars). When the input and output busbars and tuning busbars
a,re combined the ce11 circuit has 14 electrical outlets .
- The functioning of these OVS cells was modeled on a ISL4-70 computer
wi th the help of r_he method described in [6], ~
Received 17 May 1978
REFERENCES _
J. . Prang~ shvili, I. V., Uska.ch, M. A. Principles of cons truction of
~ computing devices and methods of organizing computing processes in
uniform arrays, Automation and computer technology, No 3, p 23-3~'+,
19 72 . .
2. Yevreinov, E. V., Prangis hvili, I. V. Digital automatons with tuned
structures (unifoxm media). "Energy," 1974. �
" 3. Chachanidze, V. G., Kublashvili, T. 0. On one variant of ~1 cell.
of a programmed-tuned universal computing array. Tr. of All-union
- school-seminar on control of large systems, p 238-242. "Metzniyereba,"
Tbilisi, 1976.
_ 28
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4. Yevreynov, E. V., Kosarev, Yu. G. Uniform multipurpose computing
- arrays ot high productivity. "Nauka," Novosibirsk, 1966.
5. Yakubaytis, E. A. Asynchronic logical automatons. "Zinatne,"
Riga, 1966. `
6. Pantzkhava, L. I., Chachanidze, V. G. On the analyais of circuits,
reali~zed in uniform structure. Theses of reports of republic
scientific-technical conference of young scientists. "Automation
and control of technological processes," p 11. Pub. Georgian
Polytechnic Institute, Tbilisi, 1974,
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka~" "Automatika i telemekhanika," 1979.
[425-92851 -
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_ , ~
I~ .
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 1C~
_ i~~
~ , '
~
D. Programming and Software
Translations of Articles ~
USSR UDC 681.322.06.01
QUESTIONS OF THE MODULAR CONSTRUCTION OF CQMPLEX PROGRAMS
Unknown SBORNIK TR, INSTITUT PROBL. UPR in Russian No 13, 1976 pp 32-42 ~
~ MAMIKONOV, A. G., KOS YACHENKO, S. A.~ KUL' BA, V. V. and TSVIRKUN , A, D.
[From RFFERATIVN'iY ZHURNAL~ AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA ,
TEI~ii~I:KA in Russian No 4, Apr 78, Abstract 4B104] '
[Text] Models are proposed for the synthesis of software systems designed ~
- on a modular principle. The formulation and solution of problems of
breaking a system of information and software down into functional sub- '
systems are treated, where these subsystems ha.ve a minimum number of
information links with limitations plac~d on the overall number of sub- �
~ystems, the composition and number of internal links between subsystems.
Figures 3; references 5, i
[441-8225] ,
,
i
_ '
USSR UDC 681.322.066
~
A IiUDGET SYSTEM FOR THE DISPAK OPERATING SYSTEM
Moscow INSTITUT PRIKL. MAT. AN SSSR in Rusaian 1977 42 pp ,
;
BALAKIREV, N. YE., MIKHAYLOV, A. P. and TYURIN, V. F.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 73 Abstract No 4B72K by V. A. Garmash]
30 1 -
, ~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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[Text] The book contains the following chapters: the general operating
principle and structure of a budget ayatem, the method of interfacing a
budget eyetem, the e tructure of catalogs, and eervice programe.
~441-8225]
USSR UDC 681.3.06:51
SOFTWARE.FOR THE UNIFIID SYSTEM OF COMPUTERS FOR OPERATION IN A MULTIPLE
MACHINE COMPUTER COMPLEX
Unknown PROGRAP'lNINOYE OBESPECHENIYE YEF EVM DLYA RABOTY V MNOGOMASHINNOM
VYCHISLITEL'NOM KOMPLEKSE in Russian 1977 pp 166-170
KOVALENKO, YU. G. and LARIONOV, K. A,
,[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abstract No 4B83 by M. B. Yevdokimenko]
[Text] The software for large computers is based on the feedback of the -
YeS [unified sys tem], one of the most powerful and sophisticated of
operating systems. YeS feedback has the means of interfacing YeS com-
puters through a common peripheral memory field, for an immediate access
memory througin direct control units and a channel to channel adapter.
- For interfacing o ther types of computers, it is necessary to design only
relative~.y simple equipment and special software or equipment, which in
conjunction with the computer being tied in, can simulate one of the
indicated pieces of equiptnent for composing the set. The software of
the YeS computers for operating in a multiple machine computer complex
. will be developed through the refinement of the operating system iCself
and the creatioa of additional programs which expand the capabilities of
the computer complex.
, [441-8225J
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~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
USSR UDC 681.322.068 "
- MODERNIZATION OF THE MADLEN AUTOCODE. METHODS OF TRANSLATOR OPTIMIZATION
Dubna PREPRINT NO 11-10813, OB"YIDIN. INSTITUT YADER. ISSLID. in Russian
1977 7 PP ;
POPOV, M. YU, and FEDYUN'KIN, YE . D. ~
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATII~A, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abs tract No 4B77K]
[Text] The next rsgular variant of the Madlen autocode has been developed
for BESM-6 computers. Methods of op timizing the algorithms used in the _
autocode translators are discussed~ New language capabilities are _
described.
, [441-8225]
USSR UDC 681.3 :002 ;513 .5
SOFTWARE FOR THE "NAIRI-2" COMPUTER DATA PLOTTER ~
Dubna SOOBSHCH. OB"YED IN. INSTITUTA YADER. ISSLID. in Russian No 11-10818,
1977 21 PP
AKSENOVA' YE. K., KOL'GA, V. V, and TREYBAL, Z.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abstract No 4B98K by V. A. Garmash]
[Text] The software for the data plotter of "Nairi-2" computers is
described. The system of "Grafik" subroutines, composed in the "Nairi-2"
machine language, makes it possible to represent infarmation in graphical
form which is obtained both directly in the "Nairi-2" computers, and in
the base computers (of the "BESM-6," SDS-6500 type) through an information
processing system. A graphical function can be represented with a selected
scale in the form of a continuous line with programmed linear interpolation
- between Che points, or in the form of individual points with the coordinate
axes plotted in any specified direction. Work with the subroutine system ;
is accomplished in the autoprogramming language using a number of new
operator;, introduced into the translator of the "Nairi-2" computers.
[441-8225)
32
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USSR UDC 681.327.06(02) _
_ THE DOS YES OPERATING SYSTEM. HANDBOOK
, Moscow STATISTIKA in Russian 1977 271 pp
BITEL', YU; YU,, VOYUSH, V. I,, GORBUNOVA~ R, V,, DASHINSKAYA~ YE, I,,
' LYAKH, A. G., MARUK, Z. A. and SKOROMNIK, M. G.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abstract No 4B70K]
_ [Text] Ma.terial on the operating system of the DOS YeS [unified ~ystem
disk operating sys tem], which is widely used in the YeS-1020, YeS-1022,
YeS-1030 computers is generalized. Brief data are given on the asembler
language, directive formats, operators and macroinstructions of the s ystem
programs, on the use of such system funct~ons as the design and accessing -
of libraries, editing and translation of programs, etc. -
[441-8225]
USSR UDC 658.012.011.56
SYSTEMS CAPABILITY OF REMOTE PROCESSING SOFTWARE PACKAGES
Moscow VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEK~IIQIKA SOTSIALISTICHESKIKH STRAN [Computer
Technology of the Socialist Countries] 1978, No 4, pp 82-86
KPYSTEV, S~, _
[Translated from Moscow REFERATIVNYY SBORNIK. ORGANIZATSIYA UPRAVLENIYA
No 2, 19793, Abstract No 2.67.194, by Yu. P. D.]
[Text] Ttie software used in remote data processing systems consists of
two parts: systems software and applied (processing) programs. The
systems sof tware controls the remote data processing system and supports
communicat3.on with the applied pro~rams. It is constructed on the basis
of the operating system used and the corresponding method of access for
subscriber points or on the basis of~a certain remote processing program
- packa.ge, expanding the capability of the operating system. Application -
programs ~re oriented toward various applications. The great variety of
user requirements and the presence of reanote processing program packages,
together with methods of access for terminals, requires that the connectiona
33
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
;
between application programs and remote processing packages be def:?.ned.
There are 4 types of application programs: ior specialized applic~~tion;
_ for joint use of a data base; for servicing of inessages from subscrtber
, points; and for batch processing. The characteristics and functions of ;
the 10 basic remote processing packages are studied~ including methods
of access developed for the YeS computers. ~
[426-6508]
' USSR UDC 68~ .322 .O1 _ , -
DETERMINISM OF PA.RALLEL DIAGRAMS
Novos3.birsk VYCHISL. SISTEM,Y in Rus;sian 1978 No 73, pp 40-52 '
ANISHEV, P . A ~
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA ~
TEKHNIKt~i in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B52. Resume.]
[Text] A solution is suggested to the problem ot checking of asynchronously ,
interacting processors in a deterministic system, fixed in the form of a
garallel diagram of algorithms. The check is performed by analysis of a ;
model of the behavior of the parallel diagram (Petry network) for viability ;
and safety. The rules of transition from the parallel diagram to the ~
- Petry diagram are defined. ; _
It is shown that the properties of viability and safety of the corresponding
Petry diagram can be achieved by the condition of determinism of the '
parallel diagram. An algorithm is presented for checking for viability ~
_ and safety, based on theorems proven earlier in a work of Hack. An
estimate of the complexity of the algorithm is derived~ Figures 9; tables =
4; references 6. �
[439-6508]
34 '
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USSR UDC 658.012.011.56 -
A SYSTEM!FOR PROCESSING THE RESULTS OF NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS USING A
SMAI;u COMPUTER
SISTEMA OBRABOTKI REZUL'TATOV CHISLENNYKH RASCHETOV NA B~AZE MALOV EVM,
"OB'YEDIN. IN-T YADER. ISSLID. DYBNA. PREPR," in Russian No R11-1971
1978 18 pages
AKSENOVA ~ YE . K., GAVRISH, P. P., GORODNICHEV ~ YE . D,, KOL' GA, V. V.,
POLUMORDVINOVA~ N. I. and TREYBAL, Z,
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISTEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA,in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6A483. Annotation]
[Text] A system is described for processing the results of numerical
calculations, created in the Department of New Accelerators of the Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research Using a small "Nairi-2" computer. Infor-
mation is input through YeS tape drives from BESM-6 and CDC-6500 computers.
A selector channel consisting of a functionally modular system following
the "vector" standard has been developed for the "Nairi-2" computer for
communication between the small computer, the YeS-5017 tape drive and the ~
O~K-1 graphic display. A discrete plotter developed from a DRP-3 stage
' is connected directly to the "Nairi-2" computer. -
- Sqftware~supporting the operating modes of the tape drive, display and
plotter has been created~ The system is now in operation, supporting
continuous examination of the results of calculations performed on the
large computers, output of information in graphic or tabular form, as
well as the performance of various supplementary calculations.
~439-6508]
35 '
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY _
s
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200030048-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY '
USSR UDC 681,3(07)
COBOL. A PROGRAMMED TEXT FOR ECONOMICS STUDENTS
Kiev KOBOL. PROGRAMMIROVANNOYE UCHEBNOYE POSOBIYE. UCHEB. POSOBIYE DLYA
STUD. EKON. SPETS. WZOV. Kiev in Ruasian 3rd Edition Revised and Supple-
mented Vishcha Shkola, 1978 407 pages
YUSHCHENKO, YE . L., BABENKO, L. P., ANDRIYEVSKAYA, V. V.; BALL, G. A.~
BERESTOVAYA ~ S. N., BOPIDAREVSKAYA ~ V. M. , MASHBITS ~ YE . I. and ROGACH,
V. D.
[From REFFRATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B16K by S. G. Romanova]
[Text) A textbook on the programming language COBOL is offered~ COBOL ~
is designed for description of a broad class of economic problems and is
used as an input language for domestic series-produced computers. COBOL
describes algorithms dealing with inforcnation elements of complex structure
quite naturall.y, and has means for interacting with the operating system.
This is the reason for inclusion of the apparatus of COBOL in a number
- of newer languages, such as PL/1.
COBOL has modular structure and consists of a nucleus containing the means
for processing of data in machine memory, plus 11 modules, each of which
perform some processing function. This textbook includes a detailed
descrip tion of the nucleus and the modules for processing of tables and
sequential I/0, allowing programming of a broad range of data processing
problems. Standard COBOL is described, which coincides basically with
the version wh~ch runs in the YeS computer up to 1978. The main differences
of this version from the standard are described.
- [439-6508] _
~ .
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200030048-4
I
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
USSR UDC 681.322.06 -
ESTIMATION OF THE TIME REQUIRED TO REACH OPERATORS IN A PROGRAM
Novosibirsk VYCHISL. SISTEMY in Russian 1978 No 73, pp 152-167
ZNAK, V . I;.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISI~ITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6B50. Resume.]
[Text] A s tudy is made of the task of analysis of the s tructure of branches
of a p-program in order to determine such characteristics as the distri-
bution of probabilities and to estimate the time required to reach certain
predetermined operators.. The object of investigation used in an operator
p-branch system which consists of a set of simple (elementary) paths from
the starting operator to the predetermined operator and a set of simple
loops. .
A procedure is developed allowing the required characteristics to be -
determined from the length and frequency of running of the simple loops.
The method suggested for analysis of systems is uszd to analyze the p-
branch of a program for solution of a system of equations, particularly
for determination of the time characteristic defining the time required
to reach an arbitrary assigned transition in the system when the branch
is started from the initial operator. The basic possibilities for con-
_ s truction of sets of assigned operators are analyzed for modeling of the
interaction of branches of the p-program as it is run. Figures 1;
references 8. j,,
[ 439 - 65 O8
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200034448-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
USSR UDC 681.327 ,4' 21
FORMATLESS INPUT PROGRAMS WRITTEN IN MACHINE- INDEPENDENT FORTRAN
Moscow PROGRAMMY BESFORMATNOGO VVODA NA YAZYKE FORTRAN (MASEiINNONEZAVISIMAYA
VERSIYA) in Russian, Preprint No 3085 1979 14 pages
VLADIMIROVA ~ T. M, , GORODKOV, S. S, and LIMAN, G. F.
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AV^~OMATIKA~ TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAY[~
TEKHNIKA XA in Russ ian No 6, Abstract No 6B547. Annotation.]
[Text] A system of subroutines written in FORTRAN is described, which
- allows numerical information to be input from punch card~ to memory without .
using formats and allows the files and variables to be input in batches
, in arbitrary order. Practice has shown that unformatted input greatly
simplifies the use of programs designed for repeated calculation vers9.ons.
The subroutines were written using the common part of two versions of
FORTRAN FORTRAN-CERN and FORTRAN-IV. It can be compiled and run on
the BESM-6 and YeS computers with no alterations.
[439-6508]
.
ri
li
38
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200030048-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
E. ~,utomated Design and Engineering ~
Translations of Articles
USSR UDC 681.327.69'22
THE UTILIZATION OF GRAPHICAL DISPLAYS FOR PLANNING ~HE TOPOLOGY OF LARGE
SCALE INTEGRATID CIRCUITS ~
Moscow SB. NAUCH. TR. FO PROBL. MIKROELEKTRON. MOSK, IN-~T ELEKTRON. TEKHN.
in Russian 1976 No 31, pp 31-4~0
SHAN'GIN, V. F. and OGURTSOV, A, I., Moscow Electronics Engineering
Ins ti, tute
- [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 78 Abstract No 4B556j -
[Text] The organizational methods and software for operational graphical _
' systems for the planning of LSI topology are analyzed~ Figures 2; tables
2; references 3.
[441-8225J
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~
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
II. ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS
_q
A. General Treatment
- Translations of Articles
USSR UDC 658.012.011.56 '
PROBLEMS OF DATA AGGREGATION AND D ISAGGREGATION IN AUTOMATIC MANAGEMENT
- S YS TEMS
Moscow PROBLEMY SOVERSHENIYA SISTEM UPRAVLENIYA PREDPRIYATYAMI (OB'YEDINENI- ,
YAMT) [Problems of Improving Autoroatic Enterprise (Association) Mana.geu?~nt
Systems] in Russian 1977 pp 57-65 ~
BAYRAMOVA, I. P. and PROSKUROV, V. S,
- [From REFERATIVNYY SBORNIK, ORGANIZATSIYA UPRA.VLENIYA No 6, 1979, Abstract _
No 6 .6~ .zo~ ]
[Text] It is impossible to study a complex object without subdividing it
into parts. The fundamental procedure for subciividing an object is ex-
traction and analysis of independent subsystems within it. Following this ~
approach, one can construct a data disaggregation scheme for automa.tic
management sys tems (ASU). The second prob3.em of data aggregation, if this
is regarded as a joining together of information about and for various ~
- tasks, has not yet been formulated in general terms by anybody so far,
= The gis t of this problem is to determine the tradeoff between storing in
the computer memory either information about each task or information about
the entire system as a whole. The main requirement serving as the criterion
for selecting the method of data organization is the need to reduce the ~
labor of da ta. processing for computer-aided solution of problems in
automatic management systems. The use of automatic data banks with central
data storage for all tasks of automatic management systems contributes Co
appreciable delays, which often amount to half the total machine time
- needed for the solution of those problems. It is, therefore, necessary
to make quanti tative estima.tes and to formulate specific rules as a basis
~ 40 ~
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for determining whether central or local data storage would be preferable.
It can be asserted a priori that a better data organization allows for
- both cenCral and local storage~ One then determines to what degree ~
- and according to which criteria data for various tasks must be aggregated.
[435-2415] -
USSR UDC 658.012,011.56
THE ACTIVITY OF COMPUTER CENTERS DURING THE STAGE OF CREATION OF AN
AUTOMATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
I~CH,, AUTOMAT, ADMIN. in Czech 1978 18 No 12, pp 476-478
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATTKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6A447 by S. I. Volchek] -
[Text] It is noted that the decisive factor in the intensification of the
development and introduction of automa.ted management systems (ASU) and
computer hardware to various branches of the economy of the CSSR has been
the set of resolutions of the May 1974 Plenum of the CC CPC, indicating
the great sign.ificance of the scientific approach to management problems
- and the need for objective evaluation and processing of information (I).
By the end ef 1976, 406 ASU had been completely developed, us ing modern
comp~iter equipment. By this same date, 52 of these ASU were in operation.
Several pressing problems of further development.of ASU and computer centers
are discussed: the need for complete compatibility of the information
being processed; standardization of indices and methods of their processing,
common for most ASU; introduction of common classification principles,
including the area of economic indices; standardization of data processing.
technology, etc~
Significant improvement of information systems is required, including the
introduction of obligatory or recommended information text structures, as
well as information carriers, to allow exchange of information between
different information-computer centers; standardization of algorithms for
~ information processing, etc. The tasks involved in broader introduction
of ASU and computer centers and increasing the effectiveness of their
atilization are outlined.
[439-6508]
41 �
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' FOR I:FFICIAL USE ONLY
ussR uDC 6ss.oi2.oii.s6
AUTOMATION OF PLANNING OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. COLLECTION OF WORKS
Moscow AVTOMATIZATSIYA PROYEKTIROVANIYA SISTEM UPRAVLENIYA. SB. STATEY.
- in Russian Statistika Press 1978 198 pages
TRAPEZNIKOV, V, A., Editor ,
[From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, AVTOMATIKA, TELEMEKHANIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKHNIKA in Russian No 6, 1979, Abstract No 6A500K]
- [Text] This collection contains articles of both expository and methodo-
logic types, reflecting various aspects of the problem of automa.tion of
the planning of management systems (ASU): principles of automation,
problems of algorithmic and methodologic support, methods of performance
of tasks related to automation of planning, etc.
[439-6508] -
USSR UDC 658.012.011,56
AN ADMINISTR/'~TIVE-TERMINAL ENTERPRISE CONTROL SYSTFM
Perm ORGANIZATSIONNYYE I STRUKTURNYYE PROBLEMY UPRAVLENIYA SOTSIALISTICHE-
_ SKIM PROIZVODSTVOM [Organizational and Structural Problems of Adminis-
tration of Socialist Production] 1978, pp 23-27
BUDOV, A, A, and KISHEV, YU. I.
[Translated from Moscow REFERATI~INYY S$ORNIK, ORGANIZATSIYA UPRAVLENIYA
No 3, 19 79 , Abs trac t No 3, 67 .205 b~ Yu , P, D,]
[Text] One means of improving automated management systems and increasing
economic effectiveness by accelerating the processing and movement of
information is the devalopment and creation of an administrative terminal
system for management. Such a system allows input and calling of prepared
records from a file using terminal devices, editing and formatting of
- regulation and nonregulation documents as required, with output to the
user's display. The administrative terminal management system ATS-10,340,
developed by the Leningrad Water Transport Institute on the basis of the
YeS-1010 computer and VT-340 "videoton" terminal devices is an interactive
dialogue system. The specific tasks performed by the system are defined
by the user in the dialogue;mode. The data stored in the system can be
42
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interrogated or altered by several adminiatrative workers simultaneously
at different levela of management. Based on this, the syetem usea two
groups oL rerminal devicee -"acCive" and "paesive." The "active" terminale
not only diaplay data on the acreen, but also allow editing in the oper-
a tional archives. The operational archives are stored in the aystem on -
fixed head magnetic disks. The "passive" terminals output regulation and
nonregulation documents in resgonse to information requests. The software
for the administrative terminal sysCem features a highly branched system
- of programs in the form of modules: servicing of "active" and "passive"
terminals, an instruction interpreter, a report generating file manager -
and an executive program. A structural diagram of the interaction of the -
modules of the ATS-10.340 is presented. Machine-language programs are
_ written in FORTRAN IV and Assembler. The "active" terminals are serviced
- by means of subroutines of a second type, called by the executive program
and assigned to specific terminals. Commands from the "active" terminals
call operational documents, enter information into the archives, edit
forms, delete document lines, compress docuatents, insert new document
lines, change output forms, copy documents onto blanks, and tabulate out-
put forms. Commands of the "passive" terminal formulate and output
finis hed documents. It should be noted that these commands, reproducible
in the administrative terminal system, are single-line instructions, trans- -
mitted to the system from the "active" and "passive" terminals. They
- allow changes to be made in the data base and output of information as
formatted documents, The system allows formaCting of documents of any
_ type, However, considering the limitations of the display screen of the -
VT-340 (16 lines, 80 characters), some forms of documented infoYtnation
must be divided into subdocuments to which names are assigned by the
- sys tem.
[426-6508]
- INFORMATION SUPPORT OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 6, 1979 pp 44-54 -
[Article by A. ModinJ
[Text] Increase of the volume of information in the process of control of -
production brings about an increase of information work. The information
process in a control system predetermines the main expenditures of the
' labor of specialists in solving tasks of the economic plan. Even simple
- operations with figures involve expenditures of working time. Thus. 0.45
second of time is required for the comparison of just two signs, and over
� 43
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1 second for the writing of one letter or digit. In processing the sta-
tistical information of an automated sector control system (OASU), 455.14
million charactera a year were prepared. "The t~tal volume of output
etutiatical information (according to the Scient�fic Reaearch Inatitute
of the USSR Central Statiatical Adminiatration) ia atatietically distri-
buCed by sectors ae tollows: 252.1 million characters to industry, 17.3
to capital construction, 18.0 to the most important construction sites,
34.4 to labor and wages, 57.7 to material-technical support, 6.74 to
agriculture, 4.1 to new technology, 11.8 to budgets, 8.5 to trade, and
44.5 to culture, transport, and finances, etc" [1].
The growth of the scale of information work in control systems cannot _
under contemporary conditions be accompanied by a corresponding incrPase
in the number of administrative personnel, and in recent years this has
become the object of centralized planning. At the same time the personnel,
no t being able to perform the actual volume of informational work satis-
factorily, is unable to prepare economic plan decisions that permit more
_ efficient production and economic activity. As a result, reserves are
formed thaC are not mobilized by the actual traditional control sys tems.
Indicative of the dimensions of those reserves is the fact that considerable
investments in the creation of automated control systems in all units of , '
the national economy are repaid in 3 or 4 years.[2]. These circumstances
have determined the objective need for improvement of information processes
_ in tEie control of social production and the wide mechanization and auto- :
mation of administrative labor,
Three main directions have now formed in the improvement of the information
support and the process of planning and control of various units of the
national economy: redistribution of the volumes of information work among -
levels of control of social production, having in mind Che transfer of a
large volume of that work to inferior and priroary units of the national
economy; the mechanizaCion and auromation of informa.tion processes through -
the wide use of new technology and especially of electronic computers;
the use of inetrods of economic information science to improve the supplying
of control systetns with information.
An important role in improving the supplying of information must be played
by methods of economic information science in combination with use of the
possibilities of contemporary electronic computer and other technology, -
and also means of communication.
The establis:~ment of developed organizational s tructures laid the foundation
for the formation and improvement of the supplying of production control
systems with information. Moreover, it is accomplished under conditions
of invariability of the sources of primary information mainly by ramification
of the data flows and the centers of their s torage. The development of
information support ha,s for a long time proceeded extensively through
multiple duplication of data in the channels of its movement and its
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storage centers, and this has found some theoretical substantiation. For
example, the construction of forms of statistical reporting was based on -
the following recommendations: presentation to the specialist of data
permitting him to solve problems and monitor the precision of the report; -
- inclusion in the report of information characterizing the plan and the -
actual dynamics of development of the object in the past; retlection in
the report of estimated indicators, that is, the mean and re"lative values.
The situation that has also formed in textbooks on statistics was cor- '
respondingly explained: "The main task of our accounting is to monitor
the fulfillment of the olan and also to establish the status and develop-
ment of the economy. In connection with that, many reports include three
categories of information: factual data on the report period, the plan
established for the report period and factual data for the preceding
period. The presence of such indicators makes it possible to monitor
the fulfillment of the plan and establish the dynamics of the development -
_ of phenomena" [3].
As a result of implementation of those recommendations, in a number of
forms of statistical reporting only 20 percent of the new information is
_ contained, and the rema.ining indicators--reference and estimated indicators
and their recording on forms--are redundant expenditures of labor in
a lower unit. An analogous situation is also characteristic of others, -
- including intraplant forms of economic plan documentation. ~
The first attempts to mechanize informational'work by means of electronic
computers were unsuccessful without improvement of the routing of the
forms of documentation; on the contrary~ the increase of costs resulting
from large time expenditures on data input into the computer in many
cases explained the inefficiency of inerha.nization of information work.
The use of computers in the control of production required new methods of
- constructing informational support~ In our country Academician V. Nemchinov _
was the first to formulate the basic principles of the construction of
informa.tional support of control systems:
1) minimize the quantity of primary data. In this connection he wrote
"a minimum of initial data, a minimum of primary information and a max~.mum
of derivative secondary information";
2) assure on the basis of a single flow of data the servicing of all
types of economic management and the satisfaction of a11 units of controL -
of the national economy. In his opinion it is advisable to combine into
~ one all types of information services and serve them with a single automated
_ p-rocessing system";
3) use a data processing system to comprehensively characterize economic
objects and processes, that is, direction of the information system "not
on].y toward obtaining data on processes and objects which cannot be observed
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directly but also toward data which cannot be obtained by direct obser- ,
vation or calculation"; ~
4) expand the functions of the economic information service. V. S.
Nemchinov noted that "the functiona of the economic information service
have been limited Co juat a aervosyatem, but have also been combined with
definite functions of regula~cion and control";
S) provide initial data for tasks of economic mathetnatical modeling,
tha,t is, "the economic information service is called upon to provide
the needed volume of information for modeling economic processes" [4].
The principles of informational support formulated by V. Nemchinov have
obtained development in the conception of the integrated data processing
system in the management of associations and.enterprises. The integrated
data processing system as the basis of improvement of the information
- support of production control sysrems is based on: "efficient distribution
- of all the technology for planning and control work to creative and mechan-
ical operations; the development of detailed procedures for the accomplish-
ment of inechanical operations tha.t could not be performed by any man
without occupational training; the construction of a form flow scheme with
passage of documents through a"processing" filtar taken into consideration;
the re?.ease of equipment that prepares initial data (primary documents) :
L-rom operations connected with the search for and recording of any sort
of reference or esti.mated data on the documents (primary documents); the
organization of a single, centralized standard-reference economy in the
operation of the technological equipment of the data processing group -
[5l .
Specialists of the Scientific Research Center of the USSR Central Statis-
tical Adminis traCion ha.ve investigated problems of the use of the principle ~
of deviations in constructing a sectoral system of operative accounting in
the USSR Ministry of Chemical Industry. Implementation of that principle
assured a sharp reduction of data in the planning and regulation of pro-
duction. Whereas in the presence of daily reporting upon transiCion to a
year according to the compiled nomenclature 1,947,600 indiGators were
reported, according to the program of the experiment their number was
reduced to 497,100. But if only the data on deviations are taken, that is,'
the volume of the 5-day reporting is excluded from the program, the number
of indicators is 117,000, or 6 percent of the number in daily.reporting.
The degree to which the management was inforcned remained practically the
same. The cost of transmitting data on deviations is abou t 7-8 percent of
the cost of transmitting daily reports" [6] .
The basic indicators of the integrated data processing sys tem as the base
of information support have found wide application in the creation of
automated enterprise and association systems. The flow of primary control .
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data and the volume of labor-iatensive information work in coatrol systems
have been sharply curtailed, For example, the organization of the storage
of ataadard-reference data in computer memories released persoanel of the
admiaistration from systematic operations with a card file of 300,000-
500,000 cards. The printout of iaformatioa on the stiipment of producti~n
to the user by means of computer output devices has eliminated the need .
for manual preparation of invoices. Thus the development of electroaic
_ data processing made it possible to substaatially improve the quality of
execution of information work uader the conditions of growth of production
without increasing the numbers of administrative personnel.
In the beginning, when second-geaeration electronic computers were used in _
automated coatrol systems (ASU), the memory of a control system was �ormed
= on magnetic tapes in the form of specialized files of standards aad other
reference information. Such organization of the standard-reference base
' s till did~not permit excludiag duplication of data in different files, but
it contributed to improvement of the quality of the calculations of
economic plans and itself appeared as a labor-saving factor in systems for
the control of production.
The introduction of third-generation electronic computers in the creation -
of automated enterprise control systems (ASUP) assured new possibilities ~
for the creation of the information base of the system for the control .
and construction of integrated data processing systems. Random access to
data in the memory of thir~:-generation computers as a result of the wide ~
dissemination of magnetic disk storage devices has permitted giving up
the former principle of file formation. As a result of that, the concept
of construction of universal programming facilitiea that have received
the name of automated data banks has become the basis of the integrated
_ data processing systems.
The development of iaformation support of sector administratioa has oc-
curred mainly within the framework of the corresponding automated control
- systems, The creation of automated control systems for sectors of industry
brought about a standardization of primary documentation and a curtailanent
of its nomenclature, the formation of the standard-reference base in com-
puter storages, the merging of flows of rapid and current information, etc.
The information support was improved within the frabnework of the general
principles of integrated data processing systems with the use of program-
ming facilities for the construction of automated data banks~ At the same ~
time, imprdvement of information support in the sectoral unit (in the
ministries and departmeats) has a number of principal distinctive features.
FirsCly, independent associations or enterprises scattered.over the ter-
ritory of the country are the source of primary data (documents) for ASU -
for sectors of industry. This limits, on the one hand, and expands, on
the other, the possibilities of using the methods of information scieace
to improve information processes aad support, since the developera of the -
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ASU for sectors of industry do not have the right to change the forms of
planning and statistical documentation with the exception of the intra-
departmental. Moreover, the etandardization and rationalization of
intradepartmental documentation considerably reduce the labor-intenaivenesa -
of the information process. .
Secondly, the inclusion of associations and enterprises in a single system
of communications permits widely applying within Che framework of the ASU
for sectors of industry data transmission tecHnology with minimum expendi-
tures of manual labor. In pxactically all ministries and departments, -
perforated teletype tapes serve as the source of data for the computers of ~
dispatcher information pointa. In automated dispatcher information points, -
~ information arrives directly at compufers from communication channels by '
means of special apparatus. '
_ Thirdly, in a sectoral unit the possibility appears of direct machine
interaction in the information process of electronic computers of the main
- computer center of the minisCry or department and the computers of the -
automated data processing with minimal expenditures of manual labor,
The mechanizad and automated interaction of control systems in the "secto;.-
enterprise" link contributes to the scientific organization of "informational
processes and support. Automated data banks have found application in the
:~ute~~ated cont.rol sysL-em for the sector as well as for the enterprise.
They are used in the automaCed management systems for the inatrument
building sector, the chemical industry and a number of other sector control -
systems. Automated diapatcher information points using technic~l methoda
. of minimizing data flows are functioning in practically all automated
~ sector control systemn. These methods of organizing information processes
and support of automated sector control systems reduce to a tenth (if not `
to a hundredth) th.e data flow ia the "ministry-enterprise" link, and also
files of stored information, which in the final account leads to a relative
- reduction of labor-intensiveness of information work and increase of the
- qualiCy of control of production.
The principles of scientific organization of information procesaes and~
support are used in the creation and development of the automated dat~
processing systems o� the cenCral economic planning and functional organs
of the country (the automated system for planning calculations of the ~
_ USSR Goaplan, the automated system for state statiatics of the USSR Central -
Statistical Administration, the ASU-Supply and ASU-Bank, etc.). Sector
automated control systems or sector automa.ted data processing aystems are
the sources of information for those systems. The concentra tion of both
- central economic planning and functional organ aystems and their infor-
mation sources within the limits of a single city opens up large possi-
_ bilities of automating their informational interaction, and this in turn
ia a reserve for reduction of maintaining the control apparatus and
- increasing the speed and quality of solution of economic plan probleros.
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Thus the au~omated interaction of the automated management system for the
instrument building sector and the automated infosmation-controlling
system for standardization and metrology of the USSR State Committee for
Standards permitted the saving of 45,000 rubles in the planning and '
functioning of thoae systems [7].
In spite of the successes achieved in the introduction of inethods of
economic iaformation science ~n inforcnation procesaes and support of
control systems, there still are definite shortcominga in the area of
_ economic management. The principles of iategrated data processing syatems
are utilized at far from all enterprises, associations and even miniatries
- and departments~ In a number of cases the absence of answers to organi-
zational and legal questions hinders the exchange of iaform,ation on
machine carriers between automated systems. Such a practice not only does
not save labor in the sphere of control but, as a rule, increases its _
expenditures in connection with transfer oi data from machine carriers to
ordinary forms of documentation. The lack of agreement of classifiers
of material.resources and the technical and economic indicators for sectors
of the national economy hinders the interactiea both of sector automated
control systems and of labor on the preparation of data for their use _
outside the framework of the sector. Finally, the planning and reporting
documentation is more and more saturated with reference and estimated
_ . indicators. "In the indicators of statistical reporting, planning and
normative indicators represent 24 percent, indicators for past periods
or estimated indicators, that is, those which can be determined from ,
indicators of available reporting, 31 percent, and newly obtained indi-
cators, only 45 percent" [8]. -
~
A serious shortcoming in ~he organization of contemporary information
_ support is the circulation of a large .volume of undocumented information _
in the control system. "Analysis of the support of functional control
subsystems at enterprises shows that the standardization functions are
50-70 percent assured and the planning functions almost completely, the
accounting and reporting by 70-80 percent (many documents on operative
reporting) and functions of analysis 8.nd operative control by 20-30
~ percent. The absence of documented information on the last two function~s
shows that that part of the information reaches management in oral form,
_ and that considerably reduces its reliability" [9). This, it seemn to us,
- impoverishes the "memory" of the control system, without permitting it -
to completely use accumulated knowledge and experience. _
The mentioned shortcomings result from both practical and theoretical dif-
ficulties in improving information processes and support of systems for
the control of social production, The practical difficulties, in our
opinion, are connected with two questions. Firstly, improvement of -
inforniation processes and support is a very labor-intensive measure in the
nverall complex of work on the rationalization of control systems. As
experience in the introduction of automated enterprise control systems
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has s hown, juat the investigation of the actual form flow in order to
- rationalize it requiree 20-40 man-years of labor expenditurea; reorgani-
zation of the normative-reference base takea 2-3 years, etc. Of courae,
- the conducting of such measures is not always within the capability of
the control apparatus, overloased with current informational and analytical
work. Secondly, habits and skills in the organization of administrative
work do not occupy last place in the overall complex of difficulties in
improving information support.
The absence of a soluCion of theoretical questions has a great influence
on the practical directivity of work on improvement of information pro-
cesses and support. These problems still have not found due acknowledgment
and place in the science of control of social production. Most often
discussed in the economic literature are processes of reducing or increasing ~
the number of planning and report indicatars, of the introduction of new
methods of calculation, the redistribution of rights and duties ot sub-
divisions of the organs of control, etc. However, in all these investi-
gations, questians of the information process and support remained for a '
long time and in a number of cases still remain wiChout connection with
the measures under consideration to rationalize control of producCion.
What this leads to can be illus trated with examples. This problem developed ;
very acutely on a national economic scale during the working up of an ;
- intersector balance of producCion and distribution of products~ The ;
ob*_ai.ning of in~ormation about expenditures on the production of separate !
types of product in a cross-section of pure sectors required correQponding ,
~ bookkeeping operations: at enterprises it would have been necessary to ~
have separate analyses of the production of each specific type of product.
The great labor-intensiveness of auch a measure brought about the develop- ~
ment of a procedure for construction of an intersector balance of pro- ,
- duction and distribution of product on the basis of spo* check data~ In '
many cases the requirements for information support are not so obvious.
It is known that the ministries and departments are responsible for
s rudying, determining and satisfying the needs of the.national economy
for corresponding types of production. What does the practical solution
of this problem mean? The information and computaCional aspects of ~
determining the needs of the national economy for any type of production
assumes a quanCitative estimate of the consumption standards for the given
type of article by areas of its application, that is, in the produc tion
of other types of product, and the prospects of development of the areas
_ of application ot a given type o~f article. i
In other words, determination of the need of the national economy for a
given type of product on the informa.tion and computational level in a
number of cases is idenCical to the preparation of a general forecast of
the aevelopment.of interconnected sectors,of the economy. At the same
_ Cime, the ministries and departments responsible for the solution of that ~
problem prove to be isolated.from direct sources of information; betweec~ ~
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- them and the conaumers there can be several intermediate linka producing
primary daCa regarding the needs for its activity, which naturally hinders
the making of such calculations or substantially lowers their precision. -
The further development of information support and processes of the
functioning of control systems requires the solution of a number of serious
theoretical an.d practical problems. Above a11, the problem of intersector
integration of informa.tion flows on a countrywide basis becomes more and
more acute, The development and creation of "vertical" integrated infor- _
_ mation sys tems have determined the scientifically substantiated directions
in the improvement of information support of plant and sector management,
At the same time those systems do not eliminate intersector shortcomings
arising where the activities of minis tries and departments abut. In turn
they cause rec3undancy and duplication of data flows that give rise to
unjus tified loading of communications channels and a need for storage
devices for computers installed in the correspond~ng main computer centers.
All this increases expenditures on the creation of automated control
systems or automated data processing systems and reduces the effectiveness
of electronic computer use in the national economy.
The development of independence of associations in an operative economic _
respect and the imp~sition of responsibility on them for the final results
and satisfaction of the needs of the corresponding economic units make
it necessa-ry for them to obtain information about the character of use of
their production directly from the user. In other words, in the long term
. for planning the activity of separate associations and enterprises it can
prove necessary to concentrate intersector informa.tion about Che consumption
of separate types of production in various sec tors and regions of the _
country. .
The considered aspects of improving the information support of a system
- for control of social production are difficult to solve within the frame-
work of systems for automatic control and data processing of separate
ministries and departments. An intersector approach,is required, and also
the creation of a network of data processing equipment.
"The effectiveness of data processing integration," notes L. M. Volodarskiy,
"is determined by the fact that it provides complex informational depiction _
and analysis of economic processes, reduces to a minimum duplication of the
processes of ga thering, processing and transmission of data, and also _
permits minimizing specific exper_ditures to obtain a unit of output data. -
Integration of data processing on the scale of the na.tional economy
requires the solution of a number of complex problems, but it is the only
real path that will permit satisfying the growing needs for control in the
area of information at allowable dimensions of expenditures" [10],
= An important way to solve that problem is to crea~e inC4rdepartmsntal auto-
mated data banks, Those banks, based on use of electronic computers of the
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s tate network of computer centers, have the task of concenrrating in ter-
sector intormation and presenting it to the users, which relieves separate
associations and organizations of gathering data, transferring it to machine -
carriers and expending electronic computer resources on the storage of _
. information. The automated interaction of banks with sector automated
control systems, au tomated data processing systems and enterprise auto-
mated control systems will also contribute to a curtailment of the daCa
flow al~ng communications channs~ls. For such purposes it is necessary
to preliminarily investigate the a:~visability of creating intersector -
automated data banks based on very winespiead information or informa tion- -
_ connected sectors of the national economy'; The conducting of such in-
_ vestigations can serve as a stimulus to the scientific solutions of
problems of informa tion processes and support of various sector and -
enterprise automa.ted control systems and a considerable increase in the
effectiveness of their functioning.
A n important direction in the improvement of information support in the
system of control of the national economy is rationalization of horizontal
flbws of data between primary prcduction economic units. The process of
the preparation and organization (the main thing) of the fulfillment of '
plans causes an intensive exchange of information among producers, suppliers
and users. That exchange of data, in contrast with vertical flows of
_ planning, reporting and other documents, is practically unregulated and is
accomplished in the form of indirect connections between associations in _
the form of telephone conversations, telegraph messages and all sorts of
letters. As a rule such communications have the character of refinements,
reminders and all sorts of complaints in connection with the non-fulfillment
of contractual obligations. "According to data of the All-Union Scientific ~
_ Research Institute of Standardization, 4 billion administrative documents
are compiled in the country in a year. Of them about 2 billion are letters, ~
tialf of which are duplicates. For each letter 3 or 4 standard sheets of
paper (a rough ~raf t plus copies) are expended on the average. Conse-
quently, on all letters, 6-8 billion sheets, or over 30,000 tons of
paper" [11],
Rationalization and s tandardization of the process of informa.tional inter-
action of.associations and enterprises must contribute to a sharp reduction
of labor-intensiveness and expenditures of other resources on data prepa- ~
ration. The es tablishment of intersectnr regulation of informational
interactioci of various organizatians with consideration of the new possi-
bilities can considerably reduce horizonta~ information flows.
The introduction of regulatory conditions for the accomplishment of hori-
zontal informational connections is impossible without scientific me thodo-
logical substantiation. It is necessary to clearLy distinguish objects
with respect to which various associations enter into the informational
interaction, the situations determining the character of the interac tion
and also the degree of informational significance of the interaction of -
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subjects. Within the framework of separate associations and enterprises
some experi.enc~ has already been accumulated. Thus, at a number of associa-
- tions and enterprises of the country the d~cumenta.tion used to reflect
mutual claims among various economic units has been formalized and atandard-
- ized. However, those queationa require careful investigation and proper
methodical presentation.
Together with general problems in the improvement of informational pro-
cesses and support of control systems, particular que:~tions occupy a place
of no little importance.
Emerging especially sharply is the problem of rai,sing the level of con-
sistency and comparability of the technical-economic and planning-report.
indicators, which support the planning and control of social production.
- In solving questions of information support in the process of ASU creation
_ the develcpers often encounter an absence of due comparability of the
indicators reflecting separate aspects of the production and economic
activity and recorded in documents relating to various functions. This
results from both deviations in the accuracy of the recording of infor-
- mation and the procedures of their presentation. Most of such disagree-
ments take place between indicators expressed in value terms and in kind~
A need has developed for standardization of the nomenclature of the tech-
- nical-economi.c and planning-report indicators and, what is the main thing, '
the procedure for their formation. Standardization of the nomenclature
ar.d procedures for calculation of indicators has to do not only with the
system in effect. It must take into consideration the development of
the control sys tem and provide for the introduction of indicators that -
still are not used in the practice of planning and ?-eporting. Prepara tion
of separate indicators in advance will simplify later on the introduction
of new methods of planning and control.
Standardization of the nomenclature and proced ures for calculation of
indicators requires the nationwide introduction of a single information
language. In existing control systems one and the same indicator within
the limits of an association is expressed by different combinations of
~ words, the names of indicators are replaced~ etc. True, in traditional
controls systems all this is compensated by the universal possibilities
of man and his work habits. The situation is different in an automated
control system or an automa.ted data processing system, in the creation of
which the developers are required to introduce formalized inf ormation
languages. However, the development and introduction of information
languages into operation are limited by the frameworks of the creation oP
automated systems of the correspondin~ organizations or associations. As
a resul.t there is a lack of coordination of the introduced information
languages with one another and a preservation of existing languages where
electronic computers and other equipment are not yet being used,
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- Moreover, an information systein unified on a national ~cale must be used
even before the introduction of electronic computers and other hardware
everywhere.
At the present time within the framework of developmanrs of automated
cpntrol syatems for plauning calculations and seator automatic control
systems a number of formalized information languages have been proposed,
_ and so it is an important task to verify their relative effec tiveneas and
select the basic variant. Delay in solving this question will result in
the development of a number of additional "company" languages, increase
their variety and draw off resources from practical tasks in improving
- information processes and support of systems for the control of social
- production~
Integration of information flows and the estabLishment of a single infor-
mation language is the basis for improving forms of documentation, one
that permits eliminating from documents of any kind reference and estimated -
(that is, redundant) indicators, and also is a prerequisite for a sharp
curtailment of forms of documentation and of the indicators contained in
them, and in the final account a reduction of the labor-intensiveness of
the formation of a documented data flow. The question arises of whether _
it isn't possible to accomplish that measure immediately before integration -
of i.nfor.mation flows. It was said above that the data flows are already
being integrated within the framework of the creation of enterprisQ and
sector automated control systems~ Redundant indicatora are being eliminated -
from the forms of intraplant and intrasector documentation. However, the
- main part of the redundant indicators results from their intersector
character. Elimination of this redundancy does not seem possible without
integration of the information flows on the scale of the national economy.
The introciuc tion of a single information language raises the level of ~
cor,sistency of indicators in all areas of their subsequent application and
- improves the conditions of interac tion of different autociated control
sys tems . This also mus t assure uniform formul.ation of the technical-
economic, planning-reporting and accounting indica~ors in all links and
sectors of the national economy and operations in obtaining and subsequently
- using them. In that case a unique standard (o~ nomenclature and values)
of all indicators used in the system for control of social production ought
to be introduced first. That standard wi11 become the basis of the formu-
lation of forms of documentation and methodical materials on the organi-
zation of informa.tion processes and support of systems for control of all
links of ~he national economy~ It is precisely the presence of such a .
= standard that can regulate subsequer~t work on improving the in.furmation _
support of control systems.
Solution of the above-considerad ques tions far from exhausts the problem
of improving informa.tion processes and support of a social production
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control system, An important measure in that area is the development of
a scientifically substantiated technology for performing information work.
~apecially important will be standardization of technological procesaea
as the baeis for asauring comparability and consistency of all technical-
economic, planning-reporting and accounting indicators.
The Cechnology for making technical-economic calculations--the formation
of indicators and documents--must become an inseparable element of all _
materials on methods of solving tasks in rhe planning, calculating and
control of production, When there is a precise technology for the
performance of economic work, in the development of production control
systems a new property emerges--the possibility of verifying the influence
of the procedur~ for plan development on its precision and the adequacy
ot regularities in the production and economic activity of enterprises,
- associations and sectors of the economy. Correspondingly, elements of ~
self-instruction and self-organization obtain a strict quantitative base
in the development of control sys tems.
The information process in a social production control system accumulates
_ a considerable portion of the labor resources. It is one of the most
- labor-intensive in the entire cycle of social reproduction. The task of -
increasing the effectiveness of control is also connected to a great
extent with improving the quality of execution of information processes
and support, with improving the use of the activity of manpower employed
in that sphere .
Improvement of information support is of great importance in the planning
= and control of sectors of the national economy and production associations
and enterprises. Therefore it is necessary to more widely use all the
possibilities of scientific information science and also of ineans of
automation of data processing and transmission, Rationalization of the
information support must be accomplished in an organi~ combination with
_ processes of improvement of the control of production and the creation -
of automated control sys tems ~
It should be borne in mind that curtailment of the volume of information
work by reduction of the number of planning and accounting indicators
does not always improve the results of production and economic activity
of sectors of the national economy, associations or enterprises. The
fact is that the nomenclature of technical-economic indicators to a
certain degree stipulates the quality of plans and operational adminis-
trative decisions. The absence of necessary indicators in the planning
_ and reporting documentation lessens the organizing role of the plans,
increases indeterminacy in the making of administraCive decisions and in
a number of situations brings about a need to expend resources on the
~ retrieval or the obtaining of lacing information. This is clearly
_ manifested in material-technical supply: in many cases a shortage of ~
material resources in production is explained, not by the absence of -
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~materials or articles making up sets, but by an extreme aggregation of
informa~ion about the state of stocks or the places where they are
disposed~
]:~iformation is becoming more and more a very importan.t resource of planning '
and control. It is precisely on the level of detail, precision and time- -
liness of arrival of technical-economic data that the quality of planning ~
- and operational adminis trative decisions depends. Questions ot the ~
improvement of the planning procedure and the mecha.nism of cost accounting '
and correlation of the centralization of planning and economic independence ~
should be solved in a complex with the organization of information support
of control systems.
Thus the task arises of optimal agreement of the level of detail of the
nomenclatu.re of indica tors ef planning and control with the quality of
the planning decisions and expenditures on data gathering and processing.
Correspondingly, it is advisable to consider measures to improve the -
organization of control of sectors of the national economy, production -
associations and enterprises jointly with questions of their effective '
information support. In other words, expenditures on the implementation
_ of the information support of new methods of planning and forms of cos t
accounting must be taken into account as a component part of expenditures '
on the introduction and carrying out of the proposed measures, ~
- Unfortunately, at the present *ime problems of iaformation support rema.in ~
an area of investigations of "narrow" specialists in the organization of ~
electronic data processing or clerical work. There are practically no
examples of complex solution of problems in improving planning and control
together with questions of corresponding information support. Measures
- on the introduction of new methods of planning or forms of cost accounting
are carried out first, and an additional flow of necessary data, which
complicates the already existing information support system, is organized
later . . ~ _
= At the same t,ime the problems of information support have gone far beyond
the framework of narrow technicaL questions and are being linked more and _
more closely with the general complex of ineasures to improve sys tems for
control of sectors of the national economy and production associations
- and enterprises. Large planning and research collectives are working in
that area, and on the results of their activity depend not only the -
current but also the long-range effectiveness of the organization of
control. In addition, automation of information support presents new
and broader possibilities of rational planning and control as well. Serious
= attention has been turned repeatedly toward the importance of development -
of that dirzction of science.
l:~ view of the organizational connection of information processes and
_ support with the corresponding subdivisions of social production, at the
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present time it is hardly possible to separate the information industry
into an independent sector in its trac;itional sense.
However, the problem of the development of a network of time-sharing
computer centers, which also form the material basis of a new sector of
indus try--data processing, is on the agenda, The development of the n~w
sector makes it necessary to develop on a priority basis the economic
principles of its construction and functioning. The main parameters of -
automated control systems and methode of forecasting and planning have
now been theoretically substantiated and worked out by the scientific
� institutions of the country, the methodology of their cons truction has
been formulated and a procedure for determining economic effectiveness ~
has been adopted. In addition, the introduction of computer technology
and the methods of mathematical economics into the control of social
production, the creation of aut~mated control systems and, what is the
main thing, tasks in the further improvement of information processes
and support are establishing a need for the development and formation,
- within the framework of the general theory of scientific control, of
- ques tions of the economics of the information industry as an independent -
scientific discipline.
;
B IBL IOGRA.PHY
1, Sinavina, V. S. Mekhanizatsiya i avtomatizatsiya upravleniya otrasl'yu
(Mechanization and Automation of St~,ctor Control). Izd-vo "Ekonomika,"
1970, PP 25, 28.
~
2. Chumachenko, N. G. and Zabotina, R. I, Ekonomicheskaya effektivnosr'
ASUP (Economic Effectiveness of the Automated Enterprise Control
System) , Izd-vo "Statistika," 1977, pp 73, 78. _
3, Suslov, I. P. Obshchaya teoriya statistika (General Theory of Statis- _
tics) . izd-vo "Statistika," 1970, p 75.
4. Nemchinov, V. S, Izbrannyye proizvedeniya (Selected Works). Izd-vo
"Nauka," 1968, vol 5, pp 136-140,
5. Integrirovannyye sistemy obrabotki dannykh (Integrated Data Processing
Systems). Izd-vo "Nauka," 1970, p 64,
6. Yasin, Ye. G. Teoriya informatsii i ekonomicheskiye issledovaniya
(Information Theory and Economic Research). Izd-vo "Statistika,"
19 70 , p 99 .
7. Metody postroyeniya ASU na baze EVM III-go pokoleniya (Methode of ASU
Construction on the Basis of Third-Generation Electronic Computers), -
Minsk, 1976, No 4(26), p 10,
57 -
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8. Statis tika i elektronno-vychislitel'naya tekhnika v ekonomike (Sta-
tistics and Electronic Computer Technology in Economica). Izd-vo
"Statistika," 1972, p 8.
- 9. Proyektirovaniye i vnedreniye ASUP (Planning and Introduction of the
Enterprise Automated Control Syatem) . 2nd ed. Kiev, 1974, p f34.
10. Aktual'nyye problemy upravleniya (UrgenC Problems of Control). Izd-vo ~
"Znaniye," 1972, p 281.
' 11. Kuznetsov, 0. A. and Lyakh, A. N. Informatsionnyye siatemy dlya
ruko-voditeley (Information Systems for Managers). Izd-vo "Ekonomika,"
_ 1973, p 105.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda," "Voprosy ekonomiki," 1979
21~4
CSO: 1863
TECHNIQUE PROPOSED FOR FIGURING AUTOMATIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
BY STAGES
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 7, 1979 pp 135-137
[Article by A. Kovalev, Omsk: "Changes in Economic Efficiency of ASU's
Over Time"]
- [Text] The current stage of scientific-technical progress in machine
building is characterized by a high rate of development of automation
- of production management. Expenditures to set up automated enterprise
management systems (ASUP's) have reached significant dimensions, and ~
this requires improvement in methods of economic substantiation of plan-
ning decisions .
During economic subs tantiation a choice must be made of the type. of
ASU and variations of solutions to problems of automating management to
insure maximum possible impact in light of the specific conditions for _
introducing the ASUP at the particular site~ The qual.ity of planning
calculations of the efficiency.of the ASU is deCermined largely by
_ the extent to which the following characteristics are taken into account. _
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It is common knowledge tha.t the expenditures for and impact of an ASU are
related to different spheres of the production sys tem. Expenditures are
formad in the management syatem, while the reault appeara primarily in
production. Introduction of an ASU by atages afforde a gradual increase
in the economic impact until the syatem ia entirely launch~d. T;~e com-
plexity of the syatem and close ties with the concrere parameters of the
objects of automa.tion predetermine the need to take account of many ,
factors that influence the level of efficiency. Finally, the functioning
ASU is developed and refined and this means that there will be an additional "
- impact without additional capital investment. While the first three
characteristics have been reflected, to one degree or another, in existing
methodological schemes to determine the economic efficiency of ASU's, this
is not true of the latter, fourth characteristic of such systems.
Practical experience shows that a definite progression of efficiency
- indexes ~:orresponds ta the nature of development of the ASU at each
enterprise. The progression of indexes may vary, but in general we can -
identify the following stages in the process of functioning of an ASU.
In the first stages of introduction expenditures of ten rise for both ~
past and live labor in certain sub-headings of operations expenditures,
which tends to decrease the impact of the ASU. As the phases of the
ASU are launched the impac t grows. Refinements of the ASU, adjusting
it to the enterprise, and broadening the sphere of influence on its
economical operation promote growth in the impact obtained without
additional capital investment. Then the system "grows old" and, if
appropriate measures are not taken, a tendency for the impacC to decrease .
may appear.
Because of the variable nature of the ASU impac t, already in the stage
of economic substantiation the dynamic factor must be taken into account
in determining annual results. Given the condition that the impact of
- the ASU in year t is not equivalent to the impact in years t+l, t+2,
..,t+n, we may conclude that it is advisable to determine the annual
results of the functioning of an ASU as the average amount for a definite _
period of time: -
y
` ~r
~ ~
_ ' T.. , (11 -
where 3 is the average annual impact of the ASU, ~ is the impact in -
year jl , and T is the interval of calculation. In this case the period
T may be taken as equal to the time interval, obtained by forecasting _
~ methods during which the projected system will not depend substantially .
- on physical wear and obsolescence.
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Let us take a hypothetical example. Suppose that there are two variations
of the plan of an ASU for the same ob~ect of automation of management
and that they differ by planning decieiona that enviaion, for example,
variations in the distribution of jobs by subsyatems. Suppose that the '
- two variations A and B afford the same annual economic impact (30) of
220,000 rubies in the year of introduction of the last phase of the
system. However, because variation A has coordinated the range of jobs
more rationally to provide an opportunity for greater use of intermediate
reaults of calculation and owing to various other factors, the annual
growth in the economic impact will, according to expert estimates, be
10 percent (of the magnitude of impact for 5 years, whereas variation
B insures an average annual increase in the impact of seven percent.
According to fora?ula (1) the annual economic impact according to variation
A(average magnitude wiCh due regard for change over time) will be equal
to
;1:~
-f = 264, 000 rubles ,
while for variation B the figure is 250,800 rubles. Thus, variation A
is the better of the two,
Thus, consideration of dynamic aspects in evaluating the efficiency of
_ an ASU fosters a sounder choice of variations. Indeed, if, for example, _
the annual growth in enterprise profit from an ASU is determined in
planning calculations as Nave, this is no longer an isolated amount in
year t(the year of introduction or the following year), but is a more -
or less realistic parameter of the system determined with due regard
for the rate of its devalopment in period T. Ne~dless to say~ nothing
said above negates the advisability of determining the impact as a
concrete annual magnitude also.
_ Calculations taking account of the dynamic factor are based on the use
of a system of forecast estima.tes of the impact of an ASU. It is not
possible today to formalize the process of ineasuring this impact with a .
- high degree of precision because we do not have adequately complete
studies of the actual results of ASU introduction or analysis of the
actual influence';,~-various efficiency factors on the amount of the
_ impact. For this reason, forecasting the economic indexes of systems
may be done in practice by the method ot expert estima.tes. However, an
analysis found in the special literature concerned with ASU designs,
the logic of sys tem behavior, and certain relationships leads to the
conclusion that in principle the character of the process oE change in
the impact of an ASU may be expressed by Che following functional relation-
s hips :
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i
.a = J� nt c~ ~ , ( 2)
where is the magnitude of the impact in year t(the year of system
introduction according to the technical apecification; a and c are
parameters that characterize the magn~.tude of capital inves tment related
- to setting up the system (a) and the given level of syatem reliability
(c) .
t~`
Taking the derivative and solving the equation rela tive to t, the extremal
values of ~ are determined , Then 3,,;,~ - 3,; for t=1,; = c ,
considering that:
3, _ ~+Ue_-~ _.at~. -4 ~
c
r
ut~' (I f ) _ (l;
c'
I 1 Il: ~ r: