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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 VRI ANo 16 NOVEM6ER 1979 (FOUO 4l79) 30 i OF i APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 _ I'Q)Ft OFFI('IA1. i iS h: Nl.l' - ,)PRS L/8768 16 November 1979 USSR Report PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS (FOUO 4/79) F~~$ FOREIGiV BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE - FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 NOTE JPRS publicati-ons contain information primarily from foreign newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency transmissions and broadcasts. Materi~ils from foreign-language sources are translated; those from English-language sources are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and _ other characteristics retained. Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Taxti - or [Excerpt] in the first-line of each item, or following the _ last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was _ processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor- mation was summarized or extracted. Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are - enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques- - tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the - original but have been supplied as appropriate in context. Other unattributed paretichetical notes within the body oP an item originate with the source. Times within items are as _ given by source. - The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- . cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government. For further information on report content ca11 (703) 351-2938 (ec,onomic); 3468 (political, sociological, military); 2726 (life sciences); 2725 (physical sciences). COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULA,TICNS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE OI`TLY. ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 : Z JPRS L/8768 16 November 1979 USSR REPO RT ~ PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS (FOUO 4/79) : This serial publication contains articles, abstracts of articles and news - items from USSR sc.ientific and technical journals on the specifie subjects reflected in the table of contents. Photoreproductions of forQign-language sources may be obtained from the - Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540. Requests should provide adequate identification both as to the source and the individual article(s) desired. CONTENTS PAGE - , I ACOUSTICS Arrival Angle Fluctuations of a Plane Wave Propagating in a Sea Medium as Received by a Linear Array - (V. A. Yeliseyevnin; AKUSTICHESKIY ZHURNAL, No 4, 1979) 1 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNET I,SM = The Dynamic Characteristics of a Fast-Flow Electric Discharge - C02 Laser (V. A. Artamonov, A. P. Napartovich; KVANTOVAYA . _ EL=oNrxA, Jui 79) 7 Tnvestigating the Active Medium of a Fast-Flow C02 Iaser - With Non-Self-Sustained Discharge (A. V. Artamonov, et al.; KVANTOVAYA ELEILI'RONIKA, _ Jul 79) 11 - The Mechanism of Direct Heating of a C02-N2-He Laser Mixture in a Non-Self-Sustained DischarFe (I. V. Kochet ov, et al.; K4A,.n]TOVAYA EI,EIERONIKA, Jul 79 ) 17 The Chain Mechanism of Exciting a Contiriuous Chemical EF Laser With Cylindrical Nozzle (A. A. Stepanov, V. A. Shcheglov; KVANTOVAYA ELEKTftONIKA) Jul 79) 26 - a- [I%I - USSR - 21H S&T FOUO] FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 j ~v~.u. UJL. VLVL1 COIWTNTS (Continued) Page Ii.iotory and Yrospects for Transistor lise (Yu. Pozhel.a; PRAVDA, 12 Oct 79) 39 - PHYSICS = Crystals and Semiconductors 42 Electricity and Magnetism 48 Optoelectroriics 52 Theoretical Physics 53 ~ Thermodynamics 54 . - b - ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY . ~....i...r.~--~n+r - - - _ . . . . . APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ACOUSTICS r) UDC 534+534.231.2 ARRIVAL ANGLE FLUCTUATIONS OF A PLANE WAVE PROPAGATING IN A SEA MEDIUM AS RECEIVED BY A LINEAR ARRAY Moscow AKITSTICHESKIY ZHURNAL in Russian Vol 25, No 4, 1979 pp 625-628 [Article by V. A. Yeliseyevnin, Acoustics Institute USSR Academy of Sciences, submitted for puhlication 26 July 1978, after revision 11 January 1979] [TextJ Sound propagation in a sea medium is accompanied by its scattering on random volumetric inhomogeneitie$ of the water layer, and also on bot- tom irregula=ities and the wave-covered sea surface, which leads, in par- ticular, to fluctuations of the angle of arri.val of a wave at the antenna. ' Similar fluctuations are investigated in [1-3] applicable to the scattering of optical and radio waves in a turbulent atmosphere or ionosphere. Fluctu- ations of the direction of a sound ray, reflected from an uneven sea sur- face, are considered in [4J, but the computations are made without taking the size of the receiver aperture into account. Below we compute the dispersions of fluctuations of the angle of arrival of a plane wave at a linear array, the wave being multiply reflected from the wave-covered sea surface, and also scattered on turbulent inhomogeneit- ies of the water layer. According to [1], the angle of wave arrival on the antenna will be consid- ered as the angular coordinate of the "center of gravity" of the displaced image Oeo, which applicable to the considered case of a linear antenna can be written in the form +m -+ii: - ~al(a)dx s `Yo~~l)d`~o'~~l) -r./x uo Tk +r.lz /j) `I(a)dec f ~To(Tl)1Zdn where 'V 0 (Yj) is the stipulated random distribution of the field in the antenna aperture, I(QC) is the distribution of image intensity with respect to the � angle, L is the extent of the linear antenna, k is the wave number, j is a fictitious unit, * is the coaplex conjugation symbol. 1 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 ~ Va~ VL a 1vi[au V~L'+ VL\LL , NeYlec:ting fluctuations of amplitude and limiting ourselves to an examina- ti.on onl.y of random phase delays, that is, representing the field in the ~ aperture in tne form 'zlrp()() = exp[-JS(rj)], where S(Y() is the random phase distribution, expression (1) can be reduced to the form �o= ( tlU) [s(I lz) -s(-L/2) (2) The dispersion of fluctuation of the arrival angle will be cr~== caoz> _ (?/cZL=) [RS (0) -B5 (I )1=ns (I ) lktf Z, (3) R where BS(L) and DS(L) are the correlation and structural phase functions in the antenna aperture; the symbol denotes averaging for a set - of records. _ Now we will determine the dispersion of fluctuations of the argle of arriv- al of a plane wave at a linear antenna, the wave being maltiply reflected - from the wave-covered sea surface. The problem is solved in the followtng formulation. Assume that a plane wave is propagated in a water layer with a constant speed of sound in the layer, a smooth rigid bo*_tom and a wave- covered water-air surface, successively beir~g reflected from the bottom and surface. The uneven water-air discontinuity is homogeneous, an iso- tropic, on the average horizontal surface z= g(x, y)(< t(x, y),> - 0) with unevennesses distributed in accordance with the normal law. The latter are - characterized hy the mean square value cfs =~(x,y)j and the spatial cor- relatiion coefficient (-3 ( P)= exp ( P/as )2], where a; is the correla- -t.on ~,adius of the unevennesses and )o = x+ y. Reception is accomplished on a linear antenna with a constant response along the entire length L(in the computations assigned the value unity), situated in the vertical or horizontal plane normal to the ray, experienc- ing mirror reflection from the mean botmdary of the uneven surface. The sound field, multiply scattered by the wave-covered sea surface, can be computed by the Kirchhoff inethod in an Ekrat approximation in accordance ~ with a scheme reducing multiple reflections to single reflections, multiply - repeated [5]. It is assumed that the unevennesses of the surface are so gently sloping that their slopes can be neglected and only the displace- ment of the surface from the mean plane need be taken into account. By analogy with the case of single touching of an uneven surface by a ray 161, in the case of n-fold tangency the random phase delay can be written - in the form - ---n " _ s(z,J)=-j2ksinV V7 Y),. (4) L.~ ae~ _ 2 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY L_ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY where I/ is the glancing angle of the ray at the point of mirror reflection, , 41, is the surface rise at the point of t-fold ray tangency. Assuming that the correlation radius of the unevennesses a; is much less than the dis- tance between the adjacent points of tangency of the uneven surface by the ray, the correlation function of phase fluctuations in the antenna aperture - `!`can be represented in the form - i 13s (il-i~') =~i/z sin= i~~� Qt'rt ~~l-~1) � (5) ~,II - Substituting this expression into formula (3) and taking into account that - in the case of an antenna situated in the vertical plane the projectiori of = a.; otito the antenna is equal to a S sin y/, and in the case of an antenna situated in the horizontal plane is equal to the value a4 itself, we obtain the following expressions for the dispersions of fluctuations of the angles of arrival of a plane wave at an antenna situated in the vertical plane 191: L2 11 (6) I exp660 Lz \ a;Z siu` [B = vertical] and at any antenna situated in the horizontal plane: Sii sin` 1116~' L2 6~,~== L2 ~ I1-CX~ 1 (7) It can be seen from the latter two expressions that the fluctuations of the angle of wave arrival at the antenna increase with an increase in the number of reflections n, the dispersion of fluctuations of the unevenr.iesses c'g2 and the glancing angle of the ray Y with tangency on an uneven sur- face. On the other hand, the fluctuations decrease with an increase in the dimensions of the antenna L(averaging effect of the aperture) and the correlation radius of surfaae unevennesses ag . Thus, in the case af small glancing angles V antennas of large dimensions L will not "sense" fluctuations of the angles of arrival a rough surface becomes a mirror surface for them. - For convenience in computations expressions (6) and (7) can be combined into one: va2=81i-0=(1-exP(-Z2)l(8) _I -1 where the generalized parameters are O' sin w/L, and L= L/a ~ sin ' when the antenra is situated in the vertical plane, and L= L/as , when the antenna is situated in the horizontal plane. ' Figure 1 shows the dependences of the mean square angle of arrival of a ' plane wave at the antenna (in degrees) in dependence on the generaliz- ed parameters L and a- for a single reflection from an uneven surface n= l. For n-fold reflection from an uneven surface similar dependences can be ob- tained by multiplying the values presented in Fig. 1 by the v/n- value. The _ values of the generalized parameters for which the computations were made were selected proceeding on the basis of data on sea waves cited in [7]. - 3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 _ Ga 2,0 r i 10 40 B 7 6 S 4 3 Z 1 _ Fig. l. Values of the mean square angle of arrival of a plane wave at a lin- ear antenna, the wave being singly reflected from the wave-covered sea sur- - face. The curves 1-8 correspond to the values of the generalized parameter - 0-'= 0.0025, 0..005,...,0.02. - i G � Z K - ~ ss ~a / i 9 U 2U0 400 R,n� Fig. 2. Values of inean square angle of arrival of a plane wave at a linear antenna, the wave having passed through a layer of a turbulent medium of the thickness R. The c rves 1-4 correspond to t~-~e values L= 10, 15, 20 and 25 m and Cn - 10-4 ui 1~3; the curves 5-8 L= 10, 15, 20 and 55 ml7ld Cn = 5�10-5 m 1/3; curve 9-- L= 10, 15, 20 and 25 m and Cn = 10' m" . Now we will determi3e the dispersion of fluctuati_ons of the angle of arrival - of a plane wave at a linear antenna, the wave being propagated in a turbu- lent sea medium. In [1], in the first approximation of the smooth perturb- ations method, the author determined the structural function of phase f:luc- tuations of a plane wave passing through a layer of an isotropic turbulent medium of the thickness R: - - ' (9) 4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY where k= 0.5 when L' ~R and k= 1 when L~ /AR, a is wavelength, Cn is the structural constant of the refractive index of the sea medium. [It is demon- s trated in [8] that the values of the phase fluctuations obtained by this method are also correct where it is inadmissible, that is, in the region of strong fluctuations of amplitude or at very great distances.] Subatituting expression (9) into formula (3), we obtuin an expresaio n for the dispersion ' of fluctuations of the angle of arrival of a plane wave at a linear antenna, the wave having passed through the layer of a turbulent medium: Cta==�-,91 ?:Cn`RG-'11. (10) Figure 2 shows the dependence of the mean square angle of arrival of a plane wave at an antenna Qac(in degrees), computed using the last formula, on the distance R for antennas with an aperture 10, 15, 20 and 25 m. The computa- tions were made for values of the structural constant Cn = 10-4, 5�10-5 m 1/3, characteristic for regions of the world ocean wi th a stable hydro- logical picture L-71. In conclusion it must he noted that both in the case of scattering on an uneven sea surface and in the case of scattering on three-dimensional in- homogeneities of the sea medium the computations of fluctuations of the angles of wave arrival at the antenna were made without taking into account a coustic refraction in the water layer. Computations of the field scattered by an uneven sea surface were made for the simplest model of the mechanism of scattering. Finally, it was assumed that only one ray, experiencing scattering, is incident on the antenna. These circumstances, simplifying the real situation, must be taken into account in a comparison of the re- sults of computations and experimental data. I BIBLIOGRAPHY l. Tatarskiy, V. I., RASPROSTRANENIYE VOLN V TURBULENTNOY ATMOSFERE (Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Atmosphere), Moscow, "Nauka," Chapter 4, 1967. = 2. Shifrin, Ya. S., VOPROSY STATISTICHESKOY TEORII ANTENN (Prublems in - the Statistical Theory of Antennas), Moscow= "Sovetskoye Radia," 1970. I _ 3. Lobkova, L. M., STATISTICHESKAYA TEORIYA ANTENN SVERKHVYSOKIKH I OPTICH- ESKIKH CHASTOT (Statistical Theory of Superhigh and Optical Frequency Antennas), Moscow, "Svyaz'," 1975. 4. Frolov, V. M., "Fluctuatians of Direction of a Ray Reflected from a - Statistically Uneven Surface," VOPROSY SUDOSTROYENIYA, SERIYA AKLTSTIKA (Problems in Shipbuilding, Acoustics Series), 8, 74-79, 1977. 5. Gulin, E. P., "Correlation Properties of a Sound Wave With Multiple Re- flections from an Uneven Surface," AKUST. ZH. (Acoustics Journal, 22, 6, 845-857, 1976. 5 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY i APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200024428-7 ~ - FUR UFF'1(:lAL USE ONLY 6. Bass, F. G., Fuks, I. M., RASSEYANIYE VOLN NA STATISTICHESKI NEROVNOY POVERKHNOSTI (Wave Scattering on a Statistically Uneven Surface), Mos- cow, "Nauka," 1972. 7. AKUSTIKA OKEANA (Ocean Acoustics), edited by L. M. Brekhovskikh, Moscow, "Nauka," Chapter 1, 1974. - 8. Klyatskin, V. I., "Dispersion of the Angle of Arrival of a Plane Light Wave Propagating in a Medium With Weak Random Inhomogeneities," IZV. _ W Zov, RADIOFIZIKA (News of Institutions of Higtier Education, Radio- physics), 12, 5, 723-726, 1969. COPYRIGHT: Izdatel�stvo "Nauka", "Akusticheskiy Zhurnal," 1979 5303 Cso: 8144/1928 6 FOR OTFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY N1,BC'1'RICITY 11i'VD MAGNETI.N UDC621.378.33 THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A FAST-FLOW ELECTRIC DISCHARGE C02 LASER Moscow KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA in Russian Vol 6 No 7, Jul 1979 signed to press 25 Nov 78 pp 1554-1556 - [Article by V. A. Artamonov and A. P. Napartovich] [Text] The dynamic characteristics of a fast-flow electric discharge continuous C02 laser were investigated. It is shown that turbulent fluctuations in the flow of the active medium affect the laser generation dynamics along with cavity vibration and current sourc2 fluctuations. Investigation of the factors influencing the laser emission dynamics is of decisive significance for developing dyr.amic control systems of laser emission parameters. It is known that emi.ssion fluctuations have technical reasoMis and are determined mainly by cavity vibrations and noise of the pumping source in continuous sealed-off C02 lasers [1]. It was found in measurements of the ~ time emission characteristic5 of a steady fast-flow electric discharge laser (BEL) that the emission is fluctuating in nature [2, 31. The given paper is devoted to investigating the causes of emission fluctuations of BEL with transverse pumping, operating on a mixture of atmospheric air and C02, excited by a self-sustained direct current discharge. A similar descrip- tion of the experimental installation and its parameters is given in [4]. Z'he flow of the active medium in the BEL ia usually turbulent. The Reynolds number - Re 104 significantly exceeds the critical value of Rep = 2�103 in the ex� perimental installation. A stable cavity configuration was used whose optical - axis was either combined with the lower flow boundary of the discharge zone (a "combined cavity"; in this case the discharqe was excited in an air-C02 mixture) or was located at a distance of 15-20 man down the flow from the C02 mixing collector to the vibrationally-excited air flow ("dispersed cavity"). The cavity was formed by two opaque spherical mirrors and the emission.was ' released by means of a planoparallel plate o� KC1, installed between the mirrors at an angle of 451 to the optical axis. In this case, the transverse modes were selected by using diaphragns installed in front of one of the cavity mirrors. The cavity was arranged on a vibration-insulated suspension ~ 7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-00850R040240020028-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY in a vacuum chamber adjacent to the channel of the flow-through part of the laser. The cavity configuration was selected as stable to avoid development of autooscillation of the generation mode, inherent to fast-flow lasers with unstable cavities [5]. The output power was measured, the emission field distribution in the trans- - verse section of the beam was recorded and oscillogram.s of the variable com- - ponent of discharge flow, output power and relative percentage modulation were photographed in the experiments. The frequency spectrum of discharge current fluctuations and output power was analyzed by using a spectral analyzer of type S4-12. Mareover, the dependence of the amplification factor on the - optical axis of the cavity on pumping current was measured prior to measuring - the characteristics of output emission, which made it possible to link the observPd emission characteristics to the excess above the generation thresh- old in processing the results. The output power was measured by using stan- dard devices of type IMO-2, IOMP or calorimeters, the emission fluctuations were recorded by using a cooled photoresistor of type FSG-223, while current fluctuations were measured by a resistance shunt. 7.'he transverse emission field distribution was recorded on thermally activated photographic paper [6]. _ Taking oscillographs of the BEL emission showed that random modulation of emission, the depth of which varies over a wide range, is almost always ob- served in practice. Typical oscillograms of the integral emission and dis- _ charge current fluctuations are presented in Figure 1. J~ IOMB/den. _ YMC Q W fMC d g - - ~ 4'-_==~ lON t ?OMB/dea ft ?MC Jt iMc ~ b e lOac h t 5DMB/den. W 4NC W 4MC f 1. Figure 1. - To explain the effect of fast transverse pumping of the active medium on the i dynamic characteristics of emission, comparative measurement of the emission characteristics were made in an ordinary tubular C02 laser with weak pumping i of the medium, excited by a longitudinal DC electric discharge, along the optical axis of the cavity (Re x leofsthellasersinfthelm~ainltransverse ~ of discharge current Ir during operation - mode and at a single spectral line are presented in Figure 1, d and e, for this case. The similarity of the oscillograms and the identity of the emis- _ sion �luctuation and discharge current spectra indicate that the emission _ fluctuations observed in this casp are related mainly to current instability. The relative instability of output power does not exceed approximately 1 per- cent at current instability of approxi.mately 2 percent. _ _ 8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ; APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ An oscillogram of tbe variable component of BEL discharge current is pre- sented in Figure 1, a. Fluctuations at frequency of 300 Hz are determined by the electrical circuit of the power supply source. Tkie relative ampli- tude of these f'luctuations comorises approximately 2 percent. Fluctuations of the kilohertz band are easily discernible on the oacillogram of the vari- _ able component of current on an individual electrede Ii (Figure 1, b) besides = - fluctuations at frequency of 300 Hz. The reason for these fluctuations is - apparently local random oscillations in the gas discharge plasma, caused by _ , turbulent gas-dynamic fluctuations which are described in [7]. The fact that no kilohertz fluctuations are observed in the complete current spectrum may be explained by the absence of correlation of turbulent fluctuations - throucrh the volume of the laser discharge chamber. The oscillogram of the ~ emission fluctuations of a BEL with combinzd cavity (P'igure 1, c) is similar - ta the current oscillogram on an individual electrode (Figure 1, b). The fluctuation spectra are similar to each other and attenuate with an increase of frequency. The similarity of the current and emission fluctuation spectra indicates the weak influence of averaging along the optical axis and the absence of averaging during motion of the resulting inhomogeneity through - the discharge. The observed frequencies of kilohertz emission fluctuations permit one to estimate the typical correlation dimension of inhomogeneity L in the flow: L,- (v/~ - 1), where J is the typical fluctuation frequency, v is the flow velocity and 1 is the dimension of the transverse mode in the - cavity. This formula was found on the assumption that the emission fluctua- _ tions occur upon intersection of the generation zone by moving inhomogeneitya For a combined cavity under typical experimental conditions, L N 10-17 mm. W% - 1 Z 3 Ko/Kn Figure 2. Measurements of the relative percentage modulation of the output power LW= ' _I Wm - W) /W (Wm is the maximum or minimum and W is the mean value of emissive power) showed that A W decreases with an increase of pumping in the given emission mode. Oscillograms are presented in Figure 1, g-i and the dependence of output emissivity (1) and AW(2) in the main transverse ~ - mode on the value of je = KO/KP, where Kp is the wea}G sa.gnal amplification - factor and Kp is the threshold value of the amplification factor on the optical axis of the cavity (de = 1.25, 2.5 and 4.3, respec.tively, in Figure 1, g-i), is presented in Figure 2. The functions observed in Figure 2 are explained by the nonlinear interaction of the inverse medium with the emission field inside the cavity. Actually, if the expression for output - power from [8] is simplified by disregarding the relaxation processes on the transverse mode.dimension, we �ind W= 0(v(1 + XN/XC) F, where p( is the numerical coefficient, XC and XN are the partial volumetric C02 and N2 - ~ 9 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFTCIAL USE ONLY ,1 concentrations, while function F satisfies the equation F= oe. (1 - e-F). r'rom the expression for output power, it is easy to find A W-= 0r+ LN1C+ A.A (1 - xe-- F)- I � - For x_>1Azv Do -i- 0 xc oX , and near the generation threshold it is described by a hyperbolic function: AW==Ax/(x-->) . Comparison of the emission fluctuations - of combined (see Figure 1, c) and dispersed (Figure 1, f) cavities shows that _ the fluctuations are higher frequency with completely identical configuration in a dispersed cavity, which is apparently related to the turbulizing effect - of the C02 mixing collector. Analysis af the typical dinension of turbulence - yields in this case L= 3-6 mm, i.e., a value similar to the dimensions of the tubes of the mixing col].ector. Conversion to generation in higher-order transverse modes having large volume leads to a decrease of p W, which is apparsntly related to averaqing of ~ perturbations through the field volume inside the cavity. Thus, the volume of the generating mode must be increased and one must work in the significant excess mode on generation thresholcl (de 3) where linear dependence of the emission fluctuations on perturbations is observed, to increase the emission stability of a steady BEL, besides vibrational insulation of the cavity design. A further increase of stability can be achieved by in- creasing the stability of the power supply source, improving ihe flow param- eters of the mediu,-n and the pumping homogeneity in the BEI, channe?. EIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Abdumalikov, A. Kh. et al, in: "III Respublikanskaya konferentsiya molodykh fizikov AN UzSSR" [Third Republic Canference of Young Physicists of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences], Tashkent EAN, 1976. 2. Artamonov, A. V. and V. G. Naumov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 4, 1977. 3. Yodev, M. J. and D. R. Ahouse, APPL. PHYS. LETTS., Vol 27, 1975. 4. Artamonov, A. V., A. A. Vedenov, A. F. Vitshas and V. G. Naumov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRO;VIKA, Vol 4, 1977. 5. Dreyzin, Yu. A. and A. M. Dykhne, PIS'MA V ZhETF, Vol 19, 1974. 6. Advertisement of State Optical Institute imeni S. I. Vavilov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 5, 1978. 7. Akishev, Yu. S. and A. P. Napartovich, FIZIKA PLASMY, Vol 4, 1978. 8. Vedenov, A. A. and A. P. Napartovich, TVT, Vol 12, 1974. [ ] 56-652 ] ] COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", "Kvantovaya Elektxonika", 1979. 10 6521 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Cso: 1.862 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY I~~LI~~C'I.'ItTCI.'1'Y /1N1) M\(IN11l.'I.iM UDC621.378.324 ' INVESTIGATING THE ACTIVE MEDIUM OF A FAST-FLOW C02 LASER WITH NON-SELF- SUSTAINED DISCHARGE i -i Moscow KVAIVTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA in Russian Jol 6 No 7, Jul 1979 signed to -I press 9 Oct 78 pp 1442-1445 - I - i [Article by A. V. Artamonov, V. G. Naumov, L. V. Shachkin and V. M. Shashkov] I [Text] The characteristics of,the active medium of a C02 ~ laser, excited by a non-self-sustained combined discharge with ionization of the medium.by short electric pulses in a flow of a C02-N2-He flow, were investigated. The depen- dence af the maximum energy contribution, amplification I factor and heating of the gas on the composition of the mixture were measured. It is shown that a specific energy contribution of approximately 450 J/q with exci.tation effi- ciency of nitrogen and carbon dioxide oscillations of ap- _ - proximately 90 percent can be realized with the pumping method used. Investigating the characteristics of a non-self-sustained combined discharge (NKR) with ionization of the medium by short electric pulses [1, 21 showed the promise of its application for pumping the working med,ia of fast-flow gas lasers. The NKR with large gap realized in [2] is of especially great inter- I est for development of powerful closed-cycle groduction C02 lasers. However, - the dependence of the maximum energy contribution on the carbon dioxide con- centration was not investigated in [2], the problem of the energy balance in I the discharge was left open and the comparatively low dimensions of the in- i vestigated discharge chamber (RIC) did not permit the use of the results ob- -i tained in developing the use of the results obtained in developing large- ' size installations. Moreover, the amQlification factor of a weak sigaal, knbwledge of which is necessary when designing a cavity, was not measured - in [2]. The purpose of this paper was detailed investigation of the ar.tive medium excited by the NK2 to justify the use of the given pumping method in - production C02 lasers. ' 11 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 30 ' S . Figure l. Diagram of Discharge Chamber: 1-- housingt = 2-- cathode plate; 3-- anode; 4 and 5-- drain openings for measuring static pressure; 6--- openings for measuring ICUg. The arrow indicates tne direction of pumping; the di- _ mensions are given in millimeters. Investigations were conducted in an RK, shown schematically in Figure 1. The discharge in it was accomplished so that the dizection of the electron flow - was perpendicular to the gas flow (the electrode system and the circuitry of the RK power supp].y are similar to those used in [21). The anode was a flat copper plate and the cathode plate was made in the form of a block of copper rods 3 mm in diameter, built into the insulatinq plate with spacing of 10 rcmi. The block consisted of 14 rows of rods at right angles to the flow and there were 24 rods in each row. The distance between the anode and cathode plate comprised 100 mm, i.e., the volume of tne discharge zone was approximately - 3.4 liters. Each rod had an individual balanced resistar of approximately - 2.7 kohms. The RK power suppiy was from a stationary regulated voltage source ~ and 100-ns voltage pulse gene:rator with reaurrence frequency up to 20 kHz. ~ The gas mixture was pumped by a vacuum pump system. _ The integral electric characteristics of the discahrge were measured by ex- tended methods, the gas heating in the RK was measured by the'4as-dynamic thermometer" method [3] and the amplification factor was determined by probing the active medium with the signal of a stable test laser operating in the cen- ter of one of the lines of thp P- or R-branch in the band of 10e6 microns. - The C02:N2:He = XcoY:0.5:0.5 mixture was mainly investigated and in this case the carbon dioxide concentration Xco2 varied from 0 to 0.04 (i.n volume parts). - The pressure of the mixture at the input to the discharge zone comprised 45 mm Hg and the flow velocity was 60 m/s. The maximum energy contribution was dE:termined by transition of the discharge to the inhomogeneoua combustion stage. The dependence of the maximum energy contribution on the recurrence frequency of the ionizing pulses f and the current density in the pulse fi was investigated. The investigations showed that the first of these functions has a sloping maximum which shifts toward the low frequencies with an increase of current in the pulse. The typical _ dependence of the value of the volume-averaged discharge zone of the maximum 12 ' TOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY enerqy contribiitioa W/G (hore W= S(U - QU) is the power contributQd to the positive column of the glow discharge, U is the voltage in the discharge gap, I is the discharge current, AU = 300 V is the sum of pre-electrode potential drops [1] and G is the flow rate of the mixture through the dis- charge zone) on the recurrence frequency of the ionizing pulses at different values of ji is presented in Figure 2. The maximum specific energy contri- bution of 450 J/g was achieved at ji = 0.45 A/cm2 and f= 3kHz. w/o,!!xls 3 - 45 ~ 1 � 35C ~ _ 750 ~-4 0 1 4 f, Mru Figure 2. Dependence of Maximum Energy Contribution on = Ionizing Pulse Recurrence Frequency at ji = 0.15 (1), 0.3 (2) and 0.45 (3) A/cm2; C02:N2:He 0.017:0.5:0.5 Mixture. The dependence of the maAmum energy contribution on the C02 molecule con- centration was investigated at a frequency of f= 2kHz and ji = 0.3 A/cm2 (Figure 3). It was found that the maximum energy contribution W/G drops linearly with an increase of XcoZ ; for example, it is equal to 410 and 330 J/g, - respectively, at X~o = 0 and 0.025. It should be noted that although the utilized pumping sysiem did not permit investigation of the maximum energy characteristics at higher pumping rates, the results of [1] permit one to - hope that an increase of flow velocity (at least up to 150 m/s) essentially does not change the value of the maximum energy contribution W/G. ; 400 :50 '00 a KB 75 5 . I 15 0 S !0 15 20 15 Xco=� l0' - Figure 3. Dependence of Maximum Characteristics of Aischarge - = W/G (1), U(2) and I(3) on C02 Concentration at ji = 0.3 A/cm2 and f= 2 kHz. 1.3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY The main measurements of the amplification factor were made in the cross- section lagging 45 mm behind the last row of cathode rods (see Figure 1) over a wide range of working parameters. Gas heating was measured at the same time in this cross-section. The amplification factor increased mono- - tonically with an increase of W/G (for example, Kp = 0.45 m 1 for Xco2 = 1.7 - percent and W/G = 350 J/g) and while slightly dependent on the value of E/N (E is the mean electric f?eld intensity in the discharge and N is the tot21 particle density) in the investigated range of E/N =(0.8-1.5)�10'16V' �cm . For practical purposes the experimental function ISj(W/G) with an error not exceeding approximately 20 percent can be approximated in the ~ range of W/G = 50-350 J/G by a straight line ICQ = o( �W/G WhQre o( ~ ' = p( (Xco2) (Figure 4). The tendency toward saturation observed in this - figure is related to the increasing role of relaxation processes. ec � l0';� z/.(y,Qrrl Figure 4. Deper.dence of Coefficient o( = KpG/W on C02 Concentration. Simultaneous measurements of the amplification factor and gas heating made it possible to determine the energy stored in the nitrogen oscillations and the C02 antisymmetrical mode. The following expression was used in the calcula- - tions for the amplification factor on the P-branch of the 10.6-micron band: KexP 0,5588 J(J-1)/T r e, _ eXp 1,12J 1 X o, IM-1)= B IX; 2JXcoz ti~_= ZT'l: l(t +es), ~ X(2+ Qal2J, \ / where J is the rotational quantum number, T is gas temperature, Xi is the concentration of the i-th component of the mixture, Ac_1 is the relative impact broaddning coefficients of the i-th component of the oscillatory- rotational line, Z-1=16(1--e:)/ [(1-~-e3)(2--e.z);1 is the oscillatory statistical _ sum and e3 and e2 are the mean quantum numbers in the antisymmetrical and deformation modes of the C02 molecule. The presence of a large amount of helium in the mixture permitted the use of the oscillatory temperature of the deformation mode equal to gas temperature; at the same time it was assumed _ that the mean quantum number in the antisymmetrical mode of the C02 is equal to the mean quantum number in the N2. Coefficients Ac_i were taken as gqual to 0.75 for nitrogen ~4] and 0.69 for helium [5]. 'I"he significance of co- efficient P= 0.31�10 was determined on the basis of data on resonance ab- sorption of emission at the center of the P-20 line of the 00�1-10�0 transi- _ tion of C02 in the atmosphere [6] (the absorption coefficient in the atmosphere o� 0.072 km-1 at 300�K was used). . 14 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY I APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 0 0,01 0,02 0,03 XCor APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Z � ;0 �----o-~ -P ?o `q 0,5 ~ .p.''~'`r D 1 2 d .t', % Figure 5. Dependence of Energy Distribution at Distance of 45 mm from the Discharge Zone Down the Flow on C02 Concentration: The results of processing the experimental data, carried out near the maximum value of parameter E/N = 1.25 x 10-16 V�cm2 (maximum energy contribution of ` 250 J/g), are presented in Figure 5. The error in measuring the value of Kp did not exceed 5 percent in this case (the error in determination of TCp in- creases due to its smallness at small values of the maximum energy contribution). tion). In Figure 5, q 1 is the fraction of energy contributed to the posi- tive dispharge column, expended on gas heating to the cross-section in which Kp is measured and 1 2 is the fraction of energy stored in the nitrogen _ - oscillations and in the C02 antisymmetrical mode, found from measuring Kp. It is obvious that the value of -10 = Y?1 + 112 is approximately constant (within the range of ineasurement error of approximately 10 percent) and is close to unity; this indicates that the processes which lead to gas heating and excitation of nitrogen oscillations and of the C02 antisymmetrical mode exhaust all possible energy loss channels in the discharge. We note that the , value of 770 decreases somewhat with an increase of C02 concentration, which - may indicate the increasing role of an energy loss channel not taken into account in our consideration, but this variation is within the range of ineas- urement error and we cannot reliably judge it. _ Measurements of profile Kp down the flow and of gas heating beyond the dis- charge zone permitted determination of the relaxation time of the oscillatory energy stored in the N2 molecules and the C02 antisymmetrical mode by two independent methods. For example, it comprised 8.6 ms for the C02:N2:He = = 0.017:0.5:0.5 mixture, which is somewhat higher than the values calculated by the data for C02 relaxation in N2 and He, known from the literature [7]� The use of the measured relaxation rate of vibrational energy permits one to _ estimate which part of the discharge energy went to excitation of N2 oscilla- tions and the C02 antisymmetrical mode, but relaxed to heat to the cross- section in which Kp is measured, and restoration of the effective value of efficiency nk, i.e., the fraction of power contributed in the discharge to - excitation of nitrogen oscillations and the C02 antisymmnetrical mode useful _ from the viewpoint of laser efficiency (according to our data, 7?k = 0.9 + _ + 0.05 at E/N = 1.25�10'16 V�cm2). 15 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Thus, the energy balance in a non-self-sustained discharge was investigated experimentally as a result of the conducted work. It is shown that the - processes which lead to direct gas heating and excitation of oscillations of nitrogen and the C02 antisymmetrical mode exhaust the energy loss channels in the plasma of a non-self-sustained discharge in a C02-N2-He laser mixture ~ and the vibrational efficiency of the discharge exceeds 90 percent under typical experiment conditions. The integral characteristics of the active medium were investigated. The possibility of achieving specific energy con- tributions at the level of 400-450 J/g is shown on an example of a niodel of - a production COZ laser and the amplification factor of a weak signal was measured over a wide range of operating conditions. The scale of the con- ducted experiments permits the use of the derived data to design powerful production C02 lasers based on the given pumping method. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Naumov, V. G. and V. M. Shashkov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 4, 1977. 2. Napartovich, A. P., V. G. Naumov and V. M. Shashkov, PIS'MA V ZhTF, Vol 3, - 1977. . 3. Vedenov, A. A. A. F. Vitshas et al, Vol 14, 1976. 4. Patty, R. R. et al, APPL. OPTICS, Vol 7, 1968. 5. Danilov, V. V. et al, ZHURN. PRIKL. TEKH. I TEKHN. FIZ., No 6, 1972. - 6. Aref'yev, V. N. and N. I. Sizov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 4, 1977. 7. Losev, S. A. and V. N. Makarov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 1, 1974. [156-6521] _ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", "Kvantovaya Elektronika", 1979 6521 CSO: 1862 16 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY CI,ECT.RICITY AND MAGIV9rI3M i UDC621.378.324 THE MECHANISM OF DIRECT HEATING OF A C02-N2-He LASER MIXTURE IN A NON-SEI,F- SUSTAINFD DISCHARGE Moscow KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA in Russian Vol 6 No 7, Jul 1979 signed to - press 27 Oct 78 pp 1446-1451 = [Article by I. V. Kochetov, V. G. Naumov, V. G. Pevgov and V. M. Shashkov] ,I [Text] The results of experiments to determine the fraction i of energy contributed to direct heating of a C02-N2-He laser mixture under conditions typical for a nnn-self-sustained j ' flow discharge, and calculation-theoretical analysis of ~ the possible electron energy loss channels which lead to direct heating are presented. A new value is found for the excitation cross-section of the 0110 level of the C02 I molecule by electron impact. ~ Interest in study of a glow discharge in the flow of a laser mixture was increased with reqard to active development of investigations in laser tech- nology. Calculated data found by solving the Boltzmann equation for the electron distribution function are usually employed when analyzing the elec- tron energy losses in the plasma of a glow discharge (see, for example, [11). This problem has been little investigated experimentally. The purpose of this paper was experimental determination of the energy frac- tion contributing to direct heating of the C02-N2-He laser mixture under con- ditions typical for ,a non-self-sustained glow discharge and calculation- theoretical analysis of the possible electron energy loss channels which lead to direct gas heating. ~ The experiments were conducted on a model of the discharge chamber of a fast- ' flow continuous C02 laser with combined discharge pumping of the laser mixture ~ [2]. The use of a combined discharge made it possible not only to.increase ~ the specific energy contribution compared to pumping by a self-sustained dis- ~ charge, but also to regulate thp electron temperature at given electron con- i centration. The discharge chamber was a rectangular channel With cross-section � of 100X200 mm with electron system in it similar to that used in [2]. The i anode was a flat copper plate 20 cm wide and 50 cm long. The cathode was made I , 17 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY in the form of a body of copper rods built into the dielectric plate with spacing of 1 cm (14 rows at right angles and 24 rows along the flow). The interelectrode gap was 10 cm. The main measurements were made in a C02:N2:He = X-.:0.5:0.5 mixture, where Xc varied from 0 to 0.04 (in parts by volume). ThEypressure of the mixture at the input to the discharge zone comprised 45 mm Hg and the flow velocity comprised 60 m/s. It is Y.nown (ll that the energy contributed to the positive column of a glow discharge is distributed in a C02-N2rHe mixture along the following main channels: 1) elastic electron and ion scattering on helium atoms and N2 and C02 molecules; 2) electron scattering on N2 and C02 molecules wit.h exci- - ta.'cion of rotational states; 3) excitation of vibrational levels of the symmetrical and deformation modes of the C02 molecule by electron impact; 4) excitation of the vibrational levels of the N2 molecule and of the asym- - metrical mode of the C02 molecule by electron impact; and 5) excitation of the electron levels of N2, He and C02 by electron impact. The electron energy losses through channel 1 lead directly to gas heating. Since the rotational relaxation times on the order of gas-kinetic and the relaxation time of the energy stored in the symmetrical and deformation modes are much less under our conditions than the gas transit time through the discharge - zone due to rapid relaxation of the 0110 level of the C02 molecule upon collision with helium [3], channels 2 and 3 also lead to gas heating in the - discharge zone. Z'he energy stored in the vibrational levels of the N2 molecules and the asymmetrical mode of the C02 molecule is converted to heat under our conditions due to the collision relaxation during times on the order of the gas transit time through the discharge zone, so that gas heating through channel 4 may be assumed slow. The electroii energy Iosses through channel 5 at typical values of E/N < 2�10-16 V�cm2 (E is the electric field intensity and N is the gas concentration at the input to the discarge zone) for our conditions can be disregarded [1]. Z"hus, under our conditions the energy contributed to the gas through channels 1-3 is completely converted to heat in the discharge zone and leads to direct (instantaneous) gas heat- ing in the discharge, while channel 4 leads to slow gas heating both in and ' beyond the discharge zone (down the flow). This difference in the typical heating times was used to determine the energy fraction contributing to direct gas heating. BO 60 40 ?0 , 0 100 100 w/C, ,Qar/t Figure 1. Dependence of Specific Gas He�ating in Discharge Zone A/G on Specific EneXgy Contrib;ition W/G (XC = 0.017) 18 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Gas heating in the discharge zone (based on L1 = 28 cm) and beyond it (based on L2 = 19 cm) was measured by the gas�dynainic thermomQter method (4]. The use of a combined discharge made it possible to conduct measurements in the region of E/N =(0.6-1.6)�10-16 V�cm~ at different levels of the specific energy contribution to the positive problem in the non-self-sustained dis- charge phase (up to 350 J/g). Gas heating due ta pulsed discharge was low = and was taken into account similar to [5]. The sum of the pre-electrode potential drops was assumed equal to 300 V. The power Q contributing to qas heating was calculated by the formula derived on the same assumptions as in [5]: Q _ S= 1CiYt (1) G 'd2 where S is the discharge cross-section with respect to flow, G is the flow rate of the mixture through the discharge zone, pl is the pressure at the input to the discharge zone, 6 p is the static pressure drop during deduc- tion of the drop caused by friction and heating by a pulsed discharge, Xi is the relative concentration of the i-th component of the mixture and Y i is the index of the aaiabatic curve. The dependence of the value of specific gas heating in the discharge zone Q/G on the specific energy contribution W/G (W is the power contributed to the positve column in the non-self-sustained discharge phase) at different - values of E/N is presented in Figure 1. The gas temperature at the input to the discharge zone was maintained at 273 + 3�K. The investigations showed that the dependence of Q/G (W/G) is linear within the range of ineasurement accuracy (the error of a single measurement 4 10 percent) over the entire ir.vestigated range of W/G and E/N despite variation of the gas temperature ' along the length of the discharge zone. Gas heating in the discahrge zone leads, on the one hand, to an increase of E/N along the flow (up to 15-20 percent at maximum values of W/G) and to a corresponding decrease of direct heating (see below) an.9, on the other hand, it leads to an increase (by 10-15 percent at the maximum) of the relaxation rate of the energy stored in the vibrational degree of freedom of NZ and the asymmetrical C02 vibrational - mode and to the corresponding increase of gas heating along channel 4. These two effects are minor under our conditions and have the same different sign which leads to the linear function Q/G (with accuracy up to 10 percent) 3n Figure 1. The value of 'Y( 1= Q/W, determined by the slope of straight line Q/G(W/G) is related both to large values of W/G (200-300 J/g) and to small - values 100 J/g) at which the effect of gas temperature variation on the heating rate can be previously disregarded. Therefore, one may assume that _ the values of y11 ca::r,ulated from Figure 1 are related to the values of = E/N, determined at the input to the discharge zone. The dependence of 711 - on E/N found in this manner is presented in Figure 2. 19 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ct Q35 ~ ,c j0 G.ZD ~ L .9.e wB %0 1,? (E/N)�JO'6B�cn~ Figure 2. Dependence of Fraction of Power Contributing to Gas Heating in Discharge Zone on the Given Field Intensity (XC = 0.017) The dependence of the fraction of power 712 contributing to gas heating beyond the discharge zone based on L2 on the value of EJN, determined in a similar manner, is presented in Figure 3. We note that E2 was determined in modes when the total heating based on L1 + LZ did not exceed 40�K, so that variation of the relaxation rate caused by variation of gas temperature apparently did not exceed 5 percent. Then the fraction of power contributing _ to gas heating in the discharge zone and based on LZ can be determined by the following re].ations: llo) ~p I 1 - exp ~ - (2) u~rp1J _ L! (1- exp ( - vzp) ~ (3) where 710 is the fraction of power contributing to direct gas heating, v is the flow velocity and 'Cr is the relaxation time of the vibrational degrees of freedom of N2 and the C02 asymmetrical vibrational mode. D,16 ~ 0,14 D,11 0,6 0,8 1,0 (E1N)�10 ;sB�CNZ Figure 3. Dependence of Fraction of Power Contributing to Gas Iieating Beyond the Discharge Zone on the Given - Field Intensity (XC = 0.017) The measurements showed that '42/(1 1), as one would expect, does not depend on E/N over the entire investigated range, which made it possible to calculate the rate of energy relaxation contributed to the gas along channel 4, determined under our conditions by the rate of quantum exchange of the asymmetrical mode of the C02 mole^ule for quanta of the symmetrical and deformation modes during collisions with He atoms and N2 molecules. The 20 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-00850R040240020028-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY rate constant which we determined for this process (p f r)-1 = 0.035 (microns�atm)-1, which is somewhat below the known [6] values of the quantum exchange rate during collisions of C02 molecules with both helium and nitrogen. Utilizing the value of .C r which we determined, one can calculate the frac- tion of the power contributing to direct heating and which is the sum of the energy losses to elastic collisions and excitation of rotations and lower vibrational levels of the C02 molecule. We made numerical calculations using a computer to determine the relative contribution of different channels to the observed direct heating of the investigated mixtures in an electric discliarge. Analysis of the heating channels was made on the basis of solving the Boltzmann equation for the electron energy distribution function under conditions of an 2lectric dis- charge plasma. I 4940 42 1,3 e,3B ~ q16 494 1 1 d (E/N)�!o;�ecnt Figure 4. Dependence of Fraction of Power Contributing to Direct Gas Heating on the Given Field Intensity for Nitrogen: O-- experiment; solid line calculation It should be noted that the main component of the mixtures considered in the given paper is nitrogen; therefore, we attempted to achieve better agreement of the calculated and observed value of gas heating under conditions of an electric discharge in nitrogen than occurred in our previous investigations [5, 7]. The main direct heating ctiannel under these conditions is the pro- cess of rotational excitation of the nitrogen molecule. Whereas it was difficult to select a more reliable value than that obtained on the basis of the Fisk model potential [8] for the excitation cross-section of nitrogen molecule rotations by the moment the calculations were made (7], the situa- tion is now changed. Comparison of the experimental and calculated values of direct gas heating in an electric discharge in nitrogen when the calcu- lated value from [9] was selected for the excitation cross-section of the nitrogen molecule rotations is presented in Fiqure 4. Good agreement of calculation with experiment indicates the correctness of this selection. 21 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Addition of helium to the nitrogen in the range of low values of E/N leads = to additional. gas heating due to elastic energy losses by the electr_ons of the gas-discharge plasma in the heliun atoms. Z'he heating channels in the N2:He = 1:1 mixture are presented in Figure 5. ` 'lo q S : - ql0 ol D,6 4 8 1,0 (f/N)�1016B�cHz Figure 5. Dependence of Fraction of Power Contributing to Direct Gas Heating on the Given Field Intensity for the N2:He = 1:1 Mixture: O-- experiment; r solid lines calculation of elastic losses (1), _ - losses to rotational excitation (2) and their _ sum (3) - An additional heating channel appears under our conditions in a ternary mix- ture containing C02 due to rapid relaxation of the lower vibrational levels of the C02 molecules, excited in the discharge hy electron impact (Figure 6). The values from [10], with the exception cross-section of the 0110 vibrational level, were used in the calculstions from the excitation cross-sections of the C02 *:oiecules. The energy dependence obtained in F3orn approximation was used [10] for this value, but it was noted that there is some arbitrary selection of the shape of this cross-section in the energy range from thresh- old to 3 Ev which does not contradict the existing experimental data. - Systematic underestimation of the value of heating compared to experiment in the range of low values of parameter E/N (the dashed line in k'igure 6) was observed in our calculations in the case where all the cross-sections were taken from [10]. This underestimation exceeds the value of experimental error and can be explained by the underestimated value of the excitation cross-section of the 0110 level near the threshol.d enerqy values. To explain our experiments, the shape of the excitation cross-section of the 0110 level - of the C02 molecule should be close to that qiven in Figure 7(curve 3). To datermine the excitation cross-section of the C02 I-evel (0110) upon electron impact, besides the requirement of ma.tching of the calculated an measured values of heating, the requirement of matching the calculated and measured values of the kinetic electron coefficients in the plasma of an electric dis- charge in pure C02 was also applied. Detailed analysis of the experim2ntal - values of the kinetic electron coefficients for this-case is-given fn [10]. 22 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 'lo 0 0,10 \ \ 0,l5 o ~ D,10 1 ~ e 0, 05 J0 0,5 9,8 1,0 1,2 (E1N)�1,7;68CMZ Figure 6. Dependence of Fraction of Power Contributing to Direct Gas Heating on the Given Field Intensity for the C02:N2:He = 0.017:0.5:0.5 Mixture: O-- experiment; dotted lines calculation with new excitation cross-section of 0110 levelj 1--elas- tic losses; 2-- losses to rotational excitation; 3-- losses to excitation of lower C02 levels; 4-- sum of 1, 2, and 3; dashed line total gas heating with cross sections for C02 from [10] chr � 3 1 1 ' 0 1 '1 j 4 U, 3B Figure 7. Excitation Cross-Section of 0110 Level of C02 Molecule From [10] (1)f [14] (2); from the given paper (3) I 23 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY It is interesting to note that cross-sections having a typical peak in the - prethreshold energy range were found in experimental papers [11-13] where the excitation cross-section of the vibrational mode of the dipole molecules was investiqated. General principles are obvious in the shapes of these cross-seczions and those which we found (see Figure 7). However, the C02 molecule has no dipole moment in the ground state, whereas it has a large induced dipole moment. Hence, one may assume that similar principles in the shape of the excitation cross-sections of the vibrational levels, be- - sides dipale molecules [11-13], are also inherent to the molecules having large induced dipole moment. However, this hypothesis requires further experimental and theoretical checking. The calculated results for heating in a mixture containing 1.7 percent C02 - (see Figure 6) were found with a new excitation cross-section of the C02 level (0110). The measurements made at different values of C02 concentration _ showed that qualitatively the function 'Y(p(E/N) varies insignificantly over the entire investigated range of XC = 0-0.04 (and the values themselves of il 0 at fixed value of E/N). Thus, one may conclude that the vibrational efficiency of a non-self-sustained discharge in mixtures with ioC~6 V cnte m2nt " - (less than 5 percent) exceeds the value of 90 percent at E/N / decreasing appreciably with a decrease of E/N. 8i /8z 1, 0 0, 5 Figure 8. Relative Electron Energy Losses in the Discharge _ Plasma in C02 to Excitation of Rotations (1), mnO Modes (2), The 001 Level (3), Electron States (4) and to Ionization (5) ' dis- Rotational excitation processes of C02 molecules, which weregciable previouslyeffect ' regarded (see [10] and the references in it) may have an appr on the energy balance at large C02 concentrations and low values of parameter - E/N. The eneryy balance in a gas-discharge C02 plastna with regard to rota- ~ tional excitation of the molecules is presented in Figure S. The results of [9] ware used in the calculati.on for the rotational excitation cross- - section of C02 molecules upon electron impact. 7.'he calculations are valid Y 24 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 L0",Z 110 ~f~N)'10J6B'CM1 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY on the assumption of 1- T/Te ~ 1(T is gas temperature and Te is electron = _ temperature). It is obvious that the r_otational excitation of C02 molecules by electron impact must be taken into account at a value of parameter E/N < 10-16 V�cm2. - - In conclusion, the authors express gratitude to A. P. Napartovich for initi- ating the given investigation and useful discussions and to L. V. Shachkin for assistance in conducting the experiments. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 1lighan, W. L., PHYS. REV. A., Vol 2, 1970. - 2. Naumov, V. G. and V. M. Shashkov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 4, 1977. . 3. Taylor, R. L. and S. Bitteman, REV. MOD. PHYS., Vol 41, 1969. = 4. Vedenov, A. A., A. F. Bitshas, V. Ye. Gerts and V. G. Naumov, TVT, Vol 14, 1976. �w - 5. Napartovich, A. P., V. G. Naumov and V. M. Shashkov, DAN SSSR, Vol 232, ' 1977. 6. Losev, S. A. and V. N. Makarov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 1, 1974. 7. Karlov, N. V., Yu. B. Konev, I. V. Kochetov and V. G. Pevgov, FIAN Preprint No 91, Moscow, 1976; Yu. B. Konev, I. V. ?Cochetov, V. S. Marchenko and V. G. Pevgov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 4, 1977. 8. Oksyuk, Yu. D., ZHETF, Vol 49, 1965. ~ 9. Morrison, M. A. and N. F. Lane, PHYS. REV., Vol 16, 1977. 10. Pevgov, V. G.,Candidate Dissertation, Ng'TI, 1977. 11. Rohr, K. and F. Linder, J. PHYS. B.; ATOM. MOLEC. PHYS., Vol 9, 1976. 12. Seng, G. and F. Linder, J. PHYS. B.; ATOM. MOLEC. PHYS., Vol 9, 1976. 13. Rohr, K.k J. PHYS. B.; ATOM. MOLEC. PHYS., Vol 10, L399, 1977. 14. Lowke, J. J., A. V. Phelps and V. W. Irwin, M. APPL. PHYS., Vol 44, 1973. [156-6521] COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", "Kvantovaya Elektronika", 1979 - . 6521 - cso: 1862 25 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY EIECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM UDC621.378.33 THE CHAIN MECHANISM OF EXCITING A CONTINUOUS CHEMICAL HF LASER WITH CYLIN- DRICAL NOZZLE Moscow KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA in Russian Vol 6 No 7, Jul 1979 signed to press 5 Nov 78 pp 1476-1483 _ [Article by A. A. Stepanov and V. A. Shcheglov, Physics Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow] ; [Text] Based on solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for a chemically reacting mixture (in approximation of the ` boundary layer), the characteristics were investigated with ' regard to the vibrational processes and radiation kinetics - and the energy capabilities of a continuous chemical HF laser with cylindrical nozzle were analyzed in the case of ; realizing the chain excitation mechanism. It is shown that _ - selection of the optimum configuration of the ring model - during chain pumping permits one 1) to significan;tly neu- ; - tralize the thermal effect ana to accomplish transition to i - higher static pressures in the cavity zone; 2) to realize 1 ' very high specific-energy laser parameters; and 3) to ap- preciable increase the efficiency of the laser-energy complex ; as a whole. 1. Introduction The majority of papers on continuous chemical lasers based on hydrogen halides - was until the preaent devoted to supersonic"HF(DF) lasers with single-act excitation process F+ H2(D2) -4 HF(DF) + H(D) (the "cold" reaction mechanism). - The specific laser energy of these installations exceeds 100 J/g fsee, for example, [1-31). The energy capabilities of supersonic hydrogen fluoride - ~ lasers based on the "cold" reaction are even now not exhausted [4], but the - prospects for development of this class of systems is related to accomplishing the chain excitation mechanism [5-8]: - F--FHZ-->HF (v)-f-H, -OH1=31,Tkca7.�/nWle;� 26 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FQR OFFICIAL USE ONLY H-;-F,~-.HF (v)-f-F, --AHa=9,^,9 kcal/mola . (2) The first successful experiments on realization of chain pumping have a continuous HF laser (with flat design of the nozzle) were reported in [9, 101. Specifically, a specific laser energy level above 300 J/g was achieved in [101. _ The chain process (1) and (2) is attractive primarily due to the fact that _ the potential reserve of the chemical energy released in the form of vibra- tional energy of excited HF molecules when it is accomplished exceeds that in the case of single-act pumping reaction (1). In this case the "hot" ~ reaction (2) becomes dominant in the energy sense. It follows from the fore- _ i going that in the case of a continuous HF laser based on the chain reactlon, _i one can essentially expect an appreciable'increase of the specific energy I parameters. However, there are specific difficulties in the path of develop- . j ing this laser [5, 8]. One of tYiem is related to the significant heat release ~ in the cavity zone and because of this to the possibility of significant tem- I perature and pressure gradients occurring. The latter circumstance may lead , to closing of the supersonic channels (flow "crisis") and interruption of generation [8]. Neutralization of the thermal effect requires adoption of _I special measures: the use of intermediate diluent jets, spatial separation of the oxidizer and fuel jets and so on. - ~ The characteristics were investigated in the energy capabilities of the con- ~ tinuous chemical HF laser with cylindrical nozzle and chain excitation mechanism were analyzed for the first time in the given paper. It is shown that the ring model with optimum configuration, neutralizing to a significant degree the thermal effect in the cavity zone, permits one to realize very high , energy parameters of this I-F laser. _ 2. Manifestation of the Thermal Effect in a Supersonic Flow. Estimates for a Chemical FF Laser. Qaalitative consideration of the "thermal crisis" phenomenon can be made within the framework of a single-dimensional model, which describes a supersonic flow with premixed reagents. The equation for the Mach number M of the flow in the channel with variable cross-section S(x) in the presence af thermal sources has the form [11] 1 dlMI YM2 1 dQ 1 dS t dS (3) Mi ~x - 1-M2 - C H dx - S dc S dx ~ J; where x is the coordinate along the flow axis, ~f = c/cv N const, cp arid ' cv are the molar specific heats a_ constant pressure and volume, H= cpT/W , is the enthalpy of the mixture, T is temperature, W is the molecular weiqht , of the mixture and dQ/dx is the specific rate of heat release. 27 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY In the case of a section of constant cross-section (S = const), from (3) we find v�~ I ln Ms 1-j- YMp v R~"r dQ (x) - Mo 1--YM~ ~ cP J T~ ~41 0 where Mp is the Mach number in the cross-section x= 0. The known statement follows from (4) : the Mach number deczeases (M C, M0) nhc flow R constant cross-section upon approach of heat (dQ to suPersonic (Mp > 1). Making use of the relation dQ cvdT/W, using (4) we find the relationship between T and N1: T/To^(Aiz/Mo)y l(1--yMo)/(1--yM=)lvfl, (5) where Tp is the initial gas temperature at x= 0. ~ For the critical flow mode (corresponding to the "thermal cutoff" of the channel), one should assume M= 1 in (5), then T*lT o...,Mo 21' [(1"'~...YM~21 /(1.+~Y\ ]Y--1, (6) / / If tYie heat of reaction were determined in a fixed gas enclosed in a closed volume, the maximum heating temperature would be determined by the relation Co(-rmaz'To)= SoKQov , where Qp is the molar thermal effect of the reaction between the oxidizer (F2) and the fuel (H2) and 4 ok is the molar fraction , of the oxidizer particles in the mixture provided that it is taken insuffi- ciently with respect to the fuel (which is typical for continuous HF lasers). i T* 7 Tmax due to flow retardation in a supersonic flow with the same heat release. This circumstance permits us to determine the maximum permissible oxidizer concentration in the flow: - t� ~ coo 1m-2, (1 + Vo lY+! (7) OK - ~ 1 We note that condition (7) is softened somewhat when the final mixing rate of the reagents is taken into account. Let us consider two limiting cases: 1. In the case of "cold" pumping reaction (1), we have Qp ~e 32 kcal/mole. Havinq substituted the typical values Mp 5-7, To x 300 K, Y x 1.5 ancl Cv sl 4 cal/ (mole �deg) in (7), we find 4ok ~ 0.25-0.5. 2. We have Qp )e 130 kcal/mole with the chain mechanism of excitation (1) and (2). Having assumed that Mp ~V 5-7, Tp x 150 K, x 1.5 and 28 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~v iz 4 cal/(mole�deg), from (7) we have 4ok 4, 0.035-0.07; conse- quently, the "thermal cutoff" mode may be observed in a supersonic flow at 4 ok > 0.035-0.07 and in this case one should expect a temperature increase to T* ~ 1500 K. _ 3 I ~.nv � (F F2, y2, He) = 1 to� 1'1~ n2 ~ ~ - Figure 1. Simplified Diagram of Ring Model of a Continuous FF - Laser: Z-- cylindrical nozzle; 2 and 3-- cavity - mirrors Relation (7), from the viewpoint of the occurrence of the critical mode, is essentially the condition which limits the chemical enerqy reserve in the flow. Having turned to equation (3), it is easy to see that the indicated constraint may be appreciably weakened if the possibility of expansion (dS/dx > 0) appears in the flow, for example: during radial flow of the gas from a cylindrical nozzle (Figure 1). The subsequent sections of the paper are devoted to study of the ring model of aHF laser. 3. Gas Dynamics Equations The cylindrical nozzle of a supersonic chemical HF laser includes a large set of coaxial small ring nozzles with alternatinq helium- and fuel-diluted (H2) oxidizer jets (F and FZ); the flows travel in the radial direction and the cavity is formed by ring-shaped mirrors (see Figure 1). The geometric struc- ture of the nozzle is determined by the cylinder radius rp and the heiqhts hl and h2 of the elementary ring nozzles for the oxidizer and fuel at r= rp. The half-period of the cylinder block is determined by the relation h* = 1/2 (hl + h2 The gas dynamics equations in the cylindrical coordinate system (r, z) are ! written in the form (here we are limited by approximation of the boun3ax'Y ~ layer) ~ i a (Pur) + a (Pv) _ 0' (sa) , ar aZ ~ ~ --i j ! Pua.+p~'a- -ap+azaz(8b) ; 29 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY I APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY dh dh dp au 2 a dT a dCI - Pua~+P�a=u~r+~'~a:~ +a:al+a(p~h, D1~l- 1 \ 1 (sc) v Pu a`+Pva `=w- I +a:(pD+a`l, (aa) \ 1 where (8a) is the continuity equation, (8b) is the equation of motion, ($c) is the energy equation and (8d) is the continuity equation for indivldual compon- ents (i = F, F2, H, H2, He and HF(v), v= 0, 1,..., 8). The equation of state supplements system (8) _ p= pRT/ W. (9) The following notations are introduced in (8) and (9): u and v are the radial and axial components of the.velocitv vector; p, p and T are flow pressure, density and temperature; h='htCi is the specific enthalpy of the mixture; Ci = fP i/f~ is the relative mass c:oncentration of the i-th component; wi are the terms aorresponding to the processes of chemical, vibrational and radiation _ kinetics; W is the molecular weight of the mixture; and ixl XDt are fihe co- efficients of dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity and diffusion. See [4, 8, 12] for more detail about the structure of the individual terms, transfer coefficients and velocity constants of the processes. It is assumed in the given equations that diffusion is laminar in nature. The transverse pressure gradient p/ a z= 0) was disregarded in the calculations. With niunerical integration of equations (8) and (9), one may convert from cylindrical coordinates r and z to variables E`' and utilizing the Mises transform [13]: purdz. (10) With regard to (10), system (8) and (9) is transformed to the iorm - h, ro 1 I' purdz = const; d~ (11) a~- ( 0)2 a (PUIL ~l = - pu dg ; (12) / co ~ - ( 0~2 (pu~, ~l pu ~ ( J cpi pDi ~~l} = ot~T P d~ ~ (13) \ \ 1 \ 1 _ 30 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY � ~ il jf APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY I P = PRT!W; (14) I ~ ac, ~ 2 a ac~ ~ a~ =(rol ~V(p2 puDta~) -}-P� (15) i See [4] with respect to the structure of term wT. I ~ Equation (11) corresponds to the law of conservation of mass in integral i form. Differentiating (11) with respect to taking (14) into account ~ in this case and assuming that a p/ aIV = 0, it is easy to find i i j 1 dp 1 aT 1 Bu i aW _ p dt J( T 04 - u ag (16) - a~ ) ~ ~ I ~ System (12)-(14) and (16) is closed with respect to all the gas dynami.c vari- ables (p, p, T and u) and is a system o� integrodifferential equations, for solution of which iteration methods may be used. The boundary conditions for the c omplate system of eq�aations (12)-(16) are based on consideration of the periodicity o� the flow structure with respect ! to the Z-axis: ou dT _ d p _ ' = 0 at. V= 0, V*. (17) bh ~ Z~ V~ ; The conditions at the output from the nozzle, i.e., at rp have the form T=To(iP); P=Po(iN); P=Po; Ci=C0, (18) We shall not dwell on problems related to processes of chemical, vibrational and radiation kinetics (see [4, 8, 12]). Let us note only that, unlike [41, chemical pumping in the considered case includes two links of chain process (1) and (2). It is taken into account in this case that vibrational states with v= 1-3 are excited in reaCtion (1) and states with v= 1-8 are excited in (2). As in [4], it was assumed that the rotational deqrees of freedom of i the HF molecules are in equilibrium with the foreward degrees of freedom. i 4. Initial Data 1 The following parameters were fixed in the calculations: nozzle radius rp, I the heights of the ring nozzles hl and h2, initial pressure pp, th;e degree ~ of helium dilution of the oxidizer p He =[He]/LF2]0, the degree of fluorine dissociation a(F, initial pressure, temperature and velocity of the oxidation ~ (P1 Tl and ul) and reaction (p2e T2 arid u2) flows and the threshold 31 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 _ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY amplification factor gp. The following values were taken in typical calcu- lations for the indicated parameters: hl/h2 = 2, h* = 1/2 (hl + h2) = 0.25 cm, ' = 15 mm Hg, T= 150 K, T= 160 K, ul = u2 = 2.5 km/s, HePl 10,2 0( F= 15 percent and gp ? 10-3 cm 1. The nozzle radius ro varied within the range of 5-50 cm. In some calculations po and the degree - af oxidizer dilution ~ E also varied. The characteristics of the calculating method are also considered in [4]. 5. Results of Calculations The main results of solving the problem formulated above are presented in - the given section. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the variation of the mean val- ues of the gas dynamic flow parameters with respect to the period o nozzle structure in the cavity zone: temperature T*, pressure p* velocitY u* and Mach number M*, and in this case the curves for T* and p* are given in the absence of a cavity at AHe = 15 for retention of the general scale (we note that a flow crisis is possible in the absence of a cavity from calculations at 16 He -.q~ 10 and ro > 10 cm, but it is completely eliminated by a powerful radiation field right up to ro -g 20 cm). As can be seen from ~ Figures 2 and 3, variation of the design canfiguration and the composition of the mixture has an appreciable effect on the distribution of the flow parameters in the active zone. The factor of radial expansion plays an im- portant role at relatively small nozzle radii (ro brl & rl is ~e width of the laser zone). In this situation expansion compensates for the thermal effect, due to which variation of the gas dynamic parameters with respect to flow is sufficiently smooth in nature. For example, at rp < 10 cm, the ex- pansion factor is so significant that essentially no increase of temperature and pressure in the radial direction is observed in the presence of a cavity at PHe N 10 and in this case even an appreciable drop of them occurs at the beginning of the zone. At large values of rp (rp much greater than A rl)� the effect of radial expansion has a low effect within the width of the laser zone. In the given situation the distribution of the gas dynamic parameters essentially coincides with distribution in a flat design. Thus, a sharp temQerature and pressure increase begins at ~ He N 10 even at distances of A r= r- rp v 5-10 cm, which is accompanied by strong flow retardation (see Figures 2 and 3, the curves for rp = 1 km). In this case, generation is interrupted usually for a long time until the reagents are used up. The typical distribution of the total radiation intensity in the active zone is presented in Figure 4. Unlike a HF laser, the main photon scintiilation occurs toward the end of the zone in the case of chain excitation in a"cold" reaction. An increase of cylinder radius leads to contraction of the laser zone (see E'igures 4 and 5, a). The geometric factor which affects the gas dynamic and kinetic processes in - a radially expanded flow also naturally affects the laser energy parameters. It follows from Figure 5, b that there is an optimum with respect t~ rp with fixed degree of fluorine dissociation oCF and degrEe of dilution ge� Specifically, the opti.mum value of the radius comprises rp ' 15 cm at 32 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY T,,, K 1600 1100 800 400 0 5 f0 15 d W). K r-ro _ fOcrr 1600 r~�fay~~ fZDO 20cni"'~~ BDD ~ lsc,y e 4bD ' ~ �------~-�a 0 4? 44 46 SV/fV* b Figure 2. Effect of Design Configuration on Distribution of Mean Temperature of Mixture T* Along the Flow (a) ~ at A He = 10 (Solid Curves) and at A xe =~'s ; (Dashed Curve) and Temperature in Some Cross-Sections (b) at AHe = 10; p0 = 15 mm Hg I /3He or_- 10 and o( F N 15 percent. The width of the laser zone 0 rl Z 20 cen correspon ds to t his va lue o f ro (see Figure 5, a). T he spec i f ic laser enerqy comprises Eo ,'r 1 kJ/g with an optimum value of rp. The presence of an optimum with respect to rp has the following explanation. The flow temperature at the input to the cavity is very low: Tp N 130-160K when realizing the chain mechanism o:E excitation of a continuous fF laser. At these temperatures the chain reaction of hydrogen fluorination initially develops very slowly and, moreover, the diffusion velocxty is low during laminar mixing of the streams. At small values of rp, the radial expansion factor compensates for the thermal effect so that the heat released in the ' reaction is sufficient to heat the mixture to temperatures of approximately 200-300K, at which the reaction accelerates appreciably. The indicated cir- _i cumstances lead to appreciable extension of the reaction zone and accordingly of the generation zone (see Figure 5, a). The energy parameters of a HF laser i decrease with regard to the fact that the rate of deactivation of excited HF ~ molecules (in HF-HF collision processes) is very high at low temperatures [8]. On the other hand, the expansion factor is insignificant at large values of ! ro. In this situation, interruption of geaeration, as noted above, occurs long before the reagents are consumed due to the sharp temperature and pressure increase. t ~ I � 33 I FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY AX , MH pk cm. 16D - 120 BD 40 U .r Q 6 3 4 --ZOcM 0 1 1 ~ 1X ~ ~ 0 5 f0 r- ro, cM b Figure 3. Effect of Design Configuration on Distribution Through Pressure Flow p* (a) at A He = 10 (Solid Curves), 16 xe = 15 (Dashed Curve) and Mean Values by the Period of Velocity Values u* and riach number M* (b) at A He= 10% P0=15mmFig - Thus, selection of the optimum nozzle radius plays an important role at fixed values of p H and o(F. Specific optimization can be accomplished by vari- ation of the gegree of dilution at fixed value of rp. Yt may be noted that ~ the dependence on specific energy Ep, the chemical efficiency nk}1im and the given power P1 on rp is rather sharp in nature at small values of dilution He ~7'10) and the optimum values of the indicated values decrease with a decrease of B$e. The effect of rp is much weaker at large values of ~ He( > 15-20) since the thermal effects are manifested to g lesser degree. Let us now turn to the results of investigating the dependence of the laser energy parameters on pressure at the nozzle cutoff. It follows from the cal" culations that the chemical efficiency and specific laser energy essentially do not depend on pp at pressures of pp 10 rnm Hq, while the rec3uced qenera- tion power decreases with a pressure decrease (Figure 6). Z"his uz4ns that there is essei7tially complete mixing of the reaqents within the laser zone under these conditions. Further, with laminar nature of mixinq the function pl (po), as in the case of a"cold" reaction [4], has an optimtun which is ex- plained mainly by the effect of thermal effects an the reagent diffusion rate. - Finally, the values of 7?khim and EC, decrease -with an increase of pressure at the cutoff (at p0 > 10 mm Hg, which is related to deterioration of the 34 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ti , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-00850R040240020028-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE QNLY I, Kem/cM 1 TDO 100 0 Q � I, KBm/cM 2 300 200 1190 . 0 5 167 r- rp, cM b Figure 4. Nature of Total Radiation Density Distribution Along the Laser Zone for Nozzle Radius of rp = 30 (a) and 15 cm (b) .(pp = 15 mm Hg and _ /3 He-10) mixing conditions, on the one hand, and to reduction of the generation zone on the other hand. Thus, mixing faster than laminar must be provided to _ operate in the higher pressure zone (pp .v 30-40 mm Hg). A reduction of the width of the lase"r.zone can be compensated in this case by a reduction of the deqree of dissociation of F2. 6. Conclusions Let us fonnulate the main conclusions ensuing from the given analysis: 1. The configuration of the ring model permits one to realize conditions in - the cavity zone for neutralization of the theraial effect and thus to success- fully solve the problem of the "thermal" closing of supersonic channels. 2. Very high levels of chemical efficiency (approximately 10 percent) specific laser energy (approximately 1 kJ/g) and corrected laser powes (approx- i.mately 1 kW/cm2) can be realized with chain excitation at specific operating modes of a ring HF laser. 3. The chain mechanism of excitation permits one to convert to higher static pressures in the cavity zone (pp t( 15-25 mm Hg), which is exceptiottally - impartant in solving the ejector problem. 35 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200024428-7 FOR OFrICIAL USE ONLY dr,j, cy 60 iiHe'IS 40 10 10 � 0 Q FOr KAWI2 1,2 he =15 9,8 0,4 0 20 49 ra, cti b Figure 5. Dependence of Width of Generation Zone (a) and Specific Laser Energy (b) on Nozzle Radius (pp = 15 mm Hg) 4. Realization of a chain HF laser permits a significant increase of the efficiency of the laser-energy complex as a whole, i.e., the so-called total efficiency of the system [8]. 36 FOR 0VFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY '1xHM Pn, ~Bm/cn2 0,16 . 0,17 1,2 0,OB i 0,g ~ \ ?Xnm 0,04 a Ep, X,4Hf/2 ' 1,6 dr~ 1, Z L 0, B 0,4 S 10 1b5 Po, MM Pm. cm. Figure 6. Dependence of EYiergy Parameters of HF Laser with Chain Excitation on Pressure pQ at the Nozzle Cutoff ( A He - 10 and rp = 20 cm) BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 5pencer, D. J., H. Mirels and D. A. Durran, J. APPL. PHYS., Vol 43, 1972. 2. Schulman, E. R., W. G. Burwell and R. A. Meinzer, AIAA Paper No 74-546, 1974. 3. Nagai, C. K., L. W. Carlsoiz, R. R. Giedth and R. D. Klopaten, AIAA Paper No 74-684, 1974. 4. Stepanov, A. A. and V. A. Shcheglov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 6, 1979. 5. Finkleman, D. and R. A. Greenberg, AIAA Paper No 75-297, 1975. 6. Warren, W. R., ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, Vol 13, 1975. 7. Orayevskiy, A. N., V. P. Pimenov, A. A. Stepanov and V. A. Shcheglov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 3, 1976. 8. Krutova, V. G., A. N. Orayevskiy, A. A. Stepanov and V. A. Shcheqlov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 3, 1976; ZhTF, Vol 47, 1977. 9. Cummings, J. C. and C. M. Dube, IEEE J., QE-11, 1975; R. A. Meinzer and R. V. Steele, Ibid., 1975. , 10. Sadowski, T. J., C. E. Kepler, B. R. Bronfin, M. D. Krosney and R. Roback, Ibid., 1975. 37 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - 11. Bai, Shih-I, "Vvedeniye v teoriyu techeniya szhimayemoy zhidkosti" [Introduction to the Theory of Flow of a Compressible Lzquid], Moscow IL, 1961. - 12. 5tepanov, A. A. and V. A. Shcheqlov, FIAN Preprint, No 182, Moscow, 1976. - 13. Dorrens, U. Kh., "Giperzvukovyye techeniya vyazkogo gaza" [Hypersonic Viscous Gas Flows], Moscow, Mir, 1966. [156-6521] ~ - � COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", "Kvantovaya Elektronika", 1979 _ 6521 I ~ Cso: 1862 = 3$ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFTCIAL USE ONLY ELECTRICITY AND MAGNLI'ISM HISTORY AND PROSPECTS FOR TRANSISTOR USE j Moscow PRAVDA in Russian 12 Oct 79 p 3 [Article by Yu. Pozhela, academician of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, Lenin Prize Laureat, Vil'nyus: "Wave Melodies of Plasma"] [Text] It is impossible to think of present-day science and technology or even our every3ay life witnout radio, television, the telephone, computers, lasers, radar and other equipment based on the use of electro- magnetic waves. The production of equipment which generates and transforms these oscillations has become the' business of whole sectors of industry, radio engineering, comnunications factilities, electronics and optics. It is precisely these which in many ways determine scientific and technological progress today. The large-scale changes wh3ch have occurred in this area over the past three decades became possible due to the discovery of semiconductor oscilla- tors and generators--transistors. They radically changed the face of radio engineering and led to the formation of new directions for science and technology (microelectronics, high-speed computer technology, etc.). But transistars are already unable to satisfy the new demands imposed by practice. It has become an urgent requirement that the "busy" signal be eliminated from cammunication lines; that we learn to transmit energy to _ the erath from satellite electricpower plants; that we significantly improve the accuracy of aircraf t takeoffs and landings and the mooring of ships: that we increase the hgih-speed response of computers. A11 of these and _I other problems require the creation of ieliable instruments for the so-called superhigh-frequency range which are simple to use. Transistors are powerless here. Oscillations in the superhigh-frequency range are now transofrmed mainly using complex vacuum devices. However, it is possib3e to involve other physical phenomena to solve this problem. The plasma effects in semi-conductors may, in our view, serve as this type _ of phenomenon. . . ~ 39 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 r v.. vir l~lrtiL v~L vivLl _ = When speaking of plasma, one usually has in mind a"gas" of charged particles which may be displaced, compressed, or stretched using electrical and _ magnetic fields. Stars, the sun and lightning-discharge paths all consist - of plasma. Therefore, the phrase "plasma in semiconductors" at first = caused perplexity. However, a more careful examir.ation leads to the con- - clusion that the "gas" of free electrons and the "vacancy" of positive - charges in semiconductors is precisely a plasma, a specific type, it is _ true, since it is located among atoms which are forming tho lattice of a crystal. But nonetheless, it is possible to affect the p1n.-aa in a semi- - conductor with electrical and magnetic fields. It is known that plasma becomes unstable when an electric current is passed through it; it stretches into a string, it twists into a spiral, it compresses into individual lumps, it starts to undulate. Academician _ L. Artsemovich said that en route to a controlled thermonuclear reaction - "the wave melodies of plasma resound like a funderal march." Similar instabilities are observed in semiconductors. But this only indicates current osci]_lations, i.e., the generation of electromagnetic waves, the superhigh- frequency range included. Rephrasing Academician L. Artsemovich's words, it is now possible to say that the wave melodies of plasma in semiconductors - resound like a triumphal march en route to the creation of superhigh- frequency generators and amplifiers. - In 1959, the Soviet scientist A. Tager and his coworkers detected that during fornzation of an electron avalanche in silicon, generation of superhigh- frequency oscillations begins. In the following years, research on avalanches - and the solution of complex technological problems resulted in the creation of a new c:lass of semiconductor devices--avalanche-transit diodes. In 1963, the American Physicist George Hann detected generation of superhigh- ~ frequency oscillations when direct current is applied to gallium arsenide. : The Hann diodes and avalanche-transit diodes have today become the basis - for inexpensive and reliable instruments of mass application. The wave range - in which semiconductors function has been expanded ten-fold. This is a - great success for physics and semiconductor technology. - However, in the submillimeter area, instr-ments of this type are also powerless: Their efficiency and the power which is obtainable fall off - sharply. Does this perhaps mean that the instabilities In semiconductor plasma have exhausted their possib3lities? By no means. In recent years, several ideas have been expressed which permit us tothink that there are more high-frequency instabilit3es in semiconductor plasma. Thus, S. Ashmontash, K. Repshas and.the author of these lines detected that when the electrons in a un3form semiconductor are unevenly heated up, the semi- conductor detects superhigh-frequexicy oscillations well, and generates them itself when direct current is applied. This phenomenon permitted us to create a new type of avalanche diode. Furthermore, the theoretical calculations show that electromagnetic waves in an electric field, heating up plasma electrons, can interact in the region of very high frequencies, leading to the generation and ampl3fication of signals close to the optical range. 40 FOR OFFIC IA.L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Testing these assumptions of the theory requires complex experiments studying ' the propagation of electromagnetic waves in semiconductors. One must say that superhigh-frequency oscil.lations in a plasma which conducts electric current well have been generally considered to be impossible for a long time. It was only in 1960 that the Soviet scientists 0. Konstantinov and V. Perel' demonstrated that in a magnetic field plasma becomes "transparent" for cei-tain electromagnetic waves, even within a metal. Now, waves penetrating plasma are being studied in many of the world's laboratories in two respects: on one hand, to study the properties of the semiconductor plasma and, on the other, to reveal the possibilities of generation and amplification of these waves. Such research is being conducted in our country at the Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Academy of Sciences, Lithuanian SSR, the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Academy _ of Sciences, USSR and in other Institutes as well as at several WZ's. New methods for determining the parameters of plasma with the aid of magnetic- = plasma waves, and methods for studying high-speed processes in semiconductors have been developed: a millimeter spectroscopy of semiconductors has been born and the activity of plasma in semiconductors applicable to generation and amplification of superhigh-frequencies has been studied. ' The results which have been obtained to date instill hope that the mastery of the frequency ranges which have remained until now a blank spot for ! semiconductor electronics is a matter for the near future. Thus the ;full - scope of the electromagnetic oscillation spectrum will be covered by semi- conductor devices, from visible light to the sonic frequencies. It is pos- sible that their creation will permit us to solve the theoretical problems _ mentioned at the start of the article as well as to open new horizons before the technology of scientific experiment, particularly for the study ; of these waves on biological subjects. I will explain that in a given region of the spectrum there are so-called molecular resonances, i.e., frequencies at which molecules interact particu- - larly strongly with waves. It is expected that with the aid of powerful - resonance waves, we will succeed in selectively acting on the necessary molecules, and that means that we will actively control various chemical and biological processes. This could enrich the arsenal of ineasures for controling many illnesses which arise at the molecular level. As the history of natural science attests, the incorporation of new physical - methods and phenomena into practice has always led to revulutionary transformations in science and technology. One would hope that in this case as well, people will receive a powerful instrument for study and for _ ' effecting the nature surrounding them into their hands. Success in solving the problem depends in many ways on the proper organiza- tion of research. It should be based on an all-union program of funda- ' mental study of plasma in semiconductors. Development of the program has become an urgent requirements for today, and one must provide experiments in this area with the required materials and equipment. 9194 CSO: 1862 41 ' FOR OFFICI'AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY , PHYSICS Crystals and Semiconductors USSR J UDC 548.3:534.01 - PHONON DENSITY OF STATES OF SILICON (RESULT OF SOLUTION OF THE INVERSE PROBLEM) Tomsk FONONNAYA PLOTTIOST' SOSTOYANIY KREMNIYA (REZUL'TAT RESHEIvIYA OBRATNOY ZADACHI) in Russian, editorial board of "Izvestiya WZov, Fizika," 1979 6 pp (manuscript deposited in VINITI 23 Jan 79, No 309-79 Dep.) KORSHUNOV, V , A , - [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4Ye259 DEP by the author] [Text] The inverse problem of the determination of the density of states ~ from the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of phonons belongs to the class of incorrectly posed probleros. It is solved by the method of regularization with a Tikhonov stabilizer of first order. The regu- larization parameter is selected by the principle of minimum error of _ closure which, as is shown by the example presented for a silicon , crystal, permits the determination of the characteristic structure of ; the phonon density of states in satisfactory correspondence with existing ' neutron diffraction data. References 21. [11,574-147] , - USSR UDC 548.536 - STRUCTURE AND THERMOPHYSICAL CHAItACTERISTICS OF THE COMPOLINID 1492Hf5012 Tomsk STRUKTURNYYE I TEPLOFIZICHESKIYE KHARAKTERISTIKI SOYIDINENIYA M92Ht5012 in Russian, editorial board of "Izvestiya WZov, Fizika," 1979, 10 pp (manuscript deposited in VINITI 2 Jan 79, No 18-79 Dep.) MAZETS ; YE. B. and ZOZ, YE. I. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA 1979 No 4, Abstract No 4Ye313 DEP by the author] [Text] Results of research on composition of the syatem Hf02-Mg0, containing 20-30 mol.% of Mg0 are given. It is shown that thia system contains the compound M92Hf5012 crystalized in a rhombohedral distorted lattice of the fluorite type. Hf3Yb4012, Zr3Yb4012 and Zr3Sc4012 are crystallographic 42 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY analogies of this compound. The temperature and concentration dependence = of the specific conductivity of the above mentioned compositions were - obtained, The activation energy of the process responsible for con- _ ductivity was 0.6 + 0.1 eV, Data on the concentration and mobility of vacancies in the compositions studied are given. The coefficient of lir.ear thermal expansion of M92Hf5012 is 4= 4.63�10'6oC. The melting point is above 23000C. References 11. _ [11,574-147] USSR UDC 548:539 INVESTIGATION OF LOW-TEMPERATURE AGE IN Cu-Al -SOLID SOLUTIONS SUBJECTID TO PLASTIC DEFORMATION AT -196�C Tomsk IZUCHENIYE NIZKOTEMPERATURNOGO VOZRASTA V Q-TVERDYKH RASTVORAKH Cu-Al, PLASTICHESKI DEFORMIROVANNYKH PRI -1960C in Russian, editorial board of "Izvestiya WZov, Fizika," 1979, 10 pp ~ ZUBCHENKO., V. S,, KULISH, N. P. and PETRENKO, P. V. - [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4Ye417DEP by the - authors] [Text] Two stages corresponding to the second and third age stages of - pure copper are determined from the age curves of specific conductivity of Cu-Al alloys (6, 8, 10, 13, 15 and 17 at.% A1) and pure copper, subjected to plastic deformation in liquid nitrogen. The change in conductivity ~ on the second stage is due to drift of defects that are ineffective in ~ formation of short-range order, and the conductivity change on the third stage is due to vacancy drif t, and to an increase in the degree of short- range order as a result of such migrations. It is concluded from the concentration dependence of the conductivity increment on the third stage ~ that consideration must be taken of the influence of defects introduced ~ during deformation when comparing the theoretical and experimental values of conductivity of deformed specimens. References 8. [11,574/6610-147] 43 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY USSR UDC 536.421 , CALCULATING THE RATE OF GROWTH OF CRYSTALS FROM A ZWO~_COMPONENT MELT IN A CENTRIFUGAL FIELD _ Moscow RASCHET SKOROSTI ROSTA KRISTALLOV, RASTUSHCHIKH IZ D WKHKOMPONENTNOGO RASPLAVA V TSENTROBEZHNOM POLE in Russian, editorial board of "Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, Khimiya," 1978, 10 pp (manuscript deposited in VINITI 23 Nov 78, No 3576-78 Dep.) ANIKIN, A. G. and TAL'DRIK, A. F. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4Ye458DEP by the authors] [Text] A theoretical examination is made of the problem of the behavior - of the growth rate of two-component crystals when grown from a melt in a centrifugal force field. A system of nonlinear equations of the thermal and diffusion layers is derived with consideration of the influence that _ the growth rate of the crystal phase has on interrelated heat and mass _ processes. Relations are found for the thicknesa of boundary layers and - for crystal growth rate as functions of the magnitude of the centrifugal ~ field, the coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity, dopant diffusion, azimuthal angle, heat of crystallization, specific heat, ~ density of the solid and liquid phases, and the cryoscopic coastant. It is shown that crystal growth is asymmetric. See also Ref, zh. Fizika, A-bstract No 2Ye415. References 10. - [111574/6610-247] USSR UDC 537 .226; 537 .311.322 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF RUA9415 SUPERIONIC THIN-FILM CONDUCTORS ; Tomsk OPTICHESKIYE SVOYSTVA TONKIKH PLENOK SUPERIONNOGO PROVODNIKA RtaAg4J5 in Russian, editorial board of "Izvestiya WZov, Fizika," 1979, 10 pp (manuscript deposited in VINITI 2 Jan 79, No 33-79 Dep.) ; DROZDOV, V. A., MALASHCHENKO, T. V. and MURAKIiOVSKIY, il . G. ~ ~ - [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4Ye 1105DEP _ (resume)] ~ i [Text] The reflection and absorption spectra o�,RbAgl+IS superionic thin- ~ film conductors are studied as a function of temperature. Thermal coefficients ; ' 44 , . i j. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ i ; ; APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY are calculated for the absorption edge, and for the reflection maximum associa,ted with quasimetallic silver centers. Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations are used to calculate the coefficients of absorption and refraction, and the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant. It is suggested on the basis of the calculation that the valence band of RbAg415 is formed by Ag(4d)- and I(Ss)-states, while the conduction band is formed by the Rb(4d) and Ag(5s) states. References 7. [11,574/6610-247] USSR UDC 537.226.4 TRANSITIONS BETWEEN FERROELECTRIC PHASES IN OXIDE SOLID SOLUTIONS WITH PEROVSKITE STRUCTURE Tomsk PEREKHODY MEZHDU SEGNETOELEKTRICHESKIMI FAZAMI V TVERDYKH RASTVORAKH OKISLOV SO STRUKTUROY TIPA PEROVSKITA in Russian, editorial board of "Izvestiya WZov, Fizika," 1979, 9 pp (manuscript deposited in VINITI 2 Jan 79, No 16-79 Dep.) RAYEVSKIY, I. P. and SYTOVA, 0, N. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4Ye1265DEP by the authors] i [Text] It is experimentally shown that the experimental rule of Bretton and T'yen for predicting the change in temperatures of transitions between ferroelectric phases in BaTiOg with ion substitutions in one of the cationic sublattices is applicable to KNbOg as well. A modification of this rule ! is proposed for the case where ion substitution takes place simultaneously - in both cationic sublattices. The described rule is also applicable in -i the case of sys tems of solid solutions tha.t are more complicated than I binary solutions. Refprences 11. i , [11,574/6610-247] 45 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC 537.226.4 USSR ON LOCALIZATION OF RARE EARTH CATIONS IN THE BARIUM TITANATE LATTICE Tomsk 0 LOKALIZATSIT_ REDKOZEMEL'NYKH KATIONOV V RESHETKE TITANATA BARIYA - in Russian, editorial board of "Izvestiya WZov, Fizika," 1979, 6 pp (ma.nuscript deposited in VINITI 2 Jan 79, No 20-79 Dep.) DERGUNOVA, N. V., SAKHNENKO, V. P. and FESENKO, YE. G. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4Ye1283DEP by : the authors] [Text] Interpretation of the peculiarities of concentration dependences of conductivity of semiconductor modifications of BaT103 requires solution of the general problem of localization of extrinsic ions in the crystal lattice with perovskite structure. This problem is solved within the framework of a quasielas tic crystal model for low concentrations of extrinsi.c ions (less than 0.1 at It is shown that in this concen- tration region, rare earth extrinsic ions from La to Tm primarily replace titanium cations, while Yb and Lu primarily replace barium cations. At concentrations higher than 0.1 at cations from La to Tm are localized mainly in sublattice A, while Yb and Lu are localized in sublattice B, according to the conventional rules of isomorphism. A transition from B-substitution to A-substitution should be accompanied by a sharp drop in resistiv'Lty in the vicinity of concentrations near 0.1%, which agrees with the experimental data. References 7. [11,574/6610-247] UDC 537.611.44 USSR PROCESSES OF INTRAPHASE SEGREGATION IN Fe-V ALLOYS Moscow PROTSESSY VNUTRIFAZNOY SEGREGATSII V SPLAVAKH Fe-V in Russian, = Moscow State University, 1978, 16 pp (aaanuscript slepoeited in VINITI 7 - Feb 79, No 251-79 Dep.) STETSENKO, P. N. and ANTIPOV, S. D. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4Ye1346DEP by the authors] [Text] process is alloy Fe and 55% V) after quenching 46 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY . ~ , . . . ~ . ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FaR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Moesbauer spectroscopy on 57Fe nuclei and the temperature dependence of the intensity of magnetization. The reaults show that heat treatment up to 6250C leads to processes of intraphase segregation witn retention of the single-phase nature of the specimen. As a result of these processes, the alloy contains iron-rich and iron-poor magnetic clus ters with characteristics that vary depending on heat treatment. Since the obaerved proceases of intraphase segregation are characterized by low activation.energies, the authors discuss the vacancy mechanism of cluster formation. References 10. [11,574/6610-247] - USSR UDC 532.783;548-14 CONDUCTIVITY OF A p-AZOXYANISOLE LIQUID CRYSTAL Tomsk PROVODIMOST' ZHIDKOGO KRISTALLA p-AZOKSIANIZOLA in Russian, editorial board of "Izvestiya WZov, Fizika," 1979, 10 pp (manuscript deposited in VINITI 2 Jan 79, No 26-79 Dep.) NIKITIN, YE, N. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4I236DEP by - the author] _ (Text] The conductivity of a nematic liquid crystal of p-azoxyanisole _ is measured, using direct current and low-frequency alternating current. _ Consideration is taken of individual factors that influence conductivity: temperature, voltage and frequency. The measurements show that domains made up of about 105 molecules move in the wake of an audio frequency field, rather than isolated molecular dipoles. Refere nces S. [11,574/6610-247] 47 i FOR OFFICIAI. LTSE ONLY I APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Electricity and Magnetism USSR UDC 548:539 STRAIN DEPENIDENCE OF PFIOTOSTIMULATED EXOELECTRONIC EMISSION OF POLY- CRYSTALLINE ALUMINUM Tomsk ZAVISIMOST' FOTOSTIMULIROVANNOY EKZOELEKTRONNOY EMISSII POLIKRISTAL- LICHESKOGO ALYUMINIYA OT VELICHINY DEFORMATSII in Russian, editorial board of "Izvestiya WZov, Fizika," 1979, 8 pp (manuscript deposited in VINITI 23 Jan 79, No 300-79 Dep.) PARTSYRNYY, V. D. and SOLOSHENKO, I. I. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4Ye386DEP by the authors] [Text] A relation between the current density of photostimulated exo- electronic emission and strain is found, based on the assumption that the change in work function of inetallic eonitters as a result of plastic deformation is initially caused by a change in the dieloca tion densiCy. The strain dependence of current density of photostimulated exoelectronic emission o polycrystalline aluminum as measured during deformation - agrees qualitatively with the calculated depeadence in the case where stimulation occurs in the subthreshold frequency region. References 13. - [11,514/6610-147] USSR UDC 537.226; 537.311.322 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THIN FILM SUPERION CONIDUCTOR R1aAg4J5 Tomsk IZV. BUZOV. SER. FIZIKA in Russian 1979 10 pp _ DROZDOV, V. A., MALASHCHENKO, T. V. and MURAKHOVSKIY,,V. G. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4(II) 1979 Abstract No 4E1105 DEP by the author] [Text] A study of the temperatura dependence af the ecnission and reflection spectra of thin film superion conductor RbA94J5. The thermal coefficient of the boundary of absorption and the maximum reflection when bound with quasimetallic centers of silver are calculated. Ueing the Kramers - Kroning dispersion ratio, the coefficients of absorption 48 FOA OFFICIAL USE OI3LY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY _ and reflection, the actual and imaginary parts of the dielectric and the permeability are calculated. On the bas is of the computationa it is assumad that the valence bdnds of P.taA94J5 are formed by Ag(4d) and J(5s) states and the conduction band by the Rb(4d) and Ag(5s) states. Abstract, illustrations, references 7. USSR UDC 537.226.4 _ TRANSITIONS BETWEEN FERROELECTRIC PHASES IN SOLID SUSPENSIONS OF IOXIDES WITEI PFROVSKITE TYPE STRUCTURES Tomsk IZV, WZOV. SER, FIZIKA in Russian 1979 9 pp RAYEVSKIY, I. P. and SYTOVA, 0, N. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4(II) 1979 Abstract No 4E1265 DEP by author] [Text] It is experimentally e;;:ablished that the empirical rule of Bretton and T'yen, permi tting the prediction of the character of the changes of - the temperature transitions between ferroelectric phases in BaT103 in cases of ion replacement in one of the ion sublattices is also applicable to KNb03. A modification of this rule is suggested for cases where ion replacement is s imultaneous in both ion sublattices. The rule described is also applicable in cases of solid suspension systetns which are more ~ complicated than binary ones. Illustrations, references 10, = -i ~ I . 49 i FOR OFFICIAf. LTSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 FOR UFFICIAL USE ONLY USSR UDC 537.611.44 ANOMAL IES IN THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF MAGNETIZATION OF Fe-V ALLOYS Moscow At10MALII TEMPERAZUPLNOY ZAVISIMOSTI NAMAGNICHENNOSTI SPLAVOV Fe-V = in Russian, Moscow State University, 1978, 15 pp (manuscript deposited in _ VINITI 7 Feb 79, No 522-79 Dep.) k STETSENKO, P. N. and ANTIPOV, S. D. ~ [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA, No 4, 1979 Abstra,ct No 4Ye1347DEP by - the authors] [Text] The paper gives the results of experimental studies of nuclear _ gamma resonance spectra on 57Fe nuclei in Fe-V alloys (45 at.% Fe and 55 at,% V). The temperature behavior of magnetization of Fe-V alloy quenched from 13500C shows a number of anomalies that the authors attribute to magnetic transitions in intraphase segregations. Data on hyperfine = magne tic fields on 57Fe nuclei confirm the results of the magnetic measurements. Estimates are made of the critical concentrations at which the exchange integral that characterizes an interaction of the Fe-V type becomes negative. After a number of heat treatments, an equiatomic alloy of iron and vanadium shows a magaetic anomaly analogous to the magnetic compensation point in ferromagnetics. References 11. (11,574/6610-247] USSR UDC 537.611.44 INHOMOGENEITY OF MAGNETIZATION OF FINE PARTICLES OF Cr02 Moscow NEODNORODNdST' NAMAGNICHENNOSTI MELKIKH CHASTITS Cr02 in Russian, Moscow State University, 1978, 11 pp (manuscript deposited in VINITI 10 Jan 79, No 93-79 Dep.) SHPIN'KOV, N. I. and OLEFIRENKO, P. P. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4Ye1351DEP] [Text] The coercive force, the distr3.bution functions for particlea by fields of magnetic revergal and by orientations, and the paratneters of ferromagnetic_resonance spectra in the frequency range of 36-61 GHz at - temperatures of 100-420 K are determined for an ensemble of Cr02 particles. APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY a It is shown that particles with a ratio of length to diametex that exceeds - a certain critical value are magnetically inhomogeneous, The way that the shape of the ferromagnetic resonance line depends on temperature and frequency indicates a reduction in the degree of magnetic inhomogeneity as the intensity of magnetiza tion decreases and the external magnetic field increases. It is assumed that the reason ior this is a magnetic structure of helicoid type that arises in "transcrit,ical" particles, and that has a wavelength that increases with a reduction in the ratio of magnetization intensity to external field strength. References 6. [11,574/6610-247] . ~ ~ USSR UDC 537.621 MEASUREFiENT OF THE INTENSITY OF MAGNETIZATION IN PULSID MAGNETIC FIELDS OF UP TO 240 MA/m OVER A k'IDE RANGE OF TEMPERATURES AND PRESSIJRES - Minsk IZMERENIYE NAMAGNICHENNOSTI V IMPUL'SNYKH MAGNITNYKR POLYAKH DO 300 ~ ke V SHIROKOM DIAPAZONE TEMPERATUR I DAVLENIY in Russian, Izvestiya = _ Akademii nauk BSSR, Seriya fiziko-tekhnicheskikh nauk, 1979, 14 pp - (ma.nuscrlpt deposite3 in VINITI 11 Jan 79, No 117-79 Dep,) = DOBRYANSKIY, V. M. - [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4Ye1302DEP] [Text] A facility has been developed for measuring the intensity o� magne tiza tion over a wide range of pressures, temperatures and pulsed = magnetic fields. The design of the solenoid located i..n the high- pressure chamber is described. A description is given of the measurement instru-nientation, and automatic equipment for holding the temperature in ` a ra.nge of 4.2-400 K. The paper describes the technique used in the - servlce entrance for supplying the voltage to the solenoid at up to ' 3000 V in a high-pressure chamber where the gas transmits a pressure of up to 1.5�109 N/m~. An inves tiga tion is made of the uniformity of the = magnetic field. References 14. [112574/6610-247] - 51 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USF ONLY s Optoelectronics USSR UDC 537.533.3;537.534.3 _ AN IMPROVED UNIVERSAL ELECTRON-ION SOURCE Tomsk USOVERSHENSTVOVANNYY UNIVERSAL'NYY ELEKTRONNO-IONNYY ISTOCHNIK in Russian, Tomsk Polytechnical Institute, 1978, 11 pp (manuscript depoeited in VINITI 23 Jan 79, No 276-78 Dep.) - GAVRILOV, N. V., PONOMAREV, V. P. and PONObiAREVA, L. P. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNA.L, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4Zh472DEP by = the authors] [Text] The paper describes a universal electron-ion source based on a reflex discharge with cold cathodes. The source is designed for operation as the injector for an EG-2.5 electrostatic generator. The source pro- vides 10 roA of ion current and 3 mA of electron current with discharge power of no more tha.n 40 W, emission aperture of 0.9 mm and extracting . voltage of 10 kV. An investigation is made of the mass composition of - the beam under various working conditions. Hydrogen is used as the working gas. Gas flowrate is 20 cc/hr, References 6. [11$74/6610-247] 52 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY I- ; APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Theoretical Physics = USSR UDC 537.8.029.6 ON TRE J-PRQPERTIES OF THE TRANSFER MATRIX OF A WAVEGUIDE WITH A - LOCALIZED IRREGULARITY Khar'kov 0 J-SVOYSTVAKH PERIDATOCHNOY MATRITSY VOLNOVODA S LOKALIZOVANNOY NEREGULi:.RNOST'YU in Russian, Khar'Kov University, 1978, 11 pp (manuscript deposited in VINITI 2 Jan 79, No 48-79 Dep.) ~ EL'KIN, B. S. I i [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4Zh309DEP1 , [Text] An examination is made of the problem of transmission of electro- =i magnetic waves in waveguides with a localized irregularity and two sets ~ of associated problems. It is shown that the transfer matrices (SRN, ~ SAN, N= 1, 2...) of these problems are expressed in terms of blocks of the transfer matrix (S) of the transmission problem. References 5. , [11,574/6610-247) ~I ; i -i -i 53 i FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY i i APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Thermodynamics USSR AN ENTROPY CRITERION OF STABILITY UDC 530.161/.162 Tomsk ENTROPIYNYY KRITERIY USTOYCHIVOSTI in Russian, editorial board of "Izvestiya WZov, Fizika," 1979, 9 pp (manuscript deposited in VINITI 2 Jan 79, No 24-79 Dep.) PEREVOZNIKOV, YE. N. and MASLOV, P. G. [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 Abstract No 4I23DEP by the authors] (Text) A general stability criterion is constructed on the basis of the definition of entropy. An examination is made of forms of the criterion ~ in the case of the canonical and projection methods of description. It is shown how the entropy criterion is related to the Glensdorf-Prigogine theory, the spectral method and the Rayleigh criterion. Formulas are proposed for the rklacroscopic probability of fluctuations in the unstable and metas table s tates that are transformed to the known Einstein and Glensdorf-Prigogine relations in the case of equilibrium and quasi- equilibrium states. References 10. [113 574/6610-247] USSR UDC 548.571 INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE.THAT HELIUM INTRUSION HAS ON THE PH'YSICO- CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A SOLID i Vladivostok IZUCHENIYE VLIYANIYA VNEDRENIYA GELTYA NA FIZIKO-KHIMICHESICIYE ' SVOYSTVA TVERDOGO TE-LA in Russian, 1978, 81 pp (manuscript deposited in ~ VINITI 25 Dec 78, No 3904-78 Dep.) ~ ~ KHUDYAKOV, A , V , [From REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, FIZIKA No 4, 1979 AbsCract No 4Ye323DEP by j _ the author] ' i [Text] Known and original data are systematized on the properties of defects produced by helium atams and vacancies in a crystal lattice. A - table of properties`is compiled, some properties of the table are analyzed, - and a prediction is made on the feasibility of a directed change in 54 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200024428-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY fundamental properties of a crystal by changing the concentration of certain kinds of defects. Experimental data are given on an increase by 6-8 orders of magnitude in processes controlled by surface diffusion in materials with interstitial helium concentration of 1019 cm 3 and accumulated vacancy concentrations of 2�1021 cm 3, This effect hae been used to produce beryllium oxide specimens with grain size of less than 1 �m that are resistant to reactor irradiation. An analysis is made of the possibility of a reduction in cohesive energy of a crystal with an increase in the concentration of helium atoms in the lattice site substitution state. The paper gives the approximate behavior of cohesive - energy, critical temperatures and pressures of phase transitions as a function of_ helium concentration in the crystal. A reduction of the cohesive energy of a crystal can be used to reduce the work function of electrons and ions, to create a high concentration of defects of exciton type in covalent crystals, to get metastable phase states (amorphous metals, high-temperature and high-pressure phases) at reduced temperatures _ and pressures, and to produce superporous solids. References 28. [11,574/6610-147] CSO: 1862 - END - 55 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020028-7
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